Electromagnetics & Antennas

Unit I
Electromagnetic Waves: Maxwell's equations in differential and integral forms Wave
equation and its solution in different media, polarization. Plane wave propagation in a
dielectric medium, Reflection and transmission of an EM waves. Surface impedance,
Poynting theorem.

Unit II
Waveguides and Transmission Lines: Waves between parallel planes. TE, TM and TEM
Waves, velocities of propagation, Attenuation in parallel plane guides, wave impedance.
Circuit representation of parallel plane transmission lines. Low loss transmission lines.
Distortion less condition. Smith charts. Rectangular and circular wave guides. Wave
impedance and characteristics impedances. Transmission line analogy for wave guides.

Unit III
Antennas: introduction, concept of radiation in single wire, two wire, and dipole, Antenna
parameters, Retarded potential, infinitesimal dipole. Current distribution of short dipole and
half wave dipole, Far-field, Radiating near-field and reactive near-field region, Monopole and
Half wave dipole.

Unit IV
Antenna Arrays: Array of two point sources, Array factor, Array configurations, Hansenwoodyard end fire array, n-element linear array with uniform amplitude and spacing, nelement linear array with nonuniform spacing, Analysis of Binomial and Dolph-Tschebysceff
array, Scanning Array, Super directive array.

Unit V
Aperture Antennas: Field Equivalence principle, Rectangular and circular aperture antennas,
Horn antenna, Babinets Principle, Slot Antenna, Reflector antenna.

Unit VI
Wave Propagation: Free space equation, Reflection from earths surface, Surface and Space
wave propagation, Range of space wave propagation, Effective earths radius, Duct
propagation, Troposphere propagation. Structure of ionosphere, propagation of radio waves
through ionosphere, Critical frequency, Maximum usable frequency, Optimum working
frequency, lowest usable high frequency, virtual height, Skip Distance, Effect of earths
magnetic field.