AVC COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

MANNAMPANDAL
MAYILADUTHURAI -609305

R-2017

ME8512 Thermal Engineering Laboratory Manual

Name of the student

Register Number
Year & Semester
Branch

1
 SYLLABUS

ME8512 Thermal Engineering Laboratory L T P C

0 0 4 2

OBJECTIVES:

 To study the value timing-V diagram and performance of IC Engines

 To Study the characteristics of fuels/Lubricates used in IC Engines
 To study the Performance of steam generator/ turbine
 To study the heat transfer phenomena predict the relevant coefficient using
implementation
 To study the performance of refrigeration cycle / components
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
I.C. ENGINE LAB

1. Valve Timing and Port Timing diagrams.

2. Actual P-V diagrams of IC engines.
3. Performance Test on 4 – stroke Diesel Engine.
4. Heat Balance Test on 4 – stroke Diesel Engine.
5. Morse Test on Multi-cylinder Petrol Engine.
6. Retardation Test on a Diesel Engine.
7. Determination of Flash Point and Fire Point of various fuels / lubricants.

STEAM LAB

1. Study on Steam Generators and Turbines.

2. Performance and Energy Balance Test on a Steam Generator.
3. Performance and Energy Balance Test on Steam Turbine.

HEAT TRANSFER LAB:

1. Thermal conductivity measurement using guarded plate apparatus.

2. Thermal conductivity measurement of pipe insulation using lagged pipe apparatus.
3. Determination of heat transfer coefficient under natural convection from a vertical cylinder.
4. Determination of heat transfer coefficient under forced convection from a tube.
5. Determination of Thermal conductivity of composite wall.
6. Determination of Thermal conductivity of insulating powder.
7. Heat transfer from pin-fin apparatus (natural & forced convection modes)
8. Determination of Stefan – Boltzmann constant.
9. Determination of emissivity of a grey surface.
10. Effectiveness of Parallel / counter flow heat exchanger.

REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING LAB

1. Determination of COP of a refrigeration system

2. Experiments on Psychrometric processes
3. Performance test on a reciprocating air compressor
4. Performance test in a HC Refrigeration System
5. Performance test in a fluidized Bed Cooling Tower
TOTAL: 60 PERIODS

2
OUTCOMES:
Upon the completion of this course the students will be able to
CO1 conduct tests on heat conduction apparatus and evaluate thermal conductivity of
materials.
CO2 conduct tests on natural and forced convective heat transfer apparatus and
evaluate heat transfer coefficient.
CO3 conduct tests on radiative heat transfer apparatus and evaluate Stefan Boltzmann
constant and emissivity.
CO4 conduct tests to evaluate the performance of parallel/counter flow heat exchanger
apparatus and reciprocating air compressor.
CO5 conduct tests to evaluate the performance of refrigeration and airconditioning test
rigs.

LIST OF EQUIPMENT FOR A BATCH OF 30 STUDENTS

S.No NAME OF THE EQUIPMENT Qty.

.
1 I.C Engine – 2 stroke and 4 stroke model 1 set
2 Apparatus for Flash and Fire Point 1 No.
3 4-stroke Diesel Engine with mechanical loading. 1 No
4 4-stroke Diesel Engine with hydraulic loading. 1 No.
5 4-stroke Diesel Engine with electrical loading. 1 No.
6 Multi-cylinder Petrol Engine 1 No.
7 Single cylinder Petrol Engine 1 No.
8 Data Acquisition system with any one of the above engines 1 No.
9 Steam Boiler with turbine setup 1 No.

S.No NAME OF THE EQUIPMENT Qty.

.
1 Guarded plate apparatus 1 No.
2 Lagged pipe apparatus 1 No.
3 Natural convection-vertical cylinder apparatus 1 No.
4 Forced convection inside tube apparatus 1 No.
5 Composite wall apparatus 1 No.
6 Thermal conductivity of insulating powder apparatus 1 No.
7 Pin-fin apparatus 1 No.
8 Stefan-Boltzmann apparatus 1 No.
9 Emissivity measurement apparatus 1 No.
10 Parallel/counter flow heat exchanger apparatus 1 No.
11 Single/two stage reciprocating air compressor 1 No.
12 Refrigeration test rig 1 No.
13 Air-conditioning test rig 1 No

3
 CYCLE-I

Expt.
Date Name of the Experiment
No.

4
 CYCLE-II

Expt.
Date Name of the Experiment
No.

5
Expt. No.:
Date:

VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM

AIM:
To determine the valve timing / setting of an IC engine and to draw the valve timing
diagram.
VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM:
Valve timing diagram is the graphical form of representing the timings in terms of the
corresponding crank position at which the inlet and exhaust valves open and close. The crank
position and the sequences are described with reference to the nearest dead center.
PROCEDURE:
The engine cylinder head cover is removed to facilitate the observation of valves, valve
mechanism and their workings. The engine crankshaft is manually turned in the correct
directions (clock wise from the cranking end) and the functioning of the valves is noted. Both
the inlet and the exhaust valves will be simultaneously operated at a particular period. This
period represent the overlapping between two cycles, (the suction process of later cycle
overlapping with the exhaust process of the current cycles). The valve which closes during this
period is the exhaust valve while that opens is the inlet valve.
A circular member (flywheel) mounted on the crankshaft is used for making the marking
related to the various events (IVO, IVC, EVO, EVC) with reference to the nearest dead center
(IDC/ODC). The circumference of the flywheel used will be useful in determining the various
crank angles. A pointer or an indicator fixed on the engine frames serves as the reference
against which all the markings are made on the rim of the flywheel.
When the engine runs the position reciprocates between two extremities of the stroke.
These extreme positions are called as dead centers, the velocity of reciprocation being zero at
these instants. The crank positions corresponding to the dead center position of the piston are
termed either TDC/BDC or IDC/ODC positions.

To mark the dead center position on the flywheel, either top or bottom of the cylinder
had to be accessed. As the bottom side is easily accessible on removal of crank case cover, the
BDC marking is done first in all engines.
The crank is turned manually and the markings are made on the rim of the flywheel
when the piston is at definite position. On further rotation of the crank, the piston moves down,

6
reaches BDC position and reverse its direction to move up. During the upward journey the piton
will reach the definite position at which a marking was done earlier on the rim. Now another
marking is done on the rim of the flywheel. Midpoint of the two marking is BDC.
At the commencement of the valve just moving away its seat due to the actuation by
cam through push rod. The valve is said to be opened. When the valve has completed the
movement against its seat by spring action, it is said to have closed.
When the crank is turned the instant at which a piece of paper-inserted in-between the valves
stem and rocker arm is just gripped is the opening. IVO and EVO markings are made on the
flywheel corresponding to the opening of the inlet and the exhaust valves. Similarly the instant
at which the paper just looses the grip in-between the valve stem and rocker arm is the valve
closing. IVC and EVC are made on the flywheel. The distance of the IVO, IVC, EVO and EVC
markings on the flywheel from the nearest dead center are measured.
The observed diagram is drawn using the dimensions detail of marking on the flywheel
and the direction of rotation of the flywheel. The circles drawn of any convenient radius
represent the flywheel.
Inferring from the observed diagram the event, their sequence and timings in relation to the
nearest dead center are tabulated as shown. The arc length is expressed as crank angle in the
table.

Angular
Distance from displacement (θ)
Sl.No. Event Sequence of event nearest dead center of crank w.r.t
(Y) nearest dead
center
1. IVO BEFORE IDC

2. IVC AFTER ODC

3. EVO BEFORE ODC

4. EVC AFTER IDC

Circumference of the flywheel (X) = ---------- mm.

FORMULA:

Θ = (Y/X) *360O

Where,
Y = distance from nearest dead center (mm)

7
X = circumference of the flywheel (mm)

DIAGRAMS TO BE DRAWN:

1. Standard valve timing Diagram

2. Observed valve timing Diagram
3. Actual valve timing Diagram

RESULT:

Thus the valve timing of a four-stroke diesel engine has been determined by using valve-timing
diagram.

INFERENCE:

8
Expt. No.:
Date:

PORT TIMING DIAGRAM

AIM:
To determine the port timing / setting of an IC Engine and to draw the port timing
diagram.

PORT TIMING DIAGRAM:

The port-timing diagram is drawn using the inference from the table. The crank angles, the
sequences in relation to the nearest dead center position of the crank and the required direction
of the travel of the observer along the circular diagram are furnished in the port-timing diagram.

PROCEDURE:
Dead Center:
On removal of cylinder head the piston top can be visualized. Rotation of flywheel
makes the piston reciprocates. Make a mark on the flywheel against the fixed pointer
corresponding to a specific position of the position in its upward stroke. On further rotation of
the flywheel piston reaches the TDC Position and reverse its direction of motion downwards.
The position at which a mark was made earlier during upward stroke will be reached again
during downward stroke. Now make a mark on the flywheel. The mid point of the marking is
the TDC point on the flywheel. As the direct location of TDC point records visual judgment
and is difficult the procedure mentioned is suggested. The BDC point is marked in the flywheel
diametrically opposite to TDC Position. While at a port is said to open when the position just
starts uncovering it, it is said to close only when position has totally covered it. After marking
the dead center position on the flywheel, marking are made corresponding to the opening and
closing of the inlet and exhaust port.
OBSERVED DIAGRAM:
A circle of any convenient radius is drawn to represent the flywheel. The markings made
on the flywheel are also shown in the circle and the distance of them from the nearest dead
center and marked. When the sense of rotation of the flywheel is added, W observed diagram
becomes complete.
The details of the observed diagram i.e., the crank position in relation to the nearest dead
center, corresponding to the opening and closing of the inlet and exhaust port are tabulated. The

9
respective crank angles are calculated from the arc length in observed diagram.

Observation Tabulation: -
Distance from the
Sequence of Crank angle
Sl. No. Events nearest dead center
Operation θ in degree
(Y) in Cms.
1. IPO BEFORE TDC
2. IPC AFTER TDC
3. EPO AFTER TDC
4. TPO AFTER TDC
5`. TPC AFTER BDC
6. EPC AFTER BDC

Circumference of flywheel (X) =--------------mm.

θ = (Y/X) * 360
Where,
Y = distance from nearest dead center (mm)
X = circumference of the flywheel (mm)

DIAGRAMS TO BE DRAWN:

1. Standard Port timing Diagram

2. Observed Port timing Diagram
3. Actual Port timing Diagram

RESULT:

Thus the port timing of a two-stroke petrol engine has been determined by using port-timing
diagram.

INFERENCE:

10
Expt. No.:
Date:

PERFORMANCE TEST ON 4 -STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL

ENGINE
AIM:
To conduct the performance test on four stroke single cylinder diesel engine.
APPARATUS REQUIIRED:
An alternator type Dynamometer, bank of electrical resistance to apply load, Tachometer
to measure speed of the engine, Stopwatch to note the time for known volume of fuel
consumption.
SPECIFICATION:
Type : Single cylinder /Vertical/4-S
Type of cooling : Water cooled
Fuel used : Diesel
Speed (N) : 1500rpm
Power : 3.7Kw at 1500rpm
Bore : 80mm
Stroke : 110mm
No of Cylinder (K) :1
PROCEDURE:
After evaluating the loads to be applied on the engine. Check the fuel level in the tank
flow of cooling water to the engine, level of the lubrication in the sump.
After observing all the Precaution & procedure the engine has to be started.
STARTING PROCEDURE:
1. i)The decompression Lever located at the rocker base is turned to the vertical upward
Position.
ii) The starting handle is inserted on the camshaft.
iii) The camshaft is manually rotated faster in clockwise direction.
iv) After the engine shaft has gained sufficient momentum, the decompression lever is
brought to the horizontal position.
2. Allow the engine to run for 5 to 10 minutes to attain steady condition at its rated speed of
1500RPM.
3. Now load the engine approximately to 20% of the full load by switching on the load mains
and suitable electrical resistance (Electrical bulb) and note the Ammeter,Voltmeter,Wattmeter

11
 reading.
4. Logically Increase the load i.e. 40%, 60%, 80% and note the same reading. Finally take
readings for no load condition.
5. Finally to stop the engine by pull off the Governor control lever towards the camshaft.

Applied Watt Time taken for 10cc of fuel

Calculated consumption (sec)
Sl.No. % Of load load meter
Load (KW)
(watts) reading T1 T2 T avg
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Load BP TFC SFC

η Indicated η Brake
ηMech BMEP IMEP
Applied Thermal Thermal
(KW) (Kg/hr) (Kg/Kwhr) (KN/m2) KN/m2
(KW) %
% %

12
Calculation Procedure:

Total Load = 3.5 KW

Brake Power = Applied load / ηgen Kw

Where, ηgen = 0.8
Total Fuel Consumption = (10cc*10-6 *Sp.gravity * w *3600)/ tavg ---- kg/hr
Sp.gravity = 0.82
w =1000kg/m3
tavg = Average time taken for 10cc fuel consumption

Specific fuel consumption = Total Fuel consumption / Brake power ------ kg/ kwhr

Indicated power = BP + IP= ----- kw

Indicated thermal efficiency = (IP*3600) / (FC * CV)

Brake thermal efficiency = ( BP*3600) / (FC * CV)

Mechanical efficiency = ( BP/ IP )* 100

Brake mean effective pressure = BP / ( N* L * A * K) bar

K= Number of cylinder
N=N/2 for four stroke engine

Indicated mean effective pressure = IP / ( N * L * A * K) bar

CV of diesel = 42000 kJ/kg

Graph:

1. BP Vs TFC (Using thisWillans line graph find FP) {BP &FP-in X axis; TFC – in Y axis}
2. BP{X-axis} Vs (SFC, IP, indicated Thermal, ηBrakeThermal ,Brake mean effective pressure,
Indicated mean effective pressure) Y axis

RESULT:
Thus the Performance Test on four-stroke single cylinder diesel engine has been found
out by running the engine at different loads with constant speed.

INFERENCE:

13
Expt. No.:
Date:

HEAT BALANCE TEST ON 4 - STROKE TWIN CYLINDER DIESEL

AIM:
To conduct the heat balance test on 4-stroke twin cylinder diesel engine.
.
ENGINE SPECIFICATION:
Make
BHP
Speed
No. of Cylinder
Compression ratio
Bore (D)
Stroke (l)
Orifice diameter
Type of ignition
Method of start
Method of cooling
Method of loading
ENGINE
: Kirloskar
: 10 Hp
: 1500 rpm
: 2
: 17.5: 1
: 87.5mm
: 110mm
: 20mm
: Compression
: Crank Start
: Water cooled
: AC Generator

LOADING SYSTEM:
The engine Test Rig is directly coupled to an AC Generator 3 Phase, 7.5Kw, 50Hz,
which in turn is loading by resistance load bank. The load can be varied in steps of ¼, 1/2, 3/4,
and full load by operating the rotary switches provided in the load bank panel.
Between voltage each phase & Neutral BP = √ (3) VI Cos ф
Where V= Voltage across Two phase
I = Current in each phase
Cos ф = Power factor = 0.82

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the panel instrumentation input power line at 230v, 50Hz,single-phase power source.
2. Connect the inlet and outlet water connection to the engine.
14
3. Fill fuel into the fuel tank mounted on the panel frame.
4. check the lubricating oil in the engine sump with the help of dipstick provided.
5. Open the fuel cock provided under the burette and ensure no air trapped in the fuel line
connecting fuel tank and engine.
6. Decompressthe engine by decompression lever provided on the top of the engine head.
7. Crank the engine slowly with the help of handle provided and ascertain proper flow of fuel
into pump and in turn through the nozzle into the engine cylinder. Incase cranking rate and pull
the compression lever down, now the engine start. Allow then engine to run and stabilize at
approximately 1500 rpm.
8. Now load the engine by operating the rotary switches on the resistance load bank, in steps of
¼, 1/2,3/4, & Full load.
9. Note down the required pars, indicated on the panel instruments on each load step.
a. Speed of the engine from RPM indicator
b. Voltage & current from voltmeter ammeter respectively.
c. Fuel consumption from the burette.
d. Quantity of airflow from Manometer.
e. Different temperature from temperature indicator.
10. Turn off the fuel knob provided on the panel after the test.
Formulae:
Brake power: BP = √ 3 VI Cos ф (60/1000) KJ/min
Where V= Voltage across Two phase
I = Current in each phase
Cos ф = Power factor = 0.82

-6
Mass of Fuel Consumed MFC = Xcc * 10 * Sp.gravity * ρw Kg/sec
T
Where X = Burette reading in cc (Take X = 10cc)
0.82 = Specific gravity of diesel
T = Time taken in seconds for consuming 10 cc of fuel
ρw = 1000 Kg/m3
A. Heat Input = MFC * CV * 60 KJ/min

Where, Calorific value of Diesel (CV) =42,000 KJ/Kg

15
 B. Brake power BP = √ 3 VI Cos ф (60/1000) KJ/min

C. Heat carried away by the cooling water (Engine jacket)(QEng )

QEng = mw1  Cpw  (T1 – T0)

Where , mw1 = mass of water = Vw1  ρw *60 Kg/min

Vw1 = Volume of water flow in to engine jacket through Rotameter R1 ( m3/sec)
CPw = 4.18 KJ/kg K
ρw = 1000 Kg/m3
Heat carried away by the cooling water (calorimeter) (Q cal )

Q cal = mw2  CPw ( T 3 – T0)

Where, mw2 = mass of water= Vw 2 ρw *60 Kg/min

Vw2 = Volume of water flow in to Calorimeter through Rotameter R2 ( m3/sec)

CPw = 4.18 KJ/kgK
D. Heat carried away by the exhaust gas (Qg )
Qg = mg* CPg *(T2 – Tatm)
Using the below energy balance equation calculate mg

mw2  CPw * ( T 3 – T0) = mg  CPg *(T2 – T4)

Where, mg = mass flow rate of the exhaust gas (Kg/min)

ρg = density of gas = 1.193 kg/m3

CPg = specific heat of exhaust gas = 0.24KJ/kgK
E. Unaccounted Heat = A – (B + C + D) KJ/min
Therefore, Heat balance is 100% = 100%

16
 CURRENT Time taken Manometer VOLTAGE
Sl. % LOAD
for 10cc of Difference
No. LOAD (KW) R Y B RY YB BR
fuel (sec) (mm)

Sl.
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4
No.
(oC) (oC) (oC) (oC) (oC)

TO = Water Inlet Temperature

T1 = Engine Jacket Water Outlet
T2 = Exhaust Gas Inlet
T3 = Calorimeter Water Outlet
T4 = Exhaust Gas Outlet
Tatm = Atmospheric Temperature

17
Heat Balance Sheet (HBS)

Heat Input Heat Out Put

KJ/hr KJ/hr
Details (or) % Details (or) %
KJ/Sec KJ/Sec
A Heat Input 100 B Heat Equivalent to BP
Heat carried away by
C the cooling water
(Engine jacket)
Heat carried away by
D
the exhaust gas
Unaccounted Heat =
E
A – (B + C + D )
TOTAL 100 TOTAL 100

Graphs:

% of Load Vs % of all Heat Out put

Result:
Thus the Heat Balance test on twin cylinder four stroke Diesel engine has been conducted & the
Heat Balance Sheet has drawn.

INFERENCE:

18
Expt. No.:
Date:
MORSE TEST ON MULTICYLINDER PETROL ENGINE

AIM:
To determine the Indicated Power of a three cylinder Petrol Engine by conducting Morse
Test.

ENGINE SPECIFICATION:
Engine: : Maruthi 800 engine
BHP: : 12Hp
RPM : 1500
Fuel : petrol
NO of cylinder : three
Bore : 70mm
Stroke length : 66mm
Starting : self start
Working cycle : four stroke
Method of cooling : Water cooled
Method of ignition : Spark ignition
MORSE TEST:
Morse test is conducted to find out IP of the engine. It can be conducted by following
procedure.
1. Run the engine at 1500 RPM& load it to 12Kw.Morse test can be conducted by
disconnecting the power of the individual cylinder one by one with the use of knife
switches provided on the panel.
2. Cut off one cylinder, then the engine speed will drop. bring back the speed of the
engine to 1500 RPM by reducing the load and measure the power developed.
3. Repeat the above procedure by cutting off cylinder 2&3 (At a time only one cylinder
should be cutoff.)
4. Calculate the BP with 3 cylinders, which is 10 Kw at 1500 RPM.Calculate the BP at
1500 RPM with one cylinder cutoff (With remaining two cylinders on.)The difference
will give IP of one cylinder ie, cutoff cylinder. Similarly, calculate the IP of the
remaining two cylinders. Then the total IP of the engine can be calculated by adding the
IP of the Individual cylinder.

19
 5.To find out FP of the engine, deduct total BP from Total IP.

Cutting
the BP of
Running Load in IP of cutoff
cylinder RPM running
cylinder Kg cylinder(Kw)
Spark cylinder(Kw)
Nos
plug
1 2&3
2 1 &3
3 1&2

BP = Loadx Speed KW {Whether Total (1, 2, 3), 1&2,2&3,3&1}

Constant

Where,
Speed = 1500 rpm(For example)
Constant = 2938

Therefore,

IP 1 = BP (total) – BP 2 & 3 (KW)

IP 2 = BP (total) - BP 1 & 3 (KW)

IP 3 = BP (total) - BP 1 & 2 (KW)

Therefore,

IP (total) = IP 1+ IP 2 + IP 3 (KW)

Result:

Thus the IP of three-cylinder petrol engine has been determined by conducting Morse
test.
INFERENCE:

20
Expt. No.:
Date:

RETARDATION TEST TO FIND FRICTIONAL POWER OF A SINGLE

CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE
AIM:
To find the Frictional power of a single cylinder diesel engine by Retardation Test.

SPECIFICATION:
Engine :Four stroke single cylinder
BHP : 8Bhp
Speed : 850 rpm
Bore diameter : 114.3mm
Stroke length : 139.7mm
Starting Method : Crank
Method of cooling :Water-cooled
Method of Ignition : compression ignition
PROCEEDURE:
1.Start the engine and allow it to stabilize rated speed (650rpm).
2.Remove the brake load by removing the dead weight of the rope to keep the speed at 650rpm.
3.Cut off the fuel supply completely by pressing the rack of the fuel pump to stop position.
4.Note down the time taken in seconds (t 1) for the speed to come down from 650 to 550rpm.
5.Now declutch the additional flywheel even while the engine running. Repeat the steps 2 to 4
and note down the time (t 2) for the engine to come down from 650 to 550 rpm.In both case, the
engine speed comes down only due to frictional power of the engine. From these, we can
observe that the time t 1 is grater than t2 because of moment of inertia of the flywheel.
CALCULATION:
1. Moment of inertia of additional flywheel
If = W * r2 kgm 2
Where W = Weight of the additional fly wheel in kg = 42 kg
r = Radius of the additional flywheel in m = 200mm
2. Angular declaration:
(a)With additional flywheel, Ad 1 = 2 π * (N1 – N2) rad/sec2
60 * T1

21
 (b)Without additional flywheel Ad 2 = 2 π * (N1 – N2) rad/sec2
60 * T2
Where ,N1 = initial speed of the engine
N2 = Final speed of the engine
T1 = time taken for speed reduction with Flywheel
T2 = time taken for speed reduction without Flywheel
Therefore,
Frictional torque( T f ) = moment of inertia * Angular declaration
1. With Flywheel Tf1 = I f * Ad 1
2. Without Flywheel Tf2 = I f * Ad 2
To find frictional power,
FP = 2 π N Tf 1
60
Where, N= Average speed = N1 + N2 / 2
Tf = Frictional torque

Therefore, IP = BP + FP
Speed Range
(RPM)
Time for Frictional Frictional
Position of the
Reducing Speed Power (KW) Torque (KW)
Flywheel
N1 to N2 Range (sec)

With
T1 =
Flywheel

Without
T2 =
Flywheel
RESULT:
Thus the Frictional Power of a single Cylinder Diesel Engine has been found out by
Retardation Test.
INFERENCE:

22
Expt. No.:
Date:

REDWOOD VISCOMETER

AIM:
To determine the viscosity of lubricating oil by using a Redwood viscometer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1.Redwood viscometer
2.Stopwatch

PROCEDURE:
1.Fill the require quantity of water in water container.
2.Plug the mouth of the orifice by the steel ball and fill the tube with the oil sample.
3.Switch on the supply of the bath heater. As the oil temperature reaches 40 oc and
become steady, place the measuring flask and funnel in position to collect the oil.
4.Snap the steel ball and start noting the time for the oil level reaches 50cc mark in the
Measuring flask.
5.Record the time in seconds.
6.Rpeat the experiment at different temperature of the oil and record the corresponding
timings.
7.calculate the viscosity of oil for each temperature setting.
8.density of given lubricating oil at temperature 300 is 0.913 g/cm3.

Sl. No. Temperature of oil (T) Time (t) for collection for Kinematic viscosity (γ)
0
in C 50cc (sec) (Centistokes)

1.

2.

3.

23
Kinematic viscosity = A*t - (B/ t) centistokes,
Where
A= 0. 26, B = 1 7 1. 5

Density of oil = DR – 0.000657 (T - TR ) g/cm3

Absolute viscosity = Kinematic viscosity * Density

Where, DR = Density of oil = 0.913 g/ cm3 (according to the given Oil)

0
TR - Room temperature of the oil in c
Graphs:
Kinematic viscosity VS Temperature

RESULT:
For the given sample of lubricating oil, the value of different viscosity has been found
Out for different Temperature.

INFERENCE:

24
Expt. No.:
Date:

FLASH POINT AND FIRE POINT OF THE GIVEN LUBRICATING OIL

(OPEN CUP)
AIM:
To determine the flash and fire point for a given Lubricating Oil.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Thermometer (0- 300)
2. Given lubricating oil
3. Open cup apparatus

PROCEEDURE
1. A clean and dry cup is filled with the given sample of oil up to the standard mark.
2. The lid is closed and the thermometer is inserted in the holder and the cup is placed in
the Position.
3. The given sample of oil is heated as the temperature rises the vapor begins to form.
The oil is stirred by rotating flexible rotation at the rate of 1 –2 revolution to hand.
4. Test flame is applied at 3 regular intervals for testing the 3 holes in the lid or open by
Rotating the shutter and closing the shutter quickly raises the flame.
5. The temperature at which distinct flash is visible through the port is recovered as flash
Point.
6. The testing is continued at same rate after flash point until the vapour burn
Continuously at least for 5 sec. This temp, is called fire point and finally recorded.

25
FLASH POINT:

Sl.No. TEMPERATURE IN 0 C INFERENCE

1 No Flash

2 No Flash

3 No Flash

4 No Flash

5 Flash point

FIRE POINT:
Sl.No. TEMPERATURE IN 0 C INFERENCE
1 No Fire

2 No Fire

3 No Fire

4 No Fire

5 Fire Point

RESULT:
Thus the Flash and Fire point of the given Oil has determined and the result are given
below.
Flash point temperature =
Fire point temperature =

INFERENCE

26
Expt. No.:
Date:

STUDY OF BOILER AND STEAM TURBINE

AIM:
To study the boiler and steam turbine

BOILER SPECIFICATION:
Make:
Steam output:
Fuel:
Type:

Boiler:
Boiler is a closed vessel made of steel .Its function is to transfer heat to water to produce
steam

CONSTRUCTION:
The boiler is bolted on a sturdy chassis .the body is a double jacketed casing. Ladder is
in the front, adjacent to the control panel. The coil is at the centre of the boiler and is made of
boiler quality carbon steel tubes. The coil is enclosed by a pair if concentric shell, top of the coil
is enclosed by top refractory which is bolted to the inner shell. Outer shell is cover by an
insulated to cover. Blower is connected to the boiler by an air duct at the bottom.
A duct joins the economizer the boiler flue gas outlet. The economizer is a shell and tube heat
exchanger having a number of vertical steel tubes welded between the two tube plates. The
chimney duct is bolted above the economizer. It has a flanged opening for the chimney
connection.
The fuel pump is connected to the blower motor with the coupling and is mounted on a
common base frame bolted to the bottom chassis. the fuel filter the fuel oil preheating tank are
also mounted on the base frame.
A burner assembly is on the top plate. Metallic hoses are attached to it for fuel supply.
The control panel houses the electric al controls . Various switches and indicators lamps are
mounted on its fronts.

27
STEAM BOILER:
It is an instant steam generator of water tube design. it is a fully automatics , packaged
unit of consisting of the boiler and its accessories mounted on the chassis. Now the fuel is
injected by the injector at the top of the boiler. The chemical energy in the fuel is released in
the form of heat during combustion. The product of combustion of the flue gases, transfer this
heat to the coil carrying water by radiation and convection.
Residual heat in the flue gas is absorbed in the economizer, where feed water is heated to expel
the dissolved gases. Air required for the combustion is supplied by the blower which imparts
velocity and pressure to the air centrifugal action of the rotating blades.
The steam best has a reversible flame type furnace. The flame produced by the burner
travels down in the furnace and the flue gases are in the reverse direction
WATER SYSTEM:
Water softener is used for converting the hard water into soft water. The soft water is
stored in tank. The soft water from the soft water tank enters the unit. This water then enters
into the economizer .the flue gases passes through the economizer tube bank heat the water. Hot
water comes out of the top of the economizer. The dissolved gasses in the water are released as
it heated and are vented out through the air vent connection.
The pump discharges the water at a pressure equal to the steam outlet pressure plus the pressure
required to overcome the coil resistance. A relief valve protects the pump from over pressure.
The water passes through the non return valve. The water enters the coil at the bottom,
evaporates and the steam comes out of the top of the coil. The pressure and temperature sensing
connections are provided on the outlet header.

FUEL SYSTEM:
The fuel from the service tank is filtered before entering the fuel pump in the unit. The
fuel under pressure is filtered again through a second filter. The filters are self – cleaning type
with a drain plug at the bottom. Fuel pressure gauge indicating the pressure at this point. When
n the burner solenoid coil is energized the fuel enters the burner rod and it is sprayed through
the nozzle.

AIR SYSTEM:
The blower drives air into the bottom of the air jacket and enters the burner. The flame
cone diffuser – plate combination causes vigorous mixing of air with atomized fuel. The flame
28
is shot downward in the furnace. The flue gases passes through the inner coil and outer coil and
travel upward back to top of the coil.
The gasses then pass through the gap between coil and inner shell and enter the economizer
from bottom. After passing through the economizer tubes, they are let out of the chimney.

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:
The boiler operates on 415 V, 50 HZ, 3 phases, 4 wire electric supplies. The control circuit
voltage is 230 V. Three phase supply is given to blower motor, water pump. The following
safety circuits are available on the control panel, water low level, and electrical lock out, steam
temperature high.

STEAM TURBINE:
The steam turbine is a single stage impulse turbine, condensing type. The turbine
consists of a wheel manufactured from a single gun metal casting. The turbine blades have a
large clearance at the sides of the wheel. The blades are designed in such a way that there, is
negligible end thrust.
The wheel is mounted on the shaft carried on the ball bearing and closed in a pressure
tight casing .The glands between the wheel and bearing , prevent escape of the operating
medium steam from the shaft. The critical speed of the shaft is well above the operating speed.
The direction of rotation of the shaft is clock wise looking on the turbine shaft extension. The
steam enters the casing through valve.
The steam enters in to the nozzle and the steam is directed to the blades. The nozzle
angle is 32 degree. The exhaust steam from the turbine enters into the condenser.

Specification of steam turbine:

Operating medium:
Power output:
Inlet pressure:
Inlet temperature:

STEAM CONDENSER:
The steam leaves from the turbine exhaust enter into the condenser. The steam
condenser is a device which helps the exhaust steam from the turbine to condensate into water
by exchanging the heat to the continuously circulating cooling media.
29
SEPARATING AND THROTTLING CALORIMETER:
Separating and throttling calorimeter is placed in between boiler and turbine. The
quality of steam that entering into the turbine is measured by this apparatus

RESULT:
Thus the boiler and steam turbine are studied.

30
Expt. No.:
Date:

PERFORMANCE TEST ON STEAM GENERATOR

AIM:
To conduct the performance test on steam generator.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Steam Boiler
2. Thermometers
3. Stopwatch

PROCEDURE:
1. Check the water level and other accessories and mounting of boiler.
2. Firethe boiler by supplying the specified quantity of fuel and the required quantity of fuel and
required quantity of air.
3. Allow the Boiler to run for some time so that all the metallic parts get heated up and boiler
starts generating steam at its working pressure.
4. Note the quantity of fuel burnt in the boiler for a specified time, and records the following
data:
(i) .Steam generated.
(ii) Pressure and temperature of steam.
(iii) Dryness fraction.
(iv) Feed water temperature.
(v) Temperature of the gases.
(vi) Boiler house temperature and pressure.
5. Shut off the boiler.
6. Calculate the heat input, heat utilized and the unaccountable heat.

31
OBSERVATIONS:

Boiler room temperature, ta
Feed water temperature, tw
Steam pressure
Steam temperature
Steam generated per hour Mw
Fuel consumed per hour M fuel
Calorific value of fuel
CALCUATION:
0
= C
0
= C
= in bar
0
= C
= 600lit/hr
= 36lit/hr
= 49,500 KJ/kg

Heat available from the fuel burnt per hour =M fuel x CV KJ/hr
Enthalpy of steam, hs =----------- KJ/Kg K (From molier chart at
steam temperature and steam pressure)
Enthalpy of feed water hf =-----------KJ/Kg k(from steam table at feed
water temperature)
Heat utilized in generation of steam per hour = Mw (hs-hf) KJ/hr

PERFORMANCE CALCULATION:

Mass of water actually evaporated Ma = Mw/Mf

Equivalent evaporation Me = Ma(hs-hf)/2257

η Boiler = Ma(hs-hf)/CV

RESULT:

Thus the boiler performance studied.

INFERENCE

32
Expt. No.:
Date:

PERFORMANCE AND HEAT BALANCE TEST ON IMPULSE STEAM TURBINE

AIM:
To Conduct a test on impulse steam turbine and draw the performances curves and draw
Heat Balance Sheet.
DESCRIPTION:
TurbineType – Impulse type
No. of Nozzles – 3
Inlet Pressure – 10 bar
Speed of turbine – Not to exceed 3000 rpm

Dynamometer
Swinging field DC Dynamometer –0.735 kW
Loading device – Bulb Loading

PROCEDURE:
Switch on the steam turbine panel which is connect to a 3 phase 440V power source with
neutral connection.
Switch on the vaccum reciprocating pump.
Main switch on the turbine panel board.
Adjust the handle of dynamometer spring balance screw so that the balance is just loaded to 0
kg.
Open the steam valve & adjust so that pressure of 10 bar is maintained on the turbine pressure
gauge.
TEST PROCEDURE:-
1) Now the turbine starts picking up speed. When the turbine speed reaches about 2000 rpm,
load the turbine by switching on the individual switches to the bulbs.
2) switch on another bulb on the loading device and after a few minutes note all observations.
3) Repeat for different wattage loadings till turbine speed falls to about 1000 rpm.
4) While doing the experiment control the pressure, so that turbine inlet pressure remains at 10
bar and that sufficient water is in the boiler.

33
FORMULAE USED:
1 bar = 0.9807 X (Gauge pressure(P) in kg/cm2 + 1.032)
When value of P is above atmospheric pressure.

1 bar = (760 – P in mmHg) X 133.32/1,00,000

When value of P is below atmospheric pressure.
T.S.C (Total Steam Consumption):
T.S.C = 3600 X 0.353/ Tc in Kg/hr
Where, Tc is volume of condensate tank for 40mm raise.
S.S.C (Specific Steam Consumption):
S.S.C = T.S.C/Pd in Kg/KW
Pd = (2¶N X 0.126 X 9.81 X WD)/ (60 X 1000) KW
Where Pd is turbine power output in kW
WD – Dynamometer Spring balance reading
Rankine Efficiency = 100 X (h1 – h2)/ h1 – hf2 in %
Brake Thermal Efficiency:
B.T.E = {100 X 3600 X Pd }/ {T.S.C X (h1 – h2)}
Relative Efficiency:
= {100 X B.T.E}/ Efficiency Rankine

HEAT BALANCE CALCULATION:

A. Heat input at Turbine inlet = T.S.C X h1 in kJ/s
B. Heat equivalent of work done = Pd in kJ/s
C. Heat carried away by condensate = T.S.C X hfc in KJ/s
D. Heat carried away by condenser cooling water = mc X (hfo – hf1) in KJ/s
Where mc = cooling water mass flow rate
mc = Km X √Hm in kg
hf1 = enthalpy of water at inlet temperature in KJ/s
hfo = enthalpy of water at outlet temperature in KJ/s

E. Unaccounted losses = A – (B+C+D)

34
 Sl.No.

Volts
Load
Amps
TABULATION:

Turbine inlet steam pressure

Turbine inlet steam temp.

Turbine outlet steam pressure

Turbine outlet steam temp.

Cooling water temp inlet

35
Cooling water temp.outlet

Flow manometer reading

Time taken for 4 cm raise of

water level of condensate
tank

Condensate tank temp.

Spring balance reading

Tachometer reading

Time taken for N revolution

of energy meter disk
Heat Balance Sheet (HBS)
Heat Input Heat Out Put
Details KJ/sec % Details KJ/sec %
Heat input at Turbine Heat equivalent of
A 100 B
inlet work done
Heat carried away by
C
condensate
Heat carried away by
D condenser cooling
water
Unaccounted losses =
E
A – (B + C + D )
TOTAL 100 TOTAL 100

GRAPH:
Draw a graph as follows of Heat balance with Heat input on X – axis & 2,3,4,5 above on
Y – axis.

RESULT:
Thus the Performance and heat balance test was conducted on the impulse steam turbine
and also performance curves were also drawn.

INFERENCE:

36
37
Expt. No.:
Date:

CONDUCT A HEAT BALANCE TEST ON STEAM GENERATOR

AIM:
To conduct a Performance and Heat Balance test on steam generator and also draw heat
balance sheet.

DECRIPTION:
Type – Non IBR – Automatic, three pass, oil fired boiler with economizer.
Operating pressure = 14 bar
Fuel = High Speed Diesel
Calorific Value = 49,500 KJ/Kg
Steam generated per hour Mw = 600lit/hr
Fuel consumed per hour M fuel = 36lit/hr

MEASUREMENTS:
Flow rate of Diesel by level difference
Flow rate of feed water by level difference
Flow rate of inlet air by orifice & manometer
Pressure of steam at outlet by pressure gauge
Temperature of steam by digital temperature indicator cum controller.
Temperature of air at inlet and outlet by thermocouple and digital temperature scanner.
Temperature of water at inlet and outlet of economizer by thermocouple and digital temperature
scanner.

PROCEDURE:
The boiler is fired by operating the air blower and adjusting the fuel supply in to the burner and
by lightening the flame using a torch.
The required level of water is maintained in the feed water tank.
The steam stop valve is closed and on reaching a pressure of 12 bar.
The steam bypass valve is opened to enable the steam to be exhausted and maintaining the
pressure.
38
 Note the observations in the tabular column and the efficiency was calculated by using the
formulae given.
Draw the heat balance sheet.

TABULATION:
Flue
Clock Steam Feed Water Feed Room Air Flow
Sl. gas
Time Pressure Level in tank Water Level of Diesel in 'cm' Temp manometer
No. temp
't' ( Bar) 'cm' temp 'tw' 'tR' 'cm'
'tg'

Initial Final Initial Final

FORMULAE:
Total duration of test, td = (t 2 – t1) in mins.
Average steam pressure, Pavg = ( P1+P2)/2 bar
Absolute Steam Pressure, P = 0.9807 X (Pavg + 1.032) bar
Average feed water temp, tw = (tw1 + tw2)/2
Average Room temperature, tR = (t R1 = tR2)/2
Average Flue gas temperature, tg = (t g1 + tg2)/2
Mass of steam generated by the boiler in one hour,
ms = [Fall in water level in td mins X( area of feed water tank X 1000 X 60/t d)]
ms = (∆Wh/1000) X 1.252 X .602 X 1000 X 60/td in Kg/hr
Area of feed water tank =1.252 x 0.602
Mass of fuel oil supplied in one hour
mf = [(Fall in fuel level in t d mins.) X (area of fuel oil level tank) X 950 X 60/ t d]
mf = {(∆Dh/1000) X0 .4 X0 .4 X 950 X 60}/td in Kg/hr
Area of fuel oil tank=0.4 x0.4 m2
Mass of air supplied in one hour,
ma = 1.23 X 0.62 X .000785 X {2 X g X 814 X ∑∆Ah/4}0.5 X 3600
ma = 1362.5 X (∑∆Ah) 0.5 in Kg/hr
where, ∑∆Ah = (∆Ah1 + ∆Ah2 + ∆Ah3 + ∆Ah4)

39
 ∆Ah is the water level difference in manometer
Density of air = 1.23 Kg/m3
Co-efficient of orifice = 0.62
Dia of Orifice = 0.1 m
Area of orifice = 0.785 m2
Water to air density ratio = 814

ρwhw=ρaha

Enthalpy of steam generated at pressure,

h = hf + (x X hfg)
Where, x = dryness fraction = 0.91
hf & hfg values at pressure = 12 bar from steam tables
Enthalpy of feed water at t w,
From steam tables for temp of feed water, corresponding enthalpy = h f
A.Heat input, Qf = mf X CV
B.Heat utilized by steam from boiler per hour
Qs = ms X (hwet – hf)
C.Evaporation rate, m = ms/mf
D.Heat lost due to flue gas, Qg = mg X Cg X (tg – tR)
E.Unaccounted Heat loss = A – (B + C + D)
Heat Balance Sheet (HBS)

Heat Input Heat Out Put

Details KJ/hr % Details KJ/hr %
Heat utilized by steam
A Heat Input 100 B
from boiler per hour
C Evaporation rate
Heat lost due to flue
D
gas
Unaccounted Heat =
E
A – (B + C + D )
TOTAL 100 TOTAL 100

40
GRAPH:
Draw a graph as follows of heat balance with Heat input on X – axis & 12, 13, 15 above
on Y – axis.

RESUTL:
Thus the Performance and Heat Balance test on Steam generator was conducted and also
heat balance sheet was drawn.

INERENCE

41
Ex.No
Date:

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF INSULATING MATERIAL

(Lagged Pipe Apparatus)

AIM:
To determine the thermal conductivity of an insulating materials using
lagged pipe apparatus..

APPARATUS:

Two thin copper tubes of different diameters, insulating power, nine

thermocouples, electric heating coil, dimmer stat, Ammeter and voltmeter.

PROCEDURE:

1. Make the electrical connections and switch- on the supply of the electric
heating coil.
2. Set the dimmer stat to some desired heat input.
3. After the steady state is attained and the thermocouples readings are
constant. Note down the wattmeter reading and the temperatures of all the
nine thermocouples.
4. Repeat the experiment for different heat inputs.
5. Switch- off the power supply and disconnect the circuit.
6. Calculate the thermal conductivity corresponding to each set.

CALCULATIONS:

Average temperature of Heater at radius, r1=(T1+T2+T3)/3

Average temperature of Asbestos at radius, r2=(T4+T5+T6)/3

Average temperature of Sawdust at radius, r3=(T7+T8+T9)/3

Thermal conductivity KAsbestos=Q* ln( r2/r1) /{2*π*l*(T1-T2)}

KSawdust=Q* ln( r3/r2)/ {(2*π*l*(T2-T3)}

SPECIFICATIONS:

Length of the heater(L) : 0.5m

Radius of Heater (r1) :10 mm
Radius of Asbestos (r2) :20 mm
Radius of Sawdust (r3) :40 mm

Heater :400 Watts nicrome, tube heater

Thermocouples : Fe- K0
T1, T2, T3 : Heater temperature
T4, T5, T6 : Asbestos temperature
T7,T8,T9 : Sawdust Temperature

CONTROL PANEL:

Dimmer stat : 0.2A, 230 V

Voltmeter : 0.230Volt
Ammeter : 0.2A
Temperature indicator : 0.500 0 5 Type
 HEAT
Sl.No INPUT Heater Temperature Asbestos temperature Sawdust temperature
Q=VA at r 1 at r 2 at r 3
(watts) T1 T2 T3 Avg T4 T5 T6 Avg T7 T8 T9 Avg
(k) ( k) ( k) T1( k) ( k) ( k) ( k) T2(k) ( k) ( k) ( k) T3(k)
RESULT:

Thus the thermal conductivity of an insulating materials has been

determined by lagged pipe Apparatus.

KAsbestos= ----------W/mK
KSawdust= -----------W/mK
Ex.No
Date:

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF INSULATING POWDER

AIM:
To determine the thermal conductivity of an insulating powder.

APPARATUS:

Two thin copper tubes of different diameters, insulating power, six

thermocouples, electric heating coil, dimmer stat, Ammeter and voltmeter.

PROCEDURE:

1. Make the electrical connections and switch- on the supply of the electric
heating coil.
2. Set the dimmer stat to some desired heat input.
3. after the steady state is attained and the thermocouples readings are
constant. Note down the wattmeter reading and the temperatures of all the
six thermocouples.
4. Repeat the experiment for different heat inputs.
5. Switch- off the power supply and disconnect the circuit.
6. Calculate the thermal conductivity corresponding to each set.

CALCULATIONS:

Average surface temperature at radius(r1),

Average surface temperature at radius(r2),

Thermal conductivity
SPECIFICATIONS:

Length of the insulation packing L : 200 mm

Inside radius of insulating powder packing (ri) :10 mm
Outside radius of insulating powder packing (ro) :25 mm
Heater :400 Watts nicrome, tube heater
Thermocouples : Fe- C, J- type
T1, T2, T3 : Inside packing temperature
T4, T5, T6 : Outside packing temperature

CONTROL PANEL:

Dimmer stat : 0.2A, 230 V

Voltmeter : 0.230Volt
Ammeter : 0.2A
Temperature indicator : 0.500 0 5 Type
OBSERVATION:

Length of the insulating packing l = 200 mm

Inside radius of the insulting powder packing, r 1 = 10 mm
Outside radius of the insulting powder packing, r o = 25 mm
TABULATION :

HEAT
THERMAL
Sl.No INPUT TEMPERATURE AT TEMPERATURE AT
CONDUCTIVITY
Q=VA RADIUS r i RADIUS r 0
(watts) K
T1 T2 T3 Avg T4 T5 T6 Avg (W / m- K )
(k) ( k) ( k) Ti( k) ( k) ( k) ( k) To(k)

RESULT:

Thus the thermal conductivity of an insulating powder has been determined.

Ex.No
Date:

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF INSULATING MATERIAL

(Composite Wall Apparatus)

AIM:
To determine the thermal conductivity of an insulating materials using
Composite Wall apparatus.

APPARATUS:
Composite Walls arrangement:

Wood T8
Asbestos T7
MS T6
Heater Plate T5
MS T4
Asbestos T3
Wood T2
T1

Thickness of Asbestos (L1) = 6mm

Thickness of Wood (L2 ) = 10mm
Thickness of MS plate (L3) = 10mm
Diameter of the Plate (d) = 300mm

PROCEDURE:

1. Turn the screw rod handle clockwise to tighten the plates

2. Switch on the unit and turn the regulator clockwise to provide any desires
heat input.
3. After the steady state is attained and the thermocouples readings are
constant. Note down the wattmeter reading and the temperatures of all the
nine thermocouples.
4. Repeat the experiment for different heat inputs.
 5. Switch- off the power supply and disconnect the circuit.
6. Calculate the thermal conductivity corresponding to each set.

The MS plate is provided over the heater to obtain uniform heating on the
complete surface of the heater.

Observations:
Sl.No. Voltage Current Wood Asbestos Mild Heater Heater Mild Asbestos Wood
(V) (A) Temp. Temp. steel Temp. Temp. steel Temp. Temp.
volts amps T1 oC T2 oC Temp. T4 oC T5 oC Temp. T7 oC T8 oC
T3 oC T6 oC

Formula Used:

Area of the plates (A) = (π/4)*D2

= (3.14/4)* 0.32
= 0.07065m2
R1= Resistance of asbestos =(L1/AK1)
R2= Resistance of Wood =(L2/AK2)

Heat Input (Q) = V*I = ΔT /R Watts

Average Temperature of the Asbestos ΔT1= (T2+T7)/2

Average Temperature of the Wood ΔT2= (T1+T8)/2

Average Temperature of the MS plate ΔT3= (T3+T6)/2

Average Temperature of the Heater ΔT4= (T4+T5)/2

Thermal Conductivity of MS Plate KMS= (Q*L1) / {(ΔT4- ΔT3)*A} W/mK

Thermal Conductivity of Asbestos KAsbestos= (Q*L1) / {(ΔT3- ΔT1)*A} W/mK

Thermal Conductivity of Wood KWood= (Q*L2) / {(ΔT1- ΔT2)*A} W/mK

RESULT:

Thus the thermal conductivity of insulating materials has been determined

by Composite Wall Apparatus.

K MS plate = ----------W/mK
KAsbestos = ----------W/mK
KWood = -----------W/mK
Ex.No
Date:

HEAT TRANSFER IN NATURAL CONVECTION APPARATUS

Aim:

To determine the heat transfer coefficient of air from a heated vertical tube
by natural convection mode.

Apparatus required:

Metallic tube, wooden duct, electric heating coil, dimmer stat,

thermocouples, selector switch and digital temperature indicator.

Formula:
Q = h As (Ts - Ta)
Where,
Q - Heat input, watts
h - Average co-efficient of heat transfer, W/m2K
As - Surface area of the tube, m2
Ts - Average surface temperature, K
Ta - Ambient Temperature, K

Procedure:

1. Make the connection and switch on the supply of the heater. Adjust the
power supply with the help of dimmer stat to a desired heat input.
2. After the steady is attained and the thermocouples readings are constant,
note down the readings of all thermocouples fixed on the tube surface.
3. Note down the ambient fluid temperature by rotating the thermocouple
selector switch to its respective position.
4. Repeat the experiment for different values of heat input.
5. Switch-off the power supplies and disconnects the circuit.
6. Calculation the experimental value of the average co-efficient of heat
transfers and compares it with the theoretical value.
Calculations:
Experimental Value for h:
i) Outer surface area of the tube As=π.do.L

ii) Average surface temperature

iii) Experimental value

Theoretical value for h:

And, Tf=Absolute temperature of film in kelvin

All the fluid properties ( are taken at the film temperature. Tf can be
tabulated as follows
Theoretical value of co-efficient of heat transfer can be calculated from the
following empirical relations.
Where Grashoff number

Prandtl number

For 104<Gr.Pr<109

And for 109<Gr.Pr<1012

HEAT TRANSFER IN NATURAL CONVECTION APPARATUS
 Observations:
Specifications:

Copper tube outer diameter do: 40 mm

Length of the copper tube L: 500 mm
Wooden enclosure size : 250x250x700mm
Heater : 400 watts Nicrome
Thermocouples : Fe –C
Dimmerstat : 0-2 Ams
Voltmeter : 0-200volts
Ammeter : 0-2Ams
Temperature indicator : 0-500 0C J-type
T1, T2, T3, T4& T5 : copper tube surface temperature
T6 : Duct air temperature

Tabulation:

Sl Ammeter Voltmeter Ambient Temperature at the Average Co-efficient of Heat

2
no A V Temp tube surface in C Surface transfer „h‟ W/m K
0
Ta in C Temp
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Theoretical Experimental
Ts in 0C
 .

Result:

The average heat transfer coefficient of air calculated theoretically found to be

------------ W/m2K

The average heat transfer coefficient of air calculated experimentally is found to

be ------------ W/m2K
Ex:No:
Date:

HEAT TRANSFER IN FORCED CONVECTION APPARATUS

AIM:
To determine the average heat transfer coefficient of air from inside of
the heated tube by forced convection mode.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Metallic tube, wooden duct, electric heating coil, dimmerstat,
thermocouples, selector switch and temperature indicator.

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the electrical connection of the circuit and switch on the supply of
the heater.
2. Adjust the dimmer stat to have desired heat input.
3. Start the blower and set the regulating valve to have a suitable air flow
rate.
4 After the steady state is reached record the temperature of all the
thermocouple and the manometer reading.
5. Repeat the experiment for various heat input and air flow rates.
6. Switch off power supply and disconnect the circuit.
7. Calculate the experimental value of the average coefficient of heat
transfer and compare it with the theoretical value.
FORMULA:
EXPERIMENTAL:

q=VI
Inner surface area of pipe As= πdl
Average surface temperature of the pipe

Average air temperature (Ambient)

THEORITICAL:
From HMT Data book
Fluid film temperature Tf=(Ts+Ta)/2
To Find Values of ρa, Pr, γ and k from Corresponding

Nusselt number

From HMT DATABOOK Page No 126

Nu=0.023×Re0.8×Prn Where n=0.4 for heating of fluids
Reynolds number Re= u∞D/γ

Velocity of Air flow

u∞=Air Flow Rate/Cross Section Area of the Pipe=Q/A

Discharge (or) Volume flow rate (Q) = A*u ∞

Cd=0.62 to 0.64

Equating the above two equations find the value of u∞ and substitute the value in
Re.
 SPECIFICATION:
Inner diameter of test tube di = 40mm
Length of test tube = 500mm
Heater = 400w Nicrome
Thermocouple = Fe-c
T2, T3, T4 &T5 = test tube surface temperature
T1&T6 = inlet and outlet temperature
Orifice diameter do = 20mm
Density of air = 1.125kg/m3
Dimmer stat = 0- 2 amps
Voltmeter = 0 – 200 v
Ammeter = 0- 2 amps
Temperature indicator = 0-500 c

TABULATION:
Air Coefficient of
Air Average
Ammet Volt Tube surface out Heat transfer (h)
Inlet surface
Sl. er Meter temp Let Ambient W/m2K
Temp temp
No Temp temp
(A) (V) Ta=
T1 (Ts) K
T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 Theo Exp
RESULT:
The average heat transfer coefficient of air calculated theoretically
found to be = ------------ W/m2K

The average heat transfer coefficient of air calculated experimentally

found to be = ------------ W/m2K
Ex.No:
Date:
STEFAN - BOLTZMANN APPARATUS

Aim:

To determine the value of the Stefan Boltzmann constant.

Apparatus:

Metallic tank, blackened copper disc, five thermocouples, stops watch and a
temperature indicator.

Procedure:
1. Pour four liter of water in the upper tank and heat the water up to 65 to 75
Degree centigrade.
2. Remove the Bakelite sleeve from the base plate and fill the tank with hot
water.
3. Note down the temperature of the four thermocouples fixed at the bottom
surface of the tank.
4. Now insert the Bakelite sleeve into the base plate and immediately note
down its temperature, that is, at zero second time. Simultaneously start the
stopwatch and record the disc temperature after every 5 seconds and Up
to 30 seconds.
5. Plot the graph between disc temperature and time as shown in fig.

(dT/dt)t=0

Temperature
ºC

Time (t) in sec

6. Obtain the slope of the graph and calculate the value of Stefan
Boltzmann constant.
Observation:
Bottom Copper Disc temperature T2 =
T3 =
T4 =
T5 =
Mass of the copper disc, m = 8.6 gms
Specific heat of the copper disc, cp = 0.381 KJ/ Kg.K
Diameter of the copper disc, d= 20mm
Average temperature of the hemispherical enclosure, T = T2+T3+T4+T5
4

Calculation:
Surface area of the copper disc, Ad = / 4 d 2
Sl.No Time (s) Disc temperature T d deg K

Result:
The value of the Stefan Boltzmann constant σ = ------------W/m2K4
Ex.No:
Date:
EMISSIVITY MEASUREMENT APPARATUS

AIM:
To determine the emissivity of a gray surface.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Gray and black plate of identical size, seven thermocouple, temperature
indicator, dimmerstat, voltmeter, ammeter, and two heating coils.

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the electrical connection of the circuit and switch on the power
supply.
2. First give supply to the black body heater. Adjust the dimmer stat to some
desired heat input.
3. Give supply to the gray body heater. Adjust the dimmer stat to some
desired heat input.
4. Allow the unit to attain steady state.
5. Note down the power input given to the gray surface and the ambient
temperature of the wooden enclosure.
6. Note down the heat input and the temperature.
7. Repeat the experiment for various heat input.
8. Calculate the emissivity of gray body for each surface and the ambient
temperature of the wooden enclosure.

SPECIFICATION:
Diameter of the test plate d =200mm
Surface area of the plate A = (π/ 4) d 2
Stefan Boltzmann constant σ = 5.67 * 10 – 8 w / m2 k 4

Sl.No Tb =T1+T2+T3 Tg=T4+T5+T6 Qb Qg T atm Emissivity

3 3 €
CALCULATION:

Emissivity of the gray plate ε g = ε * (T g 4 - T atm 4 )

b
( T b 4 - T atm 4 )
Where ε b =1

RESULT:

An experiment on emissivity apparatus was conducted and the emissivity of

the gray body was found to be -----------
Ex.No:

Date :

TWO STAGE AIR COMPRESSOR TEST RIG WITH SWINGING FIELD

MOTOR

Aim:

To determine Volumetric efficiency and Isothermal efficiency of multistage

air Compressor.

COMPRESSOR DETAILS:

MAKE: BAKGIAM

POWER: 2HP

STAGE: 2

DIA OF LP CYLINDER: 60.33 mm

DIA OF HP CYLINDER: 57 mm

STROKE LENGTH OF LP-HP PISTON: 62 mm

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the power supply to the compressor.

2. Close the outlet valve.

3. Check the manometer connections; it should be half filled with water.

4. Start the compressor and note down the initial energy meter reading and spring
balance reading.

5. Read the tank pressure gauge for a particular pressure.

6. Note down the speed of compressor fan and motor shaft on the rpm indicator
using change over switch provided.

7. Note down the manometer level on both the limbs (H1, H2).

8. Note down the spring balance reading.

9. Note down the reading from energy meter after given period.

10. Repeat the experiment for various discharge pressures.

OBSERVATIONS:

Deliver Speed RPM Loading Manometer Time for ‘5’ Efficiency Efficiency
Motor Reading revolutions of Vol. (LP) Vol. (LP)
Sl.No. Pressure
difference energy meter,
(kgf/cm2)
Rotor Motor (kg) (mm) ‘T’ sec in % in %

1. 0

2. 2

3. 4

4. 6

CALCULATIONS:

Orifice diameter do = 0.012m

HP cylinder diameter dHP = 0.057m

LP cylinder diameter dLP = 0.060m

Stroke length = LHP = LLP= L=0.062m

Coefficient of discharge Cd= 0.62

Density of water = 1000kg/m3

Area of Orifice :
Area of HP cylinder :

Area of LP cylinder :

Density of air ρa :

Height of the air column Ha:

Actual volume of air sucked inside the cylinderVa:

Stroke volume of the HP cylinder VsHP:

Stroke volume of the LP cylinder VsLP:

Volumetric Efficiency of HP cylinder 𝜂vol [HP]:

Volumetric Efficiency of LP cylinder 𝜂vol [LP]:

RESULT:

Thus the two stage air compressor test rig was conducted and the volumetric
efficiency of the compressor was calculated.

ηVol [L.P]=

ηVol [H.P]=
Ex.No:
Date:
HEAT TRANSFER FROM PIN – FIN(Forced Convection mode)

Aim:
To study the surface heat transfer co-efficient of the pin fin by forced
convection mode.

Specification:

Duct size = 150 * 100 mm2

Diameter of fin “D = 12.5 mm
Diameter of orifice meter do = 20 mm
Cd of orifice meter = 0.62
Thermal conductivity of fin material = 85.5 W / m K
Length of the fin = 125mm

Procedure:-

1. The blower is switched on and the air is circulated through the duct.
2. Heat input is given to the pin fin through dimmerstat.
3.Temperature along the length of the fin is noted down for every 10
minutes up to reaching the steady state.
4. The air flow rate or heat input is varied and the same procedure is
repeated.
5. The final steady state temperature readings are taken for
calculation.

Calculation:
Experimental heat transfer coefficient:
i) Experimental value

q=VI
Surface area of pipe As = πdl

Surface temperature Ts = T1+T2+T3+T4+T5

5
Tatm = Ta= T6
Theoretical heat transfer coefficient:

Mean fluid temperature Tmf = (Ts+ Ta)/2 ,Where Ta = T6

m h m = a ha

Density of mercury m = 13550 Kg/m3

ha = ρm hm in m
a

Density of air a = P
R (T + 273)

P = 1.01325*105 N/ m2

Volume flow rate of air through the duct Q = Cd*a*√ 2gha m3/sec

where a = do2/4

Velocity of air through the duct u∞ = Q/ A m3/ sec

Where A = Cross sectional area of the duct m2
Aduct= A=( a=0.15 m * b=0.10 m) = 0.015m2

Velocity of the air in the duct at T mf u mf = u∞ T mf

Ta

Reynolds Number Re = umf De

Characteristics length of duct : De= (4ab) / (2(a+b)) in m

Where a=0.15 m & b=0.10 m
 Nusselt number value:

; 40 ˂ Re ˂ 4000

; 4000 ˂ Re ˂ 40000

Nu= h*d/kair
Where d=Diameter of fin

k- Thermal conductivity of air at Tmf from data book

Observation Tabulation:

Volt Ammeter Air Surface temperature of Manom Air Air Heat transfer
meter tempera pipe in ˚C eter flow velocity coefficient
SL. (A) -ture in reading rate in m/s 2
W/m k
No (V) ˚C H in m in
3
m /s
T6 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Actual Theor
etical

hthe(avg) = 2 * hthe W/m2K

Result:
The surface heat transfer co-efficient of the pin fin by forced
convection mode was found to be:
hact= ----------W/m2K
hthe(avg)= ----------W/m2K
Ex.No:
Date:
HEAT TRANSFER FROM PIN – FIN (Natural Convection mode)

Aim:
To study the surface heat transfer co-efficient of the pin fin by natural
convection mode.

Specification:

Duct size = 150 * 100 mm2

Diameter of fin d = 12.5 mm
Diameter of orifice meter do = 20 mm
Cd of orifice meter = 0.62
Thermal conductivity of fin material = 85.5 W / m K
Length of the fin = 125mm

Procedure:-

1. The blower is switched off and the air is circulated through the duct by
naturally.
2. Heat input is given to the pin fin through dimmerstat.
3.Temperature along the length of the fin is noted down for every 10
minutes up to reaching the steady state.
4. The heat input is varied and the same procedure is
repeated.
5. The final steady state temperature readings are taken for
calculation.

Calculation:

Surface temperature Ts = T1+T2+T3+T4+T5

5
Mean fluid temperature Tmf = (Ts+ Ta)/2 Where Ta = T6
Experimental Value:
ii) Outer surface area of the tube As=π.d.L

iii) Average surface temperature

iv) Ta = T6

v) Experimental value
Theoretical value:

And, Tf=Absolute temperature of film in kelvin

All the fluid properties ( are taken at the film temperature. Tf
can be tabulated as follows.

Theoretical value of co-efficient of heat transfer can be calculated from the

following empirical relations.
Where Grashoff number

Prandtl number

For 10-1˂Gr.pr˂104

For 104<Gr.Pr<109

And for 109<Gr.Pr<1012

Observation Tabulation:

Air
Voltmeter Ammeter tempera Surface temperature of pipe in Heat transfer
2
-ture in ˚C coefficient W/m k
SL. ˚C
(V) (A)
No
T6 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Actual Theoretical

Result:
The surface heat transfer co-efficient of the pin fin by natural
convection mode was found to be:
hact= ----------W/m2K
hthe= ----------W/m2K
Ex.No:
Date:

PARALLEL FLOW AND COUNTER FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER

Aim:

To determine the rate of heat transfer LMTD and effectiveness of the given
heat exchanger.
Apparatus required:
Concentric tube heat exchanger, Measuring jar, stop watch.

Specification:

Inner tube material = Copper

Inner tube dia = 20 mm
Outer tube material = G.I
Outer tube dia = 50mm
Length of the heat exchanger = 1.5m
Insulation = asbestos rope
Capacity of geycer = 3.0KW

PROCEDURE;

1. Place thermocouples in position and note down its temperature at room

temperature, when no water is flowing. This is required to correct the
temperatures.
2. Start flow on hot water side
3. Start flow through annular and run the exchanger either as parallel or
counter flow unit.
4. Switch on the geyser.
5. Adjust the flow rate of hot water 2.5 to 3 lit/min.
6. Keep flow rate same till state conditions are reached.
7. Repeat the experiment for other type of flow.
CALCULATIONS;

Heat transfer „q ‟ calculated as

q = m hC ph (Thi -Tho)

q =mc Cpc(Tco-Tci)
Where
Cph and C pc are the specific heat of hot fluid and cold fluid
respectively.=4.180kJ/ kg k.
mh and mc are the mass of hot water and cold water flowing per second
respectively.

LMTD =Tlm = T i - To

ln ( Ti /To)

Over all heat transfer coefficient U = q

______
A T lm

Ui based on Ai =  di L
Uo based on Ao =  do L

Effectiveness of heat exchanger = m c Cpc (Tco- Tci )

mh Cph (Thi-Tci )

where ,

PARALLEL FLOW:

1. qh = mh Cph (Thi -T ho )

qc = mc Cpc ( Tco-Tci )

q = qh + qc
2 KJ / Sec
expectation
2. LMTD Tm = ( Tho - Tco ) - (Thi -Tci )

In (T ho - T co )
(T hi- T ci )

3. Over all heat transfer co efficient U = q W / m2 K

A Tm

4. Effectiveness of heat exchanger  = m c C pc ( T co -T ci )

m h Cph (T hi -T ci )

COUNTER FLOW:
qh = m h C ph (Thi -T ho)
qc = m c C pc ( Tco - Tci )

q = qh +q i

. LMTD T m = (T hi - T co ) - ( T ho - T ci )

In (T hi - T co )
(T ho -T ci )

And U = q
W / m2 K
A Tl m
4. Effectiveness of heat exchanger  = m c C pc ( T co -T c i )

m h C ph ( T hi - T ci )

PRECAUTION

The valve should be in the following position when operating the heat exchanger

1. For parallel flow

Vm ----- Open

V 1 ------- open
` V2 ---------- close
V3 ------- CONTROL
V 4 --------- control
V 5 --------- close
2. For counter flow
Vm ------ Open

V 1 ------- close`
V2 ----------. Control
V3 -------Close
V 4 --------- control
V5 ------ Close
Parallel flow HX

HOT WATER SIDE COLD WATER SIDE

Flow rate T hi T ho Flow rate Tci T co

1 lit/sec C C 1 lit/ min C C

Counter flow HX

HOT WATER SIDE COLD WATER SIDE

Flow rate
1 lit/sec T hi T ho Flow rate T ci T co

C C 1 lit/sec C C

RESULT :

Thus the effectiveness and LMTD of parallel and counter flow heat
exchanger is found to be:

Flow Pattern LMTD Effectiveness

Parallel flow
Counter flow
Ex:No
Date:
EXPERIMENTS ON PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESS

Aim:
To determine the Psychrometric properties, and process like sensible
cooling, BPF,Cooling and Dehumidification process of an air conditioning system.

Apparatus:
Test Rig, Psling Psychrometer,Stop watch.

Procedure:

1. Switch on the main supply.

2. Switch on the compressor motor.
3. Switch on the compressor fan motor.
4. Note all temperature and pressure readings for every 5 minutes till steady
state temperature reached.
5. Note time taken for 5 revolution of energy meter reading.
6. Using Psling Psychrometer calculate DBT and WBT.
7. Switch off condenser, compressor and main supply.

Observation:

 Inlet Air conditions Td1= ---oC, Tw1= ---oC

 Outlet Air Conditions Td2= ---oC, Tw2= ---oC
 Cooling Coil Temperature (Apparatus Dew Point Temperature)
(ADP) =Td3= ---oC
 Area of duct of outlet (a1)=0.064 m2
 Co efficient of discharge=0.6
 Manometer reading in ---“mm”
 Diameter of orifice=25mm

Calculation:
Using Psychrometric chart various Psychrometric properties and process has been
calculated.

Mass of air (ma) = Va/Vs1

Where, Va = Total Volume of the air through the duct (lxbxh=----m3)
(Or)
Volume of flow rate

ρa=1.295 kg/m3
Vs1= from psychrometric chart corresponding to DBT & WBT

*Capacity of the cooling coil (or) Sensible Cooling (Q) = (h1-h2) kJ/kg

*By Pass Factor BPF= (Td2 - Td3) / (Td1 - Td3)

*Sensible heat Factor SHF = (hA – h2) / (h1-h2)

Where , hA = Dehumicification enthalpy

*Amoumt of water vapour removed mw= (ω1-ω2) kg/kg of air

.

Result:

Thus the Psychrometric properties, and process like sensible cooling,

Cooling BPF and Dehumidification process of an air conditioning system was
calculated.
Ex:No
Date: THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY APPARATUS
(Two slab guarded hot plate method)
Aim:

To determine the thermal conductivity of the given specimen by two slabs

guarded hot plate method.

Specifications:

1. Diameter of the heating plates =100mm

2. Width of the heating ring =37 mm
3. Inside diameter of the heating ring =106 mm
4. Outside diameter of the heating ring =180 mm
5. Maximum thickness of the specimen Δ X =12.0mm
6. Diameter of the specimen = 180 mm
7. Mean temperature range = 40 0 C- 100 0 C
8. Maximum temperature of the hot plate = 170 0C
9. Diameter of the cooling plates = 180 mm
10. Central heater: Nichrome strip type sandwiched between mica sheets
(400watts)
11. Guarded heater ring:Nichrome strip type sandwiched between mica sheets
(400watts)
12. Dimmerstat 2 Nos, = 0-2 Amp, 0- 240 Volts.
13. Voltmeter- 0- 1000/200 V.
14. Ammeter –0-2 Amp.
15. Thermocouples: 6 Nos. (Fe-c)
16 Insulation Box 375mm x 375mm x375mm (Approx)
17. Temperature indicator: 0-400 0C

Procedure:

1. Keep dimmer states to zero voltage position before start.

2. Start the cooling circuit before switching ON the heaters.
3. Adjust the flow rate so that practically there is no temperature rise in the
circulating fluid.
4. Switch on the heater and then known input is given to central and guard
heaters through separate dimmer stats and it is adjusted to maintain the
desired temperatures.
 5. Adjust the guard heater input in such a way that there is no radial heat
flow.
6. Note down the central heater input and the thermocouple readings after
every 10 minutes
7. Note down the above set of readings till a reasonably steady state
condition is reached.
8. Take the final steady state values for calculations.

observations:
1. Central heater input (inner heater) = V1 x I1 = ---- W
2. Guard heater input (outer heater) = V2 x I2 =---- W
3. Specimen used = Press Wood
4. Specimen thickness “L”= dx = 12.0 mm
5. Diameter of specimen “d” = 180 mm
6. Metering area (A) = πd2 / 4 , m2

Tabulation:

Sl. Central Heater Guarded Heater Cooling

No Plate
Volts Amps T1 T2 Volts Amps T3 T4
0 0 0 0
(V) (I) C C (V2) (I2) C C T5 T6
0 0
C C
 Specific calculations :

Where

Result:
Thus the thermal conductivity of the given material is K= W/mk
Ex:No
Date:

PERFORMANCE TEST ON HC (LPG) REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

AND DETERMINATION OF COP
Aim:-

To conduct the performance test on refrigeration and find the value of C.O.P
Apparatus required
Test rig
Measuring jar
Stop watch
Procedure

1. Fill the evaporator tank with required amount of water.

2. Connect the power supply to 230 volt A.C single phase 50 cycle supply
mains.
3. Switch ON the fan motor and check the gas and liquid pressure are 40-
50PSI.
4. Switch ON the compressor and switch ON the temperature Indicator.
5. Note the initial and final reading of the energy meter.
6. Noted the initial temperature of water.
7. Allow the unit to run for 30 minutes and then note the temperature of water.
8. During steady running note the pressure and temperature.
9. Switch OFF the compressor, fan motor and temperature indicator.

SPECIFICATION

Energy meter constant K = 900 Rev / Kwh

Compressor
Horse power : 1/6 hp

Speed : 1500 rpm

 Working fluid : LPG

Condenser
Type : Fin-type forced Air cooling
Size of the condenser : 225 x 225 mm
No. of row of pipe : 2 row

Diameter of capillary tube : 0.030mm

Evaporator
Type : Stored water
Cooling coil size : 6mm dia, copper coil
Insulation : Insulated with glass wool packing enclosed with
box
Thermocouples : J type Fe-c
Temperature indicator : 0 – 400 degree for J type sensor
Pressure gauges : 0 – 150 psi compound gauge 2 nos.

S.N PRESSURE in bar TEMPERATURE ºC Energy Meter

o Reading (Sec)
P1 P2 P3 P4 T1 T2 T3 T4

Specification:

1. Height of water level = mm

2. Diameter of water container d= m
3. Initial temperature of water Twi = °C
4. Final temperature of water Twf = °C
Formula:

Difference in temperature d T= Twi – Twf

Mass of water m = density of water ×volume kg
Volume =π d2h / 4
( If the water is measured and poured in the cylinder means directly
take the volume of the water )

Amount of heat removed = m xCp x (dT/dt) in watts

Amount of work input =

Where n = number of revolution

T = time taken for no of revolution
K = Energy meter constant =900
Actual C.O.P = Amount of heat removed
work input
Carnot C.O.P = T min /( Tmax – Tmin)
COPref < COPcarnot
Constant, K=900 rev/kw Cp for water=4180 J/kg K

RESULT
Thus the performance test on the refrigeration test rig is conducted
and actual cop is determined
COP actual = ----------

COP carnot = --------

Ex:No
Date:

PERFORMANCE OF WATER COOLING TOWER

Aim:

To conduct the performance test on cooling tower.

Apparatus required:

Cooling tower, Wet and dry bulb thermometer, air blower, waterpump ,
manometer and stop watch.

Procedure:

1. Fill the water tank with required amount of water.

2. Connect the power supply to 230 volt A.C single phase 50 cycle supply
mains.
3. Switch ON the air blower and note the air inlet and out let DBT and WBT.
4. Measure the manometric head value.
5. Measure the mass flow rate water inlet and out condition.
6. Allow the unit to run for 30 minutes and then note the temperature of water.
7. Measure the water inlet and outlet temperature
8. Switch OFF all the electrical units.
Observations:
Mass Mano After Water Water Air property (0C)
flow rate -metric cooling inlet outlet Entry Exit
of water head quantity Temper Temper Td1 Tw1 Td2 Tw2
mw H (cm) of water -ature -ature
0
(lph) collected ( C) (0C)
mcwo
(1lit/sec)
x y T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
Tavg
mw = x/3600 kg/sec
H = y/100 m
Where,
Td1= Dry bulb temperature of air at inlet
Td2= Dry bulb temperature of air at outlet
Tw1= Wet bulb temperature of air at inlet
Tw2= Wet bulb temperature of air at outlet
do = orifice diameter= 30mm

From Psychrometric chart,

Specifi humidity of air ω1 = -----kg/kg of air

ω2 = -----kg/kg of air
Partial pressure of vapour pv1 =-------- mm of Hg

pv1 = ( --mm of Hg) * 1.013/760 , bar

Calculations:
Mass flow rate of air

Mass flow rate of hot water

Mass of water vapour in air at entry mv1= ω1 * ma kg/sec

Mass of water vapour in air at exit mv2= ω2 * ma kg/sec

Makeup of water required (or) mass of water evaporated

= ( mv2 - mv1) kg/sec

Efficiency of cooling tower

Result:
Thus by conducting the experiment in cooling tower the following results
were obtained:

Makeup of water required (or) mass of water evaporated = ---------kg/sec

Efficiency of cooling tower= ------%