RADIATION

It is the mode of heat transfer through

electromagnetic wave. Anything whose temperature is
above the surrounding that will always radiate of
significant amount. It is the mode of transport of
radiant electromagnetic energy through vacuum and
the empty space between atoms. Radiant energy is
distinct from heat, though both correspond to energy
in transit.
 FT ASSIGNMENT NO. 1

1.What are the radiative properties of radiation heat

transfer. Explain each.

2.What are the laws governing radiation heat transfer

and discuss each.

3. How does radiation heat transfer affects the

temperature of the Earth?

4.What are the applications of radiation heat transfer in

Mechanical Engineering field?
 THE CONCEPT OF A PERFECT BLACK BODY

Perfect black body is a body that absorbs all electromagnetic

radiation/all the radiant energy falling on it. It absorbs all wavelength
such no reflection occurs. At thermal equilibrium, a body emits as
much energy as it absorbs. Hence, a good absorber of radiation is also a
good emitter of radiation.
When radiant energy falls on a body, part may be absorbed,
part reflected, and the remainder transmitted through the body. In
mathematical form;

a+r+t=1

Where:
a = absorptance = the fraction of radiant heat that is absorbed.
r = reflectance = the fraction of radiant heat that is reflected.
t = transmittance = the fraction of radiant heat that is
transmitted.
Suppose a surface of area A has absolute temperature T
and radiates only a fraction e as much energy as would a
blackbody surface. Then e is called the emissivity of the
surface, and the energy per second radiated by the surface
is given by the Stefan-Boltzmann Law (otherwise known as
fourth power law):

Q = e σ A T4

All objects whose temperature is above absolute zero

radiate energy. When an object at absolute temperature is
in an environment, the net energy radiated by the object
per second is:

Q = e σ A [ T14 – T24 ]
Where:
Q = heat transmitted by radiation per unit time

e = emissivity factor (from 0 – 1.0)

σ = 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2 K4

A = radiating surface area

T1 = absolute temperature of surface radiating the

heat, K

T2 = absolute temperature of surface receiving the

heat, K
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS

1.A small sphere has a radius of 3.5 cm and is

maintained at a temperature of 3600C. Assuming it to be
a black body surrounded by empty space, how much
energy does it radiate each second?

Solution:
Q = 20408.4 x 10-8 σ A T4
where
T1 = 360 + 273 = 6330K
A = π (0.035)2
= 0.003848 m2
Substituting values:
Q = 20408.4 x 10-8 (1)(0.0038448)(6334)
= 126,083.68 J/hr = 32.02 J/s
2. The temperature of the flame in a furnace is 12770C and
the temperature of its surroundings is 2770C. Calculate the
maximum theoretical quantity of heat energy radiated per
minute per square meter to the surrounding area.
Emmisivity factor is assumed to be equal to one.

Solution:
Q = 20408.4 x 10-8 σ A (T14 – T24)
where:
σ = 1.0
T1 = 1277 + 273 = 15500K
T2 = 277 + 273 = 5500K

Q/A = 20408.4 x 10-8 (1) (15504 – 5504)

= 1.1593 x 109 J/m2-hr
= 19,321.65 KJ/m2-min
 FT EXERCISE NO. 1
1. A small sphere has a diameter of 70 mm and is maintained at
a temperature of 3600C.Assuming the emissivity to be 70%
as that of a black body, and the temperature of the
surrounding medium is 800C, how much BTU does it radiate
each hour?
2. A perfect black body loses energy by radiation at a rate of
4.88 x 1026 Joules each second. The temperature of the body
receiving the heat is 3500F. What is the actual temperature of
that black body in degrees Kelvin assuming it to be in
conical shape with a diameter of 5 x 106 cm and a height of
9 x 107 cm?
3. The outside surface of the furnace measures 3000C and
has emissivity factor of 0.87. The surrounding air
measures 400C. Determine the amount of heat loss
from the furnace surface to the surrounding in Joules per
year if it is in cubical form having 5 m sides.
4. A spherical body of 2 cm diameter is
maintained at 6000C. Assuming that it
radiates as if it were a blackbody, at what
rate in KW is energy radiate from the
sphere?

5. An unclothed person whose body has a

surface area of 1.40 m2 with an emissivity
of 0.85 has a skin temperature of 370C
and stands in a 200C room. How much
energy does the person lose per minute?