MINISTRY OF HIGHER

EDUATION&SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
UNIVERSITY OF KIRKUK
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT

HEAT TRANSFER
(RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER)
SUPERVISED BY: Mr. MAHMOOD ALI
BY: ABD-ULMOMEN KHALID MAHMOOD
STAGE THREE&MORNING STUDY
INTRODUCTION: -
Radiation, energy transfer across a system boundary due
to a T, by the mechanism of photon emission or
electromagnetic wave emission.
Because the mechanism of transmission is photon emission, unlike conduction
and convection, there need be no intermediate matter to enable
transmission.
The significance of this is that radiation will be the only mechanism for heat
transfer whenever a vacuum is present.
THEORY: -
Stefan-Boltzmann law states that for a black body
𝑞𝑏 = 𝜎 (𝑇𝑠 4 − 𝑇𝑎 4)
Where 𝑞𝑏: Energy radiated by a blackbody per unit area, (W/m2)
𝜎 : The Stefan-Boltzmann constant, ( = 5.67·10−8 W/(m2 ∙ K 4 ))
𝑇𝑠: Surface temperature of the heated plate, (K)
𝑇𝑎: Surrounding temperature including the radiometer, (K)
The reading on the radiometer will be related to the radiation emitted by the
plate through a constant factor F F=qr/qb
𝑞𝑟: Radiation received by the radiometer, (W/m2)
𝐹: View factor, (-)
RADIATION OF BLACK BODY: -
A blackbody is defined as a perfect emitter and absorber of radiation. At a
specified temperature and wavelength, no surface can emit more energy than a
blackbody. A blackbody is a diffuse emitter which means it emits radiation
uniformly in all direction. Also a blackbody absorbs all incident radiation
regardless of wavelength and direction.
A large cavity with a small opening closely resembles a blackbody.

Variation of blackbody emissive power with wavelength.

THERMAL RADIATION: -

Is electromagnetic radiation generated by the thermal motion of particles

in matter, All matter with a temperature greater than absolute zero emits thermal
radiation. Particle motion results in charge-acceleration or dipole oscillation
which produces electromagnetic radiation. Infrared radiation emitted by animals
(detectable with an infrared camera) and cosmic microwave background
radiation are examples of thermal radiation. If a radiation object meets the
physical characteristics of a black body in thermodynamic equilibrium, the
radiation is called blackbody radiation..

Planck's law describes the spectrum of blackbody radiation, which depends

solely on the object's temperature. Wien's determines the most likely frequency
of the emitted radiation, And the Stefan–Boltzmann law gives the radiant
intensity.

PROPERTIES: -

There are 4 main properties that characterize thermal radiation (in the limit of
the far field): -
1-Thermal radiation emitted by a body at any temperature consists of a wide
range of frequencies. The frequency distribution is given by Planck's law of
black-body radiation for an idealized emitter as shown in the diagram at top.

2- The dominant frequency (or color) range of the emitted radiation shifts to
higher frequencies as the temperature of the emitter increases. For example,
a red hot object radiates mainly in the long wavelengths (red and orange) of the
visible band. If it is heated further, it also begins to emit discernible amounts of
green and blue light, and the spread of frequencies in the entire visible range
cause it to appear white to the human eye; it is white hot. Even at a white-hot
temperature of 2000 K, 99% of the energy of the radiation is still in the infrared.
This is determined by Wien's displacement law. In the diagram the peak value
for each curve moves to the left as the temperature increases.

3- The total amount of radiation of all frequency increases steeply as the

temperature rises; it grows as T4, where T is the absolute temperature of the
body. An object at the temperature of a kitchen oven, about twice the room
temperature on the absolute temperature scale (600 K vs. 300 K) radiates 14
times as much power per unit area. An object at the temperature of the filament
in an incandescent light bulb—roughly 3000 K, or 10 times room temperature
radiates 10,000 times as much energy per unit area. The total radiative intensity
of a black body rises as the fourth power of the absolute temperature, as
expressed by the Stefan–Boltzmann law. In the plot, the area under each curve
grows rapidly as the temperature increases.

4- The rate of electromagnetic radiation emitted at a given frequency is

proportional to the amount of absorption that it would experience by the source,
a property known as reciprocity. Thus, a surface that absorbs more red light
thermally radiates more red light. This principle applies to all properties of the
wave, including wavelength (color), direction, polarization, and even coherence,
so that it is quite possible to have thermal radiation which is polarized, coherent,
and directional, though polarized and coherent forms are fairly rare in nature far
from sources (in terms of wavelength). See section below for more on this
qualification.
Some pictures that explains how radiation heat transfer effect

Heat transfer by radiation is invisible to the eye and not affect by air flow.
 And this is explanatory example for radiation heat transfer…
Q/ The filament of a 75 W light bulb may be considered as a black body
radiating into a black enclosure at 700 C. the filament diameter is 0.10 mm and
length is 5 cm. considering the radiation, determine the filament temperature?
Solution: -
Q = 75W = 75 J/s d = 0.1 mm T1=?

T2 = 70 +273 = 343 K
L = 5 cm
𝜀 = 1 for black body
𝜎 = 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2 -K 4
𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝐴 𝑒 𝜎 (𝑇1 4 − 𝑇2 4); A = πdL
75 𝑊 = (𝜋)(0.1𝑚𝑚) (0.05𝑚𝑚) (1) (5.67𝑥10−8𝑊/𝑚2𝐾 4) (𝑇1 4 − (343𝐾) 4)
T1 = 3029 K – 273
T1 = 2756℃