> Motion Physics (i) Distance (x) tH Displacement (s) Gel [Sate Oe | : a Y O Km Home X= 20Km S =10V2 km Case-I i 10. kn 10 Kn = 10+10= 20 km 5 = 4) (1g) = Ohim aa | (Assuming righ side to be (ve) —be_Cve) ' This assumption is Rnown as “Frame of Reference’ (-)<—_—-0 ——_+ (+) Case-IL | Sanaa 410 Km eee Home-2 |}-—— oe X= 10415 =25 km Ses G+10)+(—-15) = —5km sai a 4g GCcccocaac © ¢ @G'G.-¢ GG c cs ie a Vectors: Quantities which represent opposite direction f signs get changed from ave to —ve. Scalers: Usually, what is not a vector is a scalar. — J Frame of Reference’ is valuable only for vectors. . (iit) Speed @) (The value on Speedometer ) () Velocity + Direction —Ppeed v= Calar éctor Direction of velocity is tangential to the motion. : ” Acceleration = Rate of change in velocity Qkirph to EOkmph in 155 Change is we is same Ot O & Bee but rate is aiff ye 4. by 3 ways [Ferra] © top te 60 kmph in 3s \ ‘“speed= change change etn | Jayrnen terms, fl Wee = change is ‘pickup’ 7 4 vehicle. J 5~ * Direction of displacement tells, which side ~ the object is. - * Direction of velocity tells. which side the a Object’ is Fi — ® Direction of acceleration tells, which side c the object is experiencing a force. ‘The direction of acceleration is always towards the applied force. 10 Ate aire GATS ~ 30 (4 639) (pes | roves) _|(30- bs Distance Displacement Speed. Velocity Acceleration Distance is the value on odometer. - while speed is the value on speedometer.© € 6.6 GS CK c cece ce cocececaer « Case | The grand table ( Case Angle =, 0 eS Se ev Ds Direction I [> ] 5 > | 180 ~~ ° b 90 When ‘Velocity’ and Force’ aren’ the Same dire ction Important note: Ip a bedy moving in #2 direction ~starts sping in x direction later, mathematically it is not referred as a direction change as the body is still on the same axio. Direction changes if ato changes, like Xb yore.cceee ccocecoecee a Od Gace cu Ce a <3 ROK . Case 3: force (innards the radivs) is perpendicular to velbeny (a tangential to the curvature) forces ray be of many types Various forms of force depicted in these examples are : Case 1 * Contact force (Normal reaction) Case 2: Tension force of strin Case 3: Contact force (Friction)Circular Metion FN é Cc Pcp Centripetal force : Towards the center Responsible for Circular motion + Perpendicular to velocity As there ie this force (Cp now omvards), so there is Acceleration . Hence, event circular motion is an accelerated motion, Centrifugal force : Away from center + Ettect of circular motion Perpendicular to velocity Ci e> Ga ed ‘) are not |,a" example o \ Action -Reaction - Pair]- Ori in of Centrifugal force Pengeslas vel locity = Car does change its velocity , even it speed is same _ So. there must be a force acting on car Centripetal Force) maint ain your velocity Prec You tend to So, no force is acting on you. { Still you feel it? | y | | Hence, centrifugal force is a pseudo force. | “Rangeela” turning Your car. . Trane of Feference ¢ The arbitraril a chosen origin © the axes” in spce, from [=a where measurement is done. Useful only in vectors t In short, “it is a man observil motion with(ja_meter rod & WW) 4 stop watch -rf Pseudoforces are. of abt pes (i) Due to increasing. speed of environment 1 1 Om/s t I I [ i (tt) Due to decrease: in speed of environment Gy ori "0 GEG tena ~ (ii) Due to change in direction of motion of environment a; Pseudoforces fem the basis of ‘Tnertia’ éNewton's laws of Motion ) Inertia CCG CCE Bie of Rest of Motion of Direction (Marble bal) in (Marble ball in (Rangeels) turni ‘accelerating’ metre) decreasin speed) jour car ) Ot ay Te Condition to check the lal of Inertia (or the law of Conservation of linear momentum ) is that external force must be zero ii) Fe force ——-> if Fr, {mee Va ( m= mass etl m=ky [ Fxif’ a=k,, [F om tke Constant Hence force is a vector Raney F¥ 2000N F = @000N)+C1ooon) = ON COC6G6GF Ce ACH GOOCH ECO COC et Cee OM~ (fit) Action: Reaction Law -50N |0Kg = +40N Pein a) —90t40= 10° 8 —50 = 104 [A = —5] Hence direction of acceleration 1S same as thal of force. i) Equal a Opposite Giiy Simult aneou & av) Act of different wv) Never cancel-out Wi) Act on same our face G contact forces) c Meen rotaling ground earth 6) Cps Cf in magnitude (iy Cp is opposite to cf Sti cp & Cf do not make 8ction- reaction pair because beth Cp & cg act on same body ie. the Moon. 2p.oo Oe = O e000e0vp00 0000000000000 5 mys ee ee 20000: 24 Zeres Hence, earth also bounces upwards as apple fails. But accderation is too low to make it Observable . ~ Centre of mass (cm) gt OrOoe —_——— — — — Tt is not Necessary that material is also present . at centre of mass ~ Symba of a) A ‘TT’ ball ~ opera. mii Co ohape (no plastic ‘is present at cm.) & Concept at planets and calellites > | . Planet-A Planet -B - Binary planets x ———&) . A (Prne#) B (Satellite) e ea ee ee ~ Planet - satellite systemcre © ait G¥ © OCOCCC COC COC ROO OOOO « « Gravitation Any two objects attract each other due to mass in “them with forces fk} GER & XY" is the centre to centre OP between objects « mM, Cm ate respective masses of objects Ths. fE+(F= Gmm) Fema ve Rema, xK kee . G is known as ravitational constant. Ge 6-67 10" Nini! |c Thus, a4 is inde pendent of mass of object, m. That's tay two objects released © from same height - ® in vacuum @ simultaneousl ‘ Panel garth: tage @ even if mass is different So, it doesn’t matter if you drop an elephant or 4 mouse. | © & we no need to calculate a,, 2,43 etc. We | Feplace them all with common Syne! ‘g’ ou Now, g° G m = G Me Me= mass of earth | L ¥ (Rea R= radius of earth . he height of object : = (6-6tac!)« (610) | All vues in (Gand) (0-5 | Sl units 9-8 m/e (by ignering little value of OS) fo ga 98 mgt only if object is very close to the surface of earth. But value of g changes ae Wes 96 every deep inside the earth oR - @ very high above earths surface oo f depth (d) or heignt (n) is comparable to the v radius of earth, it can not be ignored and it ~ affects — the value of g°. Effects on gravit 1) due to height 2) due te depth 2) due to rotation of earth 4) due to shape of earth Effect of height ect of height y if foo, F'7£ 2 ON wo Prime - J Seon Fence, decreases with ig mereasing height @ reduces to zero at in firity.'g) decreases with depth and becomes zero at centre of earth, fuater, it agein increases, and becomes maximum at surface on other Side oF earth. ——-¥—__>cecoce ce G@e€¢ CCC fr OE .Ce Ce KL CC © Ettect of rotation g G / if ‘Total force on a man at @ Equator = (Gf - cf) Lesser force i) Poles = (Gf) More force 00 9 at equator is less Gold weighs sire 6 ‘gat poles is more at poles than equator But my weiait increases as We go frm equator to poles, not mass.c Cle & C6 COE COGS Cutriere © Sees 8 Mass Weight Conditions of Weigtlesoness Con f. rng Lupin = 60:10 = 600N Centre of earth at meon, 60K =100N qre. 50 | = Zero N Free fal! Scalar Vector by +ve +e, Zero, -ve Satellite L ! J When weight ie zero, (Ga means, satellite is it is Deipetleseit $s Effect due to shape of tps radius for pees Hence, Gf, > Gf, also an example of free -falh f earth : Earth is net perfectly Spherical Instead, it is oblate spheroid Commonly known aS 5) oe mR < eq where and Teg = radius for equator, - Now, Ged is even ‘more’ heavier at peles than equator.CC CEO OE O COO EO Oe 68 OM ee Gue'e co 6 eC « SSS Ta "ge For maximum height, 6= 90° For maximum range, §245° Range at C is came as tat at 96 = Bem. | 7 fe alse depends on initial velocity fens oo (RSREE Zccc Ge GCGhCck et Ge € cece e But on further in creasin velocity, the curvature of earth affects the en are ‘e \Z= Orbital velocity Ve = Escape Velocity fet Speed of object is ‘V’. Now, OVC % dk is pre ectile motion : Parabelic trajectory 2 object falls back to earth @ Vi 2% ( It is g satellite . ri : Elliptical trajectory j Objet Reeps roté ng. tir) VOR FF abject Gees aay + lees Bee trajectory 4 aie reaches inpiastyAs viele ty of satellite increases, (i) its height increases ie- it rotates with larger radius (it) it takes more time to complete one circle around earth When Vv=Ve > (i) Radius = ‘R= radius of earth heignt = ‘Zero’ = from surface ef earth (i) Time = 84-6 min VE G& Ve are independent of mass of satellite Ve= FO Km/s Ve = 11-2 Km/s These values are onl for earth. Yor other planets, satellites or stars, it will nary «colton the gravity larger these values are. d For near earth orbit, (like that for 135) @ Vp & 8Km/s é) h = 400 Kin Git) R+h = 6800 Km wv) t 90 min R RlGre 6’ e-€ °¢ Cle Get © eee was Cc eéececceet GCo¢ & Gee Weightlessness in free - fall (i) Satellite. ——_ PIF. Cp= cf let force ‘Seems’ to Ss be Zero. (i) Lift under gravit only S An object is at free-fall if jt- 4s experiencing forces only due to aeSatellites ostationary Always on equator Piss over poles T = 24 hrs T= not restricted h = 36,000 Km he not restricted Can never scah entire earth Can scan whole earth, Sooner or Later Geosun chronous T= 24 hrs } = 36,000 Km Every Geostationary is a Geosynchrenous satellite, but ie Nl @) every Geosynchrorous is NOT Geostationary Ny. Low earth orbit 36,000 Km Geossprchronousce ecece.e@ ¢ ct Simple harmonic. motion (SHM) Bey I it (F= “ha t “i Amphtute (A) co) Length (4) ®) Mass (™m) WO) Time period (Tv) Tis independent of (m) & (A) « fence changing mass of bob doesn't affect time. peried + And increasing amplitude dso has no affect on T (unless hi gf to extreme values of 8)Some situations regarding time- period 9 The leaking bucket T fivet increases then decreases “Leen Coton Steel "Tis more "Tis less 3) Balls of steel of different mass (no pun intended) tT?- 5) At Moon , TX ‘T's t iT St ' gis 6 times less than WF that of earth T is V6 times more.” Q 6) g=0 , T= eo (ire pendulum stops) We assume 920 anwhere, where there is weightlessness @ Pendulum does not oscillate in a freely falling ligt a Tt doesn't even start in a satellite or at infinity or at centre of earthcreer OO Ce CaCO © « Tp £2, T= 84-6 min (in case of earth) This ie same as that of @ Satellite with V= Ve - 8) Ma Magnetic bob. bob ees) rem ees) rem Tet T hk isa longitudnal mechanical wave - (in solids, Sound can also be transverse) Human fange. o hearings Th_ frequene Jn wavelength In decibels 20He- 200004, 1?m-1Imm OdB sSpeed_of sound In 20c air, at sea kvel, Th pressure 20). crwards V= 332 m/s (theoretically) VE 343 m/9 (practicaly) i) Ettect of temperature Vat Gb E fleet of pressure V is independent ef pressure at) Effect of density VR Loni ta ong for geees) (w) Effect of humic ty Humidity decteases air density Hence increases Speed of, sound, ME ftect of stiffness vx dR Objects may move faster than sound. At high speeds, their speed is Yepresented relative to practical speed Of sound of 340-29m/s = Mach 4 Veupersenie > Mach 142 Viypersenic. > Mach 5NEe NT eee cnn y a Regime Mach no- ¢ Subsonic £08 Transonic 0-8 te 12 L Supersonic 12 b 50 - Hypersenic 50 10-0 High Pypereoric 10 & 26 Re-entry speed 725 - | - Loudness of sound : Measured in. decibels (48) ¥ 0 48 Auditory thresheld - 10 db Calm breathin ~ 20-30 db Calm room - 4o- 60d» Normal conversation L 42-53 ab Washing machine ~ 65 db TV at normal volume | - 70 dp Max limit accepted for Study, Sleep etc! . BO db Car - Jeep : 85 db Hearing damage (it prolonged) | . 10 db Chainsaw M0 -140 do Jet engine ~ 120 db Hearing Ba ne ( instantaneous) - 168 db MI Garand ri ~ 194 db ShockwaveCHESG oe of e cae « c ee 2 Frequeney of sound * Represented by V (nu) or f LE 3] ernie al i) iia ah aise eo Ultrasonic. 20,000 Hz. or nfrasenic Girls vice er Persistence of Sound in ear= Lg 15 Velocity of sound= 343 m/s ee S = Me3m sae Ce less famous Sources ay 2 V2 SB m/s, $=17.15m | Reverberation: Porous solids absorb sound to reduce Teverberation. That's why theatres are made of wood - Doppler effect : = fp (4) \) \) Ad Froq perceives hi igher frequency (65 the way frogs do not have ears. They have tgmpanic membrane)