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SynchronousmotorWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Synchronousmotor
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

AsynchronouselectricmotorisanACmotorinwhich,atsteady
state,[1]therotationoftheshaftissynchronizedwiththefrequency
ofthesupplycurrenttherotationperiodisexactlyequaltoan
integralnumberofACcycles.Synchronousmotorscontain
multiphaseACelectromagnetsonthestatorofthemotorthatcreate
amagneticfieldwhichrotatesintimewiththeoscillationsofthe
linecurrent.Therotorwithpermanentmagnetsorelectromagnets
turnsinstepwiththestatorfieldatthesamerateandasaresult,
providesthesecondsynchronizedrotatingmagnetfieldofanyAC
motor.Asynchronousmotorisonlyconsidereddoublyfedifis
suppliedwithindependentlyexcitedmultiphaseACelectromagnets
onboththerotorandstator.

Asynchronousmotorgeneratorset
forACtoDCconversion.

Thesynchronousmotorandinductionmotorarethemostwidely
usedtypesofACmotor.Thedifferencebetweenthetwotypesis
thatthesynchronousmotorrotatesinexactsynchronismwiththe
linefrequency.Thesynchronousmotordoesnotrelyoncurrent
inductiontoproducetherotor'smagneticfield.Bycontrast,the
inductionmotorrequires"slip",therotormustrotateslightlyslower
thantheACcurrentalternations,toinducecurrentintherotor
winding.Smallsynchronousmotorsareusedintimingapplications
suchasinsynchronousclocks,timersinappliances,taperecorders
andprecisionservomechanismsinwhichthemotormustoperateat
aprecisespeedspeedaccuracyisthatofthepowerlinefrequency,
whichiscarefullycontrolledinlargeinterconnectedgridsystems.
Synchronousmotorsareavailableinsubfractionalselfexcited
sizes[2]tohighhorsepowerindustrialsizes.[1]Inthefractional
horsepowerrange,mostsynchronousmotorsareusedwhereprecise
constantspeedisrequired.Thesemachinesarecommonlyusedin
analogelectricclocks,timersandotherdeviceswherecorrecttime
isrequired.Inhighhorsepowerindustrialsizes,thesynchronous
motorprovidestwoimportantfunctions.First,itisahighlyefficient
meansofconvertingACenergytowork.Second,itcanoperateat
leadingorunitypowerfactorandtherebyprovidepowerfactor
correction.
Smallsynchronousmotorandintegral
stepdowngearfromamicrowave
oven

Contents
1Type
1.1Nonexcitedmotors
1.1.1Reluctancemotors
1.1.2Hysteresismotors

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1.1.2Hysteresismotors
1.1.3Permanentmagnetmotors
1.2DCexcitedmotors
2Synchronousspeed
2.1Example
3Construction
4Operation
5Startingmethods
6Applications,specialproperties,andadvantages
6.1Useassynchronouscondenser
6.2Steadystatestabilitylimit
6.3Other
7Subtypes
8Seealso
9References
10Externallinks

Type
Synchronousmotorsfallunderthemoregeneralcategoryofsynchronousmachineswhichalsoincludesthe
synchronousgenerator.Generatoractionwillbeobservedifthefieldpolesare"drivenaheadofthe
resultantairgapfluxbytheforwardmotionoftheprimemover".Motoractionwillbeobservedifthefield
polesare"draggedbehindtheresultantairgapfluxbytheretardingtorqueofashaftload".[1]
Therearetwomajortypesofsynchronousmotorsdependingonhowtherotorismagnetized:nonexcited
anddirectcurrentexcited.[3]

Nonexcitedmotors
Innonexcitedmotors,therotorismadeofsteel.At
synchronousspeeditrotatesinstepwiththerotating
magneticfieldofthestator,soithasanalmostconstant
magneticfieldthroughit.Theexternalstatorfield
magnetizestherotor,inducingthemagneticpoles
neededtoturnit.Therotorismadeofahighretentivity
steelsuchascobaltsteel,Thesearemanufacturedin
permanentmagnet,reluctanceandhysteresisdesigns:
[4]

Reluctancemotors
Thesehavearotorconsistingofasolidsteelcasting
withprojecting(salient)toothedpoles.Typicallythere
arefewerrotorthanstatorpolestominimizetorque
rippleandtopreventthepolesfromallaligning
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_motor

Singlephase60Hz1800RPMsynchronousmotor
forTeletypemachine,nonexcitedrotortype,
manufacturedfrom19301955.

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simultaneouslyapositionwhichcannotgeneratetorque.[2][5]Thesizeoftheairgapinthemagnetic
circuitandthusthereluctanceisminimumwhenthepolesarealignedwiththe(rotating)magneticfieldof
thestator,andincreaseswiththeanglebetweenthem.Thiscreatesatorquepullingtherotorintoalignment
withthenearestpoleofthestatorfield.Thusatsynchronousspeedtherotoris"locked"totherotating
statorfield.Thiscannotstartthemotor,sotherotorpolesusuallyhavesquirrelcagewindingsembeddedin
them,toprovidetorquebelowsynchronousspeed.Themachinestartsasaninductionmotoruntilit
approachessynchronousspeed,whentherotor"pullsin"andlockstotherotatingstatorfield.[6]
Reluctancemotordesignshaveratingsthatrangefromfractionalhorsepower(afewwatts)toabout22kW.
Verysmallreluctancemotorshavelowtorque,andaregenerallyusedforinstrumentationapplications.
Moderatetorque,integralhorsepowermotorsusesquirrelcageconstructionwithtoothedrotors.Whenused
withanadjustablefrequencypowersupply,allmotorsinthedrivesystemcanbecontrolledatexactlythe
samespeed.Thepowersupplyfrequencydeterminesmotoroperatingspeed.
Hysteresismotors
Thesehaveasolidsmoothcylindricalrotor,castofahighcoercivitymagnetically"hard"cobaltsteel.[5]
Thismaterialhasawidehysteresisloop(highcoercivity),meaningonceitismagnetizedinagiven
direction,itrequiresalargereversemagneticfieldtoreversethemagnetization.Therotatingstatorfield
causeseachsmallvolumeoftherotortoexperienceareversingmagneticfield.Becauseofhysteresisthe
phaseofthemagnetizationlagsbehindthephaseoftheappliedfield.Theresultofthisisthattheaxisofthe
magneticfieldinducedintherotorlagsbehindtheaxisofthestatorfieldbyaconstantangle,producinga
torqueastherotortriesto"catchup"withthestatorfield.Aslongastherotorisbelowsynchronousspeed,
eachparticleoftherotorexperiencesareversingmagneticfieldatthe"slip"frequencywhichdrivesit
arounditshysteresisloop,causingtherotorfieldtolagandcreatetorque.Thereisa2polelowreluctance
barstructureintherotor.[5]Astherotorapproachessynchronousspeedandslipgoestozero,this
magnetizesandalignswiththestatorfield,causingtherotorto"lock"totherotatingstatorfield.
Amajoradvantageofthehysteresismotoristhatsincethelagangleisindependentofspeed,itdevelops
constanttorquefromstartuptosynchronousspeed.Thereforeitisselfstartinganddoesn'tneedan
inductionwindingtostartit,althoughmanydesignsdohaveasquirrelcageconductivewindingstructure
embeddedintherotortoprovideextratorqueatstartup.
Hysteresismotorsaremanufacturedinsubfractionalhorsepowerratings,primarilyasservomotorsand
timingmotors.Moreexpensivethanthereluctancetype,hysteresismotorsareusedwherepreciseconstant
speedisrequired.
Permanentmagnetmotors
Apermanentmagnetsynchronousmotor(PMSM)usespermanentmagnetsembeddedinthesteelrotorto
createaconstantmagneticfield.ThestatorcarrieswindingsconnectedtoanACsupplytoproducea
rotatingmagneticfield.Atsynchronousspeedtherotorpoleslocktotherotatingmagneticfield.These
motorsarenotselfstarting.Becauseoftheconstantmagneticfieldintherotorthesecannotuseinduction
windingsforstarting.[7][8][9][10][11]

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Themaindifferencebetweenapermanentmagnetsynchronousmotorandanasynchronousmotoristhe
rotor.SomestudiesseemtoindicatethatNdFeBpermanentmagnetsynchronousmotorsarearound2
percentmoreefficientthanthehighestefficiency(IE3)asynchronousmotorsusingthesamestator
laminationsandsimilarvariablefrequencyspeedcontrollers.[12]

DCexcitedmotors
Usuallymadeinlargersizes(largerthanabout1horsepoweror1
kilowatt)thesemotorsrequiredirectcurrentsuppliedtotherotorfor
excitation.Thisismoststraightforwardlysuppliedthroughslip
rings,butabrushlessACinductionandrectifierarrangementmay
alsobeused.[13]Thedirectcurrentmaybesuppliedfromaseparate
DCsourceorfromaDCgeneratordirectlyconnectedtothemotor
shaft.

Synchronousspeed
Thesynchronousspeedofasynchronousmotorisgiven:[14]
inrpm,by:

DCexcitedmotor,1917.Theexciter
isclearlyseenattherearofthe
machine.

andinrads1,by:

where:
isthefrequencyoftheACsupplycurrentinHz,
isthenumberofpolesperphase.
If isthenumberofpolepairsperphase(rarelycalled'planesofcommutation')instead,simplydivide
bothformulasby2.

Example
A3phase,12pole(6polepair)synchronousmotorisoperatingatanACsupplyfrequencyof50Hz.The
numberofpolesperphaseis12/3=4,sothesynchronousspeedis:

Construction
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Theprincipalcomponentsofasynchronousmotorarethestatorand
therotor.[15]Thestatorofsynchronousmotorandstatorofinduction
motoraresimilarinconstruction.[16]Withthewoundrotor
synchronousdoublyfedelectricmachineastheexception,thestator
framecontainswrapperplate.[17]Circumferentialribsandkeybars
areattachedtothewrapperplate.[17]Tocarrytheweightofthe
machine,framemountsandfootingsarerequired.[17]Whenthefield
windingisexcitedbyDCexcitation,brushesandslipringsare
requiredtoconnecttotheexcitationsupply.[18]Thefieldwinding
canalsobeexcitedbyabrushlessexciter.[19]Cylindrical,round
rotors,(alsoknownasnonsalientpolerotor)areusedforuptosix
poles.Insomemachinesorwhenalargenumberofpolesare
needed,asalientpolerotorisused.[20][21]Theconstructionof
synchronousmotorissimilartothatofasynchronousalternator.[22]

Rotorofalargewaterpump.Theslip
ringscanbeseenbelowtherotor
drum.

Operation
Theoperationofasynchronousmotorisduetotheinteractionofthe
magneticfieldsofthestatorandtherotor.Itsstatorwindingwhich
consistsofa3phasewindingisprovidedwith3phasesupplyand
rotorisprovidedwithDCsupply.The3phasestatorwinding
carrying3phasecurrentsproduces3phaserotatingmagneticflux
(andthereforerotatingmagneticfield).Therotorlocksinwiththe
rotatingmagneticfieldandrotatesalongwithit.Oncetherotor
locksinwiththerotatingmagneticfield,themotorissaidtobein
synchronization.Asinglephase(ortwophasederivedfromsingle
phase)statorwindingispossible,butinthiscasethedirectionof
rotationisnotdefinedandthemachinemaystartineitherdirection
unlesspreventedfromdoingsobythestartingarrangements.[23]

Statorwindingofalargewaterpump

Oncethemotorisinoperation,thespeedofthemotorisdependent
onlyonthesupplyfrequency.Whenthemotorloadisincreased
beyondthebreakdownload,themotorfallsoutofsynchronization
andthefieldwindingnolongerfollowstherotatingmagneticfield.
Sincethemotorcannotproduce(synchronous)torqueifitfallsout
ofsynchronization,practicalsynchronousmotorshaveapartialor
Therotatingmagneticfieldisformed
completesquirrelcagedamper(amortisseur)windingtostabilize
fromthesumofthemagneticfield
operationandfacilitatestarting.Becausethiswindingissmaller
vectorsofthethreephasesofthe
thanthatofanequivalentinductionmotorandcanoverheatonlong
statorwindings
operation,andbecauselargeslipfrequencyvoltagesareinducedin
therotorexcitationwinding,synchronousmotorprotectiondevices
sensethisconditionandinterruptthepowersupply(outofstepprotection).[23][24]

Startingmethods
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Aboveacertainsize,synchronousmotorsarenotselfstartingmotors.Thispropertyisduetotheinertiaof
therotoritcannotinstantlyfollowtherotationofthemagneticfieldofthestator.Sinceasynchronous
motorproducesnoinherentaveragetorqueatstandstill,itcannotacceleratetosynchronousspeedwithout
somesupplementalmechanism.[2]
Largemotorsoperatingoncommercialpowerfrequencyincludea"squirrelcage"inductionwindingwhich
providessufficienttorqueforaccelerationandwhichalsoservestodamposcillationsinmotorspeedin
operation.[2]Oncetherotornearsthesynchronousspeed,thefieldwindingisexcited,andthemotorpulls
intosynchronization.Verylargemotorsystemsmayincludea"pony"motorthatacceleratestheunloaded
synchronousmachinebeforeloadisapplied.[25]Motorsthatareelectronicallycontrolledcanbeaccelerated
fromzerospeedbychangingthefrequencyofthestatorcurrent.[26]
Verysmallsynchronousmotorsarecommonlyusedinlinepoweredelectricmechanicalclocksortimers
thatusethepowerlinefrequencytorunthegearmechanismatthecorrectspeed.Suchsmallsynchronous
motorsareabletostartwithoutassistanceifthemomentofinertiaoftherotoranditsmechanicalloadis
sufficientlysmall[becausethemotor]willbeacceleratedfromslipspeeduptosynchronousspeedduring
anacceleratinghalfcycleofthereluctancetorque."[2]Singlephasesynchronousmotorssuchasinelectric
wallclockscanfreelyrotateineitherdirectionunlikeashadedpoletype.SeeShadedpolesynchronous
motorforhowconsistentstartingdirectionisobtained.

Applications,specialproperties,andadvantages
Useassynchronouscondenser
Byvaryingtheexcitationofasynchronousmotor,itcanbemadeto
operateatlagging,leadingandunitypowerfactor.Excitationat
whichthepowerfactorisunityistermednormalexcitation
voltage.[27]Themagnitudeofcurrentatthisexcitationis
minimum.[27]Excitationvoltagemorethannormalexcitationis
calledoverexcitationvoltage,excitationvoltagelessthannormal
excitationiscalledunderexcitation.[27]Whenthemotorisover
excited,thebackemfwillbegreaterthanthemotorterminal
voltage.Thiscausesademagnetizingeffectduetoarmature
reaction.[28]
TheVcurveofasynchronousmachineshowsarmaturecurrentasa
functionoffieldcurrent.Withincreasingfieldcurrentarmature
currentatfirstdecreases,thenreachesaminimum,thenincreases.
Theminimumpointisalsothepointatwhichpowerfactoris
unity.[29]

Vcurveofasynchronousmachine

Thisabilitytoselectivelycontrolpowerfactorcanbeexploitedforpowerfactorcorrectionofthepower
systemtowhichthemotorisconnected.Sincemostpowersystemsofanysignificantsizehaveanet
laggingpowerfactor,thepresenceofoverexcitedsynchronousmotorsmovesthesystem'snetpowerfactor
closertounity,improvingefficiency.Suchpowerfactorcorrectionisusuallyasideeffectofmotorsalready
presentinthesystemtoprovidemechanicalwork,althoughmotorscanberunwithoutmechanicalload
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simplytoprovidepowerfactorcorrection.Inlargeindustrialplantssuchasfactoriestheinteraction
betweensynchronousmotorsandother,lagging,loadsmaybeanexplicitconsiderationintheplant's
electricaldesign.

Steadystatestabilitylimit

where,
isthetorque
isthetorqueangle
isthemaximumtorque
here,

Whenloadisapplied,torqueangle increases.When =90thetorquewillbemaximum.Ifloadis

appliedfurtherthenthemotorwillloseitssynchronism,sincemotortorquewillbelessthanload
torque.[30][31]Themaximumloadtorquethatcanbeappliedtoamotorwithoutlosingitssynchronismis
calledsteadystatestabilitylimitofasynchronousmotor.[30]

Other
Synchronousmotorsareespeciallyusefulinapplicationsrequiringprecisespeedand/orpositioncontrol.
Speedisindependentoftheloadovertheoperatingrangeofthemotor.
Speedandpositionmaybeaccuratelycontrolledusingopenloopcontrols,e.g.steppermotors.
Lowpowerapplicationsincludepositioningmachines,wherehighprecisionisrequired,androbot
actuators.
TheywillholdtheirpositionwhenaDCcurrentisappliedtoboththestatorandtherotorwindings.
Aclockdrivenbyasynchronousmotorisinprincipleasaccurateasthelinefrequencyofitspower
source.(Althoughsmallfrequencydriftswilloccuroveranygivenseveralhours,gridoperators
activelyadjustlinefrequencyinlaterperiodstocompensate,therebykeepingmotordrivenclocks
accurate(seeUtilityfrequency#Stability).)
Recordplayerturntables
Increasedefficiencyinlowspeedapplications(e.g.ballmills).

Subtypes
ThreephaseACsynchronousmotors
Synchronousbrushlesswoundrotordoublyfedelectricmachine
Steppermotor(maybesynchronousornot)
Reluctancemotor(maybesynchronousornot)

Seealso
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Shortcircuitratio
Doublyfedelectricmachine

References
1. Fitzgerald,A.E.CharlesKingsley,Jr.AlexanderKusko(1971)."Chapter6,Synchronousmachines,steady
state".ElectricMachinery,3rdEd.USA:McGrawHill.pp.283330.LibraryofCongressCatalogNo.70
137126.
2. Fitzgerald,A.E.CharlesKingsley,Jr.AlexanderKusko(1971)."Chapter11,section11.2Startingand
RunningPerformanceofSinglephaseInductionandSynchronousMotors,SelfstartingReluctanceMotors".
ElectricMachinery,3rdEd.USA:McGrawHill.pp.536538.LibraryofCongressCatalogNo.70137126.
3. JamesGStallcup,Stallcup'sGenerator,Transformer,MotorandCompressor,page1513,Jones&Bartlett,
2012ISBN1449695191.
4. WilliamYeadon(ed.),HandbookofSmallElectricMotors,McGrawHill2001ISBN007072332X,Chapter
12"SynchronousMachines"
5. Gottlieb,IrvingM.(1997).Practicalelectricmotorhandbook,2ndEd.(http://books.google.com/books?
id=Irj9w5IE31AC&pg=PA72&dq=shaded
pole+synchronous+motor&hl=en&sa=X&ei=z9zyTuCVEuPMiQKgyKylDg&ved=0CE4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&
q=shadedpole%20synchronous%20motor&f=false)USA:Newnes.pp.7376.ISBN0750636386.
6. MichaelA.Laughton(2003),"19.2.5Reluctancemotors",ElectricalEngineer'sReferenceBook,Newnes,
p.19/8,ISBN9780750646376
7. R.IslamI.HusainA.FardounK.McLaughlin."PermanentMagnetSynchronousMotorMagnetDesignsWith
SkewingforTorqueRippleandCoggingTorqueReduction"(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?
tp=&arnumber=4757411).IndustryApplications,IEEETransactionson.2009.doi:10.1109/TIA.2008.2009653
(https://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2FTIA.2008.2009653)
8. KiChanKimSeungBinLimDaeHyunKooJuLee.TheShapeDesignofPermanentMagnetforPermanent
MagnetSynchronousMotorConsideringPartialDemagnetization"(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?
tp=&arnumber=1704668).Magnetics,IEEETransactionson.2006.doi:10.1109/TMAG.2006.879077
(https://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2FTMAG.2006.879077)
9. P.PillayR.Krishnan."ApplicationcharacteristicsofpermanentmagnetsynchronousandbrushlessDCmotors
forservodrives"(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=90357).IndustryApplications,IEEE
Transactionson.1991.doi:10.1109/28.90357(https://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2F28.90357)quote:"Thepermanent
magnetsynchronousmotor(PMSM)andthebrushlessDCmotor(BDCM)havemanysimilaritiestheyboth
havepermanentmagnetsontherotorandrequirealternatingstatorcurrentstoproduceconstanttorque."
10. Y.HondaT.NakamuraT.HigakiY.Takeda."Motordesignconsiderationsandtestresultsofaninterior
permanentmagnetsynchronousmotorforelectricvehicles"(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?
tp=&arnumber=643011).IndustryApplicationsConference,1997.ThirtySecondIASAnnualMeeting,IAS'97.,
ConferenceRecordofthe1997IEEE.1997.doi:10.1109/IAS.1997.643011
(https://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2FIAS.1997.643011)
11. M.A.RahmanPingZhou."Analysisofbrushlesspermanentmagnetsynchronousmotors"
(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=491349).IndustrialElectronics,IEEETransactionson.
1996.doi:10.1109/41.491349(https://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2F41.491349)
12. MarkusLindegger."Economicviability,applicationsandlimitsofefficientpermanentmagnetmotors"
(http://www.circlemotor.ch/downloads/summaryinenglish.pdf).p.7,p.21
13. H.E.Jordan,EnergyEfficientElectricMotorsandTheirApplications,page104,Springer,1994ISBN0306
446987
14. "Motorspeed"(http://www.electoolbox.com/Formulas/Motor/mtrform.htm).Electrician'stoolboxetc.
15. "Electricalmachine"(http://www.ece.ualberta.ca/~knight/electrical_machines/synchronous/s_main.html).
UniversityofAlberta.
16. Finney,David.VariableFrequencyAcMotorDriveSystem.B(1991reprinted.).PeterPeregrinus,Ltd.p.33.
ISBN9780863411144.
17. IsidorKerszenbaum,GeoffKlempner.HandbookofLargeTurboGeneratorOperationandMaintenance
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(http://books.google.co.in/books?
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GeraldB.Kliman,HamidA.Toliyat.HandbookofElectricMotors(http://books.google.co.in/books?id=4
Kkj53fWTIC&pg=PA302&dq=synchronous+motor+field&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0RztUOnTD4enkQXu
IGoAw&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=synchronous%20motor%20field&f=false)(Seconded.).p.302.
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p.104.ISBN0306446987.
Theraja,B.L.Electricaltechnology.II(2010reprinted.).S.Chand.p.1404.ISBN8121924375.
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(http://books.google.co.in/books?
id=RpmRb1fG8gYC&pg=PT32&dq=synchronous+motor+salient+pole+rotor&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZR7tUKv8Bsua
kgXu7oEI&ved=0CE0Q6AEwBA)(Seconded.).Wiley.
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227230
"SynchronousMotorWorkingPrinciple"(http://www.electrical4u.com/synchronousmotorworkingprinciple/).
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DavidFinney,VariableFrequencyACMotorDriveSystem,page32,IEE,1988ISBN0863411142.
Bhattacharya,S.K.ElectricalMachines(http://books.google.com/books?id=BN9rplPmwAC&pg=PA481)(third
ed.).TataMcGrawHill.p.481.OCLC808866911(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/808866911).
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Theraja,BLTheraja,AK.Electricaltechnology.II(2010reprinted.).SChand.p.1524.
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Externallinks
Synchronousmotoranimation
(http://www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au/jw/electricmotors.html#ACmotors)
HowtoDifferentiateBetweenSynchronousandAsynchronousMotors
(http://www.groschopp.com/synchronousvsasynchronous/)
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synchronous_motor&oldid=671838955"
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