L2 acquisition follows a process of first learning declarative knowledge, then procedural knowledge, which

eventually turns into fluency. Restructuring of knowledge in the brain can happen in a way that explains both
significant jumps in fluency and language regression. Context, personal experience, and social interaction with L2
speakers can greatly influence L2 development. In order to keep L2 learning in the zone of proximal development
humans need modified language input in order for it to be comprehensible enough to learn. Humans need
corrective feedback in a variety of forms in order to cognitively re-map L2 development.

Process
Humans use cognitive
resources to intentionally
process language
information. New
information is processed
and over time becomes
easier to access,
eventually becoming
automatic. There is a
limit based on mental
resources available to the
level at which L2 can be
acquired.

Segalowitz
DeKeyser
Ellis
Hatch

Second
Language
Acquisition
Theory

Theorists

Theory

THEORY
Theorists
Theorist
s

Theory

Nelson Brooks
Robert Lado

Humans acquire L2 through mimicry and

memorization and should be provided with
adequate example language by external sources.
Habits with the L1 can interfere with L2 and
thus some old habits may need to be unlearned.

Process
Dialogue, pattern and memorization are the key
to acquiring L2. Mistakes are predictable since
they will reflect the learners interference from
L1. L1 habits can transfer in ways that are either
positive or negative depending on the similarity
between L1 and L2.

Chomsky
Cook
White
Krashen
Schumann

Universal Grammar is available in

L2. Some theorists argue L1 has
changed Univeral Grammar of the
learner and therefore L2 learners
need explicit instruction.

Process
Krashens acquisition-learning
hypothesis suggests students
monitor L2 language for
spontaneous language use and
correcting their acquired system.
L2 follows a predictable and
natural learning pattern.
Acquisition is a conscious learning
that takes place when something
simple is added to already
understood language. L2
acquisition can be aided or
impeded by the affective filter.