LUYN THI I HC 2014

Chuyn mc:

PHNG TRNH LNG GIC LTH 2014

i.n
et

Li ni u. Phng trnh lng gic hu nh c mt trong tt c cc thi i hc, Cao ng t xa n nay ca

B GD-T. Phng trnh lng gic thng t v tr cu II trong cc thi i hc, Cao ng vi mc bnh
thng hc sinh TB kh tr ln cng c th c kh nng ly im. Tuy vy, ly c im nguyn vn ca cu
ny cng cn l vn so vi nhiu hc sinh. Cc em hc sinh c than phin lng gic cng thc nhiu, bin i
phc tp v trong nhiu cng thc nn chn cng thc no bin i thch hp...?
Ti xin mn php ni vi cc em y rng, nhng l do cha hn l chnh ng u cc em !
Vi hi vng gip cc em hc sinh y hc tt lng gic hn, cc em s khng cn ngi ngng vi ng cng thc
hn n ca lng gic khi i mt vi cc dng cu lng gic trong thi. Nhng vi s h tr ca cc thy c, cc
bn hc sinh, sinh vin vi nhng kinh nghim bn thn cng kh nng phn tch, nh hng st thc s gip cc em
hc sinh tip cn gn hn vi cc phng trnh lng gic cc em c hng t duy ng.
Chuyn c vit di dng cc bi ton chn lc c th. Mi bi ton u c s phn tch, nh hng li gii k
cng c chia s t cc bn hc sinh, cc thy c dy dn kinh nghim trn din n K2pi.net. Vi ngn ng i
thng, c pha cht hi hc, hi vng s mang li cho cc em hc sinh nhng kin thc, kinh nghim tht qu bu
nht.
*****
Bi ton

1. Gii phng trnh sau: 8(sin6 x + cos6 x) + 3 3 sin 4x = 3 3 cos 2x 9 sin 2x + 11

Phn tch hng gii. (L nh Mn) Trc ht, nhn tng quan phng trnh trn, trong phng trnh ch cha
hai hm lng gic l hm sin v hm cosin nn iu ng ch u tin l bc (6) v cc gc lng gic (cha
cc gc x 2x 4x). Nhng iu ta nhn thy ny t hn khin ta ngh n cng vic cn lm u tin l h bc
( bc nh li) v s dng cng thc nhn i ( chuyn v cng gc). C th:
sin6 x + cos6 x = [sin2 x]3 + [cos2 x]3 = (sin2 x + cos2 x)(sin4 x sin2 x cos2 x + cos4 x)

K2
p

= 1 3 sin2 x cos2 x.
sin 4x = 2 sin 2x cos 2x.
Khi , phng trnh cho tng ng vi

!
"
8 1 3sin2 xcos2 x + 6 3 sin 2x cos 2x = 3 3 cos 2x 9 sin 2x + 11

Nh vy, vi bc lm u tin, bc cao gim xung, gc 4x mt i. n y, phng trnh c n gin

ha i mt phn ng k, nhng chng ta cn phi thc hin mt thao tc na bng cch s dng mt cng thc
1
1
quen thuc sin2 x cos2 x = (2 sin x cos x)2 = sin2 2x. Lp rp n vo phng trnh trn ta thu c:
4
4
$
#

3
8 1 sin2 2x + 6 3 sin 2x cos 2x = 3 3 cos 2x 9 sin 2x + 11
4

2
2 sin 2x + 2 3 sin 2x cos 2x 3 cos 2x + 3 sin 2x 1 = 0 (1)

Nhng vn kh khn nht c gii quyt, bc cao nht ch l bc 2, phng trnh ch cn mt gc duy nht
l 2x. Phng trnh by gi khng cn iu g bn khon ngoi vic a v phng trnh tch. n y, nu mt
mt khong thi gian m mm ta cng s nhm c thnh nhn t thi. khi mt thi gian hn, chng ta cn
c mt cch nhn nhn tt hn nhm thnh nhn t nhanh hn. No, chng ta cng theo di cch nhn sau nh:
+ Trong phng trnh c 5 hng t, c c nhn t chng ta hi vng su khi ghp nhng cp i s thnh. Nhng
vi 5 hng t ta khng th ghp cc cp i. iu ny c ngha rng s c mt nhm no c cha 3 hng t.
mi tng quan ca cc hng t, chng ta c th tm nhm nh sau:

(1) (2 3 sin 2x cos 2x 3 cos 2x) + (2 sin2 2x + 3 sin 2x 1) = 0

3 cos 2x(2 sin 2x 1) + (2 sin2 2x + 3 sin 2x 1) = 0 (2)

Vi hi vng PT(2) s c nhn t 2 sin 2x 1, ta ch
ax2 + bx + c = a(x x1 )(x x2 ) = (x x1 )(ax ax2 ) vi x1 , x2 l hai nghim thc ca tam thc ax2 + bx + c. p
dng vo bi ton ta c ngay s phn tch:

(2) 3 cos 2x(2 sin 2x 1) + (sin 2x 1)(1 2 sin 2x) = 0 (3)

(2 sin 2x 1)( 3 cos 2x sin 2x + 1) = 0

Din n K2pi.net

LNG GIC 2014

Lc ny, chng ta hy th pho nh nhm khi bi ton b chng ta ph v. Nu khng may, trong trng
hp PT(3) khng th to thnh nhn t nh ta ngh, lc , chng ta i hng phn tch bng cch thay sin2 2x =
1 cos2 2x v tip tc thc hin nh vy. Phng trnh tch cui cng thuc dng c bn. Cc nghim ca n l
5

+ k; x =
+ k; x = k, (k Z)
12
12
4

i.n
et

x=

Bi ton
2. Gii phng trnh: 2 sin 6x cos x2 = 4 cos 2x cos x + sin 4x cos x2 + 4 cos 5x

Phn tch hng gii. (1)(L nh Mn) Trong PT chng ta thy a s cc s hng u c dng tch hai hm
x
lng gic, cc gc th lch nhau qu nhiu , x, 2x, 4x, 5x, 6x. Thng thng mt bi lng gic trong thi H th
2
khng n ni kh lm u. Ch cn nm ht cc k nng a v dng nhn t l OK! i vi bi ny ti ch thy
anh chng 5x n l loi qu thi. Nhng m 5x = 4x + x = 6x x = ... C ai ngh ngay n cng thc a tch
v tng. Nhng liu c vi vng qu khng khi ta s cng lm cho PT c nhiu gc l v c th phc tp hn chng?
V th, hy c gng tm cht n mi lin quan gia cc gc.
x
p thng vo mt ta: x 2x 4x. c th n cha s nhn i chng?
2
V phi lm sao to nn mi lin h gia gc 5x v cc gc khc y? Ti ch mi bit ngh c th ny thi
5x = 4x + x = 6x x. Mun vy, ti cn c cos 5x. cos x hay cos 5x. sin x.
Hn na, vi ci ny 4 cos 2x cos x, nu ta thm sin x th ta c
4 cos 2x cos x. sin x = 2 cos 2x. sin 2x = sin 4x.
Mu cht ca phng trnh chnh l s vng mt ca sin x.
Tht l th v phi khng no! Bt u vi cc tng thi.
+TH1: Nu sin x = 0 thay vo PT suy ra cos x = 1 x = + k2
(k Z).
+TH2: Vi sin x '= 0, nhn hai v PT vi sin x c PT tng ng
x
x
= sin 4x + sin x sin 4x cos + 4 cos 5x sin x
2
2
x
x
2 sin x sin 6x cos = sin 4x + sin x sin 4x cos + 2(sin 6x sin 4x)
2
2
&
%
&
%
x
x
2 sin 6x cos sin x 1 = sin 4x cos sin x 1
2
2
'
2 sin 6x sin 4x = 0 (1)

cos x2 sin x 1 = 0 (2)

K2
p

2 sin x sin 6x cos

+ k
2% &
arccos 18 17
x=

2
+ k (2) cos x2 sin x 1 = 0 (V
(1) sin 2x(4 cos 2x cos 2x 1) = 0
x =
%2 &

arccos 1+8 17
+ k
x=
2
nghim!)
Mt hng khc khi gii phng trnh (1):

2 sin2 2x + (2 3 cos 2x + 3) sin 2x 3 cos 2x 1 = 0

Xem phng trnh ny l phng trnh bc hai n sin 2x. Ta c

= (2 3 cos 2x + 3)2 8( 3 cos 2x + 1) = 12 cos2 2x + 4 3 cos 2x + 1 = (2 3 cos 2x + 1)2

Khi ta thu li c sin 2x =

1
3 cos 2x + 1 hoc sin 2x =
2

Phn tch hng gii. (2)(xuannambka)

2

Ti liu min ph

LUYN THI I HC 2014

Bi ton
3. Gii phng trnh

i.n
et

2 sin 6x cos x2 = 4 cos 2x cos x + sin 4x cos x2 + 4 cos 5x

cos x2 (sin 6x sin 4x) + 21 sin 4x cos x2 2 cos 2x cos x 2 cos 5x = 0
x
x
2x cos x
2 sin x cos
! 2 cos 5xx+ cos" 2x sin 2x cos
! 2 2 cos
" 2 cos 5x = 0
2 cos 5x !sin x cos 2 1" + cos 2x sin 2x!cos x2 2 cos x " = 0
'
2 cos 5x sin x cos x2 1 + 2 cos x cos 2x sin x cos x2 1 = 0
sin x cos x2 = 1 (1)

cos 5x + cos x cos 2x = 0 (2)

+
!
"
sin x2 = 1
1
x
3x
x
3x
VN
(1) 2 sin 2 + sin 2 = 1 sin 2 + sin 2 = 2
sin 3x
2 =1
2
(2) cos x(4cos 2x cos 2x 1)
=0
cos x = 0 !
x = 2 + k ! !
"
""
cos 2x = 18 !1 + 17" x = 12 arccos ! 81 !1 + 17"" + k
cos 2x = 81 1 17
x = 12 arccos 81 1 17 + k
3x
4

cos x = cos2

Phn tch hng gii. (L nh Mn) Nhn thy hnh thc phng trnh rt n gin vi mt hm lng gic vi
3x
hai loi gc x
. Thao tc u tin, ngh ngay n cng thc h bc.
4
3x
1 + cos
2
P T cos x =
2

K2
p

Bi hnh thc n gin ca phng trnh nn ta khng cn n mt thao tc bin i phc tp no ngoi cch nhn
nhn la chn cng thc thch hp.
3x
tuy n khng c mi quan h g trc tip, nhng ta hy th tm mi quan h gin tip ca chng.
Hai gc x v
2
x 3x
x
Thc vy, ta nhn thy x = 2. ,
= 3. . Nh vy qu r rng ta bit phi tip tc chn cng thc no
2 2
2
trong bi ton. C th:
x
cos x = 2 cos2 1;
2
3x
x
3 x
cos
= 4 cos
3 cos ;
2
2
2
Lc ny, phng trnh cho tng ng vi:
x
x
1 + 4 cos3 3 cos
x
2
2
2 cos2 1 =
2
2
x
x
x
4 cos3 4 cos2 3 cos + 3 = 0
2
2
2

Phng trnh cui gii ra c nghim

x = k4; x =

5
+ k4; x = + k4, k Z .
3
3

Bi ton
4. Gii phng trnh

sin4 x + cos4 x + sin3 x cos3 x =

7 (sin x cos x) + cos4x

4

Phn tch hng gii. (Ha Thin Long) Nhn thy s i xng gia cc hm sin v cos. Ch li ra thng: cos 4x
l mt i xng thi. Cn loi b cos 4x
Nhng loi b theo cch no? Tt hn l a v sin4 x v cos4 x v chng c mt sn ri. Vy ta c bc bin i
u tin:
cos 4x = cos2 2x sin2 2x = sin4 x + cos4 x 6 sin2 x. cos2 x
Khi , chc l do ngu nhin nn ta c c:
sin4 x + cos4 x cos44x = 32 .(sin2 x + cos2 x)2 = 34 .
Vy l OK trong tng bin i phng trnh v dng i xng ca 2 hm trn.
Din n K2pi.net

LNG GIC 2014

Bi ton
5. Gii phng trnh:

i.n
et

x)
sin3 x cos3 x + 34 = 7(sin xcos
4
Khi gp mt bi ton c tnh i xng ta thng ngh n iu g nh? Tt nhin l a v tng tch ri. V vy, ta
li bin i nh sau:
P T (sin x cos x).(4 sin x. cos x 3) + 3 = 0

$
#
1
1
5
!
!
"
"

=
4
cos
x

4
cos x 2
sin 3
2 x

Phn tch hng gii. (Li Ca) nh gi v hm: ch cha hm bc nht ca sin v cos c h s i xng.
5

3
x cc gc ny bin sin cos bin cos sin, gc ny x
x lm xut hin
nh gi cc gc: x ;
2 2
4
4
sinx cosx.
Vy y l PT i xng ca sin v cos ta ngh n t: t = sinx cosx hoc t = sinx + cosx ty vo PT l i xng
ca hiu hay tng
Trc ht, dng cng thc cung c lin quan c bit x l my ch (Cng gip chng ta tm iu kin d hn)
cos(x 2 ) = cos( 2 x) = sin x

sin( 3
2 x) = sin( 2 x + ) = sin( 2 x) = cos x

v cos(x 5
4 ) = cos(x 4 ) = cos(x 4 )
Khi , phng trnh cho vit li
1
1

+
= 4 cos(x )
sin x cos x
4

Phng trnh cha n mu -> t iu kin .

k
iu kin: sin 2x '= 0 x '=
. (C sin x v cos x khc 0)
2
Bin i quy ng mu s, nhng trc tin ta nhn thy
VT =

cos x + sin x
sin x cos x

K2
p

Hy xem v phi ca phng trnh, ti ngh kiu ny nn dng cng thc cng cung
cos(x

) = cos x cos + sin x sin = (cos x + sin x)

4
4
4
2

Nh vy chng ta c tha s chung l sin x + cos x. Phng trnh c vit li

(sin x + cos x)(

1
2 2) = 0
sin x cos x

T , nghim ca phng trnh l

+ k
x = + k, x = + k, x =
4
8
8
Bi ton
6. Gii phng trnh

sin4 x + cos4 x + sin(3x

) cos(x ) = 0
4
4
2

Phn tch hng gii. Khai trin hai ci ngoc ta c:

sin4 x + cos4 x + 12 (sin 3x cos 3x)(cos x + sin x) 23 = 0
2(sin4 x + cos4 x) + (sin 3x cos 3x)(cos x + sin x) 3 = 0
2(sin4 x + cos4 x) + (3 sin x 4 sin3 x 4 cos3 x + 3 cos x)(cos x + sin x) 3 = 0
2(sin4 x + cos4 x) 3 + [3(sin x + cos x) 4(sin x + cos x)(1 sin x cos x)](sin x + cos x) = 0
2(sin4 x + cos4 x) 3 + (sin x + cos x)2 (2 sin 2x 1) = 0
2(1 12 sin2 2x) 3 + (1 + sin 2x)(2 sin 2x 1) = 0
'
sin2 2x + sin 2x 2 =,0
sin 2x = 1

sin 2x = 2 (loi)
x = 4 + k, k Z
4

Ti liu min ph

LUYN THI I HC 2014

Bi ton
7. Gii phng trnh

2 3 cos2 x + 2sin3xcosx sin4x 3

=1
3 sin x + cos x

X l ch ny trc n

i.n
et

Phn tch hng gii. (1) (Li Ca)

1
iu kin: tan x '= x '= + k
6
3
Hin nhin l qui ng mu s v thu gn

2 3 cos2 x + 2 sin 3x cos x sin 4x 3 3 sin x cos x = 0

2 sin 3x cos x = sin 2x + sin 4x

n y, ta c ci ngon lnh hn

2 3 cos2 x + sin 2x 3 3 sin x cos x = 0

n y ch cn li hai cung x v 2x. a v cung x

2 3 cos2 x + 2 sin x cos x 3 3 sin x cos x = 0

K2
p

Ci ny th mi cc mem xem li nh hng bi 1.

Ta thu c
cc nghim

3
hoc 3 cos x + sin x = 1
cos x =
2
n y, hy khoan
ngh l 1im thuc v mnh! i chiu iu kin v loi nghim no?

3
TH1. cos x =
. Ta c
2
1
1
1=
tan2 x =
cos2 x
3

1
Nh vy, ch ly c tan x = x = + k.
6
3

TH2. Cho hai h nghim x = + k2 ci ny TMK

2
5
Ci th hai x =
+ k2. Thay vo, ta c
6
5
1
5
+ k2) = tan
=
tan(
6
6
3
Khng TMK roi.

Tm li, ch c hai h nghim x = + k hoc x = + k2

6
2

Phn tch hng gii. (2) (L nh Mn)

1
iu kin bi ton 3 sin x + cos x '= 0 tan x '= x '= + k, k Z.
6
3
di mu s l mt h thng kh cht ch bi v n thuc dng quen thuc a sin x + b cos x.
trn t s, ta nhn ra mi quan h cng kh r rng gia cc s hng nu ghp chng li. Ch :
3x + x = 4x, 3x x = 2x 2 sin 3x cos x = sin 4x + sin 2x 2 sin 3x cos x sin 4x = sin 2x;
2 cos2 x 1 = cos 2x.
Do , phng trnh tng ng vi mt phng trnh thuc dng c bn sau:

3 cos 2x + sin 2x = 3 sin x + cos x

%
%
&
&
sin 2x +
= sin x +
3
6

x = + k2
6

k2 (k Z).

x= +
6
3

Bc quan trng cui cng c nghim chnh xc l i chiu iu kin loi nghim ngoi lai. Ngoi cch lm
theo thy Li Ca, ta c th s dng ng trn lng gic bng cch biu din cc im biu th nghim ln v i

Din n K2pi.net

LNG GIC 2014

i.n
et

chiu.
Bng cch cho ln lt mt vi gi tr nguyn k = 1, 2, 3, 4, ... ta c cc gi tr x c th. Khi biu din cc gi tr
ln ng trn lng gic ta c hnh nh sau chng hn:
+ Hai im M, N chnh l hai im biu th cc gi tr x khng tha mn iu kin, khi nghim trng mt trong cc
im ny ta loi b ngay.
+ H nghim th nht chnh l im N nn khng nhn; h nghim th hai biu th bi ba im B, N, C nn ch c
cc nghim thuc hai im B, C l ta nhn. By gi, ta ch cn ghi cng thc cc nghim thuc hai im ny ra na
l xong.

+ k2
+ im B ng vi h nghim x = + k2, im C ng vi h nghim x = + k2 hoc x =
6
2
2
Kt lun, hai h nghim ca phung trnh ban u l
x=

+ k2; x = + k2, k Z .
6
2

Bi ton

"!
"
!
8. Gii phng trnh : tan2 x + 3 = 1 + 2 sin x tan x + 2 cos x
Phn tch hng gii. (1) (Li Ca)

iu kin: cos x '= 0 x '= + k

2
sin x
i tan x =
. Qui ng mu s
cos x

sin2 x + 3 cos2 x = (1 +
Khai trin ra

1 + 2 cos2 x = sin x cos x +

Ch ch ny

2 sin x)(sin x cos x + 2 cos3 x)

2 cos3 x + 2 sin2 x cos x + 2 sin x cos3 x

2 cos3 x + 2 sin2 x cos x = 2 cos x(cos2 x + sin2 x) = 2 cos x

Phng trnh c vit li

1 + 2 cos2 x = sin x cos x +

Ch ci ny

2 cos x + 2 sin x cos3 x

K2
p

sin x cos x + 2 sin x cos3 x = sin x cos x(1 + 2 cos2 x)

Thu c

(1 + 2 cos2 x)(1 sin x cos x) =

2 cos x

1
on c nghim sin x = cos x = Thc hin nh gi
2

1 + 2 cos2 x 2 2 cos2 x = 2 2| cos x| 0

1 sin x cos x = 1

Do ,

VT

Dn ti

Tm li phng trnh c nghim x =

1
1
sin 2x > 0
2
2

2| cos x|

2 cos x 2| cos x| cos x 0

+ k2
4

Phn tch hng gii. (2) (L nh Mn)

Nt tht s c m nh nhng cho bi ton khi chng ta nhn ra c iu sau y:
Vi mi s thc a, b, c, d ta lun c
(a c)2 + (a d)2 + (b c)2 + (b d)2 0 a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 (a + b)(c + d)

p dng BT trn vi a = 1, b = 2 sin x, c = tan x, d = 2 cos x ta c ngay

%
&%
&

tan2 x + 3 1 + 2 sin x tan x + 2 cos x

ng thc xy ra khi ch khi 1 =

6

2 sin x = tan x = 2 cos x.

Ti liu min ph

LUYN THI I HC 2014

Bi ton
9. Gii phng trnh:

1
8 cos2 x 2 cos x 6 2 3 sin x =
.
cos x

i.n
et

Phn tch hng gii. (N H Tu prince) K:cos x '= 0 x '= 2 + k2

phng trnh tr nn n gin
hn,ta phi lm mt n mu thc,nhn hai v cho cos x,phng trnh tr thnh:
8 cos3 x 2 cos2 x 6 cos x 2 3 sin x cos x + 1 = 0
Khng kh nhn thy cng
thc nhn hai v2 nhn ba ang n np,p dng cng thc thu gn phng trnh:
2(4 cos3 x
3
cos
x)

2
3 sin x cos x (2 cos x 1) = 0

2 cos 3x 3 sin 2x cos 2x = 0 2 cos 3x = 3 sin 2x + cos 2x

Phng trnh gi gn hn,nhng li gp bt cp v gc khi 2x, 3x khng lin quan nhiu n nhau,ch cn ba hng
t tham gia nn ta ngh a v dng c bn,nhm hai hng t cng gc vi nhau.C dng a sin x + b cos x,th biu
din di dng !m sin(x "+ ) c:
!
"
2 cos 3x = 2 sin 2x + 6 cos 3x = cos 3 2x
Phng trnh v dng c bn.
Nghim ca phng trnh l

7
11
13

x=
+ k2x =
+ k2x =
+ k2x =
+ k2x = + k2
15
15
15
15
3
Bi ton

10. Gii bt phng trnh 3 sin 2x 6 sin2 x 4 sin x + 2

Phn tch hng gii. (dangnamneu) Thng thng vi bi ton lng gic chng tas bin i tm ra nhn
t chung v a v phng trinh tch. Nhng vi bi ton ny vic xut hin nhn t 3 sin 2xchng ta ch c th
nhm vi sinx hoc h bc 2sin2 x = 1 cos2x, tuy nhin vic lm ny khng em li kt qu. Vy li gii cho bi
ton nm u? Cc bn l
2

6sin2 x 4 sin x + 2 =

(6 sin x 2) + 8
36sin2 x 24 sin x + 12
=
>0
6
6

K2
p

Do bt phng trnh c nghim

ta phi c sin
2x > 0.
V cng thc nhn i chng ta c: 3 sin 2x = 2 3 sin x cos x.
!
"
Tip n khi bnh phng c hai v ca bt phng trnh v tri xut hin sin2 xcos2 x = sin2 x 1 sin2 x . Tc l ta
quy c bi ton v gii phng trnh ch c cha . y chnh l nt tht ca bi ton.
Do c hai v u khng m nn bnh phng hai v ca bt phng trnh ta c
!
" !
"2
!
"2
12sin2 x 1 sin2 x 6sin2 x 4 sin x + 2 3sin2 x 3sin4 x 3sin2 x 2 sin x + 1
3sin2 x 3sin4 x 1 + 9sin4 x 12sin3 x + 10sin2 x 4 sin x
#
$2
"
1 !
1
4
3
2
12sin x 12sin x + 7sin x 4 sin x + 1 0 sin x
12sin2 x + 4 0 sin x =
2
2

Cng vic cn li ca chng ta l i chiu iu kin nghim. Tuy nhin nu gii trc tip iu kin sin 2x > 0th cc
em trong chng trnh hc cha c hc v cng khng c rn luyn nhiu v bi ton gii bt phng trnh c
bn. Vy phi lm th no?
Ta x l nh sau:
Ta c
'
x = 6 + k2
sin x = 21
.
x = 5
6 + k2
!
"
Vi nghimx = 6 + k2 sin 2x = sin 3 + k4 = 23 > 0nn tha mn.

! 5
"
! 5 "
!
"
3

Vi nghim x = 5
= sin 5
6 + k2 sin 2x = sin 3 + k4 = sin 3
3 2 = sin 3 = 2 < 0nn ta loi
nghim ny.
Vy bt phng trnh c nghim l x = 6 + k2, k Z
Bi ton
11. Gii phng trnh

Din n K2pi.net

1 sin x (1 sin 2x) +

1
= 2 tan x
cos2 x

LNG GIC 2014

Phn tch hng gii. (L nh Mn) Tht t nhin nu chng ta nhn ra ci p tim n:
1 sin 2x = sin2 x + cos2 x 2 sin x cos x = (sin x cos x)2 ;
1

2 tan x = 1 + tan2 x 2 tan x = (tan x 1)2 .

cos2 x
Bng nhng cng thc c bn ta a phng trnh v PT tng ng sau:

1 sin x(sin x cos x)2 + (tan x 1)2 = 0 (1)

i.n
et

R rng cn thc lun c ngha bi sin x 1, x '= + k(k Z) v V T(1) 0. Do , nghim ca phng trnh
2

phi tha mn tan x = 1 x = + k(k Z).

4
Bi ton
12. Gii phng trnh

4 cos 2x (cos 2x + 4 sin x 3) 24 sin x 16 3 cos x + 37 = 0

Phn tch hng gii. (L nh Mn) Cng thc cn s dng: cos 2x = 2 cos2 x 1 = 1 2 sin2 x. Sau khi s dng
cng thc nhn i ny vo phng trnh, ta nhn thy phng trnh c c im nh sau:
Bc ca phng trnh ln n bc 4;
Tuy trong phng trnh c cha hai hm lng gic sin x, cos x nhng hai hm ny c lp trong tng hng t. V
th, vic a phng trnh v tch l hu nh khng th bi con s 37 n khng c mi quan h no vi mt trong cc
h s ca cc hng t cn li. Ni cch khc ta buc phi tch 37 ra tng mnh nh thm nhp vo tng nhm
ring bit.
Chnh v l , ta th tm cch to ra nhng biu thc khng m khi ly tng s cho kt qu l s khng m. tng
l nh th nhng khi thc hin cng phi c tiu xo.Tiu xo l g? chnh l on nghim.
1
3
. iu ny nh hng cho ta phn tch sao cho to ra
D dng m ra c nghim sin x = , cos x =
2
2
2
2
(2 sin x 1) , (2 cos x 3) , ... chng hn. Hy th lm, ta s c kt qu:
2
3) = 0

K2
p

P T (2 sin x 1)4 + 4(2 cos x

Bi ton
13. Gii phng trnh

sin2 x (tan x 2) = 3 (cos 2x + sin x cos x)

Phn tch hng gii. (dangnamneu) Trc tin thy xut hin tan xtrong phng trnh chng ta phi t iu
kin trc.
iu kin cos x '= 0.
2
Ti y cos2x = 2cos2 x 1hoc bng 1
! 2sin2 xu c.
"
2
Ta a v phng trnh sin x (tan x 2) = 3 2cos x + sin x cos x 1 .
2
Th chia hai v ca phng
trnh cho cos
" x '= 20xem sao.
!
"
!
1
2
tan x (tan x 2) = 3 2 + tan x cos2 x tan x!(tan x 2)" = 3 1 + tan x tan2 x .
tan3 x + tan2 x 3 tan x 3 = 0 (tan x + 1) tan2 x 3 = 0.
'
'
tan x = 1
x = 4 + k

.
x = 3 + k
tan x = 3
"
! sin x
Nhiu em thc mc l ti sao chia c hai v cho cos2 x y. C hai l do, mt l sin2 x (tan x 2) = sin2 x cos
x 2 c
th coi l bc hai i vi hm s lng gic. cos2x + sin x cos x = cos2 x sin2 x + sin x cos xcng l bc hai i vi
hm s lng gic. Khi c hai v cng bc th ta c th chia c hai v cho cos2 xhoc sin2 x. Hai l ti sao li khng
chia cho sin2 x, y chng ta s dng lun iu kin cos x '= 0. Do vy khi chia khng cn phi xt cos x = 0c l
nghim ca phng trnh hay khng?
sin x
Nhng thng thng nhng bi ton c cha cc i lng mnh thng khuyn cc em l bin i tan x = cos
x ; cot x =
cos x
.
Vy
bi
ton
ny
c
lm
c
nh
vy
hay
khng?
V
cu
tr
li
l
hon
ton
c
th,
tuy
nhin
vic
bin
i v
sin x
nhm v hng t chung i hi cc em c mt k nng nht nh trong vic rn luyn gii phng trnh lng gic.
Trong! trng hp
trnh nh" sau
" ta!bin2 i phng
2
sin x

2
=
3
cos
x

sin
x
+
sin
x cos x .
sin2 x cos
x
!
"
sin3 x 2sin2 x cos x = 3 cos3 x sin2 x cos x + sin xcos2 x .
Ti y th cc em c th nhn ra ngay vic chia c hai v ca phng trnh cho cos3 x.
8

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LUYN THI I HC 2014

Bi ton
14. Gii phng trnh

i.n
et

- %
&
%
&.

(sin x + cos x)2 2sin2 x

2
sin

sin

3x
=
2
4
4
1 + cot2 x
Phn tch hng gii. (dangnamneu) iu kin sin x '= 0. Khi bin i phng trnh thnh
%
&
!
"
sin2 x 1 + sin 2x 2sin2 x = 2.cos
2x . sin x
4
.
&
&
&
%
%
%

2x 2 sin xcos
2x = 2cos
2x
sin x (cos2x + sin 2x) = 2cos
4
4
4
.
"
!
'
'

x = 3
cos 4 2x = 0
8 +k2

sin x = 1
x = 2 + k2
.

Bi ton
2 sin
15. Gii phng trnh

%
3

&

2x + 2 sin 2x + 3
cos x

= 4 cos 4x

K2
p

Phn tch hng gii. (Mai Tun Long) Cha vi t K u tin ta cn nh hng li gii trc: PT c nhiu
gc khc nhau, thng thng l bin i quy v mt gc no nhm lm gim s gc phn bit, th nhn hai v
vi cosx kh mu khi VP cha cos4xcosx nu s dng cng thc bin tch thnh tng th li lm tng s gc
khc nhau, thy khng n, chuyn sang phn tch t s ca phn thc VT vi hi vng xut hin nhn t cosx, tht
may mn vn may n v y l li gii:
K: cos
"
!
x '= 0

2cosx 3cosx + sin x

3 (cos2x + 1) + sin 2x
PT
= 4 cos 4x
= 4 cos 4x 3cosx + sin x = 2 cos 4x, (2)
cos x
cos x
(n y vic gii tip tm nghim l n gin, nhng y l mt PT c K, thng thng ti khng vi vng tm
nghim m ti s nh hng s l K.
iu kin ti vn nguyn t u cha gii n ra bi cn nh hng trc v n n gin ch l cosx '= 0: c rt
nhiu cch s l K nhng nn trnh dng ng trn lng gic, phng trnh i s s l k nguyn tr trng hp
bt kh khng, cch thng thng n gin m ta th u tin l th trc tip gi tr ca hm K vo PT mun vy
ta cn bini PT theo hm )
Ta c PT: 3cosx + sin x = 2[2(2 cos2 x 1)2 1]
Vi cosx = 0 th 1 = 2 khng ng ri cosx = 0 khng tha mn PT(2). vy nghim ca (2) lun tha mn K
hay chnh l nghim ca PT
ban u. by gi ch ra h nghim c ri!
2

x = 18 + k 3
(2) cos(x ) = cos4x

2 , (k Z)
6
x=
+k
30
5

2
x = 18 + k 3
Vy nghim ca PT l:

2 , (k Z)
x=
+k
30
5
Bi ton

16. Gii phng trnh

4 cos3 x+2 cos2 x(2 sin x1)sin 2x2(sin x+cos x)

2 sin2 x1

=0

Phn tch hng gii. (Mai Tun Long) bi ny mu s ch ng vai tr loi nghim ! Khng trnh by nhiu
ti n cc yu t sin x + cos x v sin2x i vo bin i gii lun:
K: cos2x '= 0
2
P T 2 cos2 x [2(sin x + cos x) 1] [2(sin x + cos x) 1] (sin x + cos x) = 0
2
[2(sin x + cos x)
! 1] cos 2x (sin x"+ cos x) = 0
(sin x + cos x) 2 cos2 x cos x 1 = 0
Ti y bt u i phn tch s l K: cos2x '= 0 suy ra sin x + cos x '= 0
Din n K2pi.net

LNG GIC 2014

cosx = 1
1
Vy P T 2 cos x cos x 1 = 0, (I)
cosx =
2
2

Bi ton
17. Gii phng trnh

i.n
et

2
By gi bin i K v hm cosx kt hp:cos2x '= 0 cosx '=
Vy (I) tha mn K
2
/
x = k2
, (k Z)
Vy PT c nghim l
2
x=
+ k2
3

!
"
%
2 sin4 x + cos4 x 1
&
= cos x
cos2x
4

cos(x ) '= 0
4

sin( x) '= 0
4

PT cos 2x = cos(x ) 2 cos(x ). sin( x) = cos(x 4 ) sin( x) = (Ti y mi th u tha mn

4
4
4
4
2
K
/

x = + k2
, (k Z)
P T c nghim l:
6
x = 7
12 + k2
1
sin x + cos x '= 0
Phn tch hng gii. (Mai Tun Long) K: cos 2x '= 0
cos x sin x '= 0

Bi ton
18. Gii phng trnh

cos 2x + cos

3x
2=0
4

K2
p

3x
Phn tch hng gii. (thanhbinhmath) Do cos2x 1; cos 3x
4 1 nn cos2x + cos 4 2.
Phng
trnh cho tng ng vi h
1
cos2x = 1
x = k4.
cos 3x
4 =1

Bi ton
19. Gii phng trnh

%
&
tan3 x
= tan x 1
4

tan atan b
Phn tch hng gii. (tutuhoi) Ta c cng thc tan(a b) = 1+tan
a. tan b
Nhng nu p dng trc tip cng thc ny thi ta s dn ti vic s dng cc hng ng thc bc 3. Vy c cch no
trnh c vic khng?
lm iu ta ngh ti vic t n ph. t t = x 4 x = t + 4 .
Vy ta c th trnh by nh sau:
iu
kin:
1
1
"
!
x '= 3
cos x 4 '= 0
4 + k
cos x '= 0
x '= 2 + k
Ta c phng
! trnh
" sau khi t n ph:
tan3 t = tan t + 4 + 1
1+tan t
tan3 t = 1tan
t +1
tan t(tan t + 1)(tan2 t 2 tan t + 2) = 0
tan t = 0 hoc tan t = 1
Vi tan t = 0 t = k x = 4 + k
Vi tan t = 1 t = 4 + k x = k
i chiu vi iu kin l c nghim ri.

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LUYN THI I HC 2014

Bi ton
20. Gii phng trnh
2012(sinx)2013 + 2013(cosx)2012 = 2013

Bi ton
21. Gii phng trnh:

i.n
et

Phn tch hng gii. (Mai Tun Long) u tin nhn thy m to nh tng th ny chc khng th bin i
thng thng c ri, ngh cch thi, nh gi chng chc phi th mi bit, chnh l vic i tm hng cho li
gii!
Ta bit hm sin v cos c gi tr trong khong [1; 1] nn tr tuyt i ca ly tha cng ln th cng nh vy ta ngh
n hng nh gi a v sin2 x v cos2 x v ta bt u nh gi:
Ta c:
(sinx)2013 |(sinx)2013 | = (|sinx|)2013 sin2 x
(cosx)2012 cos2 x
V T = 2012[(sinx)2013 + (cosx)2012 ] + (cosx)2012 2012(sin2x + cos2 x) + cos2 x 2012 + cos2 x 2013
Ti y ta nhn xt PT xy ra tc c nghim khi tt c cc BT u ry ra du bng ti cng gi tr ca bin x v
iu kin
1 l:
(sinx)2013 = sin2 x
PT
sinx = 0 x = k , (k Z)
(cosx)2012 = cos2 x = 1
Vy Nghim ca PT l: x = k , (k Z)

sin 4x cos 4x = 1 + 4(sin x cos x)

K2
p

Phn tch hng gii. (Huy Vinh) Ta c:

sin 4x cos 4x = 1 + 4.(sin x cos x)
2 sin 2x. cos 2x + 1 2 cos2 2x = 1 + 4.(sin x cos x)
cos 2x.(sin 2x cos 2x) = 2.(sin x cos x)
(cos2 x sin2 x)(sin 2x cos 2x) = 2.(sin x cos x)
(cos x sin x)(cos x + sin x)(sin 2x cos 2x) = 2.(sin x cos x) (1)

-TH1: sin x = cos x x = + k ; k Z

4
-TH2: sin x '= cos x
T (1)
(cos x + sin x)(sin 2x cos 2x) = 2
2 sin x. cos x + 2 sin2 x 1 = 2
2 sin x.(sin x + cos x)2 cos x sin x + 2 = 0
2 sin x + 4 sin2 x. cos x cos x sin x + 2 = 0
sin x + (4 4 cos2 x). cos x cos x + 2 = 0
sin x + 3 cos x 4 cos3 x + 2 = 0
sin x cos 3x + 2 = 0
n y khng th phn tch a ra pt tch nh nhng bi khc c na. Khi ta ngh ngay ti php nh gi,
nhn thy hm sin v cos th b gii hn trong on [1; 1]
nh gi nh sau:
Ta c: sin x 1; cos 3x 1 sin x cos 3x + 2 0
M sin x cos 3x + 2 = 0
Du bng xy ra
sin x = cos 3x = 1

sin x = 1 x = + k2
2
h2
cos 3x = 1 x =
3

v nghim. Kt lun, phng trnh cho c nghim x = + k k Z

4
Bi ton
22. Gii phng trnh:

(8 sin3 x + 1)3 = 162 sin x 27.

Din n K2pi.net

11

LNG GIC 2014

Phn tch hng gii. (Mo Hi) Trc tin ta t t = 2 sin x cho gn.
Phng trnh cho tr thnh:
(t3 + 1)3 = 27(3t 1).

i.n
et

X l sao y? Khng l khai trin ra? Bc 9 , khng d chi u.

Bm my nghim v t qu, c chng l nghim lng gic?
, cng c l, c th lm, nhng cha thy nim lng gic ha.
Nhp ra xem no, ny c th a v h i xng khng nh, trng thy quen lm.
, c l y, xem no, m 3 v tri v quan h bc nht v phi.
Hn na 33 = 27, li c s 1 cng xut hin, nn nghi ngay t u = 3t 1
Khi ta c h:
+ 3
(t + 1)3 = 27u
(u + 1)3 = 27t3

, thy ri ka, ta x n theo hm hay tr tng v quen thuc?

Nu tr v theo v ta c t3 = u, ngon?
Nhng cn trng hp khc l mt biu thc rt cng knh, nhng may sao n gm bnh phng thiu v cng thm
27 nn > 0 ri. Nu hc hm ri th ta c:
Xt hm s f (a) = (a + 1)3 + 27a th f # (a) > 0.
Ta c f (u) = f (t3 )
T tm li ta c:
t3 = u t3 2t 1 = 0(1).
, y l mt phng trnh quen thuc vi rt nhiu bn n.
Ti chm li nha.
Bm my tnh, nghim v t qu, xem ra phn tch thnh nhn t bng ng nht h s cng khng n thua. T
nhin chng ta nghi ng c lng gic ha, v nu ch cos 3 = 4 cos3 3 cos nn
2 cos 3 = 8 cos3 6 cos .

iu ny gip ta ngh ti t t = 2 cos , sau chia c 2 v ca phng trnh cho 2 i:

1
cos 3 = (2).
2

K2
p

Tri khng ph lng ngi ri

Ngon.
Nhng vn l cha chn c khong gi tr ca t, v ta c ?t R
Ta phng trnh bc 3 c khng qu 3 nghim, nn gi c gi s t [2; 2] ri , xem tm c bao nhiu
nghim.
Ch khi t theo cos th phi chn [0; ](3)
Sau khi gii (2), i chiu vi (3) ta c 3 nghim tha (2).
8
4
2
; =
; =
=
9
9
9
Nh th (1) c 3 nghim
8
4
2
; 2 cos .
t = 2 cos ; t = 2 cos
9
9
9
T tm ra t, tm ra x.(c 6 h nghim).
Bi ton
23. Gii phng trnh:

x
3x
x
3x
cos x. cos . cos
sin x.sin . sin
=1
2
2
2
2

Phn tch hng gii. (Mai Tun Long) Ti thy n c mang bng dng ca BT nn chn tng nh gi th:
Ta c:
5
5
2 3x
x
3x 2
2
4 x + sin4 x ).(cos4 3x + sin4 3x )
V T 2 (cos x2 . cos 3x
)
+(sin
.
sin
)

(cos
(cos2 x2 + sin2 x2 ).(cos2 3x
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 + sin 2 )
1
T y ta c cch gii quyt PT!
Bi ton
24. Gii phng trnh:

12

&
3cot2 x + 2 2sin2 x = 2 + 3 2 cosx

Ti liu min ph

LUYN THI I HC 2014

Bi ton
25. Gii phng trnh:

i.n
et

Phn tch hng gii. (Mai Tun Long) Xin php ch nu tng nh hng: Ti vn thng quan nim rng
nu PT c cha sin ;cosv c c cot hoc
tan th thng a cot v tan v sin v cos. PT ny ti cng lm vy:
4
P T 3 cos2 x (2 + 3 2) sin2 x cos x + 2 2 sin
x = 20 4
Coi PT l PT bc hai ca cos x ta c: = (3 2 2) sin x
Ngon ri ! D nhin l cn K

sinx. sin 2x + sin 3x = 6cos3 x

Phn tch hng gii. (Mai Tun Long) y l PT dng a thc ca hm lng gic, dng ny tng i c bn
thng dng nhm nghim a PT v dng tch, trng hp nghim hu t th n gin ri, cn nghim v t th ch
cc gi tr lng gic ca cc gc c bit, chng
hn
i vi PT ca hm: tan x hoc cot x ta ch cc gi tr nh

2
3
1
l: 3; ; ... ; vi sin x hoc cos x th l:
;
; ...
2
2
3
Ta ch cc hng t sau khi a v cng mt gc c bc u bng ba( y sin x = sin x(sin2 x + cos2 x).).
Vy ta a PT v PT ng cp bc ba ca tan x hoc cot x gii, v by gi l li gii:
P T sin3 x 2 sin2 x cos x 3 sin x cos2 x + 6 cos3 x = 0
cos x = 0 khng tha mn P T P T tan3 x 2 tan2 x 3 tan x +'6 = 0
t= 3
t: t = tan x ta c PT: t3 2t2 3t + 6 = 0 (t2 3)(t 2) = 0
t=2

+ Vi: t = 3 tan x = 3 x = + k, (k Z).

3
+ Vi: t = 2 tan x = 2 x = arctan 2 + k, (k Z).

Vy PT c cc h nghim: x = + k ; x = arctan 2 + k, (k Z)
!
3
Bi ton
26. Gii phng trnh:

4cos3 x + 3 2 sin 2x = 8 cos x

K2
p

Phn tch hng gii. (Mai Tun Long) Bi ny th c bn

mun ni nhiu cng khng c !
qu ri,

x = + k

cos x =0
2

"
!

2
+ k2 , (k Z)
x
=

PT cos x 2 sin x 3 2 sin x + 2 = 0

2
4

sin x =
3
2
x=
+ k2
4
Bi ton
27. Gii phng trnh:

cos 2x + sin 2x tan x

= 3 cos 2x
1 + cot x

Phn tch hng gii. (Mai Tun Long) y l PT c cha phn thc nu ta chn cch nhn hai v vi 1 + cot x
kh mu chc chn s lm pht sinh nghim ngai lai v s kh khn trong vic kt hp nghim, vy u tin hy
ngh cch kh mu bng cch t trit tiu tc rt gn phn thc, tt nhin l c ri nn ti mi ni nh vy! V
cch gii nh sau:
K:1 + cot x '= 0 cot x '= 1
1
(sin x + cos x)(2 cos x
)
cos
x = 3 cos 2x
PT
sin x + cos x
sin x
'

cos 2x =0, (1)

cos 2x tan x = 3 cos 2x
tan x = 3, (2)
By gi s l K y ! Ty vo PT m ta c cch s l khc nhau, ch c hai PT: (1) v (2) u bin i c v
cot x nn
ta2 chn cch thng qua gi tr ca mt hm tc bin i PT v hm cot x
cot x 1

=0
(1) 1 + cot2 x
cot x = 1 x = + k, k Z

4
cot x '= 1
Din n K2pi.net

13

LNG GIC 2014

Bi ton
28. Gii phng trnh:

+ k, k Z

i.n
et

1
(2) cot x = , (Tho mn K)
3
x = 3 + k, k Z

Vy PT c hai h nghim: x = + k ; x =
4

tan2 x(sin2x 6) +

sin3 x
1
(4
3sin2 x) 2sinx(cosx + 2) + 3cosx + 6 = 0
cosx cosx

Phn tch hng gii. (Mai Tun Long) Bi ny nhn knh cng th ny thi nhng ch luyn tp chiu thc
nhm nhn t chung m thi ! D mun ni nhiu cng khng th trong bi ny, ch cn nc l gii lun:
K:cos x '= 0
sin2 x
(4 sin x 3 cos x) 2 sin x(cos x + 2) + 3(cos x + 2) = 0
PT tan2 x(sin 2x 6) +
cos2 x
2
(tan x 1)(2 sin x 3)(cos x + 2) = 0 tan2 x = 1 tan x = 1

x = + k, k Z
4
Ti y ta thy K ch cho vui thi ! V cos x '= 0 l cho tan x xc nh m tan x = 1 th c gi tr xc nh
ri!

Kt lun nghim ca PT l: x = + k, k Z
4
Bi ton
29. Gii phng trnh:

3 sin 2x cos 2x = 2 3 cos x 2 sin x + 3

K2
p

Phn tch hng gii. (Mai Tun Long) u tin ta % n cc&biu thc
% ng &cp ca sin v cos v x l n:

= 4 cos x +
+3
PT 3 sin 2x cos 2x = 2( 3 cos x sin x) + 3 2 cos 2x +
3
6
By gi ta a v PT bc hai ca cos:
%
%
%
&
&
&
1
P T 4 cos2 x +
+ 4 cos x +
+ 1 = 0 cos x +
=
6
6
6
2
Bi ton
30. Gii phng trnh:

5 cos3 x + 7 cos x 6 = sin 2x + 6 cos 2x

Phn tch hng gii. (Mai Tun Long) Nhn thy cos3 x; cos x; sin 2x;6 + 6 cos 2x u c cha cos x; nn tt nht
ta c gom nhn t chung ri tnh tip !
'
!
"
cos x = 0, (1)
PT cos x 5 cos2 x 12 cos x 2 sin x + 7 = 0
5 cos2 x 12 cos x 2 sin x + 7 = 0, (2)

(1) x = + k.(k Z)
2
Gii (2) ta thy cos x2 = 0 khng' tha mn nn t: t = tan x2
t = 0, (3)
(2) t(6t3 t2 + t 1) = 0
, (4)
6t3 t2 + t 1 = 0
(3) x = k2, k Z
(4):6t3 t2 + t 1 = 0.
Ci ny nn qu !

14

Ti liu min ph