PIPESIZEspreadsheettemplateforpipesizing.

Copyright2013byStephenHall,PE
PIPESIZEisanExcelspreadsheettemplate.Itsizespipesforliquidorgasflow.PIPESIZEisextensively
tested;Icreatedthefirstversionin1989andhavecontinuallyenhanceditsince.
The2013version(3.10)addsamuchimprovedcalculationalgorithmforheatloss/gainestimates,anda
newLineListfeature.
Thetemplateconsistsofseveralworksheets.MostofyourdatainputisontheDataInputworksheet;
theothersareusedforassemblingreportsandsupportingdata.CellsrequiringUserInputaredisplayed
withREDtext;othercellsareinBLACK.

Figure1:MostdatainputisdoneontheDataInputworksheet

UINSPS02April2013

PIPESIZE
TableofContents
QuickStart.....................................................................................................................................................3
SystemRequirements...................................................................................................................................4
InitialSetupandOrientation.........................................................................................................................5
DataEntryWorksheet...................................................................................................................................8
QuickResults...............................................................................................................................................12
Datasheet....................................................................................................................................................13
ErrorsandWarnings...................................................................................................................................14
PressureDropCalculations.........................................................................................................................15
HeatLoss/GainCalculations.......................................................................................................................18
InsulationWorksheet..................................................................................................................................23
PropertiesWorksheet.................................................................................................................................24
LineListWorksheet.....................................................................................................................................29
LIQFLOWWorksheet...................................................................................................................................30
OPTLIQWorksheet......................................................................................................................................31
EquivalentLengthWorksheet.....................................................................................................................32
VelocitiesWorksheet..................................................................................................................................34

PIPESIZE
QuickStart
Performyourfirstpressuredropcalculationbyfollowingthesesteps:
1. EnsurethatMacrosareenabled
2. NavigatetotheDataInputworksheet
3. CellC17:Choosepreferredsystemofunits,EnglishorSI(radiobuttons)
4. CellG32:ChooseLiquidorGas(radiobuttons)
5. CellF31:Enternameofthefluid,orchooseonefromthepulldownlistatH31
6. CellF33:Entertheflowrate(besuretousetheunitsthatareindicated)
7. CellF36:Ifthisisagascalculation,enterthepressure
8. TakenoteofthemessagesatCellsE32,G37,G38,andG39.EnterdataifitsaysEntryRequired
(itmeansthatthefluidnameenteredinCell31ismissingfromthePropertiesTable,seepage
24)
9. CellD43:Ifyouarecalculatingforaknownpipediameter,selecttheSpecificDiameter(radio
button).Otherwise,selectEconomic
10. CellG47:Entertheapproximateequivalentlengthofthepipesegmentyouarecalculating.If
youdontknowtheequivalentlength,enteravaluethatis1.4timestheactuallengthofthe
pipe.
ReadresultsinthetableincolumnsK:N.Noticethatresultsforthreepipesizesaredisplayed.The
specifiedsize(orsizedeterminedbyPIPESIZE)isinthemiddle,atRows35to41.Itisflankedbythenext
smallerandnextlargersizes.
Therearemanyadditionalvariablesthatyoucanenter;theyareexplainedinthismanual.However,for
themostpart,theinputsareselfexplanatory.

PIPESIZE
SystemRequirements

PersonalcomputerrunningMicrosoftExcelwithVisualBasicforApplications(VBA).This
requirementmeansthatOpenOfficeandotherprogramscapableofopeningandeditingbasic
ExcelworksheetswillnotworkVBAisrequired.Excel97ontheMaclacksVBAandistherefore
incompatible,howeverOffice2010ontheMaciscompatible

Excelmustbeconfiguredtoallowmacrostorun.ThiscanbedonethroughSecuritysettings,or
byenablingmacroseachtimePIPESIZEisopened

PIPESIZE
InitialSetupandOrientation
WhenyoufirstopenPIPESIZEyoushouldseetheDataInputscreen.Ifnot,selecttheleftmosttabatthe
bottomoftheExcelwindow.
Werecommendthatyoustartbyexploringabit.EntriesthatappearinREDarevalidcellsfordataentry.
TheBLACKcellscontainresultsfromintermediateorfinalcalculations.Generally,onlytheREDcellsare
unlocked.YouquicklynavigateamongthembyusingtheTABkey.
AlthoughtheworksheetsareProtected,thisisonlydonetohelpavoidinadvertentchangestocellsthat
containformulas.TherearenopasswordsandtheentireworkbookisOpenSource.
PIPESIZEisshippedconfiguredforprintingonUSlettersizepaper.IfyouuseA4paper,pleasegotoeach
sheetinturn.GotoPageSetup...ThenchangepapertoA4andleft/rightmarginsto1.5cm.Thepages
shouldthenprintproperly.
Numberanddateformatsvaryaroundtheworld.Whilenumericvaluesareformattedaccordingto
globalsettingsinExcel,PIPESIZEalsomakesuseoftextformulasthatareformattedaccordingtoastring
withintheformula.ThisstringisunaffectedbyExcelsglobalformattingpreferences,havingasyntax
suchas:=TEXT(numericvalue,0.00).Togetaroundthisproblem,atableofformatsisprovidedonthe
PipesworksheetatRow166.Ifyouuseanythingotherthanddmmmyyyyfordates,or#,##0.0for
numbers,edittheformatsinthetable.
ThenextthingtodoisreviewthePipesworksheet.Ifyourcompanyorworkgrouphasstandardpipe
specificationsyoumaywanttoeditthePipessheettoaccuratelyportrayyourspecs.Ifyoudon'thave
specifications,considercreatingcodesforcommonlyusedtypes,suchas"CS"(forcarbonsteel)and"SS"
(stainlesssteel).
ThepipespecificationcodesareenteredinthetableatthetopofthePipesworksheet.Codesmustbe
enteredinalphabeticalorder(youcaninsertnewrowsifyoulike).Then,followthecolumnheadingsto
entertemperatureandpressurelimits,roughnessvalue,costdata,andrelateddimensionaltable
number.AlthoughtheentriesinthistableareincustomaryUSunits,thePIPESIZEreportsuseeitherUS
orSIunitsforreporting(inaccordancewithyourselection).Eachcolumnentryisexplainedbelow.
Cost Factors
Min Temp Max Temp Max Press Roughness Purchase
Ratio
Exponent
deg F
deg F
psig
ft
$/ft (1 inch) Fittings
150 lb Carbon Steel
-10
450
150
0.00015
$1.75
5
1.3
125 lb Carbon Steel
-10
450
125
0.00015
$1.75
5
1.3
300 lb Carbon Steel
-20
750
300
0.00015
$1.75
5
1.3
316L SS Pipe
-100
500
145
0.0001
$4.50
8
0.89
Copper Pipe
-100
250
110
0.000005
$4.50
8
0.89
316L SS Sanitary Tubin
-100
450
150
0.000001
$4.50
8
0.89
316L SS Zephyrweld Tu
-100
450
150
0.000005
$4.50
8
0.89
Teflon-Lined Pipe
-20
500
170
0.000005
$4.50
8
0.89

Spec CodeDescription
A
A3
B
C
CU
D1
D2
F1

Figure2:PipeSpecificationsonthePipesworksheet

Size
Table
2
2
2
8
6
15
14
9

Emissivity Conductivity
W/m-K
0.79
45
0.79
54
0.79
54
0.85
16.2
0.78
401
0.1
16.2
0.1
16.2
0.79
0.3

PIPESIZE
SpecCodemaybeanyalphanumericstring.ItisusuallyadesignationusedonP&IDsandother
documentsthatreferencesacompletepipespecification.TheSpecCodesmustbesorted
alphabetically.Rowsmaybeinsertedintothetableifmorecodesareneeded.
Descriptionisplainlanguagetodescribethepipespecification.Itisusedontheprinteddata
sheet.
TemperaturelimitsareenteredindegreesFahrenheit.Thesearetheminimumandmaximum
temperaturesallowedforthepipeclass,oftendeterminedbycomponentsinyourpipingsystem
suchasgasketsandvalves.Ifthefluidtemperatureisoutsidetherangedefinedbytheselimitsa
warningmessageisprintedonthedatasheet.
Pressurelimitisthemaximumgagepressurepermitted(psig)forthepipecode.Theonlything
thattemperatureandpressurelimitsaffectswithinPIPESIZEisaWarningintheeventthatthe
limitsareviolated.
PipeRoughnessisenteredinunitsoffeet.SeetheRoughnessworksheetforalistof
recommendations.Roughnessfornewpipeisoftenlistedinhandbooks,butconsiderwhether
it'smoreappropriatetouseavalueforusedpipeonethatismorerepresentativeofhowyour
systemwilloperateafteracoupleofyearsofoperation.
CostFactorsareenteredfora)initialcapitalcostof1footof1inchpipe,installed,b)aratio
relatingthecostoffittingsandvalvestothecostofpipe,andc)anexponentusedtoconvertto
othersizes.ThisisinaccordancewiththePetersandTimmerhausmethod.Wesuggestyouuse
valuesliketheonesgivenuntilyougainexperiencewiththeOPTSIZEworksheetresults.
SizeTableisapointertooneofthemanypipedimensiontablesappearingbelow.Each
dimensiontablecontainsfivecolumnsofdata,whichinturncanbeformulastolookupwall
thicknessesforagivenschedule,etc.UsethePipeSpecificationLookupTablesatRow44to
controltheminimumandmaximumalloweddiametersinyourpipespecifications.Alsouse
themtoeliminateunwantedsizessuchas11/4"or5".StudythetablesgivenwithPIPESIZE,and
eithereditanexistingoneorcreatenewtablesincolumnstotherightoftheexistingones.
Size Table
8
Size
0.125
0.25
0.375
0.50
0.75

Black values are formulas or constants

Column name is user-defined

Red values are variables

Stainless Steel Pipe
Schedule
O.D.
Thickness
40S
0.405
0.0680
40S
0.540
0.0880
40S
0.675
0.0910
40S
0.840
0.1090
40S
1.050
0.1130

I.D.
0.269
0.364
0.493
0.622
0.824

9
Size
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.50
2.00

Teflon-Lined Steel
Schedule
O.D.
Thickness
40
0.840
0.1630
40
1.050
0.1750
40
1.315
0.2630
40
1.900
0.2950
40
2.375
0.3140

I.D.
0.514
0.700
0.789
1.310
1.747

10
Stainless Steel Tubing (
Size
Gauge
O.D.
0.75
16
0.750
1.00
16
1.000
1.50
16
1.500
2.00
16
2.000
2.50
16
2.500

ThePipeSpecificationLookupTablescanreferenceanyoftheseveraldimensiontablesfoundin
thePIPESworksheet.StudythePipeTableformulastoseehowthisisdone.Here'sanexample
dimensiontable,usedtolookupthedimensionsofcopperpipe:

PIPESIZE
Pipe Size Lookup Table
Copper and Red Brass Pipe
Nominal Size
0.125
0.25
0.375
0.50
0.75

OD
0.405
0.540
0.675
0.840
1.050

Wall Thickness
Std
XS
0.062
0.100
0.082
0.123
0.090
0.127
0.107
0.149
0.114
0.157

Emissivityistheradiationconstantforabarepipe.Suggestedvaluesaregiveninatable
beginningatRow138onthePipesworksheet;emissivitymustbebetween0and1.
Conductivityisthethermalconductivityofthepipematerial,W/mK.Theheatloss/gain
calculationdoesnotincludeaprovisionforlinedpipe,souseanestimateforcombined
conductivity,whichshouldbegreaterthanthematerial(usuallythelining)withthesmaller
value.Forexample,theconductivityofpolypropyleneis0.2W/mK.Forpolypropylenelined
pipe,wherethethicknessoftheliningisgreaterthanthethicknessofthesteel,useavalueof
0.3or0.4asanestimateforthecombinedlinedpipesystem.

PIPESIZE
DataEntryWorksheet
Thedataentryworksheetconsistsofseveralparts,discussedinturnbelow.RememberthatREDcells
areunlockedandavailableforentry.Ifyouneedtochangethevalueofalockedcell,unprotectthe
worksheetfromtheToolsmenu.Thereisnopassword.UsetheTABkeytoquicklynavigatefromone
entryfieldtothenext.
ProjectDataappearsontheheadersofeachofthestandardreports.NoticethattheDatefieldis
automaticallyfilledwithtoday'sdate.Thiscanbechangedbyunprotectingtheworksheet,asmentioned
above.Theformulainthedatefieldis:=TEXT(TODAY(),"ddmmmyyyy")
TheUnitsradiobuttonscontrolwhetherinputandoutputareshowninEnglish(i.e.,customaryUS)orSI
units.
DATA INPUT
Project Data
S. Hall
Client
02-Apr-2013
W.O.
Unit
SI
Area
Line ID

Prepared by
Date
English

Sample
10314
Process
Utilities

Line Number:

HTF-151-0136

GeneralPipelineDatareferstothepipingsystemandmaterials.Serviceisadescriptivetagforthe
purposeofthepipeline.Anytextisaccepted.Thepulldownbox(contains"A"inthescreenshotbelow)
showsallofthepipecodescontainedinthePIPESworksheet.Thedescriptionoftheselectedcode
appearstotheright.Similarly,theInsulationpulldownboxpermitsyoutoselecttheinsulationmaterial
forthepipe(or"None").Heatlosscalculationsrequireinputofwindvelocityandambienttemperature,
whichareenterednext.
Service:
Pipe Material Specification:

General Pipeline Data

Combustible Oil
<< 150 lb Carbon Steel
A

Insulation

Fiberglass

Insulation Covering

Plastic, white

Wind Velocity
Ambient Temp

(m/s)
(deg C)

5.00
30.00

PIPESIZE
ProcessDataisenterednext.Usetheradiobuttonstospecifyifyouaresizingalineforgasflowor
liquid.TheunitsdisplayednexttoeachotherentrywillchangedependingonwhetherEnglishorSIunits
areselected,andwhetherthefluidisLiquidorGas.
Fluid Name
Molecular Weight
Actual Flow
Maximum Flow
Flowing Temperature
Upstream Pressure
Specific Gravity
Absolute Viscosity
Thermal Conductivity
Heat Capacity

Process Data
Therminol XP
18.016
(liters/second)
20.00
(liters/second)
50.00
(deg C)
270.00
(kPa, absolute)
700.00
0.544
(Pascal-seconds)
0.000144
(W/m-K)
0.089
(kJ/kg-K)
3.875

Liquid
Gas

(<<<
(<<<
(<<<
(<<<

Entry
Entry
Entry
Entry

Ignored)
Ignored)
Ignored)
Ignored)

SummaryofUnits
Property

English(CustomaryUS)Units

SIUnits

Liquid

Gas

Liquid

Gas

USgal/min

lb/h

liters/s

kg/h

DegF

DegF

DegC

DegC

psia

psia

kPa

kPa

cP

cP

Pascalsec

Pascalsec

Density

lb/ft3

lb/ft3

kg/m3

kg/m3

Length

feet

feet

meters

meters

inches

inches

DN

DN

ftwater

ftwater

meterswater

meterswater

ft/s

ft/s

m/s

m/s

Flowrate
Temperature
Pressure
AbsoluteViscosity

Diameter
Head
Velocity

Enterthefluidname.Ifthefluidenteredmatchesexactlywithoneinthecompoundslistonthe
PROPERTIESworksheet,themessage"EntryIgnored"appearsnexttoMolecularWeight,Specific
Gravity,AbsoluteViscosity,ThermalConductivityandHeatCapacity.Otherwise"EntryRequired"
appears.

PIPESIZE
TIP:

Usetheoptionalpulldownlistofallcompoundsinyour
database.Thisisespeciallyhelpfulforchemicalssuch
asnbutylalcohol,whichisactuallyenteredinthe
databaseas"butylalcohol,n".Also,it'seasiertofind
entriesforcompoundmixturessuchas"Ethylene
Glycol,40%".

Optional Pulldow n List of Fluids

Therminol XP

ActualFlowisthedesignflowrateusedinallpressuredropcalculations.Maximumflowisusedonthe
worksheetLIQFLOW,whichprovidesthepressuredropandvelocityforflowsfromzerotoMaximum,in
10%increments.Thisisusefulwhenyouneedtoconstructasystemcurve.
TheNominalPressureisrequiredforgasflows,unnecessaryforliquids.Thegaspropertiesandpressure
droparehighlydependentonsystempressure.EntertheINLETpressurehere.Englishunitsarepsia
(absolutepressure).
Whenenteringagasthatisn'tinthedatabase,youmustentertheMolecularWeightandtheAbsolute
Viscosity.However,SpecificGravity(comparedtoliquidwater),isn'tusedbecausePIPESIZEestimatesit
byassumingidealgasconditions.
TIP:

Naturalgasisusuallycharacterizedbyitsaverage
molecularweightoritsspecificgravity.Calculate
molecularweightbymultiplyingspecificgravityby29.
Usethepropertiesofmethaneforviscosity,thermal
conductivityandheatcapacity.Alittleworksheetis
providedtogivetheseproperties;youmustenter
themmanuallyintothedataentryarea.

Natural Gas -- suggested properties

Specific gravity

0.75

Molecular w eight:

21.75

Absolute viscosity

0.000011

Thermal conductivity

0.036

Heat capacity

2.220

SizeSelectionCriteriadetermineshowPIPESIZEdeterminesthepipesizes.Choosethedesiredoptionby
selectingoneofthethreeradiobuttons.IfSpecificDiameterischosen,thenyouenterthenominal
diameterofthepipenexttotheprompt.ForTargetVelocity,enterthevelocityyoudesire.
EconomicdiameterwillusetheresultsofthePetersandTimmerhauscalculationontheOPTLIQ
worksheet.It'softenagoodstartingpointwhensizinganewpipe.Or,useTargetVelocity,whichselects
thepipeinyourspecificationcodewhichmostcloselymatchesthevelocityyouenter.
Ifyouenteraspecificdiameterortargetvelocitythatresultsinapipesizeoutsidetherangeofyour
pipespecification,thentheclosestpipeisselectedandaWarningmessageisgenerated.
Size Selection Criteria
Economic

Specific Diameter

Diameter:

Target Velocity

100 DN

10

PIPESIZE
PhysicalLayoutisanoptionalsection.Ifyouknowthelengthofthepipeline,andcountoffittings,enter
thedatahere.Anotherwaytoenterthisinformationistoinputthetotalequivalentlengthyouwantto
use,withzerofittingcount.Ifthissectionisleftblank,100equivalentfeet(meters)areassumed.
Forgaspressuredropcalculations,thetotallengthofpipeisimportant.Thecalculationiteratesonthe
totallength,andismoreaccuratewhenyoudoenterthelength.
Physical Layout
Length of pipeline
90 deg Ell
Long Rad. Ell
45 deg Ell
180 deg Bend
TEE-Line Flow
TEE-Branch Flow
Bell Mouth Inlet
Square Mouth Inlet

(meters)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Globe Valve
Gate Valve
Ball Valve (reduced por
Butterfly Valve
Plug Valve
Angle Valve
Swing Check Valve
Re-Entrant Pipe

250
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

ReportSelectioncontrolswhichoftheworksheetsisprinted.Usethecheckboxestoindicatethose
reportsyouwant.Then,clickonthe"PrintReports"button.
Report Selection
Results Summary

LIQFLOW

Datasheet Style

EquivLength

Instructions

OPTLIQ

Print Reports

11

PIPESIZE
QuickResults
ResultsaredisplayedontheDataInputworksheet.Thesecanbeprinted,buttheintentistogive
immediatefeedbacksochangestotheinputscanbemadebeforefinalizingthecalculationandprinting
adatasheet.Resultsforthreedifferentpipessizesareshown:theselectedorrecommendedsizeisin
themiddle,flankedbythenextsmallerandnextlargersizes.Usetheareaontherighttofindoutthe
flowratethatwouldresultinadesiredpressuredropthroughtheline.AllpressuredropsinPIPESIZE
arefrictionalpressuredrop;elevationchangesarenotaccountedfor.
RESULTS

Line
Service
Material

HTF-151-0136
Combustible Oil
150 lb Carbon Steel

Fluid Name
Actual Flow
Maximum Flow
Temperature
Specific Gravity
Dynamic Viscosity
Roughness

(Pascal-seconds)
(millimeters)

Upstream Pressure

kPa abs

(liters/second)
(liters/second)
(deg C)

Therminol XP
20.00
50.00
270.00
0.711
0.000459
0.04572 Calculate flow rate based on pressure
drop, pipe diameter, and equivalent length

700.00 Desired
Pressure Drop
80.00
250
366.7
37.5
4.2
2996.7
251.6
100.00
250
91.2
9.3
2.4
3566.3
248.0
150.00
250
11.5
1.2
1.1
4624.6
241.5

Next Smaller Size

Equiv. Length
Pressure Drop

(DN)
(meters)
(kPa/250 m)
(m. water)
Velocity
(m/s)
Heat loss, bare pipe (W/m)
Approx downstream temperature (C)
Selected Size
(DN)
Equiv. Length
(meters)
Pressure Drop
(kPa/250 m)
(m. water)
Velocity
(m/s)
Heat loss, bare pipe (W/m)
Approx downstream temperature (C)
Next Larger Size
(DN)
Equiv. Length
(meters)
Pressure Drop
(kPa/250 m)
(m. water)
Velocity
(m/s)
Heat loss, bare pipe (W/m)
Approx downstream temperature (C)

12

69 kPa

9 l/s

17 l/s

49 l/s

PIPESIZE
Datasheet
Thedatasheetorganizesyourpipeinformationonaformthathasthesamelookasdatasheetsused
throughoutthechemengsoftwarefamily.
PIPELINE SIZING CALCULATION
REV PREPARED BY
S. Hall
0
1
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20
21
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24
25
26
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47
48
49
50
51
52

DATE
03-Apr-2013

Fluid Service
Pipe Specification
Surface Roughness
Insulation
Ambient Temperature

Fluid Pumped
Design Flow Rate
Maximum Flow Rate
Flow ing Temperature
Nominal Pressure
Specific Gravity
Viscosity

APPROVAL

CLIENT
Sam ple
W.O.
10314
UNIT
AREA
Process Utilities

LINE NO.
HTF-151-0136
REQUISITION NO. SPECIFICATION NO.
18103
PROCURED BY
INSTALLED BY

General
Combustible Oil
A: 150 lb Carbon Steel
0.04572
Fiberglass
30

(millimeters)
(deg C)

(liters/second)
(liters/second)
(deg C)
(kPa, absolute)
(Pascal-seconds)

Process Data
Therminol XP (liquid)
20
50
270
700
0.71107
0.00046

Basis for Sizing: Specified Diam eter @ 100 DN

Nom.
Size
80
===> 100
150

O.D.
Wall
Sched (mm) (mm)
40
88.900 5.486
40
114.30 6.020
40
168.27 7.112

I.D.
Reynolds
(mm) Number
77.92 5.06E+05
102.2 3.86E+05
154.0 2.56E+05

Friction
Factor
0.0183
0.0177
0.0173

Physical Layout
90 deg Ell
- TEE-Line Flow
- Globe Valve
Long Rad. Ell
- TEE-Brnch Flow
- Gate Valve
45 deg Ell
- Bell Mouth Inlet
- Ball Valve (red. port)
180 deg Bend
- Sq. Mouth Inlet
- Butterfly Valve
Straight Feet of Pipe (measured through centerline of fittings):

Pressure Drop/100 equiv m

(kPa)
(m w ater) (m. liq.)
146.69
14.98
21.07
5.24
36.50
3.73
4.60
0.47
0.66

Velocity
(m/sec)
4.19
2.44
1.07

Plug Valve
Angle Valve
Sw ing Check Valve
Re-Entrant Pipe
meters

250

Heat Loss
Fiberglass Insulation Thickness
Nom.
Bare
Size
units
13 mm
25 mm
38 mm
51 mm
148
110
90
80
Watts/m 2,997
181
133
108
Watts/m 3,566
===> 100
251
181
145
150
Watts/m 4,625
262
42
38
36
Approximate surface temperature C
Sum m ary of Results
Heat Loss (Gain), Watts
Nom. Eq Lgth
Pressure Drop
Bare
13 mm
25 mm
38 mm
51 mm
Size
(m)
(kPa) m w ater (m. liq.)
52.7
749,172
n/a
37,046
27,521
22,546
80
250 366.72 37.46
91.25 9.32
13.1
891,586
n/a
45,371
33,265
26,964
250
===> 100
11.50 1.17
1.7 1,156,152
n/a
62,856
45,294
36,180
150
250

76 mm
69
82
107
34

76 mm
17,353
20,423
26,771

13

PIPESIZE
ErrorsandWarnings
Ifyousee#VALUEeverywhereitmeansthatMacrosarenotenabled.Theprocedureforenabling
macrosdependsonyourversionofExcelandyoursecuritysettings.
Ifyouaresolvingforgaseousflowandtheresultsindicatecriticalitmeansthattheflowrateand
conditionsresultinaflowthatexceedscriticalvelocity.Increasethepipesize,decreasetheflowrateor
decreasethegasdensity(increasepressure,decreasetemperature).
AdditionalwarningsareprintedatthebottomoftheDatasheet.Thepossiblemessagesare:
**Warning**:SpecifiedSizeisnonstandard;<SIZE>isused
**Warning**:FluidTemperatureexceedsmaximumpermittedbypipespecification
**Warning**:FluidTemperatureiscolderthanminimumpermittedbypipespecification
**Warning**:<FLUID>notindatabank;checkphysicalpropertiesentry
**Warning**:Temperatureexceedsinsulationmaximumrecommendation
**Warning**:Temperaturelowerthaninsulationminimumrecommendation
**Warning**:<CODE>isnotadefinedpipespecification;standardIPSpipesizesareassumed
**Error**:Pressuredropexceedsnominalpressure
**Warning**:Viscosityforgasexpectedtobelessthan0.1cP

14

PIPESIZE
PressureDropCalculations
TheCalcsworksheetcollectsthedataandshowsthestepstocalculatepressuredropduetofriction.The
calculationsareperformedforthreepipesizes:theselectedsize(basedonprogramselected
economicsize,specifiedsizeinputbyuser,orthesizethatmostcloselyachievesthevelocitytarget
inputbytheuser).CalculationsarealsodoneinbothSIandEnglish(customaryU.S.)units.Therearetiny
differencesintheanswersforSIandEnglishunits;thesedifferencesaretheresultofroundingand
inexactconversionfactors.
TheCalcsworksheetalsohastableswithsomeintermediatevalues,unitsconversions,andprogram
variablesforthingssuchasradiobuttonselections.Thesearelocatedatthebottomoftheworksheet,
beginningatRow107,andcontainnouserdefinedvalues.
ThetopportionoftheCalcsworksheetcontainsuserinputsandprogramlookupvalues.ColumnsD:F
areinSIunits,I:KareinEnglish(U.S.)units.Whicheversetofunitsisselected(radiobuttonsontheData
Inputworksheet)arecopiedtocolumnsN:Pwhichishighlightedinyellow.
Althoughpropertiesforbothliquidandgasareshown,PIPESIZEusesthedatasetassociatedwithliquid
orgasasselectedontheDataInputsheet;theothersetofpropertiesisignoredandmaycontain
erroneousdata.

Figure3:Rows14to48ontheCalcsworksheetcontainuserinputsandprogramlookupvalues

Thereisoneslightlyhiddeninputinthissection.Forcompressibleflowcalculations(i.e.,gas),youcan
choosetouseanisothermaloradiabaticflowassumption.Forisothermal,thegasisassumedtoremain
15

PIPESIZE
atconstanttemperaturethroughoutthepipeline.Foradiabatic,thegascoolsasitexpands.Isothermal
conditionsareusuallyrecommended.ChooseisothermaloradiabaticatcellC24.
ThenextportionofCalcs,fromrows59to85,calculatesthepressuredrop.TheReynoldsnumberis
computedbasedontheinletconditionstothepipesegment.FrictionfactorisbasedonReynolds
numberandsurfaceroughness;itusestheChurchillcorrelationwhichcoverslaminar,transitionaland
turbulentflowregimes.ReynoldsnumberandfrictionfactorarecalculatedinVBAfunctionsubroutines.

Figure4:Rows59to85ontheCalcsworksheetgivecalculationresultsforpressuredropduetofriction

Thepressuredropforastandardlength(100mforSIand100ftforEnglishunits),andalsoforthe
equivalentlengthderivedfromuserinputsontheDataInputworksheet,arecalculatednext.Theactual
pressuredropcalculationisdonebyaVBAfunctionsubroutine,usingthefollowingformulas1:
Incompressibleflow(liquids)

f LU 2
P =

2 gc D
Compressibleflow,isothermal(gases)

P =

P
RT Z G2 f L
+ ln 1

P M gc 2 D
P2

Compressibleflow,adiabatic(gases)
2

f L 1 1
(
1
+ 1) N Ma
2 X1

ln
=

2
2
N 2 X
D
2
N Ma
N Ma
1
2
Ma1 2

Hall,Stephen,RulesofThumbforChemicalEngineers,5thEdition,ButterworthHeinemann(2012).

16

PIPESIZE
Thevariabledefinitionsare:

D =pipediameter,morft
f =Darcyfrictionfactor,dimensionless
G =massflux,kg/sm2orlb/sft2=

3600 A

g c =conversionfactor,1m/s2or32.17ft/s2
L =pipeequivalentlength,morft
M =molecularweight
N Ma =Machnumber,dimensionless

P =absolutepressure,Paorpsia
R =gasconstant,8314.5m3Pa/kgmolKor10.73ft3psi/lbmolR
T =absolutetemperature,KorR
G
U =averagefluidvelocityatlocalconditions,m/sorft/s=

2 ( 1)
X = 1 + N Ma
2

Z =compressibilityfactor=1foraperfectgas

=ratioofspecificheats,Cp/Cv
=fluiddynamicviscosity,kg/msorlb/fth

=densityofgasatlocalconditions,kg/m3orlb/ft3=

17

PM
RT

PIPESIZE
HeatLoss/GainCalculations
PIPESIZEcalculatesheatlossorgainfromuninsulatedandinsulatedpipes.Itdisplaysresultsforheatflux
(W/morBtu/hft),surfacetemperatureofthepipeorinsulation,andapproximatedownstream
temperature.VBAfunctionsubroutinesperformsthecalculations.Theprimaryreferencefora
consistentsetofequationsisCao2.AnexcellentonlinearticleisbyHaslego3.
InputsfortheCalculations
Theheatloss/gaincalculationsutilizeSIvalueswithconversiontoU.S.Unitsifnecessary.
Variable

Source

Reynoldsnumber Calculated
FluidDensity

PipeInside
Diameter
PipeOutside
Diameter
PipeLength

Properties
DataTableor
UserInput
Properties
DataTableor
UserInput
Properties
DataTableor
UserInput
Properties
DataTableor
UserInput
PipesData
Table
PipesData
Table
Calculated

FluidVelocity

Calculated

Temperature
insidepipe

UserInput

Dynamic
Viscosity
Thermal
Conductivity
HeatCapacity

Locationinthe
Spreadsheet
Calcs:Row59

TypicalValues

Calcs:D90
Cellnamed
DynamicVisc
Calcs:D91
CellnamedkSI

0.001Pas(liquids)
0.0002m2/s(gas)

Laminar,Transitional,orTurbulentregion
dependingonfluidpropertiesandflowrate
Calcs:D89
1000kg/m3(liquids)
CellnamedRoSI 10kg/m3(gas)

0.06to0.6W/mK(liquids)
0.03W/mK(gas)

Calcs:D92
4kJ/kgK(liquids)
CellnamedCpSI 1kJ/kgK(gas)
Calcs:D18:F18

5to760mm

Calcs:D16:F16

5to760mm

Calcs:D47:F47

Anylength,m(conservativeassumption,uses
equivalentlengthnotactualpipelength)
0.5to5m/s

Calcs:D61:F61

Calcs:D88
Cellnamed

15Cto500C

flowing_temperatureSI

Cao,Eduardo,HeatTransferinProcessEngineering,McGrawHill,2010

Haslego,Chris,MakingDecisionswithInsulation,http://www.cheresources.com/content/articles/heat
transfer/makingdecisionswithinsulation(2010).

18

PIPESIZE
Variable

Source

PipesData
Table

Locationinthe
Spreadsheet
Calcs:J132
Cellnamed
ambientSI
Calcs:D96
Cellnamed
Wind_Velocity
Calcs:D98
Cellnamed
Emissivity_Bare
Calcs:D99
Cellnamed_kp

Temperature
environment

UserInput

WindVelocity

UserInput

Insulation
DataTable

Calcs:D95
Cellnamed

EmissivityofPipe PipesData
orInsulation
Table
Thermal
Conductivityof
Pipe
Thermal
Conductivityof
Insulation
Insulation
Thickness

TypicalValues
15Cto40C

0to5m/s

0.05to0.9

0.1to400W/mK

0.02to0.06W/mK

insulation_conductivity

UserInput

Calcs:N101:S101

0to4in

Heatgain/losscalculationsareinexactforseveralreasons:thefilmcoefficientcorrelationsare
empiricallybased,airmovementaroundthepipeisuneven,radiationlossesdependonthe
surroundings,conductiveheattransferthroughpipesupportsandstructurearenotincluded,andthe
effectoffittings,flangesandvalvesareignored.However,thecalculationinPIPESIZEdoesagoodjobof
estimatingtheheatflux,surfacetemperature,anddownstreamfluidtemperaturegivenideal
conditions.
Assumptions:

Thepropertiesoftheflowingfluidareconstantthroughthepipeline(theinsideheattransfer
coefficientisconstant)

Constantambienttemperatureandenvironmentalconditions(theprogramhasnowayto
distinguishifthepipelineispartiallyoutdoorsandpartiallyindoors,forexample)

Theenvironmentisdryatmosphericair(noprovisionsforpipesburiedinsoil,runthrougha
waterbath,orweatherconditionssuchasrainorsnow)

Radiationlossesbasedontheemittanceofthepipeorinsulationjacket,butifthetemperature
oftheflowingfluidislessthanthatoftheenvironmenttherearenoradiationgains

19

PIPESIZE
TwoVBAfunctionsubroutinesperformtheheatloss/gaincalculations.FindthemintheModulenamed
HeatLoss.Thesubroutinesareselfdocumented,withvariables,formulas,andalgorithmsexplainedin
comments.Temperaturedependentequationsforthethermodynamicpropertiesofairareincludedin
theModule.ThecalculationsinthisModulearedoneinSIunits;ifU.S.unitsareselectedthe
spreadsheetconvertstheresults.Thefunctioncallsareasfollows:
InsideHeatTransferCoefficient
Functionh_internalSI(NRe,ro,mu,k,cp,di,L,v)
'Insideheattransfercoefficient
'SIunits
'h_internalSI=insideheattransfercoefficient,W/m2C
'NRe=Reynoldsnumber,dimensionless
'ro=density,kg/m3
'mu=kinematicviscosity,m2/s
'k=thermalconductivity,W/mK
'cp=heatcapacity,kJ/kgC
'di=insidediameterofpipe,mm
'L=approximatepipelength,m
'v=velocity,m/s
ThissubroutinecalculatesthePrandlnumberandtheNusseltnumberforwhichtheformula
dependsonthevalueoftheReynoldsnumber.Thentheinsideheattransfercoefficientis
calculated,forwhichthereferenceareaistheinsideofthepipe.SeeCaoaspreviously
referenced.
OutsideHeatTransferCoefficient,andAdditionalResults
Functionh_outsideSI(Calc,T1,T4,d_o,d_i,Wind,E,h_inside,kp,Optionalki,Optionalkt)
'Outsideheattransfercoefficient
'SIunits
'h_outsideSI=outsideheattransfercoefficient,W/m2C
'Calc=returnflag0=ho,1=Q,2=T3,3=U
T1=temperatureinsidethepipe,C
T4=temperatureoftheenvironment,C
d_o=outsidediameterofbarepipe,mm
d_i=insidediameterofpipe,mm
Wind=windvelocity,m/s
E=emissivityofpipeorinsulationcovering,dimensionless
h_inside=insideheattransfercoefficient,W/m2C
kp=thermalconductivityofpipe,W/mK
ki=thermalconductivityofinsulation,W/mK
kt=insulationthickness,mm
20

PIPESIZE
Thissubroutinecalculatestheoutsideheattransfercoefficient.Thisisaniterativecalculation
thatalsodeterminestheheatflux(W/m2),surfacetemperature(C),andoverallheattransfer
coefficient(W/m2K).Thefunctionreturnsanyoneofthosevaluesinaccordancewiththefirst
parameterintheFunctioncall(Calc).
Thecalculationmakesanassumptionforsurfacetemperatureandusesthattocalculatea
Reynoldsnumberfortheforcedconvectioncase(windpresent)andfromthattheNusselt
numberandoutsideheattransfercoefficient.Ifthewindislessthan0.5m/s,theprogram
calculatesthenowindconvectioncaseandcomparesittotheforcedconvectionresult,
choosingthehigherofthetwoanswers.Fromthisresult,theoverallheattransfercoefficientis
calculatedwhichisusedtocomputethesurfacetemperatureofthepipe(orinsulation).Then,
radiationlossesarecalculated,addedtotheoverallcoefficient,andarevisedsurface
temperaturecalculated.Thisbecomestheassumedvalueofthesurfacetemperatureandthe
entiresetofcalculationsisrepeateduntilthecalculatedsurfacetemperatureequalsthe
assumedvalue.
Notethatthereferenceareafortheoutsideheattransfercoefficientandtheoverallheat
transfercoefficientistheoutsideofthepipeorinsulation.
TheresultsarepresentedinasetoftablesontheCalcsworksheet,beginningatCellN100.Thethree
linesineachtablerepresentthethreepipesizesshownelsewhereinPIPESIZE.

21

PIPESIZE
Heat Loss - W/m
Inside Coef

Insulation Thickness (in.):

hi

1.5

2,637

2,997

0.5

148

110

90

69

1,617

3,566

181

133

108

82

773

4,625

251

181

145

107

25

38

51

76

13

Insulation Thickness (m m ):
Surface Tem perature, C
0

0.5

1.5

264

41

37

35

33

262

42

38

36

34

256

43

39

36

34

Approxim ate Dow nstream Tem perature, C

R

1.5

251.6

0.5

269.1

269.3

269.4

269.6

248.0

268.9

269.2

269.3

269.5

241.5

268.5

268.9

269.1

269.3

Outside Heat Transfer Coefficient, W/m 2-C (includes radiation)

0

1.5

46

0.5

30

29

29

28

43

30

29

28

27

28

28

27

26

39

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, W/m 2-C (includes radiation)

Note: corrected to the outside surface area
0

1.5

12.5

0.5

1.4

0.9

0.6

0.4

14.9

1.5

0.93

0.66

0.41

19.3

1.5

1.0

0.7

0.4

Figure5:HeatLoss/GainResults(TherminolXPat350C,50DNpipe,10Cenvironment,nowind)

22

PIPESIZE
InsulationWorksheet
Dataforinsulationaretabulatedandthethermalconductivityattheaverageofthefluidtemperature
andambienttemperatureiscalculated.Thisresultisusedintheheatloss/gaincalculations.Regression
coefficientsforthermalconductivityareinU.S.unitsofBtuin/(hft2F).Theformulais:

k = m + pT + sT 2 + t T 3 + uT 4
Wherethecoefficientsareinthetable,andTistheaveragetemperature,F.Notethattheuseofall
coefficientsisoptional;forafixedthermalconductivitysimplyenteritinthemcoefficientandleave
theothersblank.
Insulation
Material

Min.
Thickness

Thermal Conductivity Coefficients

Maximum
Temperature

Minimum
Temperature

(F)

(F)

Thermal Conductivity, K
[Btu*in/
W/m-K
(h*ft2*F)]
250
0.384
0.055
-450
0.332
0.048

1
1

m
p
s
t
u
0.369 1.58E-04 3.92E-07 9.40E-11 0.00E+00
0.289 5.14E-04 4.36E-07 2.27E-10 2.76E-13

0.5
1
1

0.195 4.25E-04 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00

0.228 3.72E-04 6.00E-07 0.00E+00 0.00E+00

200
850
1200

-40
42
42

0.290
0.228
0.261

0.042
0.033
0.038

Perlite, expanded
Phenolic foam

1
0.388 4.73E-04 3.06E-07 -8.00E-11 0.00E+00
1 0.116667 6.67E-04

1000
300

250
75

0.427
0.169

0.062
0.024

Polystyrene foam

165

-65

0.230

0.033

Polyurethane/
Polyisocyanurate
foams

250

-200

0.164

0.024

(in)
Calcium Silicate
Cellular glass
Elastometric
foam
Fiberglass
Mineral Wool

0.174 -1.55E-04 -3.39E-07 8.38E-09 1.82E-11

1000
900

TheminimumandmaximumtemperaturesareusedonlyfordeterminingifaWarningmessageshould
bedisplayed.
Theworksheetalsoincludesvaluesforemissivityfor
variousinsulationcoverings.ThevaluesintheRange
columnarerecommendedguidancenumbers.The
emissivityusedintheradiativeheattransfercalculation
isintherighthandcolumn.Ifyouaddadditional
materialstothistable,doitbyinsertingarow,entering
yourdata,andthensortingthelistalphabetically.The
tableisanamedrange(Insulation_Cover_Emittance).
Theeasiestwaytoadddatawhilepreservingtheranges
nameisbyinsertingarowintothemiddleofthetable.

23

Value for
Calc
Material
Range
Aluminum jacketing, gray-dull .10 to .40
0.2
Aluminum jacketing, oxidized .10 to .60
0.4
Aluminum jacketing, polished .03 to .10
0.1
Aluminum paint, new
.20 to .30
0.25
Aluminum paint, weathered
.40 to .70
0.5
Asbestos fabric, white
0.78
Asphalt mastic
.90 to .95
0.95
Galvanized steel jacketing, dull .20 to .60
0.5
Galvanized steel jacketing, new .06 to .10
0.1
Paint, black
.90 to .95
0.95
Paint, gray
.80 to .90
0.85
Paint, green
.65 to .80
0.75
Paint, white
.55 to .70
0.6
Plastic, black
0.95
Plastic, white
0.84
PVA mastic, black
.85 to .95
0.9
PVA mastic, gray
.85 to .90
0.9
PVA mastic, green
.70 to .80
0.75
PVA mastic, white
.60 to .79
0.75
0.4
Stainless steel jacket, mill finish.35 to .40
Stainless steel jacket, oxidized .80 to .85
0.85
Stainless steel jacket, polished .22 to .26
0.25
Styrofoam
0.6

PIPESIZE
PropertiesWorksheet
FindandaddphysicalpropertydataonthePropertiesworksheet.Mostofthedataarecorrelatedto
temperature,sothepropertiestablecontainsequationcoefficientsforliquidsandgases.Youcannew
compoundstothelist,andifyouhavepropertiesatthreetemperatures,thespreadsheetdetermines
thecoefficientsforyou.
ThePropertiessheethasthreeparts.1)Upperleftquadrantgivesbriefinstructionsandshowsthe
resultsforthecurrentfluid(fromtheDataInputworksheet);2)Lowerrightquadranttabulatesthe
fluidsandtheircoefficients;3)Upperrightquadrantisusedforenteringnewfluidsintothelist.
PropertyResults(seeFigure6)
Thecurrentfluid,orCompoundName,asenteredontheDataInputworksheetisdisplayedinCell
C29.PIPESIZElooksupthefluidinthePropertiesTableandreportstheresultinCellC30.Ifthethereis
anexactmatch,thepropertiesfromthetableareusedinthecalculations.Otherwise,theEntry
RequiredpromptsappearontheDataInputsheetandthepropertiesreturnedfromthisworksheetare
ignored.
ThevalueslistedinColumnD,Rows28to38,arethecoefficientspulledfromthedatatable.Theyare
usedtocalculateviscosity,specificgravity,thermalconductivity,andheatcapacityinC33,C34,C37,and
C38.NoticethatthesevaluesareallinAmericanunits;conversiontoSIisperformedontheCalculations
worksheet.AlsonoticethattemperatureisinCelsiusforeachofthecorrelationsexceptforviscosity
whereKelvinisused.Apologiesforthemixedunitsofmeasure,butbecarefulwhenworkingonthe
Propertiesworksheet.

24

PIPESIZE

Figure6:PropertyResultsintheupperleftquadrantofthePropertiesworksheet

25

PIPESIZE
PropertiesDataTable(seeFigure7)
Dataaretabulatedforliquidsandgasesasdefinedinthecolumnheaders.Compoundsmustremainin
alphabeticalorder.Thedatafields(columns)aredefinedhere.
Column
F

Name
Compound

ViscosityEquation

H:K

b,m,c,d

L
M
N

LiquidSp.Gr.
SpGrslope
Mol.Wt.

O:Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

b,c,d
Cp/Cv
LiquidThermal
Conductivity
ThermalConductivity
Slope
LiquidHeatCapacity
HeatCapacitySlope
GaseousThermal
Conductivity
ThermalConductivity
Slope
GaseousHeatCapacity
HeatCapacitySlope

Content
Fluidname,inalphabetical
order
Numbercorrespondingtothe
equationusedforliquid
viscosity.SeeCellsA15:A25
Coefficientsfortheliquid
viscosityequation
Intercept,b
Slope,m
Molecularweight
Coefficientsforthegas
viscosityequation,always
Equation5
Ratioofspecificheats

Equation
Notapplicable
SeeequationsinCellsB15:B25.Viscosity
datapublishedintheliteraturewillfitone
oftheseequations.Newcompoundsarefit
toEquation4(seediscussioninthenext
section).

SpecificGravity=mt+b,wheret=C
Requiredforgases
SeeEquation5inCellB23
Requiredforgases

Intercept,b
k=mt+b
Slope,m
Intercept,b
Slope,m

Cp=mt+b

Intercept,b
k=mt+b
Slope,m
Intercept,b
Slope,m

Cp=mt+b

Thestraightlineregressionsforspecificgravity,thermalconductivity,andheatcapacityarerough
approximationsfortheactualvalues.Therearemoreaccuratecorrelations.However,forthepurposes
ofthePIPESIZEspreadsheet,theseapproximationsarebetterthanneededtoobtaingoodresultsfor
pressuredropandheattransfer.

26

PIPESIZE

Figure7:PhysicalPropertiesDataTableinthelowerrightquadrantofthePropertiesworksheet

27

PIPESIZE
EnteringNewFluidsintothePropertiesTable(seeFigure8)
Thisisahandytoolfordeterminingtheregressioncoefficientsforeachofthetemperaturedependant
physicalproperties.Theinputsection,withintheblackboxes,hasthreeparts:unitsofmeasure,liquid
properties,andgaseousproperties.
Afterenteringdata,theprogramconvertsittotheUSUnitsusedinthePhysicalPropertiesDataTable
andfitsthedatatostraightlinesor,inthecaseofviscosity,toEquation4orEquation5.Theviscosity
equationsarenot,technicallyfitsincetherearethreecoefficientsandthreedatapoints.However,as
longasyourinitialviscositydataisgood,theresultingequationswilldoanexcellentjobinterpolatingto
othervalues.
Whendone,clickontheAddcompoundorupdatedatabutton.Ifyourfluidisnotalreadyinthe
PropertiesTable,themacroinsertsanewrowandcopiesthevaluesintothetable.However,ifyour
fluidisalreadyinthetable,themacrogivesyouachoiceofoverwritingexistingdata,orjustaddingany
newdatathatyoumayhaveentered.Forinstance,thereisnodataforgaseousacetoneinthetable.If
youentervaluesforgaseousacetonethenclickthebutton,youcouldaddthatdatatothetablewithout
affectingtheexistingvaluesforliquidacetone.
Alternatively,youcanUnprotecttheworksheet(thereisnopassword)andenteroreditthedatainthe
PropertiesTabledirectly.Touseasingleconstantvalueforanyproperty,justenterit(intheproper
units)underthebcolumn.Forexample,thevalueforspecificgravityofacetaldehydeisaconstant
0.778inthedistributionversionofPIPESIZE(seeCellL41).
TodeleteafluidfromthePropertiestable,firstUnprotecttheworksheet(thereisnopassword),
highlighttherowyouwanttodelete,andusetheExcelmenuselectionDeleteDeleteSheetRows.

Figure8:EnterNewFluidsorDataintheupperrightquadrantofthePropertiesworksheet

28

PIPESIZE
LineListWorksheet
TheLineListisaflexiblerepositoryforyourcalculations.Eachcolumnthatcorrespondstoaworkbook
variableisnamed.Intheexamplebelow,CellC9isselected.Noticethatthecellisnamed
LineList_Spec.Eachcolumnissimilarlynamed;thisishowtheVBAMacrofindsitswayaroundthe
sheet.Youmayrearrangethecolumnsaslongasthecolumnsnamedcellsareretained.
Youmayalsoinsertblankrows(togrouplinesintoplantareasforexample,andaddotherexplanatory
informationandnotes.
WhentheSaveCurrentCalctoLineListisselected,anewlineofdataisaddedimmediatelybelowthe
lastline.Iftherearenotesorotherinformationbelowyourlinelist,theMacroissomewhatintelligent:
itfindsthelastpieceofdatainthePressureOutcolumnandputsthenewlinethere.

Figure9:LineListworksheet

Torestorealinetothecalculationpage(DataInput),youselectanycellintheRowwiththelineyou
wanttorestore.ClickRestoreSelectedLinetoCalcSheet.Thefollowingthingswillhappen:

Macrocheckstobesureavalidrowisselected
TheFluidnameistransferredtoDataInputandtheMacrocheckstoseeiftheFluidisinthe
database.
IftheFluidisnotinthedatabase,theviscosityanddensityvalues,andMolecularWeightifitsa
gas,aretransferredtotheEntryRequiredcellsonDataInput
Theotherdataistransferred
Sincethefittingcount,ifany,isnotsavedtotheLineList,onlythetotalequivalentlengthis
transferred.Toensurethatthecorrectequivalentlengthisutilized,thenumberofeachofthe
fittingtypesisresettozero.
TheSpecificDiametercalculationmethodisselected,andthenominalpipesizeistransferred
toDataInputasthatdiameter

29

PIPESIZE
LIQFLOWWorksheet
Thisdatasheetpresentstenflowcalculationsforeachofthethreepipesizes.Itusestheuserinputin
cellF34ontheDataInputworksheetasthemaximumflowrate,andcalculatesresultsattenequal
intervals.
EFFECT OF FLOW VARIATION
REV
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52

PREPARED BY
S. Hall

DATE
02-Apr-2013

Fluid Service
Pipe Specification
Surface Roughness
Insulation
Ambient Temperature

Fluid Pumped
Design Flow Rate
Maximum Flow Rate
Flow ing Temperature
Nominal Pressure
Specific Gravity
Viscosity

APPROVAL

(millimeters)
(deg C)

(liters/second)
(liters/second)
(deg C)
(kPa, absolute)
(m-Pascal-seconds)

(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(m2)

80 DN
40
88.900
5.486
77.927
0.005

(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(m2)

100 DN
40
114.30
6.020
102.26
0.008

Next Larger Pipe Size

Schedule
Outside Diameter
(mm)
Wall Thickness
(mm)
Inside Diameter
(mm)
(m2)
Flow Area

150 DN
40
168.27
7.112
154.05
0.019

Sm aller Pipe Size

Schedule
Outside Diameter
Wall Thickness
Inside Diameter
Flow Area

Selected Pipe Size

Schedule
Outside Diameter
Wall Thickness
Inside Diameter
Flow Area

CLIENT
Sam ple
W.O.
10314
UNIT
AREA
Process Utilities

LINE NO.
HTF-151-0136
REQUISITION NO. SPECIFICATION NO.
18103
PROCURED BY
INSTALLED BY

General
Combustible Oil
A: 150 lb Carbon Steel
0.04572
Fiberglass
30
Process Data
Therminol XP (liquid)
20
50
270
700
0.71107
0.45929
Flow
(kg/h)

Friction
DeltaP/100 equiv m Velocity
Factor
(kPa)
(m w ater)
(m/s)
12,799
126,478
1.04
0.0202
10.1
1.05
25,598
252,956
3.90
0.0190
38.2
2.10
38,398
379,434
8.54
0.0185
83.7
3.15
51,197
505,911
14.98
0.0183
146.7
4.19
63,996
632,389
23.19
0.0181
227.1
5.24
76,795
758,867
33.17
0.0180
324.9
6.29
89,594
885,345
44.94
0.0179
440.2
7.34
102,394
1,011,823
58.48
0.0178
572.8
8.39
115,193
1,138,301
73.79
0.0178
722.8
9.44
90.88
127,992
1,264,779
0.0178
890.2
10.48
Flow
Reynolds Friction
DeltaP/100 equiv m Velocity
(kg/h)
Number
Factor
(kPa)
(m w ater)
(m/s)
12,799
96,382
0.27
0.0203
2.6
0.61
25,598
192,764
0.98
0.0187
9.6
1.22
38,398
289,146
2.14
0.0181
21.0
1.83
51,197
385,529
3.73
0.0177
36.5
2.44
63,996
481,911
5.75
0.0175
56.3
3.04
76,795
578,293
8.19
0.0173
80.3
3.65
89,594
674,675
11.07
0.0172
108.5
4.26
102,394
771,057
14.39
0.0171
140.9
4.87
115,193
867,439
18.13
0.0170
177.5
5.48
22.29
127,992
963,822
0.0169
218.4
6.09
Flow
Reynolds Friction
DeltaP/100 equiv m Velocity
(kg/h)
Number
Factor
(kPa)
(m w ater)
(m/s)
12,799
63,979
0.3
0.04
0.0210
0.27
25,598
127,959
1.2
0.13
0.0188
0.54
38,398
191,938
2.7
0.27
0.0179
0.80
51,197
255,918
4.6
0.47
0.0173
1.07
63,996
319,897
7.0
0.72
0.0169
1.34
76,795
383,877
10.0
1.02
0.0167
1.61
89,594
447,856
13.4
1.37
0.0165
1.88
102,394
511,836
17.3
1.77
0.0163
2.15
115,193
575,815
21.8
2.22
0.0162
2.41
127,992
639,795
0.0161
26.7
2.73
2.68

30

Reynolds
Number

PIPESIZE
OPTLIQWorksheet
WhentheEconomicpipesizingcriteriaisselectedontheDataInputworksheet,theresultis
calculatedonthisOPTLIQsheet.
SELECTED PIPE DIAMETER
REV PREPARED BY
S. Hall
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
47
48
49
50
51
52
53

DATE
02-Apr-2013

Fluid Service
Pipe Specification
Surface Roughness
Insulation
Ambient Temperature

Fluid Pumped
Design Flow Rate
Maximum Flow Rate
Flow ing Temperature
Nominal Pressure
Specific Gravity
Viscosity

APPROVAL

(millimeters)
(deg C)

(liters/second)
(liters/second)
(deg C)
(kPa, absolute)
(Pascal-seconds)

CLIENT
Sam ple
W.O.
10314
UNIT
AREA
Process Utilities

LINE NO.
HTF-151-0136
REQUISITION NO. SPECIFICATION NO.
18103
PROCURED BY
INSTALLED BY

General
Combustible Oil
A: 150 lb Carbon Steel
0.04572
Fiberglass
30
Process Data
Therminol XP (liquid)
20
50
270
700
0.71107
0.00046

Econom ic Data
Purchase cost of new pipe, 1 inch diameter, $/ft
Ratio of costs for fittings & installation to purch. cost of pipe
Factor relating pipe cost to diameter (exponential)
Frictional loss due to fittings and bends, % of straight pipe
Operation, hours/yr
Cost of electricity, $/kw hr
Efficiency of motor and pump, %
Annual fixed charges for maintenance, % of pipe cost

$1.75
5
1.30
35%
8,000
$0.15
60%
20%

Basis for Sizing: Specified Diam eter @ 100 DN

Optimum diameter calculated using Peters & Timmerhaus formula
Closest pipe size from specified material class
Smaller
Size
Actual Size
Velocity
Reynolds No.
Friction Factor
Pressure Drop

inch nominal size

inch actual inside diame
feet/second

psi/100 equiv ft

3
3.068
13.74
505,076
0.0183
6.466

Selected
Size
4
4.026
7.98
384,892
0.0177
1.609

4.21
4
Next Larger
Size
6
6.065
3.52
255,495
0.0173
0.203

Calculated Costs, $ per year per foot of installed piping:

Pumping Cost
Initial Piping
Annual Piping
Total

Reference:

(pow er)
(capital expenditure)
(maintenance)

3
$25.83
$43.80
$8.76
$34.59

4
$6.93
$63.66
$12.73
$19.66

6
$0.95
$107.84
$21.57
$22.52

Peters & Timmerhaus

Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers

31

PIPESIZE
EquivalentLengthWorksheet
Thisworksheetshowshowtheequivalentlengthiscalculated.
Formostfittingsandsizes,theequivalentlengthisobtainedfromatableofvalues(usingU.S.units),at
CellQ91intheworksheet.ToeditthevaluesfirstUnprotectthesheet.Ifthetablelacksthevaluethen
theKmethodisusedtoestimatetheequivalentlength.
Ifyoudontknowthenumberoffittings,thenagoodruleofthumbistoadd35%to40%tothephysical
lengthofpipetoaccountforthefittings.Inthiscase,firstestimatethetotallengthofpipe.Multiplyby
1.35or1.4.EnterthevalueontheDataInputworksheet(CellG47namedPipe_Length).Putavalueof
0forallfittings.
Theresultsaretabulatedinthedatasheetonthisworksheet.
Valves
Theworksheethasinstructionsandanexampleforcalculatingtheequivalentlengthofavalveforwhich
onlytheflowcoefficient(Cv)isknown.Youcaneithereditthetableofvalueswiththeequivalentlength
ofyourspecificvalve,orsimplyaddthecalculatedequivalentlengthtotheoverallpipelengthentered
ontheDataInputworksheet(CellG47namedPipe_Length).
Equipment
Equipmentmanufacturersoftenprovideapressuredropatspecifiedflowconditions.Forexample,the
tubesidepressuredropforaheatexchangerisreportedontheheatexchangerdatasheet,attheflow
rategivenonthedatasheet.Youcanfindtheequivalentlengthbyenteringtheflowdata(fluid,flow
rate,temperature,density,viscosity)ontheDataInputworksheet,thenchangethepipelength(all
fittingssetto0)untilthecalculatedpressuredropequalsthepressuredropreportedbytheequipment
manufacturer.
Ifyourpressuredropdataisforwaterat60F(whichisthecaseforvalvestheflowcoefficientisthe
flowrateofwaterat60F,ingpm,thatresultsinapressuredropof1psi),thenusethecalculatoronthe
EquivalentLengthworksheettodeterminetheequivalentlength.ThiscalculatorutilizesaFunction
subroutinecalledEqLUSawhichhasfourarguments:
FunctionEqLUSa(W,Pdrop,d,epsilon),where

W=flowrate,lb/h(=gpmx500)

Pdrop=knownpressuredrop(reportedbyequipmentmanufacturer),psi

d=insidepipediameterofthepipesegmentthattheequipmentisinstalledin,inch

epsilon=roughnessofpipethatequipmentisinstalledin,ft

32

PIPESIZE
EQUIVALENT LENGTH OF PIPE
REV
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52

PREPARED BY
S. Hall

DATE
02-Apr-2013

APPROVAL

LINE NO.
HTF-151-0136
REQUISITION NO. SPECIFICATION NO.
18103
PROCURED BY
INSTALLED BY

General
Combustible Oil
A: 150 lb Carbon Steel

Fluid Service
Pipe Specification

Pipe Size
Fittings
90 deg Ell
Long Rad. Ell
45 deg Ell
TEE-Line Flow
TEE-Branch Flow
180 deg Bend
Globe Valve
Gate Valve
Ball Valve (red. port)
Butterfly Valve
Plug Valve
Angle Valve
Sw ing Check Valve
Bell Mouth Inlet
Square Mouth Inlet
Re-Entrant Pipe

CLIENT
Sam ple
W.O.
10314
UNIT
AREA
Process Utilities

80 DN
Qty
Equiv. M.
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0

100 DN
Qty
Equiv. M.
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0

150 DN
Qty
Equiv. M.
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0

Straight Pipe

250

250

250

Total Equiv Meters

250

250

250

Equivalent lengths are calculated using a table of values.

If the fitting/size combination does not appear in the table, the "K Value" method is used.
"K Value" data are from the Hydraulic Institute, Pipe Friction Manual, regressed.

33

PIPESIZE
VelocitiesWorksheet
Thisworksheettabulatesrecommendedvelocitiesforvariousservices.Theinformationcontainedon
thissheetwascompiledfromseveralsources,andisintendedtobeasimplestartingpoint,nota
definitivedeclaration.

***ENDOFDOCUMENT***

34