HEAT TRANSFER BY RADIATION

VIRTUAL LAB EXPERIMENT

Submitted by

GYANI JWAL SINGH KUSHWAHA

ROLL NO.: 41

CLASS: M.Sc. 2nd semester

EMAIL: Gyani.765511@cdp.tu.edu.np

PHONE: 9845788857

DATE: 03/07/2022

Submitted to

HEAD, CDP

TU
Table of Contents
1. Title.................................................................................................................................................4

2. Abstract..........................................................................................................................................4

3. Key Words......................................................................................................................................4

4. Apparatus:.....................................................................................................................................4

5. Theory:...........................................................................................................................................5

Relationship between Absorptivity and Emissivity:...............................................................................6

Working.....................................................................................................................................................7

Applications...............................................................................................................................................7

6. Experimental Arrangement..........................................................................................................8

7. Literature Review..........................................................................................................................8

8. Methodology...................................................................................................................................9

Variable Region:........................................................................................................................................9

Measurement Region:...............................................................................................................................9

Procedure for Simulation.........................................................................................................................9

Procedure for Real lab............................................................................................................................10

9. Simulation....................................................................................................................................10

10. Observation Table.......................................................................................................................10

11. Calculation...................................................................................................................................10

12. Result............................................................................................................................................11

13. Advantage And Disadvantage of Virtual Lab............................................................................11

Advantages...............................................................................................................................................11

Disadvantages...........................................................................................................................................11

14. Acknowledgement........................................................................................................................12

15. References....................................................................................................................................12

16. Appendixes...................................................................................................................................12
1. Title
The topic of this experiment is “HEAT TRANSFER BY
RADIATION”.

2. Abstract
 To compare heat transfer between different material surface and the black
body surface by radiation.
 To find the emissivity of different material surface.

3. Key Words
 Relationship between Absorptivity and Emissivity.
 Black body temperature.
 At a specified temperature and wavelength, a black body emits more
radiation energy than the real one.
 It absorbs all incident radiation regardless of wavelength and direction
 It emits radiation energy uniformly in all direction. That is black body is a
diffuse emitter the term ‘diffuse’ means independent of direction.

4. Apparatus:
Emissivity measurement apparatus: The experimental set up consists of two
circular aluminum plates identical in size
provide with heater coils at the bottom
Figure 1.

It is kept in an enclosure so as to provide

undisturbed natural convection surroundings.
The heat input to the heaters is varied by two
regulators and is measured by an ammeter
and voltmeter. Each plate is having three thermocouples; hence an average
temperature is taken. One thermocouple is kept in the enclosure to read the
chamber temperature. One plate is blackened by a layer of enamel black paint to
form the idealized black surface whereas the other plate is the test plate. The
temperatures of the plates are measured by using thermocouples.

5. Theory:
In radiation, energy is carried by the electromagnetic waves emitted by every
object. In general, radiation is a volumetric phenomenon. This is because the
electrons, atoms and molecules of all solids, liquids and gases above absolute zero
temperature are in constant motion and hence energy is constantly emitted,
absorbed and transmitted throughout the entire volume of the matter.
 
The radiation from a surface is emitted in all possible directions. A body at a
temperature above absolute zero emits radiation in all directions over a wide range
of wavelength. The amount of radiation from the surface of a body at a given
temperature and at a given wavelength depends on the material of the body and
nature of its surface. A concept of an idealized surface has been made which are
perfect emitter and absorber of radiation. This ideal surface is known as a black
body.
A black body or ideal radiator is a body that emits and absorbs at any temperature
the maximum possible radiation at any given wavelength.
A black body has the following features
 
      
1. At a specified temperature and wavelength, a black body emits more
radiation energy than the real one.
2. It absorbs all incident radiation regardless of wavelength and direction
3. It emits radiation energy uniformly in all direction. That is black body is a
diffuse emitter the term ‘diffuse’ means independent of direction.

Depending on type of surface, reflected radiation is specular or the diffuse. A

smooth and polished surface is more specular while the rough surface is more
diffuse. The fraction of incident energy absorbed by the surface is called the
absorptivity. For a black body it is equal to one.
Actually, black body do not exist in nature through its characteristics are
approximated by a hole in a box filled with highly absorptive material. The
emission spectrum of such a black body was first fully described by Max Planck.
Emissivity of a surface is defined as ratio of the radiation emitted by the surface to
the radiation emitted by the black body at the same temperature.

If a sample is replaced by a black body of temperature of same area at same

temperature, under thermal equilibrium, the
emissivity of the body is equal to the
absorptivity.

Relationship between Absorptivity and

Emissivity:
 
Consider two flat infinite plates, surface A
and surface B, both emitting radiation
towards one another. Surface B is assumed to
be an ideal emitter, εB= 1.

Surface A will emit radiation according to

Stefan’s Boltzmann law as
E A ¿ ε A σT A (1) 
4

And will receive radiation as

4
G A ¿ α A σT B ( 2 )
Net heat flow from surface A will be
4 4
Q ¿ α A σT B ¿ ε A σT A (3 )
Now suppose that the two surfaces are at exactly same temperature then,
εA = αA
Emissivity of surface will depend on the material of which it is composed.
The radiation emitted per unit area per unit time from the surface of a body is
called its emissive power. The ratio of emissive power of a body to the emissive
power of a black body is called emissivity.
Heat emitted by the black body per unit area,
Qb ¿ ε b σ ( T b−T c ) (4) 
4 4

Heat emitted by the test plate per unit area,

Q p ¿ ε p σ ( T 4 p −T 4c ) (5)εb Emissivity of the black plate.
εp Emissivity of the test plate
σ Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 5.67×10-8 W m-2K-4
Tb Black body temperature in Kelvin
Tc Chamber temperature in Kelvin
Tp Test plate temperature in Kelvin
Qb = Qp since input power to the two plates is same and conduction heat loss are
also same.
Emissivity,
T 4b −T 4c
ε p ¿ εb (6)
(T 4b −T 4c )
 

Working

The same amount of power input is given to both test plate and black plate. After
achieving steady state temperature for black plate, it continuously emits radiations
and this radiation is completely absorbed by the test plate. But its emit radiation is
slightly less than the black body because emissivity depends on nature of the
material.
Applications
1. In lasers
2. Microwave ovens
3. Solariums
4. Mobile telephones
5. MRI devices in the magnetic field
6. Industrial heaters
6. Experimental Arrangement

Figure; Experimental Arrangement of Heat transfer of radiation.

7. Literature Review
This review is concerned with research in the field of heat transfer, the results
of which have been published during 1964. To facilitate the use of this review,
a listing of the subject heading is made in the order in which they appear in
the text--conduction, channel flow, boundary-layer flow, flow with separated
regions, transfer mechanisms, natural convection, convection with rotating
surfaces, combined heat and mass transfer, change of phase, radiation, liquid
metals, low-density heat transfer, measurement techniques, heat exchangers,
aircraft and space vehicles, and thermodynamic and transport properties.
A review is given of the literature published mostly in 1960. The review covers
the following fields: conduction, channel flow, boundary-layer flow, flow with
separated regions, transfer mechanism, natural convection, convection from
rotating surfaces, combined heat and mass transfer, change of phase,
radiation, liquid metals, low density heat transfer, measurement techniques,
thermodynamic and transport properties, and heat transfer applications.

8. Methodology
Variable Region:
 
1.  Choose material - This can be used to select the specimen plate.
2.  Diameter of the specimen- Used to vary the diameter of the specimen in
centimeter.
3.  Thickness of the specimen- Used to change the thickness of the specimen
in centimeter.
4.  Chamber temperature- This is used to change the temperature in the
evacuated chamber in degree Celsius.
 
Measurement Region:
White knobs in simulator- This knob can be rotated by right clicking side arrows
and thereby adjusting the voltage and corresponding current which is given as
input power.
Tuning Switch- Used to turn either Black plate (BP) or Test plate (TP) and
thereby can change the corresponding voltage and current for both the plates.
Note: Power should be given for both the plates must be same.
Power on button- Using this button we can switch on the power when all the
initial adjustments were done.
Temperature indicator in the simulator- After steady state of temperature is
reached (20 minutes in timer). Adjusting the knob by clicking the side arrows in
the indicator, thereby T1 to T7 temperature on thermocouples can be noted in
degree Celsius.
 
Procedure for Simulation
1. Choose a particular material to perform simulation.
2.  Fix the value of diameter and thickness of the plate.
3. The temperature is given to the chamber using the slider " chamber
temperature".
4. Using tuning switch and white knob, fix the voltage and corresponding current
for black plate and test plate.
5. Note the value of temperature T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 using temperature
indicator.
6. Calculate the value of emissivity for a given test plate using equations.
 
Procedure for Real lab
 
 Using emissivity apparatus, the power is given to carry out the experiment using
voltmeter and ammeter. After steady state is reached, (2 hours), Using stop watch,
every half an hour, the temperature in the temperature indicator is noted. Using
trial and error method, T1,T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, and T7  are noted. Calculate the value
of emissivity for a given test plate using equations.

9. Simulation
vlab.amrita.edu. (2011). Heat Transfer by Radiation. Retrieved 7 March 2022,
from vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=1&brch=194&sim=802&cnt=1

10. Observation Table

The observation Table of experiment is given below.

Voltmeter Ammeter Black body Average Average Average Chamber

Reading Reading Temperature temperature Test plate temperatu temperatu
(V) (A) (K) (T ¿¿ b)K ¿ Temperature(K) re re
(T ¿¿ p) K ¿ (T ¿¿ 4) K ¿
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

11. Calculation
Heat emitted by the black body,

Qb ¿ ε b σ ( T 4 b−T 4c ) =¿
Heat emitted by the test plate, 

Q p ¿ ε p σ ( T 4 p −T 4c )=¿

εb Emissivity of the black plate and it is equal to 1

εp Emissivity of the test plate

σ Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 5.67×10-8 W m-2K-4

( T 1+T 2 +T 3 )
T b= =¿
3
( T 4 +T 5 +T 6 )
T p= =¿
3
T c =¿

T 4b −T 4c
ε p ¿ εb =¿
(T 4b −T 4c )

12. Result
Emissivity of test plate surface =

13. Advantage And Disadvantage of Virtual Lab

Advantages
1. Virtual lab provides variety of laboratory experiment.

2. Virtual lab is less time consuming and easy to perform.

3. Virtual lab gives better platform for safety concern experiment.

Disadvantages
1. Virtual lab reduces the interaction between students and teacher.

2. Since virtual experiment is far from reality, student will face many problems
on performing experiment in real life due to virtual experiment concept.

3. Student won’t understand the detail device function and operation as a

result virtual lab create hindrance in gaining knowledge.
14. Acknowledgement
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Head sir of our Central
Department of Physics, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur for providing the
opportunity of virtual laboratory experiments.

I would like to thank all faculties, seniors, staff of the Department and classmate
and virtual lab software developer for their help and support in this virtual lab
experiment.

15. References
Books:
 
1. Siegel, Robert. And John Howell. Thermal Radiation Heat
Transfer. London: Taylor & Francis Group, 2001.
2. Kreith, Frank et.al. Principles of Heat Transfer. City: CL-
Engineering, 2010.
3. White, Guy. And Philip Meson. Experimental Techniques in
Low-Temperature Physics. Oxford Eng.: Clarendon, 2002.
 
Webliography:
 
 www.engineeringtoolbox.com/radiation-heat-transfer-
d_431.html
 www.efunda.com/formulae/heat_transfer/radiation/
overview_rad.cfm
 www.biocab.org/Heat_Transfer.html
 

16. Appendixes
Some Important Viva Questions