Electromagnetic

Induction
Physics
La Caada High School
Dr.E

 Electromagnetic Induction
Motors/Generators
Faradays Law
Transformers
Power Transmission
Solenoids
MRI

http://science.howstuffworks.com/motor4.htm

The Magnetic Field

The electric field proves a useful concept to
explain the effects of charge at a distance
(explains how one charge knows another
charge is there).
Stationary charges produce only an electric
field
Moving charges (in flux) produce both an
electric field and a magnetic field

 Electromagnetic Induction

Motors/Generators
http://science.howstuffworks.com/motor4.htm

Faradays Law
Transformers
Power Transmission
Solenoids
MRI

Motors
Motors work due to two major principles
1. Opposite poles attract while like poles repel
2. Current running through a coiled wire
creates a magnet

Theory

Mechanics

S
S

SS

 Electromagnetic Induction
Motors/Generators

http://science.howstuffworks.com/motor4.htm

Faradays Law
Transformers
Power Transmission
Solenoids
MRI

Faradays Law of Induction

The voltage induced in a coil
is proportional to the number
of coils times the magnetic
flux (rate at which the
magnetic field changes)

Wrap Rule to find Magnetic Field

1. Wrap your fingers in the direction of the current
2. The magnetic field points in the direction of the thumb (to
the left)
3. Since the field lines leave the left end of solenoid, the left
end is the North pole

 An ammeter is connected in a circuit of a conducting

loop
When a bar magnet is moved closer to, or farther from,
the loop, an electromotive force (emf) is induced the
loop
The ammeter indicates currents in different directions
depending on the relative motion of magnet and loop
When the magnet stops moving, the current returns to
zero as indicated by the ammeter

 Electromagnetic Induction
Motors/Generators
Faradays Law

http://science.howstuffworks.com/motor4.htm

Transformers
Power Transmission
Solenoids
MRI

Primary Voltage

Secondary Voltage

# of 1o turns

# of 2o turns

(Power IN)

(Power OUT)

(Voltage x Current)primary

(Voltage x Current)secondary

 Electromagnetic Induction
Motors/Generators
Faradays Law
Transformers

http://science.howstuffworks.com/motor4.htm

Power Transmission
Solenoids
MRI

Power Transmission
Plant
6000 V and 20Amps

Local and Homes

120 V and 100 Amps

Low Voltage Wires

2200 V and 54 Amps

High Voltage Wires in Town

120,000 V and 1 Amp

Ultra High Voltage

400,000 V and 0.3 Amps

 Electromagnetic Induction
Motors/Generators
Faradays Law
Transformers
Power Transmission

http://science.howstuffworks.com/motor4.htm

Solenoids
MRI

Solenoids
The magnetic field of a solenoid is essentially identical to
that of a bar magnet.

The big difference is that we can turn the solenoid on

and off ! It attracts/repels other permanent magnets; it
attracts ferromagnets, etc.

Solenoid Applications
Digital [on/off]:
Doorbells

Power door locks

Magnetic cranes
Electronic Switch relay

Magnet off plunger held in place by spring

Magnet on plunger expelled strikes bell

Close switch
current
magnetic field pulls in plunger
closes larger circuit

Advantage:
A small current can be used
to switch a much larger one
Starter in washer/dryer, car
ignition,

Solenoid Applications
Analog (deflection I ):
Variable A/C valves
Speakers

Solenoids are everywhere!

In fact, a typical car has over 20 solenoids!

 Electromagnetic Induction
Motors/Generators
Faradays Law
Transformers
Power Transmission
Solenoids

http://science.howstuffworks.com/motor4.htm

MRI

Thanks to

MRI / NMR
If we bathe the protons in radio waves at a particular
frequency, the protons can flip back and forth.
If we detect this flipping hydrogen!

The presence of other molecules can partially shield the

applied magnetic field, thus changing the resonant
frequency (chemical shift).

Looking at what the resonant frequency is what molecules are

nearby.

If a strong magnetic field gradient is produced across the

sample, can look at individual slices, with ~millimeter
spatial resolution.
B

Small B
low freq.

Bigger B
high freq.
Signal at the right frequency only from this slice!

Bibliography
1. Magnetism: Examples of Magnetic Field Calculations, Innovations in Undergraduate
Physics Education at Illinois @ online.physics.uiuc.edu/courses/phys112/spring04/
Lectures/Lect15.ppt, 4/17/04