Satellite TC

Satellite Thermal Control Engineering
prepared for SME 2004"
OLYMPUS
HIPPARCOS
MSG
ULYSSES
SOHO
ERS
ENVISAT
CASSINI
L1
HUYGENS
ECS
ARIANE
ISS
SPACELAB
ISO
ARTEMIS
GIOTTO
Philippe.Poinas@esa.int
European Space Agency, Estec, Thermal and Structure Division
Keplerlaan 1, PO Box 299, 2200AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands
Tel25jun04,
+31 715654554,
Fax +31 715656142
SME04,
Philippe.Poinas@esa.int
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Thermal & Structure Division
Satellite Thermal Control Engineering

What you will learn?
1. heat transfer basics
3. role
conduction
why thermal control required?
radiation
importance of thermo-optical
properties
4. design
what is thermal design?
which types of S/C design
exist?
2. satellite energy balance

from ground to space
simple satellite thermal
behaviour
5. means
SME04, 25jun04, Philippe.Poinas@esa.int
what to control the

flux/temperatures
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1. Heat Transfer Basics

ROSETTA* FM in LSS, dec01
Thermal Control Engineering

3. role
4. design
5. means
*without Solar Panels

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1.1 Satellite Heat Transfer Modes


1.1
satellite heat transfer modes
1.2
conduction
1.3
radiation

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1.1 Satellite Heat Transfer Modes

Conduction
between any body
eventually by contact through an interface
Radiation
main mode of heat transfer in vacuum/space
Convection
manned tended satellites (ISS, shuttle, launchers, ascent)
Ablation
combination of 3 and chemical reaction (re-entry vehicles)
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1.2 Conduction

1.1
1.2
conduction
1.3
radiation

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1.2 Conduction
Definition
propagation of energy from particle to particle
in solid, liquid or gaseous continuous matter, homogeneous or not
without matter displacement
r
q
r
r
q = k T
Fouriers Law
r
q
k
r
n
T(x,y,z)
is the heat flow rate vector (W/m2)

is the material thermal conductivity (W/m2.K)
one-dimensional conduction
Th
T(x)
k
Tc
l
k A
Q=
(Th Tc )
l
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1.2 Conduction - Data

Thermal Conductivity
1.E+03
Copper
1.E+02
Aluminium
AA5083-T0
k (W/m.K)
1.E+01
304 ss
G-10 // to warp
1.E+00
Ti
Epoxy
1.E-01
PE //
1.E-02
Cu-Ni (70-30)
Brass Cu-Zn (90-10)
Mylar PET amorphous
1.E-03
1.E-04
1
10
100
1000
Temperature (K)
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1.3 Radiation

1.1
1.2
conduction
1.3
radiation

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1.3 Radiation
Characteristics
propagation of electro-magnetic energy in straight line
between surfaces separated by
absorbing, scattering media
or in vacuum
hence without matter displacement

reflected, absorbed or transmitted on surrounding bodies
Source
thermal agitation of particles
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1.3 Radiation - Black Body

Black Body
is real or fictitious surface
that absorbs all incident radiant energy i.e.
( , ) = = 1
from every direction

at every wavelengths
isotropic emitter
( , ) = = 1
radiated energy depends only on temperature
Black Body Emitted Energy

hemispherical spectral
emissive power
hemispherical total
emissive power
Plancks Law
E ,T
2 h c2
=
hc
5 kB T
e
1
Stefan-Boltzmanns Law
(W/m2.m)
Ebb ,T = E ,T d = T 4
(W/m2)
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Radiation
Black Body Laws
Planck
and
Stefan-Boltzmann
Planck1.3
and
Stefan-Boltzmann
Laws
0.8
0.8
1.50
1.50
12
12m
m
0.5
0.5m
m
5776
5776KK
255
255KK
1.25
1.25
HemisphericalSpectral
Spectral
,
EE,
, ,Hemispherical
EmissivePower
Power(10
(1077W/m
W/m22..m)
m)
Emissive
HemisphericalSpectral
Spectral
,
EE,
, ,Hemispherical
14
2
14 W/m
2 .m)
Emissive
Power
(10
Emissive Power (10 W/m .m)
1.0
1.0
1.00
1.00
0.6
0.6
0.75
0.75
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
SUN
SUN
EARTH
EARTH
4
4
Area
Area==TTSS
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.50
0.50
0.25
0.25
4
Area
Area==TTEE
1.0
10.0
1.0
10.0
,
,Wavelength
Wavelength(m)
(m)
0.00
0.00
100.0
100.0
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1.3 Radiation - Real Body

can absorb, reflect or transmit radiation energy
incident
d diffusely
reflected
- all parameters are wavelength and

angular dependent
s
specularly
reflected
- general case: semi-transparent
( ) + ( ) + ( ) = 1
= s + d
absorbed
transmitted
- opaque
hence
( ) = 0
( ) + ( ) = 1
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Surface Emissivity
ratio of surface radiated energy to that of a black body at the same T

always <1 for a real surface
( , ) =
E ,T d
,T
<1
,T
for a black body
( , ) = = 1
depends on direction and wavelength of emitted energy

therefore can be
directional (d) or hemispherical (h)
spectral (s) or total (t)
averaged over all directions, wavelengths or both
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Surface Absorptivity
ratio of surface absorbed energy to incident energy
always <1 for a real surface
( , ) =
E ,T d
,T
<1
,T
for a black body
( , ) = = 1
depends on incident energy direction and wavelength

therefore can be
directional (d) or hemispherical (h)
spectral (s) or total (t)
averaged over all directions, wavelengths or both
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Absorptivity vs Emissivity
for a given direction and at any wavelength
2nd Kirchoffs Law
( , ) = ( , ) ,
in general hemispherical total values are different
because
and have a strong wavelength dependence
source temperature of incident radiation (Sun at 5776 K) different

than surface temperature (satellite 250 -> 300C)
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Solar Absorptivity S and Hemispherical Emissivity H
S is the solar absorptivity
S = S integrated over 0.2-2.8 m
refers to UV wavelengths
i.e. 95% solar spectrum
H is the hemispherical emissivity

H = H integrated over 5-50 m
refers to IR wavelengths
i.e. body at 250/300C
but
S H because the spectra are different
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1.3 Radiation - Data

Spectral Reflectance
integration over solar

(5776K) wavelengths
s=0.20
integration over
infrared
black body (300K)
wavelengths
h=0.87
12
12m
m
1.3
1.3
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.8
5776 K
5776 K
255 K
255 K
Reflectance
Reflectance
1.00
1.00
0.75
0.75
0.5
0.5 m
m
0.50
0.50
0.5
0.5
0.25
0.25
0.3
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
1.0
1.0
10.0
10.0
Spectral Reflectance (-)

, ,Spectral
Reflectance (-)
Black Body Emittance
1.5
1.5
,, Hemispherical Spectral
EE
,, Hemispherical Spectral
EmissivePower
Power(10
(101414or
or10
107 7W/m
W/m2.2.
m)
Emissive
m)
Zinc Oxide Potassium

Silicate Coating
MAP
MAPPSG120-FD
PSG120-FDReflectance
Reflectance
0.00
0.00
100.0
100.0
, ,Wavelength
Wavelength((m)
m)
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1.3 Radiation - Data

Typical Values
Finish
VD Au
VDA
black paint
white paint
SSM (Ag 2 mils)
OSR
S
0.23
0.15
0.94
0.20
0.10
0.09
H
0.03
0.05
0.81
0.88
0.60
0.82
S/H
9.20
3.00
1.16
0.23
0.17
0.11
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1.3 Radiation - Black Body

Radiated Energy between Black Bodies
Qij = Ai Fij Ti 4 T j4
with Fij, the view factor

between surface i and surface j
or
Qij = Ai Ti 4 T j4
when
Ai
Ti
Qij
Aj
dAi
Tj
dAj
Fij = 1
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2. Satellite Energy Balance


3. role
4. design
5. means

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2. Satellite Energy Balance
WHAT HAPPENS from

GROUND
to
SPACE ?
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2. Satellite Energy Balance - Thermal Environment

Ultra-high Vacuum, 10-14 bar < p < 10-17 bar => no convection
temperature levels
Deep Space, @ 2.7 K
RA
MB
U
N
PE
imbalance, temperature levels and gradients
UMBRA
Solar Eclipse
SSO SPOT, ENVISAT 32 mn
GEO MSG
72 mn
HEO CLUSTER
5 h max
RA
MB
U
PEN
052
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intense Solar Flux, SC=1367 W/m2 @ 1 AU
imbalance, temperature levels and gradients
Solar Intensity vs Sun Distance

1000000
Earth
10.0
10000
1000
1.0
Saturn
100
0.1
Mars
10
Jupiter
1
0.1
0.0
10
Sun Distance (AU)

Solar Intensity (SC)
SC
S = 2
dS
100.0
Mercury
100000
Intensity (W/m2)
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TE 4 4 R E 2
Albedo Flux
reflected by Sun illuminated side of Planet
albedo = ratio of solar reflected energy to
local solar flux
Earth albedo
aE = 0.33 0.13 equivalent to 410 W/m2
aE varies with landscape
clouds 0.4-0.8
forest 0.05-0.10
ocean 0.05
emitted
(1 a ) SC RE
absorbed
Planet Flux
infrared energy radiated by the Planet
Earth=blackbody @255 K (-18 C)
equivalent to 240 W/m2
a SC RE
SC
reflected
incident
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Equilibrium
Temperature
of
2. Satellite
Energy Balance
Equilibrium
Temperature
of aa Sphere
Sphere
from
from Ground
Ground to
to Space
Space
100000.0
100000.0
Altitude(km)
(km)
Altitude
10000.0
10000.0
1000.0
1000.0
100.0
100.0
10.0
10.0
Black
Black
White
White
Gold
Gold
Air
Air
1.0
1.0
0.1
0.1
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0
204
24
0
200
20
0
106
16
0
102
12
80
80
40
40
0
-04
-4
0
-08
-8
0
-102
-12
Temperature
Temperature(degC)
(degC)
ESTEC
2. Satellite Energy Balance - Black Sphere

Assumptions
satellite=black sphere hence ==1
infinitely conductive, deep space at 0 K
low orbit around Earth
in Sun
no Planet, no albedo
( r ) q = (4 r ) T
2
==1
qS
= T 4
4
qS
T = 5o C
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in Sun with Earth
no albedo
( r ) q
2
+ F 4 r 2 TE4 = 4 r 2 T 4
F=1/2
==1
qS TE4
+
= T 4
4
2
qS
Earth
TE
T
T = 27o C
T = 22 o C
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in Sun with Earth and Albedo
( r ) q
2
+ F 4 r 2 TE4 + F 4 r 2 a q S = 4 r 2 T 4
TE4
1 a
= T 4
+ qS +
2
4 2
==1
Earth
qS
T = 56 o C
F=1/2
TE
T = 29o C
qS
albedo=a qS
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2. Satellite Energy Balance - Real Body

radiated to deep space
qs
Qr = ei Ai Fi, space s (Ti 4 Tspace4 )

solar absorbed
qs Fi,s Ai ai
albedo absorbed
qs
qs a Fi,a Ai ai
radiated to planet
Qp =ei Ai Fi,p s (Ti Tp )

4
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Real Body in Sun
assumes that body in infinitely conductive, no albedo, no planet flux
assumes that sink temperature is 0 K (not far from deep space)
qs
As
T is independent of area A
depends only of /
As qs = A T
qs
4
T=
Fs
where F S is the projected area
As
Fs =
A
T=
Fs 394 K
with qs = 1367 W/m2
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flat plate
cylinder
S
sphere
Surface
1-s plate
2-s plate
cylinder
sphere
cube
FS
1
1/2
1/
1/4
1/6
1.00 0.20 0.94 0.23 0.15 0.20

1.00 0.88 0.81 0.025 0.05 0.20
/ 1.00 0.23 1.16 9.20 3.00 1.00
Ap / A
Steady-State Temperature (degC)
1.00 121
-1 136
413 245 121
0.50
58
-44
71
304 163
58
0.32
23
-69
34
242 116
23
0.25
5
-81
16
212
94
5
0.17
-21 SME04,
-99 25jun04,
-12 Philippe.Poinas@esa.int
165
58
-21
black
CFRP
sand-blasted
Al
VDA
VDAu
black paint
Electrodag 501
(-)
white paint
PSG120-FD
(W/m )
S
1367.0
black
body
for =0, TS = 0 K and qs = 1367 W/m2
PLAY with
/
RATIO
0.90
0.80
1.13
133
68
32
14
-14
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Steady-state: General Case
assumes that body in infinitely conductive
solar, albedo and planet fluxes
view factor to sink temperature at Ts0 K
Fs, Fa, Fp solar, albedo, planet factors (-)

qs, qa, qp solar, albedo, planet fluxes (W/m2)
a
Ts
BS
Q
albedo factor
sink temperature
Gebhart factor to sink
power dissipation
(-)
(K)
(-)
(W)
Bs
qs
As
Ts
qa = a qs
qp
solar absorbtivity (-)

infrared emissivity (-)
A radiative area
(m2)
A BS T 4 TS4 = Fs A qs + Fa A qa + Fp A q p + Q
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Ts
Bs
As
qs
qa = a qs
solar
infrared
dissipation
(Fs + a Fa ) qs Fp 4
Q
4
T =4
+ Tp + TS +
BS
BS
A BS
qp
when sink Ts surrounds (BS=1) body at T and only solar flux qs
qs
T=
Fs + TS4
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2. Satellite Energy Balance - Examples

ULYSSES
(1989)
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ISO
(1995)
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ARTEMIS
(2001)
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3. Role

3. role
4. design
5. means

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3. Role
maintain within Specified Ranges
temperatures
temperature gradients (K/length)
temperature stability (K/time)
radiative/conductive
heat flow
(W)
SPOT 5 Solid State Recorder (ALS)
On Board Data Compression Unit (ALS)
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3. Role
SOHO, STM
of What?
electronic units
instrument e.g. optical bench
S/C structure
interface between modules
PLM
15
Instruments
Visual Monitoring Camera (AST)
SVM
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3. Role - Typical Requirement

Narrow Temperature Ranges
electronics equipment
classical equipment
battery
propulsion system
[ -10, +40] C
[ 0, +20] C
[ +10, +50] C
limited Temperature Gradients
< 5C
across optical instrument (1.5 m)
< 2C/m for structural element
< 5C
between MMH and NTO tanks
T
T/x
T
Stable Temperatures
< 5 K/h
< 0.1 K/mn
< 100 K/mn
T/t
T/t
T/t
for typical electronic unit

for CCD camera
for cryogenic telescope
Why is it so important?
low temperatures
narrow temperature ranges
small temperature gradients
for reliability of components

for sensitivity of detectors, units
for pointing of instruments, S/C
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4. Design

3. role
4. design
5. means

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4. Design
stored energy
(mCP )i
conducted* flux
dTi
=
dt
radiated* flux
fluid flow
(not visualised)
internal external
loads
loads
Cij (Tj Ti ) + Rij s (Tj Ti )+ Fij (Tj Ti ) + Qii + Qie

4
*/convective
Space
Node s
Ts
*incl. to space
*excl. to planet
radi
Ris ation
(T 4i T 4
s )
tion*
c
u
d
con
-T i)
T
(
k
C ik
Node k
Tk
tion*
c
u
d
con
-T j)
T
i
(
C ij
Node i
Ti mCi i i
tion
radia 4-T i4 )
T
Rik( k
Solar UV
Node j
Tj
tion
radia 4 T 4 )
- j
Rij (Ti
Pla
ne
Al
t
be
IR
do
UV
* convective
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4. Design
Balance HEAT FLOWS
to fulfil
REQUIREMENTS
results in
TEMPERATURES
through Heating
absorb from external sources (solar, albedo, planet IR)
selective coatings
use the internal sources

electronic dissipations, MLI insulation efficiency
dissipate heat internally

heater
RTG, RHU
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4. Design
transfer heat from hot area
conduction, radiation
latent heat of evaporation/condensation
or through Cooling
reject to deep space (3 K)
with low / radiative coatings on radiators
transfer heat to cold area

by conduction,
radiation
through condensation/boiling in fluid loops or heat pipes
through cryogenic techniques

cryostats
coolers (Peltier, Joule-Thomson)
ablation
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4. Design Radiative Concept

PROBA1 FM
Principle
when internal power dissipation small w.r.t.
external absorbed energy
balance between
absorbed incident radiant energy (solar)
emitted radiant energy (T4)
Characteristics
no insulation
average temperature driven by
external fluxes
local temperature hot spots still possible
Application: PROBA1
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4. Design Insulated Concept

Principle
when heat source irradiates few sides
Sun, planet IR (Mercury, Mars, Moon)
XMM FM
1999
balance between
internally dissipated power (P)
emitted radiant energy (T4)
HYPPARCOS FM, 1990
Characteristics
insulation of Sun illuminated sides (MLI)
shadow sides
with high IR emissivity
radiate to deep space => RADIATORS
preferred attitude for radiators

average temperature driven by
internal power dissipation
local temperature hot spots still possible

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4. Design Insulated Concept

ASTRA-1K FM Antenna Deployment
Advantages w.r.t. Radiative Concept

less sensitive to
eclipses
external loads changes
temperatures are more uniform

little ageing of unirradiated coatings
We are between
those
2 CONCEPTS
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5. Means

3. role
4. design
5. means

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5. Means - Limitations
Cooling Limitations
radiator
cryo-coolers
liquid He
100 mW
1W
few mW
at 100 K
at 50 K
at 4 K
for 0 W dissipation
for 100 W dissipation
for 1 ton/2 years
Heat Transport Limitation/Performance

conduction (pure Al tube k=200 W/m.K)
1.5 W @20C
l=1.00 m
=2 cm
11 kW@20C
l=0.70 m
=4.04 m
heat pipe (Al tube)
11 kW @20C
l=0.70 m
=2.5 cm
radiation (from a black surface =1)
11 kW @20C
A= 88 m2
11 kW @20C
A= 27 m2
T= 25 K
T= 3 K
m= 0.8 kg
m= 24 t
T= 3 K
m=
2 kg
T= 25 K
T= 290 K
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5. Means
s A
A T
RADIATION
CONDUCTION
- coating
- absorber
- MLI blanket
- radiator
- structural material
- doubler, filler, adhesive
LATENT HEAT-ABLATION
PASSIVE
ACTIVE
- TPS
- PCM
A
T
l
- washer, strap, bolt, tyrap,

stand-off
- foam
HEATERS
HEAT PIPES - FLOOPS
- thermostat control
- fixed/variable conductance
- electronic control
- ground control
- loop heat pipe

- monophasic/diphasic fluid
PASSIVE
ACTIVE
LOUVRES
COOLERS
ENERGY
ENERGY
CONTRIBUTION
CONTRIBUTION
- mechanical
- electrical
ENERGY
ENERGY
TRANSFER
TRANSFER
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5. Means
Passive Systems Pros/Cons
no mechanical moving parts or moving fluids, no power consumption
simple to design/implement/test
low mass and cost
highly reliable
BUT low heat transport capability

except heat pipes
Active Systems Pros/Cons

mechanical moving parts or moving fluids or electrical power required
complex design
generate constraints on S/C design and test configurations
high mass and cost
less reliable than PTC means
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5. Means - PTC Radiation, Coatings

Coated Sphere Equilibrium
Temperature in Sun
controls Heat absorbed by

External S/C Surfaces
with , solar absorptivity
/=10
500 K
/=2
337 K
/=1.5
314 K
/=1
284 K
/=0.75
controls Heat radiated

to Space
264 K
/=0.5
with , IR emissivity
238 K
/=0.25
200 K
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5. Means - PTC - Radiation, MLI Blankets
Purpose
Thot
insulating material
acts as a radiation barrier
decreases heat flow inside S/C
Sun, albedo, IR planet
ascent aerothermal after fairing jettison
ME/ABM firing
Tcold
decreases heat losses from S/C
Thot
IR energy
/n
Tcold
Principle
stack of n layers with low emissivity
connected only by radiation with limited
contact areas
equivalent to reduce the emissivity by n
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5. Means - PTC - Radiation, MLI Blankets

Standard MLI
stack of thin polymer foils
Kapton, Mylar (5-25 foils)
separated (avoid contact) by

spacer/mesh (Dacron/Trevira)
embossed, crinkled
perforated or not
1x
bka/VDA-net
unperf.
3-23 x VDA/my/VDA-net perf.
1x
VDA/my or ka/VDA perf.
attachment
1 mil
0.25 mil
1 mil
space exposed side

internal layers
innermost layer
stand-offs + clip washers

sewed/glued velcro
dacron yarn
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5. Means - PTC - Radiation, Radiators

Purpose
cool detectors, optical components, mirrors
improve the performances of
Qspace
Scientific P/L (all wavelength ranges)

Earth observation (mainly IR)
Principle
direct coupling to deep space @2.73 K
Q space = Q electric + Q losses
heat lift decreases in T4
Qelectric
Qlosses
insulation
satellite
6 W/m2 @100K
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5. Means - PTC - Radiation, Radiators
MLI
INTEGRAL STM
radiators
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5. Means - PTC Conduction, Increase

Structural Material Selection
Al alloy
Ti alloy
steel
120-170 W/m.K
7-15 W/m.K
10-40 W/m.K
doubler
facesheets
S/C wall
unit
honeycomb
Thermal Doublers
strap
spread heat dissipation under unit

1 mm thick Al alloy sheet
Straps/Braid (detector to radiator)

Cu, Al alloy wrapped in MLI/SLI
short < 10 cm
radiator
S/C structure
Contact Area
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5. Means - PTC Conduction, Increase

Interface Fillers
better unit to S/C conductance
graphite (Sigraflex)
laminated graphite sheet
electrical conductor
thickness
0.25 mm
unit
silicone elastomer (Cho-therm 1671)
filler
silicone binder, filled with boron nitride

particles, reinforced with fibreglass
cloth
electrical isolator
honeycomb
59 of 66
ESTEC
5. Means - ATC - Louvres

bi-metallic spring
housing (low )
blades
(low )
dumps more/less power to space

accommodate extreme variation of
energy
internal power
solar fluxes (interplanetary S/C)
frame
(low )
with little temperature change

save heater power
radiator
(high )
actuator
Principle
blades
S/C radiator
bearings
Purpose
S/C radiator
bearings
blades covering a standard radiator

16 blades on bearings rotates
opens/closes radiator to deep space
variation of IR emittance
actuator: bi-metallic spring sensing

the radiator temperature
bearings
60 of 66
ESTEC
5. Means - ATC - Louvres

SENER Louvre on ROSETTA* PFM
Louvre on CASSINI-HUYGENS
louvre

61 of 66
ESTEC
5. Means - ATC - Heaters

Purpose
additional source of heat inside S/C
replace power when unit is switched-off
warm up dormant units prior to swon
control temperature and gradient
metal
run
line in
line out
kapton
62 of 66
ESTEC

ROSETTA FM Heaters
heaters
PCU
Battery 3
ROSETTA FM ROSINA DPU
heaters
Battery 2
63 of 66
ESTEC

ROSETTA FM Thruster 12A
ROSETTA FM OSIRIS PEM-H
glue
FCV
selfredundant
heaters
64 of 66
ESTEC
5. Means - ATC - Heat Pipes

Grooved Heat Pipe
Purpose
transport heat by convection with small T

avoid temperature gradients
Principle
liquid vaporizes at evaporator

gas flows to cold end
gas condensates at cold end
liquid returns by capillary forces
Qin
groove
Qout
adiabatic section
evaporator
liquid
vapour
liquid
condenser
65 of 66
ESTEC
5. Means - ATC - Heat Pipes

12 mm
Telecom Panel Heat Pipe (Swales)
bi-tube
saddle
66 of 66
ESTEC

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Satellite Thermal Control Engineering

prepared for SME 2004"

Thermal & Structure Division

Satellite Thermal Control Engineering

why thermal control required?

2. satellite energy balance

SME04, 25jun04, Philippe.Poinas@esa.int

what to control the

Thermal & Structure Division

1. Heat Transfer Basics

Thermal Control Engineering

*without Solar Panels

Thermal & Structure Division

1.1 Satellite Heat Transfer Modes

1. Heat Transfer Basics

satellite heat transfer modes

*without Solar Panels

Thermal & Structure Division

1.1 Satellite Heat Transfer Modes

SME04, 25jun04, Philippe.Poinas@esa.int

Thermal & Structure Division

1. Heat Transfer Basics

satellite heat transfer modes

*without Solar Panels

Thermal & Structure Division

is the heat flow rate vector (W/m2)

Thermal & Structure Division

1.2 Conduction - Data

Thermal & Structure Division

1. Heat Transfer Basics

satellite heat transfer modes

*without Solar Panels

Thermal & Structure Division

hence without matter displacement

SME04, 25jun04, Philippe.Poinas@esa.int

Thermal & Structure Division

1.3 Radiation - Black Body

from every direction

radiated energy depends only on temperature

Black Body Emitted Energy

SME04, 25jun04, Philippe.Poinas@esa.int

Thermal & Structure Division

SME04, 25jun04, Philippe.Poinas@esa.int

Thermal & Structure Division

1.3 Radiation - Real Body

- all parameters are wavelength and

- general case: semi-transparent

SME04, 25jun04, Philippe.Poinas@esa.int

Thermal & Structure Division

1.3 Radiation - Real Body

ratio of surface radiated energy to that of a black body at the same T

for a black body

depends on direction and wavelength of emitted energy

Thermal & Structure Division

1.3 Radiation - Real Body

for a black body

depends on incident energy direction and wavelength

Thermal & Structure Division

1.3 Radiation - Real Body

2nd Kirchoffs Law

and have a strong wavelength dependence

source temperature of incident radiation (Sun at 5776 K) different

Thermal & Structure Division

1.3 Radiation - Real Body