Heat Transfer

BKF2422

Chapter 1

Introduction to Engineering
Principles and Units
 Topic Outcomes

It is expected that students will be able to:

• Explain the mechanisms of conduction heat

transfer
• Derive heat transfer equation for steady state
condition with or without heat generation
• Solve problems using steady-state conduction
principles
 Contents
• Units and Dimensions
• Energy and Heat Units
• Conservation of Energy and Heat
Balances
• Introduction and Mechanisms of Heat
Transfer
 Units and Dimensions
• Dimensions are:
– properties that can be measured such as
length, time, mass, temperature.
– properties that can be calculated by
multiplying or dividing other dimensions,
such as velocity (length/time).

• Units are:
– means of expressing the dimensions such as
ft or m for length, hours/seconds for time.
 SI quantities used in heat
transfer
Quantities Unit
Force N
Mass kg
Time s
Temperature C or K
Energy J
Power W
Thermal Conductivity W/m. C
Heat Transfer Coefficient W/m2. C
Specific Heat J/kg. C
Heat Flux W/m2
 Energy and Heat Units

• Heat – form of energy that is transferred

across the boundary of a system at a given
temperature to another system at lower
temperature.
• In the SI unit, energy is given in joules (J) or
kilojoules (KJ). It is also expressed in British
thermal unit (btu) or calories (cal).
• 1 btu= 252.16 cal = 1.05506 kJ
 Energy and Heat
• Heat capacity – (sometimes called specific heat)
Energy required to raise the temperature of a
substance by one degree. (J/kmol. K, cal/g.C or
btu/lbmol. F)
• Latent heat – Amount of enthalpy change involved
at constant temperature when a subtstance
undergoes a phase change. (kJ/mol, btu/lbm)
• Heat of reaction- Change in enthalpy accompanied
when chemical reactions occur.
 Conservation of Energy and
Heat Balances
• Law of conservation energy:
All energy entering a process is equal to that
leaving plus that left in the process.
Energy appear in many forms: work, heat
flow, kinetic energy, chemical energy etc.
• Heat balance:
Heat coming into the inlet plus any heat added
to the process are equal to the heat leaving.
 Introduction and Mechanisms of
Heat Transfer
• The general balance for heat transfer:
(Rate of heat in) + (Rate of generation of heat) =
(Rate of heat out) + (Rate of accumulation of heat)

• If we assume steady-state heat transfer,

- no heat generation.
- rate of accumulation is zero.
- the rate of heat transfer is then constant with time.
- the temperature at various points in the system do not
change with time.
rate of heat input = rate of heat output
 Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

• Heat transfer is thermal energy transport due to a

temperature difference.
• Heat transfer occur because of a temperature difference
driving force and heat flows from the high to the low
temperature region.
• 3 mechanism of heat transfer are;
i) Conduction
ii) Convection
iii) Radiation
We believed we knew
something about conduction
 Conduction
• When a temperature gradient exist in a body, there is
energy transfer from the high-temperature region to the
low-temperature region.
• The energy is been transferred by conduction.
• In conduction, heat can be conducted through solids,
liquids and gases.
• The heat is conducted by the transfer of the energy of
motion between adjacent molecules.
 Conduction-continue
• Let’s consider a brick wall, of thickness L=0.3 m which
in a cold winter day is exposed to a constant inside 
temperature, T1 =20°C and a constant outside 
temperature, T2 =­20°C. 
 Conduction-continue
• Under steady­state conditions, the temperature varies 
linearly as a function of x.

• The rate of conductive heat transfer in the x­direction, qx
depends on:
T1  T2
qx 
L
 Conduction: Fourier’s Law
• Flux of conduction heat transfer can be
expressed in terms of the Fourier ’s Law:

qx dT
 k
A dx
qx : heat-transfer rate in the x direction (W or J/s)
A : cross sectional are normal to the heat flow (m2)
k : thermal conductivity (W/m. K)
dT/dx : temperature different in the x direction.  

• Minus sign because heat flows from high to low T 
 Try This

• Calculate the heat loss per m2 of surface area for the

insulating wall of a food cold storage where the
outside temperature is 300K and the inside
temperature 276 K. The wall is composed of 25.4
mm of corkboard.
We also knew something
about convection…
 Convection

• Convection – transfer of heat by bulk transport and

mixing of macroscopic element of warmer portions
with cooler portions of a gas or a liquid.
• It often involves the energy exchange between a
solid surface and a fluid.
• 2 types of convection:
– Forced-convection heat transfer
– Natural/Free-convection heat transfer
 Convection-continue
• Air at 20°C blows over a hot plate, which is maintained 
at a temperature Ts =300°C and has dimensions 20x40 
cm.

• The convective heat flux is proportional to

q x  Ts  T
 Convection: Newton’s Cooling Equation
• When the fluid outside solid surface is in forced or natural
convective motion, the rate of heat transfer from the solid to the
fluid or vice versa:
Tw Fluid
Flowing

q  hA(Tw  T f ) Tf

q : heat transfer rate (W) q

A : area (m2)
Tw : temperature of solid surface (K)
Tf : average temperature of bulk fluid flowing to
the solid (K)
h : convective heat transfer coefficient (W/m 2. K)
 h, convective heat transfer
coefficient
• There are some correlations for predicting film
coefficient, h
- physical properties of the fluid.
- type and velocity of flow.
- temperature different.
- geometry of specific physical system.
• Variables involved viscosity, µ; thermal conductivity, k;
density, ρ; flow velocity, ν and specific heat, cp and etc.
• Dimensionless members are used to correlate these data
with heat transfer coefficient. NPr, NRe, NNu
 Try This

• Calculate NRe for air at 477.6 K as it

flows through a tube of 25.4 mm inside
diameter at a velocity of 7.62 m/s.
 Try This

• Calculate NRe for water at 65.6 C as it

flows through a tube of 26.6 mm inside
diameter at a velocity of 2.44 m/s.
Let’s discuss about radiation
 Radiation
• Radiation is the transfer of energy through a space
by electromagnetic waves.
• One of easiest example is the transfer of heat from
the sun to the earth.
• Thermal radiation is energy emitted by matter 
• Can occur from solid surfaces, liquids and gases. 
• Does not require presence of a medium.
 Radiation: Stefan-Boltzmann
equation
• Radiation heat transfer can be calculate from Stefan-
Boltzmann equation:
4 4
q  A1 (T1  T2 )
A1 : area of object (m2)
T1 : temperature of object (K)
T2 : temperature of surrounding (K)
ε : emissivity (dimensionless)
σ : Boltzmann constant (5.676 x 10-8 W/m2. K4 or
0.1714 x 10-8 btu/h. ft2. °R4)