 occurs when two objects at

different temperatures are

brought into contact with
each other.
H = Heat transfer rate
ΔQ = Amount of heat that
passes from one region of an
object to another region H = ∆Q / ∆t
Δt = the time needed for the
heat transfer
 +H, if the heat is ENTERING
-H, if the heat is LEAVING

UNITS:
J/s, Watts (W), Horsepower (hp),
BTU/min, ft-lb/s, ….
860 cal/hr = 1 W
42.4 BTU/min = 1 hp
0.746 KW = 1 hp
- a transfer of thermal energy
from atom to atom through a
material and is caused by the
collision of hotter atoms with
cooler, slower-moving atoms.
CONSIDER,
The atoms do not
move from one end
of the material to
the other, only their
random kinetic
energy is
transferred.

A pan placed on a stove which warms the pan

Eventually the handle is heated by conduction

 Hcd= (ΔQ/∆t)cd=KA∆T/L

Where:
Hcd = Conductive heat-transfer rate
A = Cross-sectional area across which the heat travels
L = the distance heat must travel from Region 1 to Region 2
K = thermal conductivity
- indicates the ease or difficulty
of heat transfer by conduction
through different types of
materials.
Materials K (W/mC°)
Aluminum 205
Brass 109
Copper 385
Steel 50.2
Concrete 0.84
Glass 0.80
Ice 1.6
Wood 0.04
Dry Soil 0.2
Air 0.024
Water 0.59
 EXAMPLES:
1. One end of a cylindrical copper
rod 1.2m long with a 1cm radius is
in boiling water at 100°C. The
other end is in ice at 0°C.
a. Calculate the conductive heat-
transfer rate to the ice.
b. How much time is required to
melt 10g of ice?
 EXAMPLES:
2. A wall 0.51m thick and has an area
of 30m2 has a thermal conductivity of
0.4W/mC°.
a. If the inside temp. is 15˚C and the
outside temp. is -5°C, what is the
rate of energy loss through the wall?
b. How much energy is lost in 24
hours?
 EXAMPLES:

3. A window pane 1m x 1.3m is 3mm

thick. Its inner surface is at 10°C
and its outer surface at 9.5˚C.
Calculate the conductive heat-
transfer surface rate through the
glass.
 EXAMPLES:
4. One end of a steel bar with cross-
sectional area of 0.06m2 and length
0.5m is in the flame of a bunsen
burner, and the other end is on a
block of ice at 0°C. The hot end is at
250˚C.
a. Calculate the heat transferred from
the hot end to the ice in 30 min.
b. Calculate the number of kgs. of ice
that will melt.
- a transfer of thermal energy from
one place to another by mass that
moves between places & carries
energy with it.
CONSIDER,

Hot air from a hair dryer warms the hair as the

air blows across it. The heat transfer occurs
from the warmer to cooler material.
Hcv= (ΔQ/∆t)cv= hA(T2 – T1)

Where:
Hcv = Convective heat-transfer rate
A = Cross-sectional area across which the heat travels
h = convection coefficient
= indicates the ease or difficulty of convective heat transfer
T2 = the temperature of the fluid that moves across the surface.
T1 = the temperature of the surface to or from which heat is being
transferred.
 EXAMPLES:
1) A person in shorts stand in front of
a fan that blows 25°C air at a speed
of 2.5m/s. If the persons surface
area is 1.6m2 & the skin temp. is
35°C, what is the convective heat-
loss rate from the person’s body?
hair = 23W/m2C°
 EXAMPLES:
2) A woman rides a bicycle at a speed
of 4m/s in still air with a temp of
30°C. Her skin temp is 35°C & her
surface area is 1.4m2. If one-half
her skin area is exposed to air, what
is the rate of convective heat loss
from her skin?
hair = 29W/m2C°
 EXAMPLES:
3) A person loses heat by convection
at a rate of 250W when standing in
air whose speed past him is 1m/s.
What is the convective heat-loss
rate if the air speed increases to
3m/s?
hair = 15W/m2C° at 1m/s
hair = 26W/m2C° at 3m/s
 EXAMPLES:
4) A person blows 35°C air across the top of
a bowl of soup with a temp of 90°C. The
air moves at a speed of 3m/s & the top
surface area of the soup is 80cm2.
a) find the convective heat-loss rate of
the soup.
b) how much heat is loss in 10min?
c) if the soup has a mass of 160g & a
specific heat capacity of 4000J/kgC°, what
is its temp change due to convection in
10min?
- A heat transfer involving a form of
energy known as electromagnetic
radiation which is emitted by any
object with a temp above absolute
zero.
CONSIDER,
The earth absorbs
radiative energy
from the sun and
emits energy at
the same rate
into outer space.

SUN
EARTH

1.7x1017J/s

All types of radiation such as radiowaves, microwaves, infrared,

lightwaves, ultraviolet, x-rays and gamma rays travel at the same
speed of 3x108m/s in air or in vacuum.
 if an object is a
good emitter with
an emissivity
near 1, it is also a
good absorber.

Hr = Ha – He= eσA(T24 – T14)

Where:
Hr = net radiative heat-transfer rate
Ha = the rate of absorption
He = the rate of emission
e = emissivity ( emittance )
= indicates the ability of an object to emit radiation.
 if an object is a
good emitter with
an emissivity
near 1, it is also a
good absorber.

Hr = Ha – He= eσA(T24 – T14)

σ = Stefan-Boltzmann constant
= 5.67x10-8W/m2K4 = 0.1714x10-8Btu/hrft2R4
T1 = the temperature of the object
T2 = the temperature of the environment
 EXAMPLES:
1) A black stove has a surface area
of 1.5m2 & a surface temperature
of 90°C. Calculate the net radiative
heat-transfer rate of the stove in a
room whose wall temp is 15°C. the
emissivity of the black surface of
the stove is about 1.0.
 EXAMPLES:
2) A woman sits in a room whose
temp is 27°C. A radiation-detection
device indicates that each m2 of
her skin has a radiative heat
transfer rate of -57W. Calculate her
skin temp in °C, assuming that the
emissivity of her skin is 0.98.
 EXAMPLES:

3) A carbon rod, when heated to

1000K emits radiant energy at a
rate of 20W. Calculate the radiant
energy emission rate if the rod is
at a) 1200K & b) 1500K
 EXAMPLES:
4) The walls, floor & ceiling of a
room are 20°C. By how many °C
must the ceiling temp be
increased to provide 1.2kW of
extra radiant energy to the room
compared to what it would provide
if at 20°C? The ceiling has an area
of 50m2 & emissivity of 0.95.
- Not really a form of heat transfer
but has the effect of a cooling
body.
CONSIDER,

When a liquid evaporates, the liquid that remains is cooled

because only the energetic “hot” molecules escape from a
liquid into gas above the surface of the liquid.
 Hev= (ΔQ/∆t)ev= (-LvΔm)/Δt

Where:
Hev = evaporative heat-transfer rate
Lv = latent heat of vaporization
Δm/Δt = evaporation rate or the mass of liquid evaporated
per unit time.
 Hev= (ΔQ/∆t)ev= (-LvΔm)/Δt

for water near 35°C,

Hev ~ (-2.4x106J/kg)(Δm/Δt)
= the negative sign indicates that the liquid remaining
after evaporation has lost energy because of
evaporation.
 EXAMPLES:

1) A marathon runner loses heat by

evaporation at a rate of 380W.
Calculate the moisture lost while
she runs for 3hrs.
 EXAMPLES:

2) A bowl of hot soup loses 0.4g of

water by evaporation in 1min.
Calculate the average evaporative
heat-transfer rate of the soup
during that minute, assuming the
soup is primarily water.
 EXAMPLES:
3) A keg of beer gains heat from
its surroundings at a rate of
20W. a) at what rate in grams
per second must water
evaporate from a towel placed
over the keg at the same rate
that heat is being absorbed? b)
How much water in grams is lost
in 2 hrs.?
 EXAMPLES:
4) A canteen is covered with wet
canvas. If 15g of water evaporates
from the canvas & if 50% of the
heat used to evaporate the water
is supplied by the 400 grams of
water in the canteen, calculate the
temp. change of the water in the
canteen.