Name: Mayank Shelar UID: 118CH1280A Roll no.

61
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Heat Transfer Operations Experiment no.1 – Heat Transfer by Radiation

Aim:
1. To compare heat transfer between different material surface and the black body surface by
radiation.

2. To find the emissivity of different material surface.

Apparatus:

Emissivity measurement apparatus: The experimental set up consists of two circular aluminum plates
identical in size provide with heater coils at the bottom Fig.1

It is kept in an enclosure so as to provide undisturbed

natural convection surroundings. The heat input to the
heaters is varied by two regulators and is measured by an
ammeter and voltmeter. Each plate is having three
thermocouples; hence an average temperature is taken.
One thermocouple is kept in the enclosure to read the
chamber temperature. One plate is blackened by a layer
of enamel black paint to form the idealized black surface
whereas the other plate is the test plate. The
temperatures of the plates are measured by using thermocouples.

Theory:

In radiation, energy is carried by the electromagnetic waves emitted by every object. In general,
radiation is a volumetric phenomenon. This is because the electrons, atoms and molecules of all
solids, liquids and gases above absolute zero temperature are in constant motion and hence energy is
constantly emitted, absorbed and transmitted throughout the entire volume of the matter.

The radiation from a surface is emitted in all possible directions. A body at a temperature above
absolute zero emits radiation in all directions over a wide range of wavelength. The amount of
radiation from the surface of a body at a given temperature and at a given wavelength depends on the
material of the body and nature of its surface. A concept of an idealized surface has been made which
are perfect emitter and absorber of radiation. This ideal surface is known as a black body.
A black body or ideal radiator is a body that emits and absorbs at any temperature the maximum
possible radiation at any given wavelength.
It has the following features: -

1. At a specified temperature and wavelength a black body emits more radiation energy than the real
one.
2. It absorbs all incident radiation regardless of wavelength and direction
3. It emits radiation energy uniformly in all direction. That is black body is a diffuse emitter the term
‘diffuse’ means independent of direction.

Depending on type of surface, the

reflected radiation is specular or
diffuse. A smooth and polished
surface is more specular while the
rough surface is more diffuse.

The fraction of
incident energy absorbed
by the surface is called the
absorptivity. For a black body it is
equal to one.

Actually black body do not exist in nature through its characteristics are approximated by a hole in a
box filled with highly absorptive material. The emission spectrum of such a black body was first fully
described by Max Planck.

Emissivity of a surface is defined as ratio of the radiation emitted by the surface to the radiation
emitted by the black body at the same temperature.

If a sample is replaced by a black body of temperature of same area at same temperature, under thermal
equilibrium, the emissivity of the body is equal to the absorptivity.
Relationship between Absorptivity and Emissivity:

Consider two flat infinite plates, surface A and surface B, both

emitting radiation towards one another. Surface B is assumed to be
an
ideal emitter, εB= 1.

Surface A will emit radiation according to Stefan’s Boltzmann law

as

(1)
And will receive radiation as

(2)
Net heat flow from surface A will be

(3)
Now suppose that the two surfaces are at exactly same temperature then, εA = αA
Emissivity of surface will depend on the material of which it is composed.
The radiation emitted per unit area per unit time from the surface of a body is called its emissive
power.
The ratio of emissive power of a body to the emissive power of a black body is called emissivity.

Heat emitted by the black body per unit area, (4)

Heat emitted by the test plate per unit area,

(5) εb Emissivity of the black plate. εp Emissivity of the test plate
σ Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 5.67×10-8 W m-2K-4
Tb Black body temperature in Kelvin
Tc Chamber temperature in Kelvin
Tp Test plate temperature in Kelvin
Qb = Qp since input power to the two plates is same and conduction heat loss are also same.

(6)

Working:

The same amount of power input is given to both test plate and black plate. After achieving steady
state temperature for black plate, it continuously emits radiations and this radiation is completely
absorbed by the test plate. But its emit radiation is slightly less than the black body because emissivity
depends on nature of the material.

Applications:

1. In lasers
2. Microwave ovens
3. Solariums
4. Mobile telephones
5. MRI devices in the magnetic field
6. Industrial heaters

Simulation:
Observations and Result: