UNIT 2: ENERGY AND

MATTER
Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions
ENERGY
All chemical reactions exhibits the two fundamental laws:
► the law of conservation of mass
► law of conservation of energy: the total quantity of energy
in the universe is assumed constant.
► Energy - defined as the capacity to do work.
► There are different forms of energy namely: kinetic
energy, thermal energy, chemical energy and potential
energy. All forms of energy can be transformed from one
form to another.
DEFINITIONS
► Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between two bodies that are at
different temperatures.
► Thermochemistry is the study of heat change in chemical reactions.
► system - the specific part of the universe that is of interest to us.
❑ Open system (control volume) - Type of system that allows transfer of
both matter and energy.
❑ Closed system (control mass) – type of system that allows exchange of
energy only; consists of a fixed amount of mass while its volume does not
have to be fixed.
❑ Isolated system – type of system that allows neither transfer of matter nor
energy.
► surroundings - the rest of the universe outside the system.
DEFINITIONS
► Heat (q) – form of energy transferred from one body to another by virtue of a
temperature difference.
❑ Exothermic process – process that results to the release of energy in the form
of heat to the surroundings.
Example:
- laundry detergent and water. The next time you do laundry, put a bit of
powdered detergent in your hand. Add water. Feel the heat?
- combustion, such as lighting a candle. An initial input of energy causes oxygen
and wax react to produce carbon dioxide, water, and heat.
❑ Endothermic process – process that results to the absorption of energy in the
form of heat from the surroundings.
Example:
-photosynthesis -They receive energy in the form of sunlight falling on the
leaves, which powers the photosynthesis reaction.
-water evaporation and melting ice
Heat Capacity and Calorimetry
► Calorimetry is the measurement of heat changes.
► When heat is transferred to an object, the temperature of the object increases.
When heat is removed from an object, the temperature of the object decreases.
The relationship between the heat ( q ) that is transferred and the change in
temperature ( ΔT ) is

q = C ΔT = C ( Tf - Ti )

► The proportionality constant in this equation is called the heat capacity ( C ).

► The heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of an
object or substance one degree.
► The temperature change is the difference between the final temperature ( Tf ) and
the initial temperature ( Ti ).
Specific heat capcity

►  
 Quantity Symbol Unit Meaning

Energy transfer that

heat q joule (J) produces or results from a
difference in temperature

Measure of the kinetic

temperature T C or K
o
energy of molecular motion

Difference between the final

temperature change ΔT C or K
o
and initial temperatures for
a process

Heat required to change

heat capacity C J C or J K
o -1 -1
the temperature of a
substance one degree
Specific Heat of Substance
Substance Symbol (state) Specific Heat (J/g °C)
helium He(g) 5.193
water H2O(l) 4.184
ethanol C2H6O(l) 2.376
ice H2O(s) 2.093 (at −10 °C)
water vapor H2O(g) 1.864
nitrogen N2(g) 1.040
air mixture 1.007
oxygen O2(g) 0.918
aluminum Al(s) 0.897
carbon dioxide CO2(g) 0.853
argon Ar(g) 0.522
iron Fe(s) 0.449
copper Cu(s) 0.385
lead Pb(s) 0.130
gold Au(s) 0.129
silicon Si(s) 0.712
quartz SiO2(s)SiO2(s) 0.730
Sample Problem:
A flask containing 8.0×102g of water is heated, and the temperature of the water
increases from 21°C to 85°C . How much heat did the water absorb?

► The specific heat of water is 4.184 J/g °C.

q=msΔT=ms(Tfinal−Tinitial)
q=(4.184J/g°C)×(800g)×(85−21)°C
q=(4.184J/g°C)×(800g)×(64)°C
q=210,000J(=210kJ)

► Because the temperature increased, the water absorbed heat and q is positive.
Constant-volume Calorimeter
Example:
►  
Solution:
►  
Constant pressure calorimeter
Latent Heat

Latent heat, energy absorbed or released by a substance

during a change in its physical state (phase) that occurs
without changing its temperature.
The latent heat associated with melting a solid or freezing a
liquid is called the heat of fusion;

that associated with vaporizing a liquid or a solid or

condensing a vapour is called the heat of vaporization.
Example:
Three ice cubes are used to chill a soda at 20°C
with mass msoda=0.25kg . The ice is at 0°C and
each ice cube has a mass of 6.0 g. Assume that the
soda is kept in a foam container so that heat loss
can be ignored. Assume the soda has the same
heat capacity as water. Find the final temperature
when all ice has melted.
UNIT 2: ENERGY AND
MATTER
Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions