National Golden curriculum

Welcome to ‘Heat Transfer’

(week 1)
20 August 2017
Course website：
http://elearning.ustb.edu.cn/web_crcz/index.asp
Prof. Gaosheng Wei
Off.: Teach Building No.4, Region C –Room 217(J4C217)
Tel.: 61773873 (O)
e-mail: gaoshengw@126.com
Question and answer time: ???
 Heat Transfer (4.5 credits)
Course Objectives

• Cover the basic principle of heat transfer.

• Provide an understanding of the heat transfer for engineering practice.
• Provide a foundation for upper-level energy courses.

Conduction Convection Radiation

Steady Transient Forced Natural

Heat Exchangers
 Heat Transfer
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
 Review
1) Basic Concepts of Energy
What is energy?
Energy is the capacity for doing work.
Work is the product of force and displacement:
WORK = FORCE  DISPLACEMENT
Units of Energy
In the Système International (SI) (Metric) system,
the Joule [J] is the work of a 1-Newton force
applied across a displacement of 1 meter:
 1 J = (1 N)(1 m) = (1 kgm/s2)(1 m)
2) Forms of Energy
Mechanical energy
Nuclear energy
Chemical energy
Thermal energy
Electromagnetic energy
Electric energy

Thermal energy (heat): refers to the energy

transported from one system to another as a
result of temperature difference (T)
 3) Internal Energy “U”

(Microscopic energy: Stored within the system)

Internal Energy =
Sensible + Latent + Chemical+ Nuclear

kinetic energies = Sensible Energy Thermal

Phase change  Latent Energy energy
4) Total Energy of the system “E”
Total Energy of a system=Internal Energy
+ Kinetic Energy
+ Potential Energy
m 2
E  U  V  mgh
2

No change in KE or PE  E  U
 Heat transfer
Thermal energy (heat): refers to the energy
transported from one system to another as a
result of temperature difference (T)

• It is a dynamic transport process.

• Quantity= driving force/ resistance
• Driving force for heat transfer is the temperature
difference.
• Heat is transferred in the direction of decreasing
temperature. (from hot to cold)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
1.1 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer
subjects：
Thermodynamics : energy form, energy
transformation, the amount of heat transfer
(how much)
Heat transfer ：heat transfer rate, temperature
variation/distribution, cooling/heating time
(how long)

time
Thermodynamics ：gives no consideration of
the time the heat transfer process will take.
Heat transfer ：time is important
 Thermodynamics ： tm Φ
Iron, M1
300oC

Heat transfer ：rate

Water，M2 t ( x , y , z , ) Φ  f ( )
20oC

states
Thermodynamics : Equilibrium
Heat transfer ： Non-equilibrium (process)
 1.2 Application of Heat Transfer
Heat transfer is commonly encounted in daily life
and engineering systems.
Examples:
• Nature: Aerosphere (CO2+H2O)-green house
• Daily life: Human comfort (cloth-summer/winter)
Household application (refrigerator, iron)
• Engineering application:
Radiator, solar collector, steam pipe
Electronic equipment
Spacecraft
Metallurge …
Engineering application areas
Power, mechanical manufacture, chemical industry,
refrigeration, architecture, environment, new energy
source, micro-electronics, nuclear energy, aerospace,
MEMS, new material, military science and technology,
life science and biology technology

Engineering heat transfer problems

Enhance heat transfer Rate
Weaken heat transfer Sizing
1.2 Application of Heat Transfer
(1) In traditional industry
Energy and power area

Cooling tower in power

plant

Nuclear fusion device 300MW water-hydrogen

cooling power plant
 Petrochemical engineering
---- Various heat exchanger

Heat pipes in oil refining ----

---- oil exploitation

 Air conditioning refrigeration

Many of cooling fins and exchangers

have been used in them
(2) High and new technology

Aerospace and aviation

Shenzhou no.6

Insulation;
Solar absorption device
Rocket launch
火箭升空
 Electron device

Chip heat dissipation

strengthen

热示意图
芯片内空气流动换
 The field of medicine
laser surgery, High temperature treatment
of tumor, cryosurgery, frozen storage of
transplant of organs, and disease heat
diagnosis…
(3) Energy conservation and environment protection

Builting environment

The hollow brick has

excellent insulating
performance in building
空心砖

Simulated outdoor environment 实心砖

(4)Daily life

Solar thermal collector ----

Domestic finned radiator

1.3 Heat and Energy Transfer
Energy can be transferred to or from a given
object or system by two mechanisms:
Energy Transfer as Work (W)
Energy Transfer as Heat (Q)

Heat transfer= heat flow

Heat addition, heat absorption, heat gain
Heat rejection, heat loss
Heat generation, heat source, heat sink
Heat storage, body heat
Heat flux, heat transfer rate, total heat transfer

1) heat flux (热流密度) q

dQ
q  ( W/m 2 )
dtdA
2) heat transfer rate (热流量) Q
Q
 dQ (W)
Q   qdA
dt A
A
If q  q o , then Q  qo A ( W)
3) total amount of heat transfer (总热量) Q
t t
Q  0 Q dt    q dAdt (J)
0
A
Temperature
Focal point in Heat Transfer is to determine
the temperature distribution in a region
Intuitively, we associate temperature with the
coldness or hotness of an object
Human sense of temperature may be
misleading:
 An object may feel colder because it transfers
heat more effectively.
 We may sense a temperature change (gradient)
instead of the actual temperature.
 Two Often-Used Phrases
in Describing Temperature

Thermal contact between two bodies means

that heat can be exchanged between the two
bodies (they do not have to have physical
contact).

Thermal equilibrium means that two bodies in

thermal contact cease to have a net energy
exchange due to a temperature difference.
 Simple words: they have the same temperature
and no heat transfer between them.
1.4 The 1st Law of Thermodynamics
Conservation of Energy (Energy Balance):
Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, but can
only be transformed and transferred
The difference between the total energy entering a system and the total
energy leaving it is equal to the energy accumulated in that system.

Ef
Final System
Ein – Eout = Esystem
where Esystem = Ef – Ei
Heat Balance
Heat Balance:

Qin  Qout  Egen  Ethermal , system  U

Steady state: U =0
Qin  Qout  Egen  0
No heat generation: Egen=0

Qin  Qout  0 i.e. Qin  Qout

Heat balance for closed and open system

Qin  Qout  Egen  U

 Heat balance for closed systems:

No heat generation Qin  Qout  mCv T

Heat balance for closed and open system
 Heat balance for open systems:

steady-flow system
m  const v

Q in  Q out  mC
 p T  (  vAc )C p (T2  T1 )
Where mass flow rate ( m  , kg/s) is the amount of mass
flowing through a pipe or duct per unit time.
Definitions: Closed and Open Systems
 A system of fixed mass is called a closed system, or
control mass.
Examples: A closed room, cylinder-piston, a can of soda, …
 A system that involves mass transfer across its
boundaries is called an open system, or control volume.
Examples: a portion of a long pipe, hair dryer, …
1.5 Heat Transfer Mechanism

Principles of Heat Transfer

Heat transfer is one way of transferring
energy to a body (Work
____ is the other)
temperature
• Occurs only when there is a____________
difference
________between the two bodies
(heat flows from hot to cold)
• Occurs through three processes:
conduction, convection, and radiation

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1. Conduction
Conduction: Heat is transferred through
a material that does not include any fluid
motion as a result of particles motion.

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Conduction
 Direct contact of materials
 Without any bulk movement of fluid
 Conduction heat transfer is due to
the microscopic motion of electrons,
atoms, and molecules.

32
 In gases and liquids
conduction is due to the
collision and diffusion of
the molecules during
their random motion.
 In solids conduction is
due to the vibration of
the molecules in a lattice
(nonmetallic solids) and
the energy transfer by
free electrons (metal
solids).
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Conduction

The rate of heat conduction, Q , depends on:
– temperature difference, T1 - T2
– thickness of material in direction of heat flow, x2 -
x1 (L)
– cross-sectional area, A, perpendicular to heat flow
– thermal conductivity, k

L
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Conduction : Fourier's Law
Experiments show that for many substances,
the rate of heat conduction is:

Q  kA
 T1  T2 
 kA
 T2  T1 
 kA
T
L  x2  x1  x

L
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  T
Q  kA
x

units : • The constant k is called the thermal

 A: m
2 conductivity and depends on the material
[see TABLE 1-1]
 L: m
• It is a thermo-physical property of the
o
 T: C material.
 K: W/m·ºC

 Q: W

L
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Thermal conductivity: ktile  kwood

Air in bathroom is at the

same temperature as the
wooden floor and the tile.

Why does the tile feel colder?

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 Heat Conduction over Hot Coals

Is wood a good conductor of heat?

If the feet are sweaty, will that help, or hurt?

Wood is a very good insulator, even

when hot k : 0.12 -0.16W/(m·k) at 300K
Water is a very poor conductor of
heat k : 0.56 -0.68W/(m·k) from 0 to 100 ºC.

You can walk on hot coals!

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2. Convection

Convection: Heat is transferred by the

bulk movement of a fluid (air or water
currents)
(e.g. ocean currents)

39
 Convection
• Convection: Energy is transported by means
of mass motion. (Pure thermal convection)
• Of primary interest here is heat transfer
between a surface and a fluid which is moving
adjacent to it.
Note: heat
(Convection No pure thermal
transfer : conduction + fluid
flow ) convection exists in the T
nature.
• Classification:
(1) Free convection
Ts
(2) Forced convection

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Convection
Two types: Free and Forced
In free convection fluid motion is driven by
buoyancy force, which is a natural force.
In forced convection the fluid is set in motion
by mechanical means such as fans and
blowers.
 Forced convection is more effective than free
convection.
Is rolling
boil
a convection?

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 Newton's Law of Cooling
T

Q = h As (Ts  T )

 Ts
Q is the heat transfer rate (W)
Ts is surface temperature (oC)
T is the fluid temperature far away from the surface (oC)
h is the heat transfer coefficient ( W/m2 · oC ) .
1) h is not a property of material.
2) It depends on geometry, fluid velocity, fluid properties.
3) Major objective in convection: Determination of h

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 TABLE 1-5
Typical values for h
h (W/m2 - oC)

Free Convection 
Gases 2 - 25 Q = h As (Ts  T )
Liquids 10 - 1000

Forced Convection

Gases 25 - 250
Liquids 50 - 20,000
Liquid metals 5,000 - 50,000

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Examples of Convection
The sea breeze is caused by differences in
temperature between the ocean and the shore
In fact, all weather and ocean currents are
caused by convection
A draft in a cold room is caused by convection
currents from air leaking through a window or
door
Convection Currents in heating & cooling
appliances
A “rolling boil” in a pot is the result of convection
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 3. Radiation

Radiation: Heat is transferred by means of

electromagnetic waves (radiant energy or
light) when a hot body emits radiation
(e.g. Solar radiation)

Of our interest here is thermal radiation emitted by

bodies because of temperature.

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 Radiation

Transmission by electromagnetic waves (e.g. light)

No medium (e.g. air) is needed. Best in a
vacuum
Propagate “at the speed of light”
All bodies at a temperature above 0K emit
thermal radiation.
Can occur between two bodies separated by a
medium colder than both bodies. (Green House)46
The spectrum of electromagnetic waves ：

g ray
ray、、 X ray
ray、、 ultraviolet ray
Visible light : 0.38 <  < 0.76 m
： 0.76 <  < 103 m
infrared ray：
radio wave  > 103 m
microwave ： 103< < 106 m
Thermal Radiation: Stefan-Boltzmann law

Q emit   AsTs4

•  = 5.6710-8 W/m2·K4 , Stefan-Boltzmann constant

• Ts , Kelvin (absolute degrees),the surface temperature
•  , surface emissivity, 0    1

Ludwig Boltzmann (1844-1906)

committed suicide because he
thought his life's work was in vain.

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Emissivity 
Emissivity depends on surface roughness, color and
oxidation extent.
 = 1 for black bodies (perfect emitter)
 = 0 for poorest emitters
 = number between 0 and 1 for all real surfaces.
Material  (T300 K)
Polished aluminum 0.04
Oxidized aluminum 0.15
Cast iron 0.50
Wood 0.90
Tinted glass 0.94
White paint 0.90
Black paint 0.98-0.99 49
Radiative Properties

All bodies emit as well 


Q incident
as absorb radiant Q reflected
energy
Absorptivity  :
Fraction of radiation
incident on a surface 
which is absorbed Q absorbed
( 0    1) 
Q transmitted
Qabsorbed =  Qincident
Reflectivity
Transmissivity 50
Net rate of radiation heat transfer
The net rate of radiation heat transfer between
an object and its surrounding

 Tsurr
Q in c id e n t

Q em itted
T s , As

Q rad   As (Ts4  Tsurr

4
)
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Examples of Radiation
A hot burner on a stove or a fire emits large
amounts of infrared and a smaller amount of
visible radiation
Mammals (~40 º C) emit mostly infrared
radiation
Incandescent lights (regular light bulbs) have
heated filaments (1000 º C~) that emit visible
light
Our sun (~6000 º C) emits a large amount of
visible light
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Example 1-7 Radiation effect on thermal
comfort
Radiation effect: radiation heat
exchange between our bodies and the
surrounding surfaces of the walls and
the ceiling
Q rad   As (Ts4  Tsurr
4
)
Q rad,winter   As (Ts4  Tsurr
4
,winter )

 (0.95)(5.67  10 8 W/m 2  K 4 )(1.4m 2 )

 [(30  273) 4  (10  273) 4 ]K 4
 152 W

Q rad,summer   As (Ts4  Tsurr

4
,summer ) Note: In fact
 (0.95)(5.67  10 8 W/m 2  K 4 )(1.4m 2 ) Q  Q  Q
total rad conv
4 4 4
 [(30  273)  (25  273) ]K
Q conv  hAs (Ts  Tsurr )
 40.9 W
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 4.Simultaneous Heat Transfer
Tube’s Tube’s Surrounding
Hot water
inside wall outside environment
wall
convection conduction convection
& radiation
e.g.
A radiator works by
circulating water
through a series of
pipes, where it cools
and releases heat

54
55
Example 1-8 Heat transfer between two isothermal
plates
T1 OPAQUE T2 ( T1 > T2 ,  = 1 )
SOLID

Conductio
n
 T1  T2
Q cond  kA
T1 STILL GAS T2 L
Radiation
 4 4
Qrad   As (T1  T2 )
Conductio
n

T1 VACCUM T2
Q = h As (Ts  T )
Radiation
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 § 1-6 Summary
1. Concepts:
heat (thermal energy)、heat transfer、thermodynamics、
total amount of heat transfer、heat transfer rate、heat
flux、conduction、convection、radiation

2. Equations:
1) The first law of thermodynamics (conservation of energy principle)
2) Heat balance equation: a) closed system; b) open system
(steady-flow)
3) Fourier’s law of heat conduction
4) Newton’s law of cooling
5) Stefan-Boltzmann law

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