HEAT A ND M A S S

TRA NS F E R P R IN CI P L E S
PREPARED BY:
CAITOR, ARTHURMIE JR. J.
INTRODUCTION

• Heat - the form of energy that can be transferred from one system to
another as a result of temperature difference.
• Thermodynamics - concerned with the amount of heat transfer as a
system undergoes a process from one equilibrium state to another.
• Heat transfer - deals with the determination of the rates of such
energy transfers as well as variation of temperature.
The transfer of energy as heat is always from the higher-
temperature medium to the lower-temperature one.

Heat transfer stops when the two mediums reach the same
temperature.
3 MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER:

•Conduction
•Convection
•Radiation
CONDUCTION

• The transfer of energy from the more

energetic particles of a substance to the
adjacent less energetic ones as a result of
interactions between the particles.
• Transfer of heat by direct contact Heat conduction through a
large plane wall of thickness
x and area A.
•Conductors – substances that transfer energy very well
Examples of good conductors:
Silver
Copper
Gold
Aluminum
Magnesium
•Insulators – substances that do not transfer thermal
energy very well
Examples of good insulators:
Oil
Wood
Plastic
 The rate of heat conduction through a plane layer
is proportional to the temperature difference
across the layer and the heat transfer area, but is
inversely proportional to the thickness of the
layer.
Fourier's law of heat conduction is
 dT
Qcond   A k t
Where:
dx

= heat flow per unit time (W)

kt = thermal conductivity (W/mK)

A = area normal to heat flow (m2)

= temperature gradient in the direction of heat flow

(C/m)
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1

The inner and outer surfaces of a 5-m x 6-m brick wall of

thickness 30 cm and thermal conductivity 0.69 W/m · °C
are maintained at temperatures of 20°C and 5°C,
respectively. Determine the rate of heat transfer through
the wall, in W.

Solution:
= kA = (0.69 W/m·°C)(5m x 6m) x = 1035W
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
Find the rate of heat flow through A cork partition wall
in a cold-storage plant. The wall is 16 ft. long, 9 ft. high
and 4 in. thick. The temperature of the two faces are
maintained at 31 and 3°F, respectively.
SOLUTION:
From table 9.1, thermal conductivity k for cork, board
= 0.025 Btu per (hr sq ft. F̊ per ft.)

= kA = (0.025)(16ft x 9ft) x = 302.4

Btu/hr
FOR A COMPOSITE WALL, THE RATE OF HEAT TRANSFER WOULD BE:

•
•
• The heat rate is also conveniently expressed by the use of an
over-all unit conductance U, in BTU per (hr. sq. Ft. ̊F):

q = UA(ti-to)
where U is the reciprocal of the unit resistance given by the
denominator above
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
The exterior wall of a cold room, 16 ft. long and 9 ft. high, is built of 6 in. of concrete, 4 in. of cork, 0.75 in. of cement
plaster. Find the steady-state heat rate when the outside temperature averages 80 ̊F and the room temperature is 0 F. ̊
SOLUTION:
From Table 9.1,
k for concrete = 0.54 Btu per (hr. sq. ft. F̊ per ft.)
k for cork = 0.025 Btu per (hr. sq. ft. F̊ per ft.)
k for plaster = 0.5 Btu per (hr. sq. ft. F̊ per ft.)
From Table 9.2,
Outside surface conductance (for 15 mph wind with radiant transfer) , hc = 6 Btu per (hr. sq. ft. F)
̊
Inside surface conductance (for still air), hc = 1.65 per (hr. sq. ft. F)
̊
q = 760 Btu/hr.
CONVECTION
• The mode of energy transfer between a
solid surface and the adjacent liquid or
gas that is in motion, and it involves the
combined effects of conduction and fluid
motion.
• The faster the fluid motion, the greater
Heat transfer from a hot surface to air by
the convection heat transfer.
convection.
Two types of convection:

1. Forced convection
 If the fluid is forced to flow over the surface by external means such as a fan,
Pump, or the wind.

2. Natural (or free) convection

 If the fluid motion is caused by buoyancy forces that are induced by density
differences due to the variation of temperature in the fluid.
The cooling of a boiled egg by forced and natural convection.
•Heat transfer processes that involve change of phase of a
fluid are also considered to be convection because of the
fluid motion induced during the process, such as the rise of
the vapor bubbles during boiling or the fall of the liquid
droplets during condensation.
The rate of heat transfer by convection is determined from Newton's law of
cooling, expressed as :

Where:

h convection heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 · °C

As the surface area through which convection heat transfer takes place

Ts the surface temperature

T the temperature of the fluid sufficiently far from the surface.

 SAMPLE PROBLEM
Hot air at 80°C is blown over a 2-m x 4-m
flat surface at 30°C. If the convection heat
transfer coefficient is 55 W/m² · °C,
determine the rate of heat transfer from the
air to the plate, in kW.
Solution:

= hAΔT = (55 W/m² ⋅ °C)(2m× 4 m)(80 − 30) °C = 22,000 W = 22 kW

RADIATION
•The energy emitted by matter in the form of electromagnetic
waves (or photons) as a result of the changes in the electronic
configurations of the atoms or molecules.
•Unlike conduction and convection, the transfer of heat by
radiation does not require the presence of an intervening
medium.
  4 4
Qrad  A Ts  Tsurr  
Where:

= heat transfer per unit time (W)

A = surface area for heat transfer (m2)
σ = Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 5.67x10-8 W/m2K4 and 0.1713x10-8
BTU/h ft2 R4
 = emissivity
Ts = absolute temperature of surface (K)
Tsurr = absolute temperature of surroundings (K)
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Consider a person standing in a breezy room at
20°C. Determine the total rate of heat transfer
from this person if the exposed surface area and
the average outer surface temperature of the
person are 1.6 m2 and 29°C, respectively, and
the convection heat transfer coefficient is 6
W/m2 · °C
Solution: