Dr. Ahmed M.

Maghraby General Physics

Chapter (7):
Heat Transfer

1- Heat:

- Internal energy (U) is the energy associated with the microscopic components of a
system (i.e. the atoms and molecules).
- We can measure changes in thermal energy by relating it to change in temperature.

2- Heat Units:

- Calorie (Cal) :

Is the quantity of heat required to change the temperature of 1gram of water through 1 oC?

- British thermal unit (Btu) :

Is the quantity of heat required to change the temperature of 1pound of water through 1oF.

1 Btu = 252 cal.

3- Heat Capacity and specific heat.

- Heat capacity: is the amount of thermal energy needed to raise the temperature of

a substance by 1K.

Q
Heat capacity C 
T

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Dr. Ahmed M. Maghraby General Physics

Where C is the heat capacity, Q represents thermal energy, ∆T represents the change in
temperature of the object.

Unit of C is: J/ok Cal/oC J/oC Cal/oK

- Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy needed to raise the

temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1K.

- Q  m S T

Q
- S 
m T

- Where S is the heat capacity, m is the mass of the object.

- Note: Unit of heat capacity is: J/kg.oC Cal/Kg.oC J/kg.oK Cal/Kg.oK

- Note: The heat lost by the warm bodies must equal the heat gained by the cool

bodies.

- Example (7.1)
80kg man ran a fever of 2oC above normal; whose temperature was 39oC instead of the normal
37oC. Assuming that the human body is mostly water, how much heat is required to raise his
temperature by amount? (s = 4190 J/kg. oC)

Solution

∆T = 39 oC – 37 oC = 2 oC

Q = m s ∆T = 80 x 4190 x 2 = 6.7 x 105 J

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Dr. Ahmed M. Maghraby General Physics

4- Heat Exchange:

When two bodies of different temperatures come in contact, heat transfers

from the hot object to the cold object till they reach thermal equilibrium, at

thermal equilibrium. If the two systems are well isolated then:

Total heat lost by hot object = Total heat gained by the cold object

Then:

mhSh∆Th = mcSc∆Tc

Where mh is the mass of hot body, mc is the mass of cold body, Sh is the

specific heat of hot object, Sc is the specific heat of the cold object,

∆Th = (Th – Teq) where Th is the temperature of hot object and Teq is the

temperature of equilibrium, and ∆Tc = (Teq – Tc) where Teq is the equilibrium

temperature and Tc is the temperature of cold object.

- Example (7.2)
A 0.05 Kg unknown (ingot) of metal is heated to 200 oC and then dropped into a beaker
containing 0.4 Kg of water initially at 20 oC. If the final equilibrium temperature of the mixed
system is 22.4 oC.

a) Find the specific heat of the metal.

b) What is the total heat transferred to the water.

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Dr. Ahmed M. Maghraby General Physics

Solution
The mass of the metal (mh) = 0.05 kg,& Th = 200 oC,

The mass of water (mc) = 0.4 kg,& Tc = 20o C, Teq = 22.4 oC

a) Find the specific heat of the metal.

Heat lost = Heat gained

mhSh∆Th = mcSc∆Tc

0.05 * Sh * (200 – 22.4) = 0.4 * 4190 * (22.4 – 20)

Sh = 453 J/kg.oC

b) What is the total heat transferred to the water.

The total transferred heat = mc Sc Tc = 0.4 * 4190 * 2.4 = 4022.4 J

- Example (7.3)
In a half-hour, a 65-kg jogger can generate 8.0x105J of heat. This heat is removed from the
body by a variety of means, including the body’s own temperature-regulating mechanisms. If
the heat were not removed, how much would the body temperature increase?

Solution
m  65kg, Q  8 105 J , S  3500J kg  C
Q  mST

Q 8.0 105 J
T    3.5 C 
 
mS 65 kg  3500J kg  C 

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Dr. Ahmed M. Maghraby General Physics

- Example (7.4)
Using the specific heat capacity of water (4200 J/kg°C), how much energy is needed to
increase the temperature of 600 g of water by 80°C in a kettle?

Solution
m  0.6 kg, T  80 C, S  4200J kg  C

Q  mST

Q = 201600 J

5- Heat Transfer

Heat is a type of energy called thermal energy. Heat can be transferred (moved) by

three main processes:

1- Conduction: It requires physical contact between the bodies and it is also

requires a physical medium, usually in solids.

2- Convection: It occurs when a liquid or gas is in contact with a hot body at

a different temperature. I.e. it is required a moving medium, usually fluids

(liquids and gases).

3- Radiation: It does not require physical contact between the bodies and so

the heat energy is transferred by electromagnetic waves, no medium is

required to transfer hat by radiation.

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Dr. Ahmed M. Maghraby General Physics

 Heat Transfer by conduction:


Rate of Heat Transfer (R)

It is the quantity of heat (Q) that flows perpendicular to the face during a time (t)

Q dQ
R  or R  J/s or W
t dt

*The quantity of heat transferred by unit time (R) is:

- Directly proportional to the area A

- Directly proportional to temperature difference T = Th – Tc

- Inversely proportional to thickness L

Where K is the thermal conductivity, it is the measure of its ability of the substance to
conduct heat.

- |dT / dL| is called the temperature gradient of the material

For a rod of length L, the temperature gradient can be expressed as:

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 Dr. Ahmed M. Maghraby General Physics

Example (7-5)
A Styrofoam box used to keep drinks cold at a picnic has total wall area (including the lid)
of 0.8 m2 and wall thickness of 2 cm. It is filled with ice, water, and cans of cola at 0 oC. What is
the rate of heat flow into the box if the temperature of the outside wall is 30 oC?. K = 0.01
W/m.oK

Solution

A = 0.80 m2 , L = 2 cm , Tc = 0o C , TH = 30o C , k = 0.01 W/m. oK

Th - Tc 30 - 0
R  kA  0.01 * 0.8*  12 W
L 2*10-2

- Heat transfer by radiation:

- It is the transfer of heat energy by electromagnetic radiation, which carries energy

away from the emitting object.

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Dr. Ahmed M. Maghraby General Physics

Blackbody radiation

Black body is the object (or system) which absorbs all radiation incident upon it and

reradiate energy which is characteristic of the radiating system.

* Stefan – Boltzman law:

*The factors affecting on the power of heat transfer by radiation are:

(1) The absolute temperature of the radiating body (oK).

(2) The nature of the exposed surfaces, .

(3) The emissivity of the radiating body, ε.

*Emissivity (ε): is a measure of body’s ability to absorb or emit thermal radiation. (it has a

numerical value between 0.0 and 1.0).

Where, Stefan’s constant () = 5.67 * 10-8 W/m2.K4

A : is the surface area , ε : is the emissivity

T : is the absolute temperature (in Kelvin)

A body at the absolute temperature (T) is radiating, its surroundings at temperature

(Ts) also radiate and the body absorbs some of this radiation.

Pnet : is the net heat flow out power of the body

Pnet = e A  T4 – e A  Ts4 = e A  (T4 - Ts4 )

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Dr. Ahmed M. Maghraby General Physics

Example (7.6)
A thin square steel plate, 10 cm on a side, is heated in a blacksmith’s forge to a temperature 800
oC. If the emissivity is 0.6, what is the total radiated power ? where Stefan’s constant () = 5.67 * 10-8
W/m2.K4

Solution

A thin square steel plate 10 cm on a side, T = 800 + 273 = 1073o K, ε = 0.60

P = A εσT4 = [2 * (10 * 10-2)2] * 0.6 * 5.67 * 10-8 * (1073)4 = 900 W

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