MEE 2005 Heat Transfer

Module 1
 Agenda

• Syllabus
• Difference between & Heat
Thermodynamics
• Transfer.
• Modes of heatmodes
Laws governing transfer
of heat transfer
• Applications of heat transfer.

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 Module 1 - Fundamental Concepts
Topic
Introduction
Basic principles of heat conduction, convection, radiation

Module 2 - Conduction I
Topic
General equation of heat conduction in different coordinate systems
1D steady state conduction in simple geometries
Electrical analogy, Conduction in composite walls & shells
Critical thickness of insulation
Thermal contact resistance, Overall heat transfer coefficient
1D steady conduction heat transfer with heat generation

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 Module 3 - Conduction II
Topic
Steady state heat conduction in 2D - graphical method
Conduction shape factor
Numerical methods of solution
Unsteady state heat transfer: lumped system analysis CAT 1
Semi-infinite bodies - chart solutions

Module 4 - Convection I
Topic
Review of fluid mechanics concepts, Governing equations
Forced convection: External flow over flat plate, cylinder, sphere,
tube bundles
Internal flow through circular pipes
MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer
 Module 5 – Convection II

Topic
Natural convection: Flow over vertical, horizontal plates
Flow over cylinders, spheres
Combined natural and forced convection CAT 2
Fundamentals of boiling and condensation

Module 6 – Radiation
Topic
Terminology and laws, black and real surfaces
Effect of orientation - view factor
Electrical analogy - surface and space resistances

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 Module 7 – Practical Applications

Topic
Extended surfaces
Heat exchangers, radiation shields

Module 8 – Contemporary Discussion – Guest lecture

Revision of topics

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 Evaluation Plan

Theory Assignments
Item %
Item % Weightage Weightage
CAT 1 15 Assignment 1 (before CAT 1) 10
CAT 2 15 Assignment 2 (before CAT 2) 10
Digital assignments (3) 30 Assignment 3 (before FAT) 10
FAT 40

Total 100 Total

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 References
• R. C. Sachdeva, (2005), Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, New Age
International (P) Ltd.
• Yunus A. Cengel, (2000) Heat Transfer-A Practical Approach, Tata McGraw
Hill Publishing Company Ltd.
• C. P. Kothandaraman and S. Subramanyan, (2004), Heat and Mass
Transfer Data Book, Fifth Edition, New Age International Publishers.
• Frank P. Incropera and David P. Dewitt, (2002), Fundamentals of Heat and
Mass Transfer, Fifth Edition, John Wiley & Sons.
• J. P. Holman, (2005), Heat Transfer, 9th Edition, McGraw-Hill Publishing
Company Ltd.
• P. K. Nag, (2005), Heat Transfer, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd.
• S. P. Venkateshan, (2004), First Course in Heat Transfer, Ane
Books
Publishers.
• Sarit K Das, (2005), Process Heat Transfer, Narosa Publishing House.
MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer
MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer
 Module I –
Introduction to Heat Transfer

From Thermodynamics

Energy Transfer by virtue of Difference in Temperature (T)

Heat Transfer
 Difference between
Thermodynamics & Heat Transfer
Thermodynamics Heat Transfer

1. Amount of heat transfer is 1. Rate of heat transfer is

determined. determined.
Hot water Vol =
1 litre m =
1 kg
T1 = 80C
T2 = 30C

tx = 4 hours
ty = 8 hours
Brand X
Brand Y

Q = m cp T
 Difference between
Thermodynamics & Heat Transfer
Thermodynamics Heat Transfer

1. Amount of heat transfer is 1. Rate of heat transfer is

determined. determined.
2. Modes/Mechanisms of 2. Modes/Mechanisms of
heat transfer are not heat transfer are
studied. studied.
3. Systems will be in
equilibrium (Quasi-static 3. Systems will not be in
processes). equilibrium.

4. High temp to low and low 4. High temp to low temp

temp to high temp are only are discussed.
discussed.
Modes of Heat Transfer

(i) Conduction
(ii) Convection

(iii) Radiation

14
Conduction
Difference in Temperature
+
Medium
+
(No Bulk Motion)

Lattice Vibration

Conduction
Free electrons

Conduction by Lattice Vibration

15
 Conduction
Free Electrons Lattice Vibration (Molecular Vibration)
Occurs only in metals Occurs in all solids
Fast Process Slow Process

Note: In metals both the mechanisms of conduction occurs but conduction by free
electrons is predominant.

Free electrons gain energy upon heating and move faster and transfer the thermal
energy. They move in between the atoms before they collide with the atoms

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

Conduction

T1
JOSEPH FOURIER

T Governed by Fourier’s Law:

The rate of conductive heat transfer is
directly proportional to temperature gradient
T
T2 and Area of cross section.
 dT 
dx Q  k A c  
 dx 
x Where,
𝑄 - rate of heat transfer (W)
k - thermal conductivity (W/mK)

Ac - area of cross section (m 2)

dT/dx- temperature gradient (K/m)

The equation implies that the heat transfer decreases along 18

the direction of heat flow
 Thermal Conductivity (k)

• Thermal Conductivity is the rate of heat

transfer through a unit thickness of the
material per unit area per unit temperature
difference
• High value of k indicates good heat conductor
• Low value of k indicates a poor heat conductor
or an insulator
• Copper and silver are good conductors while
rubber, wood, styrofoam are bad conductors.

10
Convection
Dif ference in Temperature Water
+
Medium Pan
+
Bulk Motion
Upon heating

Expands (Volume
increases)
Mass remains same

Convection is governed by
Newton’s Law of Cooling

19
 Convection

• Convection is the mode of energy transfer

between a solid surface and the adjacent liquid or
gas that is in motion
• It involves the combined effects of conduction
and fluid motion
• Forced takes place when the flow
Convection
caused by an external means like a fan or a pump
• Free Convection takes place due to density
differences

13
 Examples of Convection

(a) Forced Convection, (b) Free Convection, (c) Boiling, (d) Condensation 14
 Rate Equation for Convection
• Newton’s law of cooling gives the rate equation
for convection
Q co  hATs  T
nv W
h  Convective heat transfer coefficient, 2
m K
A  Area, m 2
T s Surface temperature, K
T  Fluid temperature, K

• The Convective heat coefficient (h) is not

transfer
a property of the fluid
15
 Natural Convection
-Bulk motion is due to density difference
which in turn is due to temperature
difference
Convection
Forced Convection
-Bulk motion is due to external aid like fan,
blower, pump etc.,

22
Radiation

Difference in Temp
+
No Medium / Medium

23
Radiation
Go verned by
Stef an- Boltzmann Law Ludwig Boltzmann
Josef Stefan
The rate of radiative heat transfer is directly proportional to fourth
power of absolute temperature and surface area.

Experimentally proved by
JOSEF STEFAN and
Theoretically proved by
LUDWIG BOLTZMANN

24
Notations

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

Applications of Heat Transfer

1. Design of boiler, condenser, Heat etc.,

2. Exchanger
3. Electronics Cooling
4. Space applications (Re-entry Vehicles)
5. Jet & Rocket Propulsion Systems
6. Cryogenic
IC Engines,Storage.
Incinerators & Combustion.
7. Refrigeration & A/C
8. Manufacturing Processes
9. Thermal Stress Analysis

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 Modes of Heat Transfer

Mode of Heat Solid Liquid Gas Vacuum

Transfer
Conduction Y N/Y N N

Convection N Y Y N

Radiation Y Y Y Y
(Q) (Q) (Q) (Q)

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 Recap

Conduction

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 Convection

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

 Radiation

MEE 2005 - Heat Transfer

The wall of an industrial furnace is constructed from 0.15-m-thick fireclay brick having a
thermal conductivity of 1.7 W/m⋅K. Measurements made during steady-state operation
reveal temperatures of 1400 and 1150 K at the inner and outer surfaces, respectively.
What is the rate of heat loss through a wall that is 0.5 m × 1.2 m on a side?
Consider a person whose exposed surface area is 1.7 m2 , emissivity is 0.7, and surface
temperature is 32°C. Determine the rate of heat loss from that person by radiation in a large
room having walls at a temperature of (a) 300 K and (b) 280 K.
A 1.4-m-long, 0.2-cm-diameter electrical wire extends across a room that is maintained at
20°C. Heat is generated in the wire as a result of resistance heating, and the surface
temperature of the wire is measured to be 240°C in steady operation. Also, the voltage drop
and electric current through the wire are measured to be 110 V and 3 A, respectively.
Disregarding any heat transfer by radiation, determine the convection heat transfer
coefficient for heat transfer between the outer surface of the wire and the air in the room.
A 1000-W iron is left on the iron board with its base exposed to the air at 20°C. The convection
heat transfer coefficient between the base surface and the surrounding air is 35 W/m2 · °C. If
the base has an emissivity of 0.6 and a surface area of 0.02 m2, determine the temperature of
the base of the iron
Consider steady heat transfer between two large parallel plates at constant temperatures of
T1 =290 K and T2 =150 K that are L=2 cm apart. Assuming the surfaces to be black (emissivity
1), determine the rate of heat transfer between the plates per unit surface area assuming the
gap between the plates is (a) filled with atmospheric air, (b) evacuated, (c) filled with
fiberglass insulation, and (d) filled with superinsulation having an apparent thermal
conductivity of 0.00015 W/m · °C

The thermal conductivities are k = 0.00015 W/m⋅°C for super insulation, k = 0.01979
W/m⋅°C for air, and k = 0.036 W/m⋅°C for fiberglass insulation
A 10-cm diameter copper ball is to be heated from 100°C to an average temperature of
150°C in 30 minute. Taking the average density and specific heat of copper in this
temperature range to be (density= 8950 kg/m3 and Cp=0.395 kJ/kg · °C, respectively,
determine (a) the total amount of heat transfer to the copper ball, (b) the average rate of
heat transfer to the ball, and (c) the average heat flux.
A 50-cm-long, 800-W electric resistance heating element with diameter 0.5 cm and surface
temperature 120°C is immersed in 60 kg of water initially at 20°C. Determine how long it will
take for this heater to raise the water temperature to 80°C. Also, determine the convection
heat transfer coefficients at the beginning and at the end of the heating process