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1. Islamic and Chinese astronomers both charted the night sky and made
recorded observations. Islamic astronomers in particular used
trigonometry to find the dates of holy days and used stars to establish
direction. Chinese astronomers recorded the presence of comets and
supernovas.
2. The geocentric model of the universe is an incorrect model that
assumed Earth was the center of the universe. Ptolemy and many
others believed that the Sun, Moon, stars, and other planets revolved
around the Earth. Ptolemy used epicycles to explain the retrograde
motion of planets that was actually an illusion caused by Earth moving
past the planets. The geocentric model could not explain the seasons
or the phases of inner planets like Venus.
3. Ptolemys model incorrectly assumed that Earth was the center of the
universe. Because of this, he had to compensate for retrograde motion
and created 80 epicycles to explain the motion of planets. His model
also could not explain planets phases and seasons.
5. A theory is a well-tested explanation that has been substantiated with
experimental data and observations. Theories cannot technically be
proven because there is always a degree of uncertainty, but they can
be disproven.