Chapter Seven Radiation Heat Transfer

Chapter Seven
RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER

 Introduction
Previous chapters have shown how conduction and convection heat transfer
may be calculated. In this chapter wish to consider the third mode of heat
transfer- thermal radiation. Thermal radiation is that electromagnetic radiation
emitted by a body as a result of its temperature. The radiative mode of heat
transfer differs in two important respects from the conductive modes:
1- No medium is required
2- The energy transfer is proportional to the fourth power of the temperature
of the bodies.
Radiation propagates in the form of electromagnetic wave. The frequency v
and wave length λ of electromagnetic waves in a medium are related by

c =λν
where
c= speed of light
λ= wavelength
ν= frequency
The unit for λ may be centimeters, angstroms (1 Å=10−8 cm), or micrometers
(1 μm=10−6 m). Thermal radiation lies in the range from about 0.1 to 100 μm,
while the visible-light portion of the spectrum is very narrow, extending from
about 0.35 to 0.75 μm.
Chapter Seven Radiation Heat Transfer

The total energy emitted is proportional to absolute temperature to the fourth

power:
ET 4
E  T 4
where σ =5.669×10−8 W/m2.K4 (σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant)

PHYSICAL MECHANISM
Black Body: A body that emits and absorbs the maximum incident radiation.

Eb  T 4
ε = emissivity of body
 1  1

Gray Body: The energy emitted from the gray body

Eg  T 4
ε = emissivity of body
E emissive power of the real surface
 
Eb emissive power of black body

Emissivity ε: is the total emitted energy divided by the total energy emitted
by black body at the same temperature.
0 1
For black body ε =α=1
Chapter Seven Radiation Heat Transfer

RADIATION PROPERTIES
When radiant energy strikes a material surface, part of the radiation is
reflected, part is absorbed, and part is transmitted, as shown in Figure

Reflectivity ρ: the fraction reflected, it is the ratio of energy reflected to the

total incident energy
Absorptivity α: the fraction absorbed, it is the ratio of energy absorbed to the
total incident energy
Transmissivity τ: the fraction transmitted, it is the ratio of energy transmitted
to the total incident energy

Most solids are visibly transparent do not transmit radiation, transmissivity

may be taken as zero:
ρ+α=1
Gases generally reflect very little radiant thermal energy and:
τ+α=1
Chapter Seven Radiation Heat Transfer

Kirchhoff’s law
The emissive power of a body E is defined as the energy emitted by the body
per unit area and per unit time. One may perform a thought experiment to
establish a relation between the emissive power of a body and the material
properties defined above. Assume that a perfectly black enclosure is available,
i.e., one that absorbs all the incident radiation falling upon it, as shown
schematically in Figure. This enclosure will also emit radiation according to
the T 4 law.

EA  qI A …………………. 1

Eb A  qI A ………………….. 2 where   1 for black body

By divided 1 to 2
E
 ε =α
Eb
Chapter Seven Radiation Heat Transfer

RADIATION SHAPE FACTOR (F)

It is the ratio of energy leaves one surface and reaches the other surface.

The energy leaving surface 1 and arriving at surface 2 is

Eb1 A1F12
and the energy leaving surface 2 and arriving at surface 1 is
Eb 2 A2 F21
Since the surfaces are black, all the incident radiation will be absorbed, and
the net energy exchange is
Q1 2  Eb1 A1F12  Eb 2 A2 F21
for T1 =T2
If both surfaces are at the same temperature, there can be no heat exchange,
that is, Q1−2 =0
Eb1 =Eb2

Q1 2  Eb1 A1F12  Eb 2 A2 F21 where Eb  T 4


 A1F12 T14  T24 
 A F  T
2 21 1
4
 T24 
Chapter Seven Radiation Heat Transfer
 Chapter Seven Radiation Heat Transfer

Example 1

Two parallel black plates 0.5 by 1.0 m are spaced 0.5 m apart. One plate is
maintained at 1000◦C and the other at 500◦C. What is the net radiant heat exchange
between the two plates?

Solution:
Chapter Seven Radiation Heat Transfer

RELATIONS BETWEEN SHAPE FACTORS

 Chapter Seven Radiation Heat Transfer

Example 2

Cone has top and bottom diameters of 10 and 20 cm and a height of 10 cm.
Calculate
the shape factor between the top surface and the side and also the shape factor
between the side and itself.

Solution:
 Chapter Seven Radiation Heat Transfer

H.W 1

Two concentric cylinders having diameters of 10 and 20 cm have a length of 20

cm. Calculate the shape factor between the open ends of the cylinders.

HEAT EXCHANGE BETWEEN NONBLACK BODIES

We shall assume that all surfaces considered in our analysis are diffuse, gray,
and uniform in temperature and that the reflective and emissive properties are
constant over all the surface. Two new terms may be defined:

G= irradiation
= total radiation incident upon a surface per unit time and per unit area

J = radiosity
= total radiation that leaves a surface per unit time and per unit area
Chapter Seven Radiation Heat Transfer

Radiation network for two surfaces that see each other and nothing else

Radiation network for three surfaces that see each other and nothing else.
 Chapter Seven Radiation Heat Transfer

Radiation network for two

plane or convex surfaces enclosed by a third surface that is
nonconducting but re-radiating (insulated).

Example 3

Two parallel plates 0.5 by 1.0 m are spaced 0.5 m apart, as shown in Figure Example
8-6. One plate is maintained at 1000◦C and the other at 500◦C. The emissivities of the
plates are 0.2 and 0.5, respectively. The plates are located in a very large room, the
walls of which are maintained at 27◦C. The plates exchange heat with each other and
with the room, but only the plate surfaces facing each other are to be considered in
the analysis. Find the net transfer to each plate and to the room.
Solution:
Chapter Seven Radiation Heat Transfer