146 Design of Cylit Nalues of E milions, psi BERSRRBSK a 200 400 600-600 ~—1000 Temperature, deg. F Fig. 8.6. Modulus of sloticity of ploin carbon and austenitic steels os « function of temperature. (Extracted from the 1956 edition af the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vestal Code, Unfired Pressure Vessels [11], with p mission of the publsher, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 29 West 37th St, New York, NX.) for materials having nonlinear stress-strain curves may be ‘avoided by using a “tangent” modulus of elasticity, that is, the slope of the stress-strain curve at the stress and ten perature under consideration. For convenience, to avoi the necessity of measuring the tangent modulus, the simul- taneous value of (f/E) can he plotted versus stress in terms of pressure and dimensions of the vessel. In designing vessel for a given value of (J/2) based upon the material of construction and operating temperatures, one bases his design upon the strain at which collapse occurs rather than upon an allowable stress. Using a design factor of safety of 4, in which the allow. able pressure is considered to be one fourth of the theoretic pressure at. which collapse occurs, we obtain: Prveortizal = “= APatow (8.2) Where peyeretiet = theoretical external pressure at which collapse occurs, pounds per square inch Patoy, = allowable external pressure, pounds per square inch Rearranging Eq. 8.32, we obtain: nan (()-rone($)-f- Paton, = B () (8.33) Using Eq, 8.33 and appropriate stress-strain diagrams, ‘we can determine simultaneous values of (f/F) and ({/2) and can plot them as shown in Fig. 8.7. ‘The 100° curve in Fig. 8.7 has an inclined line of constant slope below the yield point because at 100° F and below the modulus of clasticity does not vary with stress. Above the yield point the plastic region the stress-strain curve is nearly a or | Vessels with Formed Closures Operating under External Pressure horizontal Tine and corresponds to the horizontal line of Fig. 8.5. ‘The 650° F line shows a break at a lower value of (f/2) and levels off thereafter Figures 84 and 8.7 can be used to determine the safe external working pressure of an existing vessel under external pressure. The dimensional ratios (/d and d/t are first computed and the corresponding value of f/E is deter- mined from Fig. 84. This value is used with Fig. 8.7 to determine the value of the quantity (Pattow )(d/) from which the value of paiow. is directly computed. In designing a vessel the dimensional ratio 1/d is usually known, but. the value of d/t is unknown as f is to be determined. The value of ( must first be assumed and the calculated safe allowable working pressure checked with the desired work- ing pressure as indicated above. ‘As both of the curves of Figs. 8.4 and 8.7 haye a common abscissa of {/E, they may be conveniently superimposed as indicated in Figs. 8.8 and 89 (for plain carbon steel up to 900° F). 8.4 EXAMPLE DESIGN OF A SHELL Given: A fractionating tower 14 ft in inside diameter by 21 ft in length from tangent line to tangent line of the closures. The tower contains removable trays on & 39-in. n is SA-263, Grade B plai carbon steel, which has a yield strength of 27,000 psi (see Table 5.1) The required thickness of the shell will be determined both without stiffeners and with stiffeners located at the tray positions. 20.000 Fig: 87. Chart for plain corbon steel showing cllowable prottre under ‘external loading at 100° F 10 900° F. Extracted from Transactions ofthe ‘ASME [135] with permission of the publiher, the Ametican Society of Mechorical Engineers, 29 West 39th St, New York, N.Y.)BRS 25] 20] 8 16 4 12 10] 90 80) 79) 60) 50 40) 35) 30) 25 20 18 16 14 12. 100 x thickness = 1,/100t, 10 0.30 0.80 070 060 050 For cylinders: length + outside diameter = T/dy For spheres inside radius 040 035 030 0.25| 020 .18| 016| 014 o12 010 003 08 0.07 0.05| 0.05! 0.00001 Example Design of a Shell 50,000 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20.000 18,000 16,000 up 300¢F 114.000, S00" Joor t+] 12.000 00°F 00°F 4,000 Bs (fo eed 3888 acs 8 S882 95888 Factor B 888 88 SNE NE Nello aA he Xe AS SAS AENEAE NAGS AY? yao ere pat sere pesos 0.001 001 oa Factor A= IE = Fig. 88, Combined chart for determining thickness for corbon-steel shells under external pressure —for yield strengths of 24000 to 80,000 pa. from the 1956 edition of the ASME Boiler ond Preture Vessel Code, Unfrad Pressure Varuel 1, with permission of the publisher, the American Society of Mecharicol Engineers, 29 Wes! 39th SL, New York, N.Y.) 147186 Vesign of Supports tor Vertical Vessels Table 10.2, Values of Constants C), C., z, and jas @ Function of k (156) k z di 0.050 0.490 0.760 0.100 0.480 0.766 0.150 0.469 0.771 0.200 0.459 0.776 0.250 0.448 0.779 0.300 0.438 0.781 0.350 0.427 0.783 0.400 0.416 0784 0.450 0.404 0.785 0.500 0.393 0.786 0.550 0.381 0.785 0.600 0.369 0.784 ‘The maximum distance from the neutral axis for such an element is: (1 — cos a) ‘The stress.’ in the element is directly. proportional to the distance from the neutral axis, and if the maximum induced stress is fe, 1(e0s 6 — c08 a) b= TG — oa a) (10.13) ‘The corresponding compressive (comp.) stress, f’seomp.)+ in the steel on the compression side (see Eq. 10.2) is: S'stoomp) = (10.14) ‘The corresponding compressive forces in the clement are obtained by multiplying the elemental stresses by the ele- mental areas. AFeconerae) = Sede = Sear | iu —— | do (10.15) Aetiay = rhe dA, = nba [oe = bas | 4 (10.16) ‘The total compressive force on the element is equal to the sum of the above two equations, or cos 8 — cos 1 cos @ AF cotat) = (le + nlr)rfe [ By integration, Fem (le + nbinted f 2 “ree 10.17) T= cos a Fem (at mart Pe (le + nbiyefele (10.18) where Ce = the term in the bracket and is a constant for a given value of k. To determine the distance lz the same procedure is used as for the tension side, The moment of the force on the element times the lever arm is: dM, = dF, r(cos 8 — cos «) (cos # — ens a)* (L = cos a) (e+ mbar fe By integration, = 00s 1 cosa Me = (le + nbidfor®2 f Pi ao lo cos? a — B(sin a cos a) + da 1 cosa Gt mages 0.19) Dividing M, by F gives by ko [: cost a — Hsin a 008 a) + da : | (9 (40.20) (Note that J; is a constant for a given value of &.) ‘The total distance between the forces #, and Fe is equal tol; +l. This distance divided by d gives the dimension- less ratio, whith | 2) cos? a + Hr — a) + Hsin a cos s @ = a) cos a + sina | “ct [a ~isnauwatacote ] oan Referring to Fig. 10.2, we find that the distance from the neutral axis to the center line of the vessel is (d/2)(cos «) and distance 2d is equal to: ad = b+ $e0s @ (20.22) in fore + (2o bees sae) sina = aos (10.28) The quantities C;, C., j, and z are given in Table 10.2 as a function of k, Boutine Anea AND Beaninc-pLate Wir. Taking a summation of moments about F. (see Fig. 10.2) we obtain: Myina — Wan2d — Pid = 0 therefore Fr, = Meioa — Wausd (10.24) id Substituting for F; by Eq. 10.9 we obtain: Moina — Ward = Matos ee 0. 4 “fraid (20.25) And A, = 2rrts; therefore Myina — Wawztl = 2g { Movina = We ‘ [ Cfid ] (1020)Referring to Fig. 10.2 and taking a summation of vertical forces, we obtaii Fit Wie — Fo = 0 Substituting for Fy by Eq. 10.9 and F, by Eq. 10.18, we obtain: (10.27) Flr, + Waw — (a + mbayrheC Solving for fs, we obtain: Wau + (Cid — Coferdrlr Cher The total width of the bearing plate will be 41 + (2 (Eq. 10.25 plus Eq. 10.28). ‘Therefore t (10.28) Width of bearing plate, tg = + tz (10.29) Nomographs for the solution of anchor-bolt problems by the method of Taylor, Thompson, and Smulski haye been presented by Gartner (233). An alternate procedure has been presented by Jorgensen (234). Derenwiyarion or Beaninc-riate Tarckness, The thickness of the bearing plate is determined by the com- pression load on the downwind side of the vertical vessel. ‘The minimum required width of the bearing plate was pre- viously determined by use of Eq. 10.29. ‘The maximum compressive stress between the bearing plate and the con- crete occurs at the outer periphery of the bearing plate. The induced compressive stress at the bolt-circle center line was determined hy successive approximation in calculating the required width of bearing plate (see Eq. 10.29), Equa- tion 10.30 gives the relationship between the maximum induced compressive stress at the outer periphery and the corresponding stress at the holt circle. Setmas induced) = (fetbts irl induced) & a) (10.30) Although the compressive stress varies from the maximum given in Eq. 10:30 to a lesser value at the junction of the skirt and hearing plate, the volue at the bolt circle may be ‘used for simplicity of calculation in determining the required thickness of the bearing plate, Beanie Phares wirsour Gussers. A bearing plate without gussets may be assumed to be a uniformly loaded cantilever beam with fecmax indueed) the uniform load. The maximum bending moment for such a beam occurs at the junction of the skirt and bearing plate for unit circumfer- length (6 = 1 in.) and is equal to: =i!) ord = Meas) sa(5) © (forb= 1) (1031) where J = outer radius of bearing plate minus outer radius of skirt, inches ‘The maximum stress in an elemental strip of unit width is given by: Meas) _ fel See forben) Sowa = where ¢; = bearing-plate thickness, inches Skirt Supports for Vertical Vessels 187 Letting fimas) = Siaiowabig) and solving for fy gives us: t= LV 3fe/fatow) (10.32a) ‘The thickness of the bearing plate, 14, as calculated by Eq. 10.320 is usually rounded off to the next larger standard thickness of plate. Branina PLATES WITH Gussers. If gussets are used to stiffen the bearing plates, the londing condition on the sec- tion of the plate between two gussets may be considered to act similarly to that of a rectangular uniformly loaded plate with two opposite edges simply supported by the gussets, the third edge joined to the shell, and the fourth and outer edge free. Timoshenko (107) has tabulated the deflections and bending moments for this case as shown in ‘Table 1 Note in Table 10.3 that for the case where 1/b = 0 (no gussets or gusset. spacing, 6 = %) the bending moment reduces to Eq. 10.31, and the thickness of the flange is determined by Eq. 10.32. Also note that when 1/b is equal to of less than 4, the maximum bending moment occurs at the junction with the shell because of cantilever action. If Vb is greater than $, the maximum bending moment ‘occurs at the middle of the free edge. ‘To determine the bearing-plate thickness from the bend- ing moments, Eq. 10.33 may be used. t= (10.32b) DesicN PaocepuRE FOR BOLtING CALCULATIONS AND or Braniyc Ptare. The location of the neutral axis is determined by the ratio of induced stresses, as indi- cated by Eq. 10.3. Thus the determination of minimum bolting and minimum width of bearing plate requires suc- cessive-approximation calculations. The value of k deter- ines the constants Cj, Co, j, and 2, which in turn determine the values of F and , and their locations. Asa first approximation in the determination of &, f, may be taken as the maximum allowable stress in the bolting steel, but fe should not, be taken as the maximum allowable compressive stress in the concrete since the maximum com- Table 10.3. Moximum Bending Moments ino Bearing Plote with Gussets (107) (Courtesy of McGraw-Hill Book Co.) 2 = b/2 ‘n= /2 wo MGI) om Gre o o —0.500f° % 0.0078f.b" 0.43852 4 0.0293/.52 =o 319f.2 % 0.055857 =0. 227/42 1 0.0973f55° = 0.1192 36 o.129f.b* =o 13aji 2 oii? =o 135.0 3 0.1334.b2 0.1354 * 0133/85 =0 125602 b = gusset spacing (x direction) inches. {= hearing-plate outside radius minus skirt outside radius (y direction) inches.