5 ‘The bar chart below shows the amounts of some atnasspheric pollutants of a city in one year : ‘Amounts of pollutants (10° kg per year) Key: ZZ Portce TRE Nitrogen oxides Hydrocarbons [5 Sutphur dioxide [IM cerbon monoxide 0 fe 7 { i 0 T+ Hi Industry Motor Power wee, (©) Whatis the toa mas of polls from power sions in a ‘rms i) Which pollutants produc in the greatest amountinindustry ? (1. mark) Gi) Sopgeat he mow eetive way to sede si pollition inthis iy. Expnn your anver aut (6) State ONE harmful eff ofeach ofthe following plans to noma ea (yes (2) carbon monoxide (2 marks) (0) How may sulphur dixie produced by power stations cause pollen ina merby pond? mars) (0) Suggest ONE other potato shown in the bar chat that may be proce by't power sation een END OF PAPER 91-CE BIO PAPER | HONG KONG EXAMINATIONS AUTHORITY HONG KONG CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION EXAMINATION 1991 BIOLOGY PAPER | ( 8.30 am-10.00 am (13 hours) This paper must be answered in English 1. Attempt THREE questions only. 2. Bach question consists of three parts 3. All questions carry equal marks. 4. The diagrams in this paper are NOT necessarily drawn to scale. a CfetTh REM Hong Kong Examinations Authority —— AN Rights Reserved 1991 91-CE-BI0 I-1ht) Photomicrograph 1 91-CEBI0 1-2 Photomicrograph 1 shows some cells of a human olood smear. Photomicrograph 2 shows some cells of an onion epidermis. Photomicrograph 2 (With reference to the photomicrographs only, state TWO structural differences between cell A and cell C. (2 marks) Gi) @)_— The central part of cell B looks lighter in colour. Explain this with reference to its shape. (2 marks) (2) How is this shape related to its function? (2 marks) ii) Cell A is found in large numbers in wounds. What is the function of cell A there ? (1 mark) (iv) Describe and explain what would happen if cell B were put into ‘ concentrated sugar solution for 20 minutes. (@ marks) (¥) Make a labelled drawing of cell C if the onion epidermis were put into a hypertonic solution for 20 minutes. G marks) -1 1 @) 91-CE-810 1-3 ‘The sable below shows the contents and the energy value of human milk and cow’s milk : Human milk Cow's milk (er 100 cm’) (per 100 em’) protein 128 348 fat 388 388 carbohydrate 108 48g vitamin A 0.053 mg 0.034 mg vitamin C 4.30 mg 1,80 mg vitamin D 0.0008 mg 0.0002 mg, calcium 0.034 g 0.126 g phosphorus 0.016 g 0.100 g iron 0.00021 g 0.00015 g ‘water 81.68 87.28 energy value 300 J 290 13 WITH REFERENCE TO THE TABLE ABOVE, answer the following questions @ «i Gi) ww) (Q) Which mineral is present in the least amount in both types of milk? (1 mark) (2) Inthe absence of this mineral, what deficiency symptom would develop ? (1 mark) ‘A one-year-old baby requires 5100 KJ of energy a day. How ‘much human milk should the baby take in one day to meet its energy requirements ? (1 mark) Give ONE advantage of breast feeding a baby over bottle feeding with cow's milk. Explain your answer. (2 marks) ‘Suggest TWO reasons why cow's milk is better for the growth Of children and youths. Explain your answer. (4 marks)L © [gnore the original Page 3] In humans, normal body pigmentation is determined by a pair of alleles. A person lacking body pigments is called an albino. Answer the questions with reference to the following two pedigrees : Gi) 91-CE-BIO 1-4 o_o 1 2 p# 99 Key + [i normal male Datbino mate @ vermal female O abino female Which character, normal body pigmentation or albino, is recessive ? Explain your answer. (Note : genetic diagrams will NOT be accepted.) (4 marks) (2) Explain by means of a genetic diagram, the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring when individual 6 is ‘married to individual 10. (Note: Use D to represent the dominant allele, and d to represent the recessive allele.) (4 marks) (2) Suppose the first 3 children of this couple have normal body pigmentation, what will be the chance of their 4th child being an albino ? (mark) 2 @ 91-CE-BI0 1-5 In a experiment, four spots on a starch agar plate were treated differently as shown in the diagram below = bread mould only Spot A saliva mixed with acid Spot D Spot B oiled saliva starch agar plate Spot C (viewed from above) saliva only ‘The set-up was then incubated in an oven at 37°C. After 24 hours, the agar plate was flooded with iodine solution and the results were recorded in the table below Spot Colour change of the starch agar plate after flooding with iodine solution Content/treatment com> Blue black Blue black Reddish brown Reddish brown Saliva mixed with acid Boiled saliva Saliva only Bread mould only 0 a i) Ww) o Explain the colour change at spots A and B. G marks) Briefly account for the result on spot D- (2 marks) Suggest TWO reasons to explain why the agar plate was incubated at 37°C. (2 marks) A similar set-up was left unattended, After a week, black dots ‘were found covering the agar plate. Draw a labelled diagram to show some of these black dots and their associated structures when observed under a microscope of high magnification. G marks) Medical authorities advise that care should be taken in performing experiments using saliva, Suggest ONE reason for this. (1 mark) -4-91-CE 10-6 ‘An experiment was performed to study the effect ot the removal of the liver on the blood urea concentration of a mammal. The blood urea concentration of this mammal was measured from 07:00 to 20:00 hours. ‘The animal's liver was removed at 08:00 hours. The results were as follows ‘Time of day Blood urea concentration (hours) (ng per 100 em? blood) 07:00 720 (08:00 (liver removed) 7.0 11:00 3.6 26 17:00 20 20:00 16 (Plot a graph to show how the blood urea concentration varies with time, G marks) (i) Explain the change in the blood urea concentration after 08:00 hours. marks) Gili) Describe and explain the changes in the blood urea concentration if the kidneys instead of the liver of the mammal were removed at 08:00 hours, G marks) (iv) State ONE other function of the liver. (1 mark) a (©) The diagram below shows a sealed glass bottle in which small green plants afe growing in most sol and humus. When placed nan Environment with suitable temperature and ight the plants can ie or tye , green plants transparent lass bottle” ——_, most so and hums ee (1) + carbon dioxide and oxygen, (@) water, and (3) inorganic nutrients. Explin how these supplies are maintained inside the sealed glass bottle. (6 marks) Gi) Suggest ONE biotic component which is absent from this partcular ‘ecosystem’ ‘(mark) (ii) Explain why the addition of humus othe soil is paiculaly importa in this ese (@ marks) o1-ce8i0-7 ace >3 (a) @ vamp oe af gas ai srceaio re A water soluble dye has a colourless form which changes to blue if ‘oxygen is provided : add oxygen colourless form blue form ‘The diagram below shows an experimental set-up to study the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis of Hydrilla, The time taken (T) for the colourless dye solution to change to blue is a measure of the relative rate of photosynthesis, oil layer Hydrilla Ae--| colourless dye solution * Z| sodium hydrogencarbonate distance Using the results of the experiment, a graph is plotted as shown below : 0 10 20 30 40 Relative light intensity (arbitrary unit) ae ai) (1) What is the purpose of adding a layer of oil on top of the solution ? (1 mark) (2) Why is sodium hydrogencarbonate added ? (0 mark) (3) Whats the relationship between the distance of the lamp away from the boiling tube and the relative light intensity ? (A mark) (4) How long did it take for the solution to change to blue when the relative light intensity was at 10 arbitrary units ? Show all your calculations, (2 marks) (5) What conclusion can you draw from the results of this experiment ? 2 marks) ‘A student found that gently blowing air into a solution of the colourless form of this dye could change it into the blue form. Hee doubted that this colour change was due to carbon dioxide rather than oxygen in his breath. Draw and label a simple ‘experimental set-up to show that this colour change is NOT ‘caused by carbon dioxide. (4 marks)‘The photograph below shows an amoeba feeding on a food particle. Structure X is responsible for feeding. Structure Y is responsible for ‘osmoregulation. Y discharges its content periodically. 3 ® structure X. food particle @ i) Gi) 91-CE-B10 1-10 structure Y structure X Name structures X and Y. (2 marks) Describe how structure X helps in feeding. (2 marks) ‘Two samples of amoeba (A and B) were collected from two different locations along a river. They were mounted alive in their natural media and observed under a microscope. The following results were obtained : Sample | _ Time interval between 2 samp discharges of structure Y A 10s B 300 s ‘Assuming that the volumes of fluid removed in each discharge ‘were the same in the two samples, answer the following questions : (1) Calculate the rate of discharge of structure Y in sample ‘A. Express your answer in number of discharges per minute. (1 mark) (2 Explain the difference in the rates of discharge in the ‘two samples. G marks) Boe 3 © 91-CEBI0 1-11 ‘The diagram below shows part of the human respiratory system : 0 a ii) ww) ) trachea [Name the ring-like structure A. State its function. (2 marks) (1) Name the structures labelled B. (1 mark) (2) Explain why the Tung will collapse if structure B is punctured in an accident. (2 marks) What would happen to muscle C when a person tries to breathe out as much air as possible ? (1 mark) Explain how each of the following features of the alveoti facilitates gaseous exchange in the lungs (Q)—one-cell thick 2) greatly folded @) moist (3 marks) Cigarette smoke may inhibit the beating of the cilia in the respiratory tract. Explain how this could reduce the efficiency Of the lungs in gaseous exchange. (2 marks) ==> ~10-4. (@ The diagram below shows an apparatus used to stuay the respiration of germinating seeds : wo wi ii) 91-CE-BI0 1-12 Dent rubber tubing with serew clip glass container concentrated potassium hydroxide solution ‘germinating seed ‘moist cotton woo! position A initial level beaker contai coloured water ing At the beginning of the experiment, itis better to set the initial water level near the middle of the glass tubing. (1) Suggest a reason for this. (1 mark) @) Suggest a method of doing this. @ marks) ‘After one hour the water level rose to position A. Explain this phenomenon. GS marks) In another experiment, the concentrated potassium hydroxide solution was replaced by water. After one hour, the water level remained unchanged. Explain this observation in terms of ‘gaseous exchange. (i mark) -1- 4. (b) The graph below shows the pressure changes that occur in the two ventricles X and Y, during 2 consecutive cardiac cycles of a man at rest : Key: ventricle X —— ventricle ¥ ~ 120 Ventricular 80 pressure (mm He) a Time (s) @ With reference to the graph, calculate the number of heartbeats per minute of this man at rest. (1 mark) (i) (1) Which of the ventricles, X or Y, is responsible for supplying blood to all parts of the body except the lungs ? (1 mark) @) Explain your answer with reference to the graph. (C1 mark) (ii) (1) State the function ofthe heart valves. (2 marks) ? 2) Whatis the condition of the valves between the i auricles andthe ventricles at time A? (I mark) (I) Explain your answer with reference to the graph. (2 marks) (iv) Name the blood vessels which receive blood from the left and right ventricles respectively. Compare the oxygen content in their blood. G marks) 91-C8-810 1-13 -12- -4. (© In human reproduction, occasionally a fertilized egg may split and develop into two embryos. These embryos will eventually develop into two identical offspring. The following diagram shows some of the stages described above : «Q Sem process X process Y Pn or B— QGows / \ steucture M 91-CE810 1-14 -13- @ a Gi) ww w wi 91-CE-BI0 1-15 Name the organ in which sperms are produced. (mark) (1) Name the type of cell division by which eggs are produced. (mark) (2) Explain the significance of this type of cell division on the chromosome number of the offspring, (2 marks) Where does process X normally occur in ‘the female reproductive tract ? (1 mark) ‘Name the type of cell division involved in process Y. (1 mark) (1) Name structure M. (1 mark) (2) State ONE function of the vein inside structure M. (1 mark) If the two offspring were brought up in two different countries, (1) give ONE body characteristic which is identical in both offspring. (2) give ONE body characteristic in which they may differ from each other. (2 marks) -4- >5. (@)__ The diagram below shows the cross section of a humidn spinal cord and the nervous supply to the arm = effector muscle receptor hot abject (If the hand touches a hot object accidentally, the hand will withdraw from it immediately. (1) What happens to the effector muscle in this response ? (1 mark) 91-CE-BI0 1-16 -15~ (iy) (2) The action of this effector muscle results in movement at a joint. (Name this joint. (1 mark) (11) What is the characteristic of the movement at this joint? (0 mark) ‘Three men (X, Y and Z) were injured in a traffic accident. A. doctor found out that their brains were still functioning normally. He then conducted further tests to check if there was any damage to other parts of their nervous systems. Test(s) conducted with the eyes of the patients blindfolded ‘Observations X's finger tip was ricked by a pin X felt the pain but he did not, withdraw his hand Y could not feel the pain and did not withdraw his hand Y's finger tip was ricked by a pin YY was asked to move | ¥ could move his hand. his hand z Z withdrew his hand but he ‘was unaware of the touch and the withdrawal of his hand Z's fingertip was pricked by a pin 91-CE-BI0 1-17 Which part of the nervous system was most likely damaged in X, ¥ and Z respectively ?. Explain your answer in each case. (8 marks) -16- EM5. (b)_An-experiment was carried out to investigate the énect of removing cotyledons on the growth of bean seedlings. 500 bean seeds were soaked in water for 24 hours. They were then divided into 5 batches (A to E) and allowed to germinate, 4 batches of these germinating seedlings had their cotyledons removed at different stages of the germination. At the end of 8 weeks, all the plants were collected, dried in an oven and weighed to obtain the dry weight. The results are shown in the table below : Batch Treatment Average dry weight (per plant) after 8 weeks Cotyledons not removed Cotyledons removed on the 4th day of germination Cotyledons removed on the 7th day of germination Cotyledons removed on the 10th day of germination Cotyledons removed on the 13th day of germination 438 O78 18g 408 43¢ 91-08-10 1-18 Se @ Gi ii) (wv) o Give ONE reason why soaking the seeds in water is necessary for germination. (1 mask) (1) What is meant by ‘dry weight’ ? (1 mark) (2) Why is dry weight preferred to fresh weight in the interpretation of the results of this experiment ? (Note: Fresh weight refers to the weight of the plants freshly collected.) (2 matks) Why was a large sample size of seeds (100 per batch) used in this experiment ? (1 mark) Describe the effect on the growth of bean seedlings of the removal of the cotyledons (Q) on the 4th day of germination. (2) on the 13th day of germination (2 marks) From your knowledge of the functions of cotyledons, explain the effect of each of the above cases mentioned in (iv). G marks) QUESTION 5 CONTINUES ON THE NEXT PAGE. 91-CE-810 1-19 -18-