1.

The rate of heat transfer through a unit thickness of the material per unit area per
unit temperature difference: “Thermal Conductivity”

2. The convective heat transfer flux is given by the following equation:

̇ = ℎ(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ ) (𝑊/𝑚2 ) What is the units of q? W
𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣

3. According to the Fourier's law of heat conduction, the rate of heat transfer by
conduction depends upon:
a = area of cross section, b= Temperature .. “both a and b”

4. What is the temperature gradient in the conduction heat transfer?

“change in temperature per unit change in cross-section area normal to the direction of
heat flow.”

5. the negative sign introduced in the equation of Fourier's law of heat conduction?
“heat flows from a higher temperature to a lower temperature”

6. The value of thermal conductivity k depends upon:

• the material through which the heat is transferred

• the intensity of heat energy which is being transferred
• the area which is parallel to the heat transfer
• all of the above

7. The materials which have low thermal conductivity are called as “Thermal insulator”

8. Heat transfer takes place according to “2nd law of thermodynamics”

9. Units for thermal conductivity “W/m.K”

10- Fourier law of heat conduction is based on the assumption that:

• a: heat flow through a solid is one dimensional.

• b: heat flow in steady state
• c: both (a) and (b)
11. Heat transfer from one place to another takes place through

• a: Conduction
• b: Convection
• c: Radiation
• d: All of above

12. Good conduction of heat by metals is due to “In gases and liquids”

13. To prevent loss of heat through walls, walls must be “insulation”

14. Which one of the following figures represents the Natural Convection and
Forced Convection?

15Contact with a solid “sticks” to the surface due to viscous effects, and there is no slip?
“TRUE”

ℎ 𝐿𝑐
16. The Nusselt Number is given by: “𝑁𝑢 = “
𝑘

If convection heat transfer coefficient is “XX”. ℃ and the characteristic Length is

“YY” and thermal conductivity is “ZZ” W/m, ℃, then Nusselt number will be

17. Nusselt number enhances heat transfer through a fluid layer as a result of
convection relative to conduction across the same fluid layer. “TRUE”

18. A Nusselt number of Nu = (1) for a fluid layer represents.

19. The portion of internal energy associated with the phase change with constant
temperature “latent energy or latent heat”

20. The rate of heat transfer per unit area normal to the direction of heat transfer is
called heat flux, and the average heat flux is expressed as q = Q/A. From the figure
below calculate the heat flux.

21. The highly disordered fluid motion that typically occurs at high velocities and is
characterized by velocity fluctuations. The flow of low-viscosity fluids such as air at high
velocities is typically “turbulent “

22. Fluid motion is due to natural means such as the buoyancy effect, which manifests
itself as the rise of warmer (and thus lighter) fluid and the fall of cooler (and thus
denser) fluid. The motion of fluid is known as “Natural flow”

23. The shear stress for most fluids is proportional to the velocity gradient, and the
shear stress at the wall surface is expressed as “Friction force per unit area”

24. Which of the following are the Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids
“Water, air, gasoline, and oils” are Newtonian Fluids”
“Blood and liquid plastic” are Non-Newtonian Fluids

25. The “Reynolds” number can be viewed as the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces
acting on a fluid element
26. The “chimney effect” that induces the upward flow of hot combustion gases through
a chimney is due to the buoyancy effect.

27. Gas flows can often be approximated as incompressible if the density changes
are under about 5 percent, which is usually the case when Ma = < 0.3
28. The fluid motion occurs in Laminar, Transitional and Turbulent flows. Most
flows encountered in practice are “turbulent”

29. The ratio of the heat conducted through the material to the heat stored per unit
Volume “The thermal diffusivity”

30. It will be a natural convection currents, if Ra = Ra > 1708

31. Free convection dominates and the forced convection effects

are negligible if Gr/𝑅𝑒 2 = >> 1

32. Consider a 3-m-high, 5-m-wide, and 0.3-m-thick wall whose thermal conductivity is
k= 0.9 W/m.°C. On a certain day, the temperature of the inner and outer surfaces of the
wall are measured to be 16°C and 2°C, respectively. Determine the rate of heat loss
through the wall on that day.
𝑇1 − 𝑇2
𝑄 = 𝑘𝐴
𝐿
(16 − 2)
𝑄 = (0.9)(3)(5) = 630𝑊
(0.3)
32. The heat generated in the circuitry on the surface of a silicon chip (k = 130 W/m · °C) is
conducted to the ceramic substrate to which it is attached. The chip is 6 mm x 6 mm in size and
0.5 mm thick and dissipates 3Wof power. Disregarding any heat transfer through the 0.5-mm-
high side surfaces, determine the temperature difference between the front and back surfaces
of the chip in steady operation. The heat flow is given by

(3)(0.0005)
∆𝑇 =
(130)(0.006)(0.006)
∆𝑻 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐℃

34. The roof of an electrically heated home is 6 m long, 8 m wide, and 0.25 m thick, and
is made of a flat layer of concrete whose thermal conductivity is k = 0.8 W/m.°C . The
temperature of the inner and outer surfaces of the roof one night are measured to be
15°C and 4°C , respectively, for a period of 10 hours. Determine (a) the rate of heat loss
through the roof that night and (b) the cost of that heat loss to the home owner if the
cost of electricity is $0.08/kWh.
𝑇1 − 𝑇2
𝑄 = 𝑘𝐴
𝐿
(15 − 4)
𝑄 = (0.8)(6)(8) = 1690𝑊 = 1.69𝑘𝑊
(0.25)

𝑄 = 𝑄̇ ∆𝑡 ≫ 𝑄 = (1.69𝑘𝑊)(10ℎ) = 16.9 𝑘𝑊ℎ

Cost = (amount of energy) (Unit cost of energy)
Cost= ( 16.9kWh) ($0.08 / kWh)
Cost = $1.35
35. Consider a 0.8-m-high and 1.5-m-wide double-pane window consisting of two 4-mm-
thick layers of glass (k = 0.78 W/m.°C) separated by a 10-mm-wide stagnant air space (k
= 0.026 W/m.°C) . Determine the steady rate of heat transfer through this double-pane
window and the temperature of its inner surface for a day during which the room is
maintained at 20 °C while the temperature of the outdoor is -10 °C . Take the convection
heat transfer coefficients on the inner and outer surfaces of the window to be h1 = 10
W/m2. °C , and h2 = 40 W/m2.°C, which includes the effects of radiation.
36. Steam at T1 = 320 oC flows in a cast iron pipe (k = 80 W/m · °C) whose inner and
outer diameters are D1 =5 cm and D2 =5.5 cm, respectively. The pipe is covered with 3-
cm-thick glass wool insulation with k _ 0.05 W/m · °C. Heat is lost to the surroundings at
T2 = 5°C by natural convection and radiation, with a combined heat transfer coefficient
of h2 =18 W/m2 · °C. Taking the heat transfer coefficient inside the pipe to be h1 = 60
W/m2 · °C, determine the rate of heat loss from the steam per unit length of the pipe.
Also determine the temperature drop across the pipe shell and insulation.
37. A 10-cm diameter copper ball is to be heated from 100°C to an average temperature
of 150°C in 30 minutes. Taking the average density and specific heat of copper in this
temperature range to be ρ = 8950 kg/m3 and Cp = 0.395 kJ/kg.°C, respectively,
determine (a) the total amount of heat transfer to the copper ball, (b) the average rate
of heat transfer to the ball, and (c) the average heat flux.

b:

c:
38. A 6-m long section of 8-cm diameter horizontal hot water pipe shown in figure
passes through a large room whose temperature is 20 ℃. If the outer surface
temperature of the pipe is 70 ℃, determine the rate of heat loss from the pipe by
natural convection?
39. Consider two walls of a house that are identical except that one is made of 10-cm
thick wood, while the other is made of 25-cm-thick brick. Through which wall will the
house lose more heat in winter?