1.1.

NGUYN L LM VIC C BN CA MY BIN P

3

i1

i2

u1
e

u2
1

Zt

Hnh 1-1: S nguyn l my bin p mt pha

Ta xt s nguyn l lm vic ca my bin p mt pha hai dy qun:
Dy qun 1 c w1 vng dy
Dy qun 2 c w2 vng dy
c qun trn li thp 3
Khi t mt in p xoay chiu u1 vo dy qun 1 s c dng in i1
trong dy qun 1, dng in i1 sinh ra sc t ng F=i1.w1 sc t ng ny
sinh ra t thmg mc vng c hai dy qun 1v 2. Theo nh lut cm
ng in t trong cun dy 1v 2 s xut hin cc sc in ng cm ng
e1 v e2 nu dy qun 2 ni vi mt ti bn ngoi zt th dy qun 2 s c
dng in i2 a ra ti vi in p u2. Nh vy nng lng ca dng in
xoay chiu c truyn t dy qun 1 sang dy qun 2.
Gi thit in p t vo l hm s hnh sin th t thng do n sinh ra
cng l hm s hnh sin
= m = sin (t )

(1-1)

Do theo nh lut cm ng in t, sc in ng cm ng trong cc

cun dy 1v 2 s l
e1 = w1

d m sin(t )
d

= w1
= w1 m sin(t + ) = E1 sin(t + )
dt
dt
2
2

v
e 2 = w2

d m sin(t )
d

= w2
= w 2 m sin(t + ) = E 2 sin(t + )
dt
dt
2
2

Trong :
E1 =

..w1 . m

E2 =

2
..w2 . m
2

= 4.44. f .w1 m
= 4.44. f .w2 m

L gi tr hiu dng ca cc sc in ng dy qun 1 v 2. Cc sc in

ng cm ng trong dy qun chm pha so vi t thng mt gc

Ngi ta nh nghi t s bin p ca my bin p nh sau:

k=

E1 U 1

E2 U 2

Nu b qua in p ri trn dy qun th c th coi

E1 U 1 ,
E2 U 2

do k c xem nh l t s in p gia dy qun 1v 2

1.3. NH NGHA MY BIN P
T nguyn l lm vic c bn trn ta c th nh ngha my bin p nh
sau: My bin p l mt thit b in t ng yn, lm vic trn nguyn l
cm ng in t, bin i mt h thng dng in xoay chiu in p ny
thnh mt h thng dng in xoay chiu in p khc, vi tn s khng
thay i.
My bin p c hai dy qun gi l my bin p hai dy qun. Dy qun
ni vi ngun in thu nng lng vo gi l dy qun s cp. Dy qun
ni vi ti a in nng ra gi l dy qun th cp. Dng in, in p,

cng sut .. ca tng dy qun theo tn s cp v th cp tng ng. Dy

qun c in p cao gi l dy qun cao p. Dy qun c in p thp gi l
dy qun h p. Nu in p th cp b hn in p s cp ta c my bin
p gim p, nu in p th cp ln hn in p s cp gi l my bin p
tng p.
my bin p ba dy qun, ngoi hai dy qun s cp v th cp cn c
dy qun th ba vi in p trung bnh. My bin p bin i h thng
dng in xoay chiu mt pha gi l my bin p mt pha, my bin p
bin i h thng dng in xoay chiu ba pha gi l my bin p ba pha.
My bin p ngm trong du gi l my bin du, my bin p khng ngm
trong du gi l my bin p kh, my bin p c ba tr nm trong mt mt
phng gi l my bin p mch t phng, my bin p vi ba tr nm trong
khng gian gi l my bin p mch t khng gian.
1.4. CC I LNG NH MC
Cc i lng nh ca my bin p qui nh iu kin k thut ca
my. Cc i lng ny do nh my ch to qui nh v thng c ghi
trn nhn my bin p
- Dung lng hay cng sut nh mc Sm: l cng sut ton phn (hay
biu kin ) a ra dy qun th cp ca my bin p, tnh bng kil
vn ampe (KVA) hay vn-ampe (VA).
- in p dy s cp nh mc U1m: l in p ca dy qun s cp
tnh bng kilvn (KV) hay vn (V). Nu dy qun s cp c cc u phn
nhnh th ngi ta ghi c in p nh mc ca tng u phn nhnh.
- in p dy th cp nh mc U2m: l in p dy ca dy qun th
cp khi my bin p khng ti v in p t vo dy qun s cp l nh
mc, tnh bng kil vn (KV) hay vn(V).
- Dng in dy nh mc s cp I1m v th cp I2m: l nhng dng
in dy ca dy qun s cpp v th cp ng vi cng sut v in p
nh mc, tnh bng kilampe (KA) hay ampe (A).

- Tn s nh mc fm: tnh bng Hz. Thng my bin p in lc c

tn s cng nghip l 50 Hz hay 60 Hz.
Ngoi ra trn nhn my bin p in lc cn ghi nhng s liu khc nh;
s pha m, s v t ni dy qun, in p ngn mch un%, ch lm
vic (di hn hay ngn hn ), phng php lm mt ..
Khi nim nh mc cn bao gm nhng tnh trng lm vic nh
mc ca my bin p na m c th khng ghi trn nhn my nh: hiu
sut nh mc, tng nhit nh mc, nhit nh mc ca mi trng
xung quanh.
1.5. CU TO CA MY BIN P
My bin p c cc b phn chnh sau y: li thp, dy qun v v
my.
1.5.1 Li thp
Li thp dng lm mch dn t, ng thi lm khung qun dy
qun. Theo hnh dng li thp ngi ta chia ra
- My bin p kiu li hay kiu tr: Dy qun bao quanh tr thp.
Loi ny hin nay rt thng dng cho cc my bin p mt pha v ba pha
c dung lng nh v trung bnh.

Hnh 1-2: My bin p kiu li 1pha , 3pha

- My bin p kiu bc
Mch t c phn ra hai bn v bc ly mt phn dy qun. Loi
ny thng ch c dng trong mt vi nghnh chuyn mn c bit nh
my bin p dng trong l in, luyn kim, hay my bin p mt pha cng
sut nh dng trong k thut v tuyn in, m thanh ..

Hnh 1-3: My bin p kiu bc

- My bin p kiu tr bc
cc my bin p hin i, dung lng ln v cc ln (80- 100 MVA
trn mt pha ), in p tht cao (220-400 kV), gim chiu cao ca tr
thp, tin li cho vic vn chuyn, mch t ca my bin p kiu tr c
phn sang hai bn nn my bin p mang hnh dng va kiu tr va kiu
bc
- My bin p mch t khng gian
Mch t ca my bin p c phn b trong khng gian. Loi my
bin p ny ch c ch to cho loi my bin p c cng sut nh v
trung bnh.
1.5.2. Cu to li thp
Li thp my bin p gm hai phn: phn tr v phn gng. Tr l
phn li thp c dy qun, gng l phn li thp ni cc tr li vi nhau

thnh mch t kn v khng c dy qun ( i vi my bin p kiu bc

v my bin p kiu tr bc th hai tr pha ngoi cng u thuc v
gng ). gim tn hao do dng in xoy gy nn, li thp c ghp t
nhng l thp k thut in c b dy (0,27-0,35 mm) c ph sn cch
in trn b mt. Tr v gng c th ghp vi nhau bng phng php
ghp ni hoc ghp xen k. Ghp ni th tr v gng ghp ring, sau
dng x p v bu lng vt cht li. Ghp xen k th ton b li thp phi
ghp ng thi v cc l thp c xp xen k vi nhau ln lt theo trnh
t a, b.
a

Hnh 1-4: Ghp xen k li thp my bin p ba pha

Sau khi ghp, li thp cng c vt cht bng x p v bu lng . Phng
php ny tuy phc tp song gim c tn hao do dng in xoy gy nn
v rt bn v phng din c hc, v th hu ht cc my bin p hin nay
u dng kiu ghp ny.
Do dy qun thnh hnh trn, nn tit din ngang ca tr thp thng lm
thnh hnh bc thang gn trn. Gng t v khng c dy qun, do ,
thun tin cho vic ch to tit din ngang ca gng c th lm n gin:
hnh ch nht , hnh ch thp hoc hnh ch T.
m bo an ton: ton b li thp c ni t vi v my v v my
phi c ni t.
1.5.3. Dy qun
Dy qun l b phn dn in ca my bin p, lm nhim v thu nng
lng vo v truyn nng lng ra. Kim loi lm dy qun thng bng
ng, cng c th dng dy qun bng nhm nhng khng ph bin. Theo
cch sp xp dy qun cao p v h p, ngi ta chia ra hai loi dy qun
chnh: dy qun ng tm v dy qun xen k.

- Dy qun ng tm
Dy qun ng tm tit din ngang l nhng vng trn ng tm. Dy
qun h p thng qun pha trong gn tr thp, cn dy qun cao p qun
pha ngoi bc ly dy qun h p. Vi cch qun ny c th gim bt iu
kin cch in ca dy qun cao p. Trong dy qun ng tm li c nhiu
kiu khc nhau, dy qun hnh tr, dy qun hnh xon, dy qun xoy c
lin tc.
- Dy qun xen k
Cc bnh dy qun cao p v h p ln lt xen k nhau dc theo tr
thp.
1.5.. V my
V my gm hai b phn thng v np thng.
- Thng my bin p
Thng my lm bng thp. Ty theo dung lng ca my bin p m
hnh dng v kt cu thng khc nhau. Lc my bin p lm vic, mt phn
nng lng b tiu hao thot ra di dng nhit t nng li thp, dy qun
v cc b phn khc lm cho nhit ca chng tng ln. m bo cho
my bin p vn hnh lin tc vi ti nh mc trong thi gian qui nh v
khng b s c, phi tng cng lm lnh bng cch ngm my bin p
trong thng du. i vi my bin p dung lng ln gim kch thc
ca my v tng cng lm mt, ngi ta dng loi thng du c ng hoc
thng du c gn cc b tn nhit. Nhng my bin p c dung lng trn
10000 kVA, ngi ta dng nhng b tn nhit c thm qut gi tng
cng lm lnh.
- Np thng
Dng y thng v trn t cc chi tit my quan trng nh. Cc
s u ra ca dy qun cao p v h p. Lm nhim v cch in gia dy
dn ra vi v my. Bnh gin du, ng bo him. Ngoi ra trn np cn t

b phn truyn ng ca cu dao i ni cc u iu chnh in p ca

dy qun cao p.
1.6. T NI DY CA MY BIN P
my bin p c th lm vic c cc dy qun pha s cp v th
cp phi c ni vi nhau theo mt qui lut xc nh. Ngoi ra, s phi
hp kiu ni dy qun s cp v th cp cng hnh thnh cc t ni dy
qun khc nhau. Hn na, khi thit k my bin p, vic qui nh t ni dy
qun cng phi thch ng vi kt cu mch t trnh nhng hin tng
khng tt nh sc in ng pha khng sin, tn hao ph tng v.v ..
Trc khi nghin cu t ni dy ca my bin p ta hy xt cch k
hiu u dy v cch u cc dy qun pha vi nhau.
1.6.1. Cch k hiu u dy
Cc u tn cng ca dy qun my bin p, mt u gi l u u,
u kia gi l u cui. i vi my bin p mt pha c th ty chn u
u v u cui. i vi my bin p ba pha , cc u u v u cui
phi chn mt cch thng nht: gi s dy qun pha A chn u u
n u cui theo chiu kim ng h ( hnh v ) th dy qun pha B, C cn
li cng phi chn nh vy. iu ny rt cn thit, bi v nu mt pha k
hiu ngc th in p dy ly ra s mt tnh i xng.

Hnh 1-5: Cch qui c cc u u v u cui ca dy qun my

bin p. in p dy khng i xng khi k hiu ngc.

 thun tin cho vic nghin cu ngi ta thng nh du ln s

dy qun ca my bin p vi qui c nh sau.
Dy qun cao p

Cc u tn cng

(CA)

Dy qun h p

u u

A,B,C

(HA)
a,b,c

u cui

X,Y,Z

x,y,z

u dy trung tnh

O hay N

o hay n

i vi my bin p ba dy qun ngoi hai dy qun s cp v th cp

cn c dy qun in p trung. Dy qun ny c k hiu nh sau: u
u bng cc ch Am, Bm, Cm; u cui bng cc ch Xm, Ym, Zm v u
trung tnh bng ch Om.
1.6.2. Cc kiu u dy qun
Dy qun my bin p c th u sao ( k hiu bng du Y ) hay
hnh tam gic ( k hiu bng du D hay ). u sao th ba u X, Y,
Z ni li vi nhau, cn ba u A, B, C t do. Nu u sao c dy trung
tnh th k hiu bng du Yo. u tam gic th u cui ca pha ny ni
vi u u ca pha kia hoc theo th t AX BY CZ A, hoc theo
th t AX CZ BY A. Cc my bin p cng sut, thng dy qun
cao p c u Y, cn dy qun h p u tam gic, bi v lm nh vy
th pha cao p, in p pha nh i 3 ln so vi in p dy, do gim
c chi ph v iu kin cch in; pha h p th dng in pha nh i
3 ln so vi dng in dy, do c th lm nh dy dn thun tin cho

vic ch to. Ngoi hai kiu u dy trn, dy qun my bin p c th u

theo kiu zic zc ( k hiu bng ch Z ) lc mi pha gm hai na
cun dy trn hai tr khc nhau ni tip v mc ngc nhau. Kiu u ny
thng rt t dng v tn nhiu ng hn.

1.6.3. T ni dy ca my bin p
T ni dy ca my bin p c hnh thnh do s phi hp kiu u
dy qun s cp so vi kiu u dy qun th cp. N biu th gc lch
pha gia cc sc in ng dy qun s cp v dy qun th cp my bin
p. Gc lch pha ny ph thuc vo cc yu t sau
- Chiu qun dy
- Cch k hiu cc u dy
- Kiu u dy qun s cp v th cp
thun tin ngi ta khng dng ch gc lch pha m
dng phng php kim ng h biu th gi l t ni dy ca my bin
p. Cch biu th nh sau: kim di ca ng h ch sc in ng dy s
cp t c nh con s 12, kim ngn ch sc in ng dy th cp t
tng ng vi cc con s 1, 2, ... , 12 ty theo gc lch pha gia chng l
30, 60, ..., 360o . Nh vy theo cch k hiu ny th my bin p ba pha s
c 12 t ni dy. Trong thc t sn xut nhiu my bin p c t ni dy
khc nhau rt bt tin cho vic vn hnh v ch to, v th nc ta ch sn
xut my bin p in lc c t ni dy nh sau. i vi my bin p mt
pha c t I/I-12, i vi my bin p ba pha c cc t ni dy Y/Yo-12
,Y/d-11, Yo/d-11.
1.7. Nhng hin tng xut hin khi t ha li thp
Khi t ha li thp my bin p, do mch t bo ha s lm xut hin
nhng hin tng m trong mt s trng hp nhng hin tng y c th
nh hng n tnh trng lm vic ca my bin p. Khi my bin p lm
vic khng ti nh hng ca hin tng bo ha mch t ln nht. Nghi
l khi t vo dy qun s cp in p hnh sin, cn dy qun th cp h
mch. S nh hng ca hin tng bo ha mch t vi my bin p mt
pha v ba pha c s khc nhau. i vi my bin p ba pha nh hng ca
hin tng bo ha mch t cn ph thuc vo kiu dng mch t v t ni
dy ca my bin p.

1.7.1. My bin p mt pha

in p t vo dy qun s cp s sinh ra dng in khng ti io chy
trong n, dng in khng ti io sinh ra t thng chy trong li thp my
bin p. Gi s in p t vo hai u cun dy s cp c dng u=Umsin
t v b qua in p ri trn in tr dy qun, th u=-e =w

thng sinh ra cng bin thin hnh sin theo thi gian.

d
ngha l t
dt

= m sin(t ) .
2

Nu khng k n tn hoa trong li thp th dng in khng ti io ch

thun ty l thnh phn dng in phn khng dng t ha li thp io=iox
. Do nhng quan h = f (io ) cng chnh l quan h t ha B=f(H).
Theo l thuyt c s k thut in th do hin tng bo ha mch t, nu
l hnh sin, i0 s khng sin m c dng nhn u v trng pha vi ,

ngha l dng in io ngoi thnh phn sng c bn io1 cn c cc thnh

phn sng iu ha bc cao: bc 3, 5, 7 ,... , trong thnh phn sng bc 3
io3 ln nht v ng k hn c, cn cc thnh phn khc khng ng k c
th b qua. Nu mch t cng bo ha th io cng nhn u do thnh
phn sng bc cao cng ln c bit l thnh phn sng bc ba.
Khi c k n tn hao trong li thp th quan h = f (io ) l quan h t
tr B(H). Khi dng in t ha gm hai thnh phn, tc dng v phn
khng, io c dng nhn u v vt trc mt gc no . Gc ln
hay b ty thuc mc tr ca B i vi H nhiu hay t, ngha l tn hao
t tr trong li thp nhiu hay t, v th c gi l gc tn hao t tr.
Trn thc t Ior<10%Io , nn dng in Ior thc ra khng nh hng n
dng in t ha nhiu v c th coi Iox Io.

1.7.2. My bin p ba pha

Khi khng ti nu xt tng pha ring l th dng in bc ba trong cc
pha
io3A= Io3msin3 t
i03B=Io3msin 3( t -120o)=I03msin 3 t
i03C=I03msin 3( t -240o)= I03msin 3 t
trng pha nhau v thi gian, ngha l ti mi thi im chiu ca dng in
trong c ba pha hoc hng t u n cui dy qun hoc ngc li. Song
chng c tn ti hay khng v dng sng nh th no cn ph thuc vo
kt cu mch t v cch u dy qun na.
a) Trng hp my bin p ni Y/y
V dy qun s cp ni Y nn thnh phn dng in bc ba khng tn
ti, do dong in t ha io c dng hnh sin v t thng do n sinh ra s
c dng vt u. Nh vy c th xem t thng tng gm sng c bn 1
v cc sng iu ha bc cao, 3, 5 ... . V cc thnh phn t thng bc cao
hn 3 rt nh c th b qua. i vi t my bin p ba pha, v mch t ca
c ba pha ring r, t thng 3 ca c ba pha cng chiu tn ti mi thi
im s d dng khp kn trong tng li thp nh t thng 1 . Do t tr ca
li thp rt nh, nn 3 c tr s kh ln. Kt qu l trong dy qun s cp
v th cp ca my bin p, ngoi sc in ng c bn e1 do t thng 1
to ra, cn c cc sc in ng bc 3 do 3 to ra kh ln E3=(4560)%E1. Do sc in ng tng trong pha e=e1+e3+ .. s c dng
nhn u, ngha l bin sc in ng pha tng ln r rt, nh vy
hon ton khng c li cho s lm vic ca my bin p v trong nhiu
trng hp rt nguy him, nh chc thng cch in ca dy qun, lm

h hng cc thit b in o lng v nu trung tnh ni t dong in

bc 3 s gy nh hng n ng dy thng tin. Bi nhng l do ,
trn thc t ngi ta khng dng kiu ni Y/y cho t my bin p ba pha
i vi my bin p ba pha 5 tr thnh phn t thng bc cao cng d
dng khp mch trong li thp nn nhng hin tng xut hin cng tng
t t my bin p ba pha.
i vi my bin p ba pha ba tr v thuc h thng mch t chung nn
hin tng s khc i. T thng 3 bng nhau v cng chiu trong ba tr
thp ti mi thi im, nn chng khng th khp mch t tr ny qua tr
khc m b y ra ngoi v khp mch t gng ny n gng kia qua
khng kh hoc du l mi trng c t tr ln. V th 3 khng ln lm v
c th coi t thng trong mch t l hnh sin, ngha l sc in ng pha
thc t l hnh sin. Nhng do t thng bc 3 p mch vi tn s 3f qua
vch thng, cc bu lng ghp vv... s gy nn nhng tn hao ph lm hiu
sut gim xung. Do phng php u Y/y i vi my bin p ba pha
ba tr cng ch dng cho my bin p cng sut hn ch t 5600 kVA tr
xung.
b) Trng hp ni D/y
Dy qun s cp ni D, nn dng in io3 s khp kn trong tam gic ,
v vy dng in t ha v c thnh phn bc 3 s c dng nhn u, do
t thng v cc sc t ng ca dy qun s cp v th cp u c dng
hnh sin. Do s khng c hin tng bt li nh trn xy ra.
c) Trng hp my bin p ba pha ni Y/d
Do dy qun s cp ni Y nn dng in t ha trong s khng c
thnh phn iu ha bc 3, nh vy t thng s c dng vt u, ngha l
tn ti thnh phn t thng bc 3 3 . T thng bc bc 3 s cm ng trong

dy qun th cp sc in ng bc 3 e23. n lt e23 gy ra trong mch

vng th cp ni tam gic dng in bc 3 i23, r rng i23 s sinh ra t
thng bc 3 gn nh ngc pha vi 3 ca dng in s cp to nn. Do
t thng tng trong li thp l = 3 y + 3d 0 . nh hng ca t thng bc
3 trong mch t khng ng k na, sc in ng pha s gn nh hnh sin.
Tm li khi my bin p lm vic khng ti, cc cch u D/y, Y/d u
trnh c tc hi ca t thng v sc in ng iu ha bc 3.
1.8. Trong nghin cu my bin p thng dng cc nh lut sau
1.8.1 nh lut v cm ng in t. nh lut Faraday
Trong cc thit b in t, nh lut ny c vit nh sau
e=-

d
dt

iu ni rng: mt s bin thin ca tng t thng mc vng mt

mch in s to ra mt sc in ng t l vi o hm ca tng t thng
bin thin .
Cng c th vit di dng
e=Blv
trong v l vn tc chuyn ng ca mt thanh dn l nm trong t
trng c t cm B vung gc vi chiu chuyn ng ca thanh dn .
1.8.2. nh lut ton dng in
nh lut ny c din t nh sau

Hdl = i = F
Tch phn vng ca cng t trng theo mt ng khp kn bt k
bao quanh mt s mch in bng tng dng in trong cc mch. F ch gi
tr ca sc t ng ln mch t .

1.8.3. nh lut v lc in t. nh lut laplace

y l mt nh lut cho ta gi tr ca lc df M tc dng trn mt n v

dng in idl t im M c t cm BM . Lc ny bng tch vect ca

n v dng in vi vect t cm

df M = idl x BM

lc tc dng trn mt on dy dn mang dng in nm trong t trng

bng :
l

f= Bi sin dl
0

trong l gc gia t cm B vi vect dng in i . Nu t trng u

v dy dn thng, ta c
f= Bil sin
1.8.4. Nng lng trng in t
Nng lng tng trong mt th tch t trng c khng i bng:
W=

H 2

1
dV = Li 2
2
2

Trong trng hp ny, Li=

ch t trng mc vng bi dng in i v L l t cm ca cun dy. Nu
thit b in t c hai hoc nhiu mch in c h cm in t th nng
lng in t ca hai mch in c h cm bng
W12=

H 2

L1i 21 L2 i 2 2
dV =
+
+ M 12 i1i2
2
2
2

Tt c cc phng trnh cn bng in p ca cc loi my in c

biu th theo nh lut Krirhff bng mt phng trnh ma trn c dng

u = zi

trong : u-vect in p c cc thnh phn bng cc in p t vo cc

mch in tng ng vi cc dy qun ca mch in.

i- l vect dng in c cc thnh phn dng in chy trong cc mch

in
z- l ma trn tng tr
Mmen in t sinh ra trong my in s bng

M=k i

trong : - vect t thng mc vng c cc thnh phn bng t thng do

cc dy qun sinh ra

CHNG 2
TNH TON CC KCH THC CH YU CA MY
BIN P
2.1. CC S LIU BAN U
Cng sut nh mc: S= 7500 KVA
in p nh mc :

U1
= 35/22 KV, u Y/Y
U2

Tn s : f=50Hz
Tn hao khng ti : Po=8000 W
Tn hao ngn mch : Pn=42000W
Dng in khng ti : io=0,7%
in p ngn mch : un=7,5%
Kiu my: t ngoi tri , lm vic lin tc, lm lnh bng du
2.2. TNH CC I LNG C BN
Da vo nhim v thit k trc ht xc nh cc i lng c sau y
+ Cng sut mt pha ca my bin p
St =

S 7500
=
= 2500(kVA )
m
3

+ Cng sut mt tr
S' =

S 7500
=
= 2500(kVA)
t
3

trong t l s tr tc dng t=3, m l s pha ca my bin p m=3 pha, S

cng sut nh mc ca my bin p
+ Dng in dy nh mc
- Dng in dy pha cao p
I1 =

S.10 3
3 .U 1 .

- Dng in dy pha h p

7500.10 3
3 .35.10 3

= 123,72( A )

I2 =

S.10 3
3 .U 2 .

7500.10 3
3 .22.10 3

= 196,83( A )

+ Dng in pha nh mc
- Pha cao p
I f 1 = I 1 = 123 ,72( A )

- Pha h p
I f 2 = I 2 = 196 ,83( A )

+ in p pha nh mc
- in p pha nh mc phia cao p, pha cao p ni tam gic ta c
Uf1 =

U1
3

= 20.21(KV )

- in p pha nh mc pha h p, pha h p ni sao ta c

Uf 2 =

U2
3

22
3

= 12,7(KV )

+ in p th dy qun: theo ph lc VIII trang 653 TKM

xc nh khong cch cch in gia cc dy qun, cc phn dn
in khc v cc b phn ni t ca my bin p cn phi bit cc tr s
in p th ca chng. Da theo cp in p ca dy qun chn in p th
tng ng
- in p th dy qun cao p
Ut1=80 (KV)
- in p th dy qun h p
Ut2=50(KV)
+ Cc thnh phn in p ngn mch
- Thnh phn tc dng ca in p ngn mch
u nr =

Pn
, (%)
10.S

Pn : tn hao ngn mch (W)

S : dung lng my bin p (kVA)
Thay s vo ta c
u nr =

42000
= 0,56(%)
10.7500

- Thnh phn phn khng ca in p ngn mch

2

u nx = u n - u 2 nr = 7,5 2 - 0,56 2 = 7,48(%)

2.3. THIT K S B LI ST V TNH TON CC KCH

THC CH YU CA MY BIN P
2.3.1. Thit k s b li st
T yu cu ca nhim v thit k my bin p mch t khng gian. Li
st ca my bin p gm hai b phn chnh, tr v gng. Li st l phn
mch t ca my bin p do thit k n cn phi lm sao cho tn hao
chnh cng nh tn hao ph nh, dng in khng ti nh, trng lng tn
silic t v h s in y ca li st cao. Mt khc li st cn lm khung m
trn nhiu b phn quan trng ca my bin p nh dy qun, gi
dy dn ra. Hn na, li st c th chu nhng lc c hc ln khi dy qun
b ngn mch. V vy yu cu th hai ca li st l phi bn v n nh v
c kh.
Tr c lm t l thp k thut in ghp li thnh hnh bc thang v
vy l thp dng lm tr gm nhiu thp c kch thc khc nhau. S
bc thang ca tr cng nhiu th tit din tr cng gn trn, nhng s tp
l thp cng nhiu, ngha l s lng cc l tn c kch thc khc nhau
cng nhiu lm cho qu trnh ch to lp rp li thp cng phc tp
m bo c ng knh tiu chun, kch thc l thp tng tp
trong tr v s bc ca tr cng c tiu chun ha.

p tr c rt nhiu cch, ty theo cng sut v ng knh tr my bin

p. gim tn hao trong mch t v m bo cho mch t chc chn v
lc p phn b u trn li thp ta dng bng vi thy tinh.
Gng l phn mch t dng khp kn mch t vi my bin p mch
t khng gian gng c lm bng thp cun qun li. Khi ch to gng ta
dng mt ming lt to l tng ng vi phn gia tr c nh tr v
gng vi nhau
2.3.2. Tnh ton la chn phng n:

a1 a2 ao1

C
a22 lo

l
a12

lo

Hnh 2-1

d: ng knh tr st

d
d12

l: chiu cao dy qun

d12: ng knh trung bnh gia hai dy qun hay ca rnh du gia hai
dy qun
Trong tnh ton thit k my bin p cc kch thc c bn trn c xc
nh th hnh dng, th tch v cc kch thc khc cng c xc nh.
Trong thit k my bin p thng dng tr s ch quan h gia
ng knh trung bnh ca cc dy qun d 12 vi chiu cao l ca dy qun
gi l t s kch thc c bn

.d 12
l

Tr s ny bin thin trong khong rng 1,0 n 3,6 v nh hng rt ln

ti t tnh k thut v kinh t ca my bin p

Chn cc s liu xut pht v tnh cc kch thc ch yu

Cc s liu xut pht c chn theo in p th ca cc cun dy cao p
v h p tra bng ta c:
U t1 = 80(kV ),U t 2 = 50(kV )
a12 - l chiu rng rnh du gia cun cao p v cun h p ta chn theo

in p th ca cun cao p theo bng T654 -TKM ta c:

a12 = 28( mm ), 12 = 5( mm )

12 - l b dy lp cch in gia rnh du, dng ng cch in bakelit

a1 + a 2
l mt kch thc di ph thuc vo cng sut my bin p, gn
3

ng c th xem
a1 +a 2
= k 4 S ' .10 2
3

S ' :Dung lng trn 1 tr my bin p

k l mt h s tra bng 13-1 trang 456 ti liu TKM, chn k=0,47
a1 +a2
= k 4 S ' .10 2 = 0,47 4 2500 .10 2 = 0,033( m) = 33( mm)
3

- Chiu rng qui i t trng tn

a r = a12 +

a1 + a 2
= 28 + 33 = 61( mm)
3

- H s qui i t trng tn: k r qui i t trng tn thc t v t trng

tn l tng h s ny thay i rt t trong tnh ton s b ta chn k r = 0,95
2.3.2.2. Chn vt liu
Chn thp cn ngui ng hng m hiu 3404 dy 0,35(mm),l tn ph
1 lp sn ,chn h s p cht kc=0,93 vi mt t thng tr Bt =(1,551,65)T chn Bt = 1,62T , h s k g l t s gia tit din gng v tit din
tr. My thit k l my ngm du,khng tm p ng vi Sp=7500KVA tra
bng trang 457TKMta c ng knh tr s b d=38cm ,h s lp y
kd=0,913 ,s bcca tr l 9 ,nn h s li dng li st l kl=kc .kd
=0,93.0,913=0,849 .Tra bng trang 666 ta c h s gng l

kg=Sg/ST=1063,4/1035,8=1,022 .mt t cm trong gng

Bg=

1,62
= 1,585T
1,022

Mt t thng trong khe h khng kh B k =

trong tr v gng:

Bt
2

= 1,141T . Sut tn hao st

Bt = 1,62T tra bng V14 trang 617 ti liu TKM ta

c: Pt = 1,353(W / Kg ) Bg = 1,585T tra bng ta c vi Bg = 1,56T

Pg = 1,207(W / Kg ) , Bg = 1,58T , Pg = 1,251(W / Kg ) . Dng phng php ni suy

ta c:
yt=
Pg =

Y1 . X 2 Y2 . X 1 y 2 y1
+
xt
x 2 x1
X 2 X1

>

1,207.1,58 1,251.1,56 1,251 1,207

+
1,585 = 1,262 (W/kg)
1,58 1,56
1,58 1,56

Sut t ha q ca tn cn lnh 3404 tra bng tr617

Bt = 1,62T , qt = 1,958(VA / kg ) , Bg = 1,585T tra bng vi
B1 = 1,58T , q1 = 1,675 (VA / kg ); B 2 = 1,60T , q 2 = 1,775T

, dng phng php ni suy

ta c:
yt=y1+
q g = 1,675 +

y 2 y1
( x t x1 )
x 2 x1

1,775 1,675
(1,585 1,58) = 1,7(VA / kg )
1,60 1,58

2.3.2.3. Cc khong cch cch in chnh

Da vo in p th ca cun cao p v cun h p tra bng XIV-1
tra ra khong cch cch in, ta c:
- Khong cch cun h p n gng l01=l02=75mm
- Khong cch cun h p n tr: 01 = 5 x0,05(cm) ; a d 1 = 13(mm)
;d01=23mm;l01=45mm
- Gia dy qun cao p v gng d = 2(mm)

- ng cch in gia dy qun cao p v h p 12 = 6(mm )

-Gia cun CA v cun HA

a12 = 27 ( mm )

- Gia cc dy qun cao p a 22 = 30(mm )

- Tm chn gia cc pha(gia hai cun cao p) a22=30mm;
22 = 3( mm )

- Phn u tha ca ng cch in l d = 50(mm)

2.3.2.5. Tnh cc h s
a. H s li dung li thp: kld=kc.k, k=

Tt
Tb

trong Tt(hay Tg) l tit thun thp hay tit din tc dng ca tr hay
gng, Tg l tit din tc dng ton b hnh bc thang ca tr hay gng tra
bng ta c k=0,913, kc=

Tb
T
= b 2 chn kc=0,93, trong Tb l tit din
Ttr d
4

hnh bc thang k n cc chi tit chim ch nh m cch in ai p

l bt gng.
k ld = 0,93.0,913 = 0,849

T Sp ta tra ra c a=1,4; b=0,26; k f =0,81; = 1,3 1,6 ;ta thit k dng my

vi gng hnh thang nhiu bc nn c e= 0,411;chn =1,5
A= 164

S ' .a r . k r
2500.6,1.0,95
= 164
= 34,04
2
2
fu nx B t k ld
50.7,48.1,62 2.0,849 2

A1=5,663.10-2.a.A3kld= 5,663.10 2.1,4.0,849.34,04 3 = 2655(kg )

A2=3,6.10-2A2.kld.lo= 3,6.10 2.34,04 2.0,849.7,5 = 265,6 (kg)
B1=2,4.10-2kg.kld.A3(a+b+e)
= 2,4.10 21,022.0,849.34,04 3 (1,4 + 0,26 + 0,411) = 1701(kg)
B2 =

2,4.10 -2.kg.kld.A2(a12+a22)= 2,4.10 21,022.0,849.34,04 2 (2,7 + 3,0) = 137,54 (kg)

C1 = K dq .

S p .a 2

= 2,46.10 2

k f .k 2 ld .BT2 u nr . A 2

-Kn= 1,41

100
(1 + e
un

u nr
u nx

) = 1,41

-M=0,2453.10 4 k 2n k f k R

7500.1,4 2
= 3637(kg)
0,84.0,849 2.1,62 2.0,56.34,04 2

100
(1 + e
7,5

0 , 56
7 , 48

) = 33,66

Pn
4200
=0,2453.10 4 19,353 2 0,81.0,95
=18,85
37,66.1,4
A.a

Mpa
B=

2 A2 + B2 2 265,6 + 137,54
=
= 0,158
3 B1
3
1701

-T l gia gi ng PBV v thp 3404 l kFeCu=2,21

-C=

A1
2655
=
= 0,52
3B1 3.1701

-D=

2 C1
2 3637
k FeCu .k cd =
.2,21.1,06 = 3,339
3 B1
3 1701

-Ta c ng thc :
x 5 + Bx 4 -Cx-D= x 5 + 0,158x 4 -0,52x-3,339 =0
Khi = 1,3 1,6 th hm trn t cc tiu ti = 1,3
-ng vi mt dng in Jv lc in ng cho php , tm ra khong
cch hn ch ca
C x j 4,5

2,4C1
2,4.3637
= 4,5
= 2,28
0,81.42000
k f Pn

j = x 4j = 2,28 4 = 27

x 3

60
60
=3
= 1,47
M
18,85

= x4 = 1,47 4 = 4,68

-Trng lng tn silc cc gc ca gng ;

Gg=0,493.10 2 . k l k g A 3 x 3 = 0,493 .1,022.0,849.10 2 .34,04 3 .x 3 = 168,7x 3
- G dq =

C1 3637
= 2 (kg )
x
x2

2.3.2.6. Tit din tr: s b tnh theo cng thc

Tt = 0,785.k ld . A 2 .x 2 = 0,785.0,849.37,66 2 x 2 = 772,25x

2.3.2.7. Tit din khe h khng kh: mi ni thng

Tk=Tt=772,25x2,
2.3.2.8. Tn hao khng ti: xc nh theo cng thc
Po = k pf .( pT Gt + Gg. p g ) = 1,25(1,353Gt + Gg1,262) = 1,691Gt + Gg1,578
Pt = 1,353(W / Kg ) , pg=1,262(W/kg)

2.3.2.9. Cng sut t ha: theo cng thc 20-45 trang 203 ti liu 2 ta c
Q=k ''f (Qc + Q f + Qk )
Qc= qT GT + qG GG = 1,958GT + 1,7GG
Qf=40q T .Gg = 40.1,958Gg = 78,32Gg
Q K = 3,2.qk .ST = 3,2.772,25.0,0956 X 2 = 236,25 X 2
ly k ,f, = 1,25
Q o =k ''f (Qc + Q f + Qk ) =2,448G T +2,125G G +97,9G g +295,3X 2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.06779

1.087757

1.106682

1.124683

1.140175

1.183216

1.224745

1.264911

1.217468
2486.444

1.287052
2440.802

1.355403
2399.063

1.422624
2360.665

GT = ( A1 / x) + A2 x 2

232.9467

224.473

216.8615

209.9752

B 1 x 3 = 1701 x 3

2719.391

2665.275

2615.925

2570.64

B 2 x 2 = 137 , 54 x 2

2070.913

2189.275

2305.541

2419.883

GG = B1 x 3 + B2 x 2

156.8197

162.7395

168.4514

173.9759

G Fe = GG + GT

2227.733

2352.015

2473.992

2593.859

= 168 , 7 x 3

4947.123

5017.29

5089.917

5164.5

P0 = 1, 691 G t + Gg 1,578

205.3869

217.1257

228.6565

239.9967

Q0 = 2,448GT + 2,125GG

8113.852

8218.46

8327.488

8440.063

31835.07

33128.63

34408.15

35674.08

4.244676

4.417151

4.587754

4.756544

3189.861

3073.826

2969.598

2875.301

K CuFe GCu = 2,21GCu

5295.17

5102.551

4929.532

4773

Ctd' = GFe + K CuFe GCu

11702.32

11276.64

10894.27

10548.33

16649.45

16293.93

15984.18

15712.83

2.106983

2.146384

2.183726

2.219245

22.94927

24.26093

25.54935

26.81646

36.34757

37.02725

37.67146

38.28421

50.8866

51.83815

52.74004

53.59789

x=
4

x3 =

x2 =

A 1 / x = 2655 / x
A 2 x 2 = 265 , 6 x 2

+ 97,9Gg + 295,3X

i ox = Q
= Q

/ 10 S

/ 7500

G dq = C1 / x

= 3637 / x 2

GCu = 1,66Gdq

J=

k f Pn
KGdq

0,81.42000
=
2,4Gdq

= 119 / Gdq
cp = Mx3 = 18.85x

d = A . x = 34 , 04 x
d12 = ad = 1,4d

122.9107

116.2656

110.4025

105.1859

5.154086

5.250464

5.341812

5.428701

61.74069

62.78861

63.78185

64.72659

2.3.2.11. Dng in khng ti

- Dng in khng ti tc dng
ior=

po
%
10.S

- Dng in khng ti phn khng

i0x=

Q0
%
10.S

- Dng in khng ti ton phn

io = i 2 or + i 2 0 x %

trng lng st

V th biu din mi quan h gia GFe=f( ):

5200
5150
5100
5050
5000
4950
4900
4850
4800

Series1

1.3

1.4

1.5

beta

1.6

tn hao ko ti

th biu din mi quan h : Po=f( )

8500
8400
8300
8200
8100

Series1

8000
7900
1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

b ta

th biu din mi quan h io=f( )

4.8
Dng I0x

4.6
4.4

Series1

4.2
4
3.8
1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

Bta

th biu din mi quan h Ct=f( )

Gi thnh

17000
16500
Series1

16000
15500
15000
1.3

1.4

1.5

Bta

1.6

2.3.2.12. La chn phng n

Theo bng tnh v th v th cc i lng c quan tm theo
, GFe, Gdq, po, io, Ctd=f( ).T th ta chn c Ctd tc dng

t min
Vy ta chn = 1,6
T suy ra ng knh tr st li thp: d = A4 = 34,04 4 1,6 =38,28(cm)
d12=1,4.38,28=53,59cm
- Chiu cao cun dy

l=

.d12 .0,5359
=
= 1,05(m)
1,6

-Tit din li st:S T=772,25x2=976,8cm2

-Chiu cao tr li st lT=l+2lo=105+2.7,5=120cm
-Khong cch gia cc tr li st C=64,73cm

CHNG 3
TNH TON DY QUN MY BIN P
3.1. CC YU CU CHUNG I VI DY QUN
Yu cu chung v dy qun c th chia thnh hai loi yu cu sau
y: yu cu v vn hnh v yu cu v ch to.
3.1.1. Yu cu v vn hnh
C th chia thnh yu cu v mt in v mt c
a) V mt in
Khi vn hnh dy qun my bin p c in p, do cch in ca
my bin p phi tt, ngha l phi chu c in p lm vic bnh thng
v qu in p do ng ct mch trong li in hay do qu in p thin
nhin gy nn. Qu in p do ng ct vi in p lm vic bnh thng,
thng ch yu l i vi cch in chnh ca my bin p, tc l cch
in gia cc dy qun vi nhau v gia dy qun vi v my. Cn qu
in p do st nh ln ng dy thng nh hng cch in dc ca
my bin p. Tc l gia cc vng dy, lp dy hay gia cc bnh dy ca
tng dy qun.
b) V mt c hc
Dy qun khng b bin dng hoc h hng di tc dng ca lc c
hc do dng in ngn mch gy nn.
c) V mt chu nhit
Khi vn hnh bnh thng cng nh trong trng hp ngn mch, trong
mt thi gian nht nh, dy qun khng c nng qu nhit cho
php. V lc cht cch in s b nng qa m chng h hng hoc b
gi ha lm cho n mt tnh n hi, ha gin v mt tnh cht cch in.
V vy khi thit k phi m bo sao cho tui th ca cht cch in t
t 15 n 20 nm.

3.1.2. Yu cu v ch to
Yu cu sao cho kt cu n gin, tn t nguyn liu v nhn cng, thi
gian ch to ngn v gi thnh h nhng vn m bo c cc yu cu v
mt vn hnh.
3.2. THIT K DY QUN H P
3.2.1. La chn kt cu dy qun h p
Vic la chn kt cu dy qun kiu no l phi ty thuc vo yu cu v
vn hnh v ch to trong nhim v thit k. Nhng yu cu chnh l: m
bo bn v mt in, c, nhit, ng thi ch to n gin v r tin.
Ch yu ph thuc vo nhng i lng in ca chng : dng in ti trn
mt tr It, cng sut trn tr S , in p nh mc v tit din ngang mt
vng dy s.
Trc ht ta phi xc nh tit din ca mi vng dy ca dy qun h p
theo biu thc:
s=

It
( m 2 ) (3-1)
tb

tb : mt dng in trung bnh trong dy qun c xc nh theo

biu thc:
tb = 0,746.k f .

p n .u v
.10 4 ( A / m 2 )
S .d 12

Trong uv l in p ca mt vng dy c xc nh theo cng thc:

uv=4,44.f.St.Bt.10-4=4,44.50.976,8.1,62.10-4 =35,13(V)
-Trng lng stGFe=5164kg ,trng lng ng GCu=4773kg
-mt dng in j=2,2192A/mm2,ng sut dy qun cho php l
cp=26,82

Mpa, Tn hao khng ti Po=8440,1W

Ta c s vng dy ca mt pha dy qun h p

w2 =

U f2
uv

12700
= 361,5(vng)
35,13

ta chn w2 l 362vng

Tnh li in p ca mt vng dy

tb = 0,746.k f .

uv=

U f2
w2

12700
= 35,08(V)
362

p n .u v
42000 .35,08
=2,3(A/mm2)
. = 0,746.0,84
S .d 12
7500.53,59

Tit din s b vng dy:

s2=

I f 2 196,83
It
=85,54(mm2)
=
=
2,3
tb tb

Theo bng 38 ti liu 1 vi S=7500(KVA), It=196,83(A), U=22(KV), ,

chn dy qun hnh ng, dy dn hnh ch nht, s2=84,82(mm2)vi
a=5,1mm;b=16,8mm. Vi dy qun hnh ng kp hai lp qun ni tip vi
nhau. Qun lp trong t trn xung di sau qun lp ngoi qun ngc
t di ln. Nh vy u dy lp trong v ui dy lp ngoi c in p
bng in p pha dy qun. Gia hai lp dy qun c rnh du lm mt dy
6 (mm)Dy qun ng
3.2.2. Tnh ton dy qun h p
-S vng dy ca 1 lp: l2=lv2(wl2+1)+(0,5-1,5).(cm)
105=0,51(wl2+1)+1wl2=203
- Chiu cao hng trc mi vng dy: k c cch in, s b c th tnh
hv2=

l2
wl 2 + 1

105
=0,515 (cm)
203 + 1

S vng dy c tng thm 1l v mun qun thnh ng phi chuyn

sang vng sau mi qun c tuy mi c mt vng nhng chiu cao
phi c tng thm 1 vng ch chuyn vng
Cn c vo hv2 v s2 ta chn dy dn, theo bng 44-10 ti liu 2 ta chn
kch thc dy dn cun h p nh sau:
- Mt dng in thc ca sy qun
2 =

If2
s2

196,83
=2,32(A/mm2)
84,82

-S lp dy:n=362/203=1,78 vy ta qun thnh 2lp, mi lp c 181vng

- Chiu cao tnh ton ca dy qun h p

l2=hv2(w22+1)+(0,005-0,015)(m)
l2=lv2(w22+1)+(0,005-0,015).103 =0,51(181+1).+1 =94(cm)
tr s 0,005-0,015 m l chiu cao tng ln k n vic qun khng cht ly
bng 7,6 mm:

01

a'
a

d
D'
D''
2

b b'

21

Hnh 3-1: Dng xc nh kch thc ca dy qun h p

- B dy ca dy qun h p: i vi dy qun hnh ng kp ta c
a2=(4.a+3a22)=(4.16,1+3.5)= 79,4(mm), trong a b dy mt lp k c
cch in a22 l b rng rnh du gia hai lp:
- ng knh trong ca dy qun h p
D2=d+2.a01=38,28+2.0,23=38,74 (cm)
- ng knh ngoi ca dy qun h p
D2=D2+2.a2=38,74+2.0,794=40,328 (cm)
- B mt lm lnh ca dy qun h p: theo cng thc 3-17
M2=n.t.k. (D2+D2)l2
trong n l s rnh du dc trc ca dy qun h p: n=1, k=0,75 l h s
k n s che khut b mt dy qun do que nm v cc chi tit cch in
khc
--> M2=1.3.0,75. (0,3874+0,40328).0,94=5,254 (m2)

-Trng lng ca dy qun h p: tnh theo cng thc 4-4a trang 103 ti
liu 1
D ' 2 + D '' 2
D'2 + D22
w2 .s 2 . Cu = 28.10 3.t.
w2 s 2
2
2
0,3874 + 0,40328
= 28.10 3.3
626.84,82.10 6
2

GCu 2 = t

=>GCu2=1763,3(kg), theo bng 24 ti liu 1 cn phi tng trng lng dy

dn do cch in ln 2% nn trng lng ca dy dn l
Gdd2=1,02 .GCu2=1,02.1763,3=1798,55 (kg)
3.2.3. B tr dy qun h p
Dy qun h p c qun thnh bn lp. V dy qun h p lm bng
dy dn hnh ch nht nn qun c dy dc theo ng trn tr ta b
tr 12 cn dc bng g. Kch thc ca cn dc c th nh sau 4x20x454
mm . Cn dc c t trn lp cch in dy 1 mm qun quanh tr . Qun
xong lp th nht ta li t 12 cn dc vi kch thc 6x20x 454 mm
lm rnh du dc trc lm mt dy qun.

Hnh 3-2: Dy qun h p

3.3. THIT K DY QUN CAO P

- S vng dy ca dy qun cao p ng vi in p nh mc
w1m=w2

U f1
Uf2

= 362

35
=576(vng )
22

- S b chn mt dng in: theo cng thc 3-30 ti liu 1

2

1 = 2. tb 2 =2. 2,3-2,32=2,28(A/mm )

- S b chn tit din dy dn

s1=

I f1
1

123,72
=54,26(mm2)
2,28

- Theo bng VI.1 chn dy qun cao p: vi S=7500(KVA),

Uf1=35(KV), If1=123,72 (A) ta chn kiu dy qun tit din ch nht c cc
kch thc a=3,28;b=16,8mm;s=54,62mm2

Cch in hai pha ca dy

dn l 2. =3.2=6 (mm), ch dng mt si dy n=1

- Mt dng in thc
1 =

I f1
s1

123,72
=2,265(A/mm2)
54,62

- S vng dy trong mt lp: theo cng thc 13-44a ti liu 1

l1=lv1(wl1+1)+1105=0,328(wl1+1)+1wl1=316vng
-S lp dy cun cao p:n=

576
=1,82
316

Vy ta qun thnh 2 lp , mi lp c 288 vng

- B dydy qun cao p
a1=2a+a11
a11=3cm l cch in gia 2 lp dy cao p
a l chiu dy 1 si dy cao p a1=2.1,68+3=6,63cm
- B tr dy qun
Dy qun cao p c b tr lm hai na c rnh du gia tng
cng lm mt cho dy qun. V na bn trong tn nhit v lm mt kh
hn nn ta chia s lp t hn,

01

a a a
2

12

d
Hnh 3-4: B tr dy qun xc
nh kch thc dy qun

D'
D''
D'
D''
2

21

11

- in p lm vic gia hai lp k nhau:

U11=2.w11.uv=2.288.35,13=20205(V)
Cn c vo U11 tra bng 26 ti liu 1 ta tra ra cch in gia cc lp
U11=3554 (3501-4000)V cch in gia cc lp gm 40 lp giy cp
chiu dy ca mi lp = 0,12 mm. u tha cch in lp mt u dy
qun ll=30 mm
Kch thc rnh du dc gia dy qun cao p tra bng 44b ti liu 1 ta c
a11=6mm
- ng knh trong ca dy qun cao p
D1=D2+2.a12=40,328+2.2,7=45,728 cm; a12 l b rng rnh du gia dy
qun cao p v h p a12=27mm tra theo in p th ca cun cao p D2
ng knh ngoi ca cun h p
- ng knh ngoi ca dy qun cao p
D1=D1+2.a1=45,728+2. 6,63=58,988 cm
- Trng lng ca dy qun cao p
Trng lng ca dy qun cao p tnh theo cng thc 4-4a trang 103 ti
liu 1
D ' 1 + D '' 2
D ' 1 + D '' 1
3
GCu1 = t
w1 .s1 . Cu = 28.10 .t.
w1 s1
2
2
45,728 + 58,988
= 28.3
576.54,62.10 5
2

=>GCu1= 1383,68 (kg), cn phi tng trng lng dy dn do cch in ln

4% nn trng lng ca dy dn l:
Gdd2=1,04 .GCu2=1,04.1383,68=1439 (kg)
- B mt lm lnh ca dy qun cao p
L1=lv1(wl1+1)+(0,005-0,015).103=0,328(288+1)+1=95,79cm
i vi dy qun cao p c hai t lp , gia chng c rnh du lm lnh t
lp trong qun trc tip ln ng cch in th c ba mt lm lnh b mt
lm lnh c tnh theo cng thc 3-42c trang 94 ti liu 1

M1=1,5.t.k. ( D1+D1)l1=
=1,5.3.0,88. (0,45728+0,58988).0,9579= 12,48 m2
Hnh 3-5: Dy qun cao p :
a1

vnh m bng cch in

2- dy qun
3- tm lt cch in lp

a11

i vi dy qun cao p dy dn trn, nn dy qun c qun trn ng nha

bakelit chiu dy ng bakelit l 3 mm chiu cao l 454 mm tng cng lm
mt gia dy qun cao p ta lm rnh du dc trc to rnh du ta b tr 12
cn dc bng g nh dng dy qun kch thc cn dc nh sau 6x20x454
mm.
Sau khi thit k xong dy qun ta phi tnh ton kim tra xem dy qun
thit k c m bo yu cu k thut t ra nh tn hao ngn mch, in
p ngn mch. Dy qun c chu c lc c hc khi ngn mch

CHNG 4
TNH TON NGN MCH
4.1. XC NH TN HAO NGN MCH
Tn hao ngn mch ca my bin p l tn hao trong dy qun khi ngn
mch mt dy qun cn dy qun kia t in p ngn mch Un cho
dng in trong c hai dy qun u bng nh mc.
+ Tn hao ngn mch c th chia ra cc thnh phn nh sau
- Tn hao chnh, tc l tn hao ng trong dy qun cao p v h p do
dng in gy ra pCu1 v pCu2
- Tn hao ph trong hai dy qun do t thng tn xuyn qua dy qun lm
cho dng in phn b khng u trong tit din gy ra pf1v pf2
- Tn hao chnh trong dy dn ra pr1, pr2
- Tn hao ph trong dy dn ra. Tn hao ny rt nh ta c th b qua
- Tn hao trong vch thng du v cc kt cu kim loi khc pt do t trng
tn gy nn
Thng tn hao ph c gp vo trong tn hao chnh bng cch thm
vo h s tn hao ph. Vy tn hao ngn mch s c tnh theo biu thc:
pn=pCu1.kf1+pCu2.kf2+pr1+pr2+pt (W)
4.1.1. Tn hao chnh
- Tn hao trong dy qun h p
pCu2=2,4 2 2 GCu2=2,4.2,322. 1763,3=22777,89(W)
- Tn hao trong dy qun cao p
pCu1=2,4 21 GCu1=2,4. 2,2652. 1383,68=17036,62(W)

4.1.2 . Tn hao ph trong dy qun

Nh trn ni tn hao ph thng c ghp vo tn hao chnh bng
cch thm h s kf vo tn hao chnh: pCu+pf=pCu.kf
Do vic xc nh tn hao ph l xc nh tr s kf. Tr s ny i vi
mi loi dy qun s khc nhau. N ph thuc vo kch thc hnh hc ca
mi loi dy dn, vo s sp xp ca dy dn trong t trng tn ... Ngi
ta tm ra biu thc tnh ton ca kf nh sau:

- Dy qun h p
n dy dn
m dy dn
n

Hnh 4-1 : Dng xc nh tn hao

b
l

trong dy qun h p
a

i vi dy dn h p vi dy qun hnh ch nht vi n=2 theo cng thc

4-10a
kf2=1+0,095.108. 2 a4.(n2-0,2), trong =

b.m
.k r , m=39 s thanh dn
l

song song vi t trng tn, b=8,6mm kch thc thanh dn song song vi
t trng tn , kr=0,95 h s Ragovski. Thay s vo ta c
=

8,6.39
0,95 =0,85127
394

n=2 s thanh dn thng gc vi t trng tn, a=6,5 mm kch thc ca

thanh dn thng gc vi t trng tn
kf2=1+0,095.108. 2 a4.(n2-0,2)=1+0,095(0,85127)2.6,54(22-0,2).10-4=
1,0467

- Dy qun cao p

n dy dn

Hnh 4-2: Dng xc nh tn hao trong

dy qun cao p

m
dy
dn

i vi dy qun cao p dng dy dn trn theo cng thc 4-10c trang

105 ti liu 1 ta c
kf1=1+0,044.108 d4.n2
2

trong =
=

d .m
.k r , d=1,56 mm l ng knh dy dn trn, m=200
l

d .m
1,56.200
.k r =
.0,95 =0,7523
l
394
2
8
4 2

kf1=1+0,044.10

d .n =1+0,044.(0,7523)21,564132= 1,0025

- Tn hao ng trong dy qun

pCu1.kf1+pCu2.kf2=pCu+pf=17036,62. 1,0025+22777,9. 1,0467=40920,84
(W)
4.1.3. Tn hao chnh trong dy dn ra
Tng t nh tn hao trong dy qun tn hao trong dy dn ra xc nh
bng biu thc
- i vi dy qun h p
pr2=2,4. 2 2 .Gr2 (W)
2

2 =2,32(A/mm ) ly bng mt dng in trong dy dn h p

Gr2=lr2.sr2. (kg) , lr2 chiu di ca dy dn ra gn ng c th ly nh sau

i vi dy qun h p ni sao theo 4-14 trang 106 ti liu1 ta c:

lr2=7,5l=7,5.94= 705cm , sr2 tit din ca dy dn ra ly bng tit din vng

dy ca cun h p sr2=84,82 mm2, = 8900 (kg/m3) trng lng ring ca
ng
Gr2=lr2.sr2. = 705. 84,82. 8900.10-8= 5,322(kg)
pr2=2,4. 2 2 .Gr2=2,4.2,322. 5,322=68,75(W)
- i vi dy qun cao p
pr1=2,4. 21 .Gr1 (W)
2

1 =2,265 (A/mm ) ly bng mt dng in trong dy dn cao p

Gr1=lr1.sr1. (kg), lr1 chiu di ca dy dn ra gn ng c th ly nh sau

i vi dy qun cao p ni tam gic theo 4-15 trang 106 ti liu1 ta c:
lr1= lr2 =705cm, sr1 tit din ca dy dn ra ly bng tit din vng dy ca
cun h p sr1=54,62 mm2 , = 8900 (kg/m3) trng lng ring ca ng
Gr1=lr1.sr1. = 705. 54,62. 8900.10-8=3,427 (kg)
pr1=2,4. 21 .Gr1=2,4. 2,2652. 3,427=42,195 (W)
4.1.4. Tn hao vch thng v cc chi tit kim loi khc
Nh bit, mt phn t thng tn ca my bin p khp mch qua vch
thng du, cc x p gng, cc bu lng v cc chi tit bng st khc. Tn
hao pht sinh trong cc b phn ny ch yu l vch thng du c lin quan
n tn hao ngn mch.
Tn hao ny kh tnh chnh xc c. V kch thc thng du cha bit
th i vi my bin p hai dy qun ta tnh gn ng theo cng thc sau 421 ti liu 1 pt=10.k.S, trong k l h s xc nh theo bng 40a ti liu 1
k=0,03-0,04 ta chn k=0,03
pt=10.k.S=10.0,03.7500= 2250 (W)
4.1.5. Tng tn hao ngn mch ca my bin p
pn=pCu1.kf1+pCu2.kf2+pr1+pr2+pt

=40920,84+42,195+68,75+2250= 43281,785(W)
4.1.6. Tn hao ngn mch khi in p l nh mc
pnm=pn-0,05.pCu1.kf1=43281,785-0,05.17036,62. 1,0025=42427,82 (W)
4.1.7. Sai s ca tn hao ngn mch so vi yu cu t ra
p n =

p ndm p ntc 42427 ,82 42000

=
.100 =1,01%<5% t yu cu v tiu
42000
p ntc

chun tn hao ngn mch

4.2. XC NH IN P NGN MCH
in p ngn mch ca my bin p hai dy qun un l in p t vo
mt dy qun vi tn s nh mc, cn dy kia ni ngn mch sao cho
dng in c hai pha u bng cc dng in nh mc tng ng.
Tr s un l mt tham s rt quan trng nh hng ti nhng c tnh vn
hnh cng nh kt cu ca my bin p. Tht vy
- Khi un b th dng in ngn mch In ln gy nn lc c hc trong my
bin p ln
- Khi un ln th in p ging U trong my tng ln nh hng n cc
h dng in
- S phn phi ti gia cc my bin p lm vic song song c un khc
nhau s khng hp l
Do dung ha hai nh hng u thng thng ngi ta tiu chun
ha cc in p ngn mch. ng thi qui nh hai my bin p lm vic
song song phi c un chnh lch khng qu 10%. V vy khi tnh ton ch
cho php sai lch vi un tiu chun l 5% phng khi ch to sai lch
5% l va
4.2.1. Tnh thnh phn in p ngn mch tc dng
Thnh phn in p ngn mch tc dng l thnh phn in p ri trn
in tr cun cao p v h p ca my bin p c xc nh theo cng
thc 4-22 trang 110 ti liu 1

unr=

pn
43281,785
=0,577%
=
10.S
10.7500

trong : pn l tn hao ngn mch ca my bin p (W)

S l dung lng nh mc ca my bin p (kVA)
4.2.2. Thnh phn in p ngn mch phn khng unx
Thnh phn in p ngn mch phn khng l thnh phn in p ngn
mch ri trn in khng tn ca dy qun cao p v h p. i vi my
dy qun ng tm hai dy qun c chiu cao bng nhau theo cng thc 423 ti liu 1 ta c
unx =

7,9.S , . f . .a r .k r
.10 1 (%)
2
u v

trong :
=

d 12
l

d12=D2+a12=40,328+2,7=43,028 cm, l ng knh trung bnh ca dy

qun, l=94 cm l chiu cao dy qun
=

ar=

d12
43,028
=1,438
=
l
94

a1 + a 2
+ a12 =33+27=60 mm
3

kr=1- ; =

a12 + a1 + a 2 99 + 27
=
=0,043-->kr=1-0,043=0,957
.940
l

l h s k n t thng tn thc t khng hon ton i theo dc trc. Thay

s vo ta dc
unx =

7,9.S , . f . .a r .k r
7,9.7500.50.1,438.60.0,957 4
.10 1 (%) =
.10 = 8,41%
2
3.31,13 2
u v

4.2.3. in p ngn mch ton phn

Sau khi xc nh c unr, unx ta c th tnh c un theo biu thc
un= u 2 nr + u 2

nx

= 0,577 2 + 8,412 = 8,43%

4.2.4. Sai lch ca in p ngn mch so vi tiu chun

u n =

u n u ntc 8,43 7,5

.100= 0,125%<5%
=
u ntc
7,5

Vy sai lch ny khngvt qu gii hn cho php 5% dy qun thit k

m bo yu cu tiu chun v in p ngn mch
4.3. TNH LC C HC CA DY QUN MY BIN P
Khi my bin p b s c ngn mch th dng in ngn mch s rt ln.
Nhng vn v nhit i vi my bin p khng quan trng lm v qun
tnh nhit ln nn t nng c dy qun nng qu tr s cho php th
cc thit b bo v v my ngt t ng ngt phn s c ra khi li in,
do vn cn li l lc c hc gy nn tc dng nguy him i vi dy
qun my bin p. Bi vy m bo cho my bin p lm vic an ton,
khi thit k phi xt n nhng lc c hc tc dng ln dy qun khi ngn
mch xem bn c ca dy qun c hay khng. Do vy
- Phi xc nh tr s cc i ca dng in ngn mch.
- Xc nh lc c hc gia cc dy qun.
- Tnh ng lc c ca cc m cch in gia cc dy qun v bn thn dy
qun.
Hnh 4-3: T trng dc v ngang
trong dy qun ng tm

B'

Fr

Fr

a2

a1
a12

4.3.1. Tnh dng in ngn mch cc i

a) Tr s hiu dng ca dng in ngn mch xc lp
- Dng in ngn mch xc lp pha s cp
In1=

123,72
I dm
100 =14676 (A)
.100 =
8,43
un

- Dng in ngn mch xc lp pha th cp

In2=

I dm 2
196,83
.100 =
100 =23349 (A)
un
8,43

b) Tr s cc i (hay xung kch) ca dng in ngn mch

kmax=(1+e

u nr
0,577
)=(1+e
)=1,81
8,41
u nx

- Dng in ngn mch cc i s cp

Iko1=1,41.1,81 In1=1,41.1,81.14676 =37454,62 (A)
- Dng in ngn mch cc i th cp
Iko2=1,41.1,81In2=1,41.1,81.23349 =59589 (A)
4.3.2. Tnh lc tc dng ln cc dy qun
- p lc trung bnh tc dng ln 1 cm2 b mt dy qun cao p l: theo
cng thc 8-8 trang 53 ti liu 2 ta c
Fk=0,628(inmaxw)2 kr.10-6=0,628(374562.576)2 1,438.0,957.10-6=4.1010N
ng lc ko ln dy qun s cp: theo cng thc
k =

F
4.1010
=
=202351pa
2 .w1 s1 2 .576.54,62

- p lc trung bnh tc dng ln 1 cm2 b mt dy qun h p l: theo

cng thc 8-8 trang 53 ti liu 2 ta c
Fk=0,628(inmaxw)2 kr.10-6=0,628(59589.362)2 1,438.0,957.10-6=402.10 6N

- ng lc nn i vi dy qun th cp
i vi dy ng ng lc cho php l kcp=5-10( kG/mm2 ). Vy qua s
liu tnh ton trn ta thy dy qun ca my bin p chu c ng lc
ko v ng lc nn khi xy ra ngn mch
k =

F
402 .10 6
=
=2084pa
2 .w1 s1 2 .362 ..84,82

V dy qun cao p v dy qun h p c chiu cao bng nhau do lc

chiu trc do s phn b ca dy qun khng ng u khng xut hin
Ft=0
dy qun h p 1
Ft
1

Ft=0

dy qun cao p 2
Ft Ft=0

2
Fn=Ft

Ft

Ft =0

Fn=Ft

Ft

Ft=0

Nh vy cc yu cu k thut ca dy qun thit k qua tnh ton kim tra

trn u t. Do dy qun thit k t yu cu.

CHNG 5
TNH TON CUI CNG V H THNG MCH T V
TNH TON THAM S KHNG TI
Sau khi xc nh kch thc v trng lng ca dy qun t yu cu.
Ta tin hnh tnh ton cui cng v mch t xc nh cc kch thc c
th ca cc bc thang trong tr st, gng t, chiu cao ca tr, trng lng
ca li st .. Sau tnh ton dng in khng ti, tn hao khng ti v
hiu sut ca my bin p.
5.1 XC NH KCH THC C TH CA LI ST
Ta chn kt cu li thp ba pha ba tr, mch t khng gian, tr c p
t cc l thp k thut in dng tn cn lnh 3404 dy 0,35 mm. Tr p
bng ai vi thy tinh, khng c tm st m. Gng c cun bng thp
cun.
- Cc l thp trong tr thng c xp i xng i vi ng phn gic
trong gc mt phn t ca tr. Hin nay li thp my bin p ch yu dng
tn cn lnh thng c sn xut theo tiu chun ha. Vi vic tiu chun
ha , tr st s c qui nh s bc, chiu dy cc tp l thp tng bc,
kch thc v s b tr cc rnh lm mt ty theo ng knh tr. Tra bng
41b ti liu 1 vi d=0,38m ta c tr gm 9bc ,chiu cao on e l 13 mm
kch thc ca tng bc ca tr nh sau:
ng
knh d

0,38 m

Khng c

Chiu dy cc tp l thp vi chiu rng tm mm

tm p
nt

kc

135

155

0,927

215
13

250

295

310

325

350

368

23

10

12

24

27

47

- Tng chiu dy cc l thp ca tit din tr

dt=2. bt =2(47+27+24+12+10+23+13 +9+7)=344mm
- Tit din ton b bc thang ca tr: tra bng 42b ta c
Tbt=1035,8(cm2)
-Tit din gng:SG=1063,4 cm2
- Tit din hu hiu thun st ca tr
Ly ng knh l bt bu lng p gng v tr l dl=15 mm, do tit
din l chim ch trong tr l Sl=

d 2 l
4

.1,5 2
4

=1,767 cm2=0,0001767 m2

--> tit din hu hiu thun st ca thp

Tt=k(Tbt Sl)=0,927.(1035,8-1,767)=1034,033 cm2
- S l thp trong tng bc ca tr
nt1=

b1 .k d

nt2=

b2 .k d

nt3=

b3 .k d

nt4=

b4 .k d

t
t
t

nt5=nt7=

nt7=

7.0,927
=19 l thp
0,35

9.0,927
=24 l thp
0,35

13.0,927
=34 l thp
0,35

23.0,927
=61 l thp
0,35

b5 .k d

12.0,927
=32 l thp
0,35

b6 .k d

b6 .k d

24.0,927
=64
0,35

nt8=
nt9=

t
b6 .k d

t
b6 .k d

bt .k d

10.0,927
=26 l thp
0,35

nt6=

nt =

27.0,927
=72
0,35

47.0,927
=125
0,35

trong : k l h s in y, t =0,35 mm b dy l thp

- S l thp cn thit lm tr
n=2.(19+24+34+61+26+32+64+72+125)= 914 l thp
- Chiu cao ca tr st
lt=l+(lo+lo)
trong : lo , lo l khong cch t dy qun n gng trn v gng di
xc nh theo in p th ca cun cao p: ta c lo= lo=75 mm
Vy chiu cao tr st s l:
lt=957,9+2.75= 1107,9 mm
- Khong cch gia hai tr st cnh nhau
C=D1+a22=589,88+30= 619,88 mm
- Tit din gng ch ni vi tr
Tgt=

d 2

.0,38 2
4

= 0,1134m 2

- Tit din ca gng

Tg=kg.Tt=1,03. 1035,8=1066,87 cm2
- B rng ca gng
3
4

3
4

bg= d = 0,38 =0,285 m

- S vng qun cn thit ca gng
n=

bg .k d

285.0,97
= 790 (vng)
0,35

- Chiu cao ca gng

hg=

Tg
bg

1066,87
=37,4 cm
285

- Tit din thun ca gng

Tgt=k.Tg=0,97. 1066,87=1034,86 cm2
- Trng lng ca tr li thp
Gt=t.Tt.lt. Fe

Trong t=3 l s tr st, Tt tit din thun tr, lt chiu cao tr, Fe l khi
lng ring ca thp, thay s vo ta c:
Gt=t.Tt.lt. Fe =3. 0,1034.1,1079.7650=2629 (kg)
- Trng lng ca gng
Gg=3.C.Tgt. Fe .2, trong C khong cch gia hai tr Tgt tit din thun
ca gng
Gg=3.C.Tgt. Fe .2=3. 0,61988. 0,103486. 7650.2=2944,434 (kg)
- Trng lng gng gc mch t
Go=Tgt.hg.k. Fe =0,1134. 0,0374.0,97.7650=31,47 (kg)
- Trng lng st ton b tr v gng
GFe=Gt+Gg=2629+2944,434=5573,4 (kg)
5.2. TNH TN HAO KHNG TI, DNG IN KHNG TI V
HIU SUT CA MY BIN P
Khi cp in p xoay chiu c tn s nh mc vo cun dy s cp v
cc cun y khc h mch gi l ch khng ti. Tn hao ng vi ch
khng ti gi l tn hao khng ti.
Tn hao khng ti ca my bin p gm c: tn hao trong l thp silic,
tn hao trong v my v cc chi tit bng st khc, tn hao ng trong dy
qun do dng in khng ti gy ra, tn hao do dng in r trong cc cht
cch in.
Do my bin p lm vic vi tn s cng nghip nn tn hao trong cht
cch in rt nh khng ng k. Tn hao ng lc khng ti dy qun s
cp rt nh c th b qua do dng in t ha rt nh so vi dng in nh
mc. Tn hao trong v my c tnh gp trong tn hao ph nn ch cn
li tnh tn hao trong l thp silic.
5.2.1. Tn hao khng ti
Ta c th xem tn hao khng ti gm hai phn: tn hao trong tr st v
tn hao trong gng t

- Mt t cm trong tr
Bt=

uv
35,08
=1,528 T
=
4,44. f .Tt 4,44.50.0,1034

- Mt t cm trong gng
Bg=

Bt 1,528
=
=1,484T
kg
1,03

Tra bng 45 ti liu 1 ta c sut tn hao st ca thp

Bt=1,528 T ta c: B1=1,52 T, p1=1,134 (W/kg), B2=1,54 T, p2=1,168
(W/kg)
dng phng php ni suy ta c sut tn hao vi Bt=1,528T
pt=p1+

p 2 p1
1,168 1,134
( Bt B1 ) = 1,134 +
(1,528 1,52) =1,1476 (W/kg)
1,54 1,52
B2 B1

Vi Bg=1,484T ta c: B1=1,48T, p1=1,066(W/kg), B2=1,50T, p2=1,1(W/kg)

dng phng php ni suy ta c sut tn hao vi Bg=1,484 T
pg=p1+

p 2 p1
1,1 1,066
( Bt B1 ) = 1,066 +
(1,484 1,48) =1,0728(W/kg)
1,50 1,48
B2 B1

V li thp c lm t tn cn lnh, m mi ni gia gng v tr l mi

ghp thng nn ch mi ni chiu ca t thng v chiu cn khng trng
nhau. Lm cho tn hao st trong li thp tng ln. Khi tnh ton tn hao
gc ni phi nhn thm h s gia tng tn hao gc ni kpo=kt.kpo , kt=6 l
s mi ghp thng, tra bng 46a ti liu 1 ta c kpo=1,96
Ngay ch ni ca gng v tr v c khe h nn ng sc t phi i
hng, do lm tn hao cng tng ln. Tn hao ny ph thuc vo b mt
khe h v c c trng bng sut tn hao b mt khe h pk. V khe h
vung gc vi tr

nn t cm trong khe h bng t cm trong tr

Bk=Bt=1,528 T, B1=1,52 T, p1=0,0878(W/cm2), B2=1,54 T, p2=0,0906

(W/cm2), dng phng php ni suy ta c
pk=p1+
(W/cm2),

p 2 p1
0,0906 0,0878
( Bk B1 ) = 0,0878 +
(1,528 1,52) =0,08892
1
1,54 1,52
B2 B

- Hnh dng tit din gng nh hng rt nhiu n s phn b t cm

trong tr v gng nn phi nhn thm h s gia tng tn hao gng kpg i
vi gng c tit din hnh ch nht ta c kpg=1,04-1,07. V mch t khng
gian c gng tit din hnh ch nht nhng ch mi ghp gia gng v tr
c dng hnh trn gn vi tit din tr nn ta chn kpg=1,03
- Nhng yu t cng ngh cng nh hng rt ln n tn hao khng ti,
V vy khi tnh ton tn hao khng ti phi tnh n nhng yu t cng
ngh sau
H s tn hao do tho lp gng trn kpt=1,02 lng dy qun vo tr
lm cht lng thp gim xung
H s tn hao do p tr ai kpe=1,02
H s tn hao do ct dp l tn thnh tm kpc
H s tn hao do gp mp hoc kh bavia kpb sau khi dp tm
kpc.kpb=1,00 sau khi ct dp tm v kh bavia li thp.
Vy tn hao khng ti ca my bin p c tnh theo cng thc sau
po={kpc.kpb[pt.Gt+pg(Gg-NGo)+

pt + p g
2

Go .k po ]+ p k .n k .Tk }ppg.ppe.kpt

Tk tit din khe h khng kh ni mi ghp, v mi ghp vung gc nn

Tk=Tt=0,1034 m2, nk =6 s khe h khng kh, N=6 s gc mch t, thay s
vo ta c
po={1,0[1,1476. 2629+1,0728.( 2944,434-6. 31,47)+

1,1476 + 1,0728
.
2

31,47.6.1,96]+ 0,1034.6. 889,2}1,02.1,02.1,03=7432,48 (W)

- Sai s ca tn hao khng ti so vi tiu chun
p =

p o p 0 tc 7432,48 8000
.100=0,447%<5%
=
p otc
8000

Vy tn hao khng ti ca my bin p nm trong gii hn cho php

5.2.2. Cng sut t ha
Cng sut t ha gm ba b phn: phn trong gng, phn trong tr, phn
trong khe h khng kh. c tnh theo cng thc

Qo=Qot+Qog+Qok=qt.Gt+qg.Gg+ n k .q k .Tk

5-1

Cng tng t nh tn hao khng ti cng sut t ha ca li thp lm

bng tn cn lnh cng phi k n nhng h s sau:
H s lm tng cng sut t ha gng
H s k n s tng cng sut t ha do tho lp gng trn cho dy
qun vo tr
H s k n vic p mch t ai
H s k n vic ct gt bavia.
H s k n nh hng ca vic ct dp l tn
H s k n vic tng cng sut t ha cc gc ni tr v gng ca li
thp
Vy cng thc 5-1 cn phi nhn thm h s gia tng tn hao kb tra bng
4-1a trang 27 ti liu 2 ta c kb=2,0
qk Cng sut t ha 1 m2 mi khe h khng kh:
theo (4-9d) ti liu thit k 2 ta c qk=7050.Bt2=7050. 1,580672=17614,55
VAr/m2
Sut tn hao q ca tn cn lnh 3404 tra bng 50 ti liu 1 vi Bt=1,528
T tra bng ta c B1=1,52 T, q1=1,480 (VA/kg) , B2=1,54T, q2=1,486
(VA/kg), dng phng php ni suy ta c:
qt=q1+

q 2 q1
1,486 1,48
( B t B1` ) = 1,48 +
(1,528 1,52) =1,4824(VA/kg)
1,54 1,52
B2 B1

Vi Bg=1,484 T, tra bng ta c B1=1,48T, q1=1,276 (VA/kg), B2=1,50 T,

q2=1,330 (VA/kg), dng phng php ni suy ta c
qg=q1+

q 2 q1
1,33 1,276
( B g B1` ) = 1,276 +
(1,484 1,48) =1,2868 (VA/kg)
1,50 1,48
B2 B1

Thay s vo ta c cng sut t ha:

Qo=kb(Qot+Qog+Qok)=kb(qt.Gt+qg.Gg+ n k .q k .Tk )

Qo=2,0(1,4824. 2629+1,2868. 2944,434+6. 0,1034. 17614,55)=

37228,4 (VAr)
5.2.3. Dng in khng ti:
Sau khi tnh c tn hao khng ti v cng sut t ha ta tnh c
dng in khng ti
- Thnh phn dng in khng ti tc dng
ior=

po
7432,48
=0,0991 %
=
10.S 10.7500

- Thnh phn dng in khng ti phn khng

iox=

Qo
37228,4
=
=0,4964%
10.S 10.7500

- Thnh phn dng in khng ti ton phn

io= i 2 or + i 2 ox = 0,09912 + 0,49642 = 0,5062%
- Sai s ca thnh phn dng in khng ti so vi tiu chun
i o =

io i0tc 0,5062 0,7

=
.100 =0,2769% <15%
0,7
iotc

Vy cc tham s khng ti l tn hao khng ti v dng in khng ti

ca my bin p thit k u m bo tiu chun t ra. H thng mch t
ca my bin p t yu cu:
5.2.4. Hiu sut ca my bin p
% = (1

po + pn
7432,48 + 43282
).100 = (1
) =99,33%
S dm + p o + p n
7500000 + 7432,48 + 43282

Hnh 5-1 : Kch thc c th ca mch t

CHNG 6
TNH TON NHIT CA MY BIN P
6.1. I CNG
Tnh ton nhit l tnh ton nhit trng thi xc lp, ngha l khi my
bin p lm vic lin tc vi ti nh mc, trng thi xc lp ny ton b
nhit lng do dy qun v li st pht ra u khuch tn ra xung quanh.
ng khuch tn ca dng nhit c th phn ra cc on sau:
- T trong dy qun hay li st ra mt ngoi tip xc vi du bng truyn
dn
- Qu t mt ngoi dy qun hay li st vo du
- T du mt ngoi dy qun hay li st truyn ti mt trong thng du
bng i lu
- Qu trnh qu t du vo vch thng du
- Cui cng l nhit truyn t vch thng truyn ra khng kh xung quanh
bng bc x v i lu.
Qua mi qu trnh truyn th nhit gim dn, ngha l n gy nn
mt lng gim nhit , kt qu l so vi mi trng khng kh xung
quanh th cc b phn trong my bin p c mt nhit chnh no so
vi mi trng khng kh xung quanh. Tr s dng nhit cng ln th nhit
chnh cng ln.
Tnh ton nhit trong my bin p gm cc phn sau y
- Tnh nhit chnh qua tng phn
- Chn kch thc thng du bo m ta nhit tt, ngha l lm sao cho
nhit dy qun, li st v du khng qu mc qui nh

6.2. TNH NHIT CHNH QUA TNG PHN

6.2.1. Tnh ton chnh nhit ca dy qun
- Nhit chnh ca dy qun h p
Nhit chnh ny ch yu l hiu s nhit ca cc lp cch in

Gi nhit chnh ny l o 2 theo cng thc 6-1 ti liu 1 ta c

o2 =

q 2 . 2

cd 2

, oC

trong : =0,3.10-3m l chiu dy cch in mt pha (m)

cd 2 l sut dn nhit ca lp cch in ca dy dn, tra theo bng 54-ti

liu 1 ta c cd 2 =0,17 (w/m oC)

q l mt dng nhit trn b mt dy qun tnh theo cng thc:
q2=

pCu 2 .k f 2
M2

kf2 l h s tn hao ph ca dy qun h p kf2=1,0467

pCu2 l tn hao ng trong dy qun h p pCu2=22777,89 (W)
M2 l b mt ta nhit ca dy qun h p M2=5,254 (m2)
Thay s vo ta c:
q 2=

pCu 2 .k f 2
M2

22777,89.1,0467
= 4537,8 (W/m2)
5,254

- chnh nhit ca dy qun h p:

o2 =

q 2 . 2

cd 2

4537,8.0,3.10 3
=8,008 oC
0,17

- Nhit chnh ca dy qun cao p

Tng t nh dy qun h p ta c:

 o1 =

q1 . 1

cd 1

trong : =0,2.10-3 m l chiu dy cch in mt pha (m)

cd 1 l sut dn nhit ca lp cch in ca dy dn, tra theo bng 54-ti liu

1 ta c cd 1 =0,17 (w/m oC)

q l mt dng nhit trn b mt dy qun tnh theo cng thc:
q1=

pCu1 .k f 1
M1

kf1 l h s tn hao ph ca dy qun h p kf1=1,0025

pCu1 l tn hao ng trong dy qun h p pCu1=17036,62 (W)
M1 l b mt ta nhit ca dy qun h p M1=12,48 (m2)
Thay s vo ta c:
q 1=

pCu1 .k f 1

M1

17036,62.1,0025
=1368,53 (W/m2)
12,48

- chnh nhit ca dy qun cao p:

o1 =

q1 . 1

cd 1

1368,53.0,2.10 3
=1,161 oC
0,17

6.2.2. Nhit chnh gia mt ngoi dy qun i vi du od

Hiu s nhit ny ph thuc vo nng lng tn hao ca dy qun v
thng c xc nh theo cng thc kinh nghim gn ng
- Dy qun h p i vi du
Dy qun h p lm bng dy dn hnh ch nht, dy qun hnh ng
khng c rnh lm mt ngang trc c tnh theo cng thc 6-10a trang
140 ti liu1
od 2 =k.q

0,6

k=0,285 l h s kinh nghim, q2l mt dng nhit ca dy qun h p,

thay s vo ta c:
0,6

0,6

od 2 =k.q =0,285. 4537,8 =44,56 C

- Dy qun cao p i vi du
Dy qun cao p lm bng dy dn trn dy qun hnh ng khng c
rnh du ngang trc c tnh theo cng thc 6-10a trang 140 ti liu1
od 2 =k.q

0,6

k=0,285 l h s kinh nghim, q1 l mt dng nhit ca dy qun cao p,

thay s vo ta c:
0,6

od 1 =k.q =0,285. 1368,53

0,6

=21,7 oC

6.2.3 Nhit chnh trung bnh ca dy qun i vi du

- Dy qun h p
02dtb = 02 + od 2 =44,56+8,008=52,568 oC

- Dy qun cao p
01dtb = 01 + od1 =1,161+21,7= 22,861 oC

6.3. TNH TON NHIT CA THNG DU

Thng du ng thi l v my ca my bin p trn c t cc
chi
tit quan trng nh s ra ca dy qun cao p v h p, ng phng n, bnh
gin du .. v vy thng du ngoi yu cu tn nhit tt cn phi m bo
cc tnh nng v in nh m bo khong cch cch in cho php gia
dy qun vi vch thng, c bn c hc m bo, ch to n gin v c
kh nng rt gn c kch thc bn ngoi.
Vic tnh ton y ch yu cn c vo yu cu tn nhit thit k
c mt loi thng thch hp, sau kim tra li xem vi kt cu thng
nh vy nhit chnh ca cc b phn ca my bin p c t tiu chun
nh nc qui nh khng.
6.3.1. Chn loi thng
i vi my bin p mch t khng gian ba tr nm ba nh ca mt
tam gic u ta chn hnh dng v ging vi hnh ging rut vi y c

dang hnh tam gic ba gc c v trn. Lm mt my bin p bng b

tn nhit gn vo ba mt bn ca thng theo bng 57 ti liu 1 ta chn b
tn nhit kiu ng thng.
6.3.2. Chn cc kch thc ti thiu bn trong thng
Cn c vo kch thc bit ca li st, dy qun, chn cc khong
cch cch in ti thiu t dy dn ra n cc b mt ca dy qun, n
vch thng v cc b phn ni t khc ca my bin p. T s quyt
nh kch thc ti thiu bn trong ca thng.

s1 Dy dn ra cao p s3
Dy dn ra h p
d1
d2
s4

s2

Dy qun cao p

Dy qun cao p

Hnh 6-1: Cc khong cch ti thiu bn trong thng:

Cc khong cch trn chn theo in p th ca dy qun cao p v
in p th ca dy qun h p
s1 l khong cnh t dy dn ra cao p n vch thng v bng s2 khong
cch ca dy dn ra ca dy qun cao p n chnh dy qun cao p tra
bng 31-ti liu thit k 1 ta c s1=s2=32 mm
d1 l ng knh dy dn ra c bc cch in ca dy qun cao p, vi
in p 22 KV th d1=25 mm
s3

l khong cch t dy dn ra ca dy qun h p n vch thng tra

bng 32 ti liu 1 ta c s3=25 mm

s4 l khong cch t dy dn ra ca dy qun h p n dy qun cao p
tra bng 32-ti liu 1 ta c s4=50 mm

d2 l kch thc dy dn ra khng bc cch in ca dy qun h p

d2=10mm
s5

l khong cch gia dy qun cao p v vch thng: theo cc kch

thc trn ta c:

s1+d1+s2=32+32+25=89 mm

s3+d2+s4=25+10+50=85 mm
Ta chn khong cch gia dy qun cao p v vch thng s5=90 mm
-Xc nh chiu cao ca thng du
Chiu cao ca thng du gm hai phn:
H=H1+H2 (m)
H1 l khong cch t y thng n ht chiu cao li st, c xc nh
nh sau
H1=lt+2.hg+n.10-3 (m) trong n l chiu dy tm m lt di
gng n=30-50 mm chn n=40 mm
lt chiu cao tr lt=1,1079 m
hg l chiu cao ca gng hg= 0,374 m thay s vo ta c:
H1=1,1079+2. 0,374+40.10-3=1,8959 m
H2 Chiu cao ti thiu t gng n np thng: tra theo bng 58 ta c
H2=350 mm =0,35 m
Vy chiu cao ca thng du l:
H=H1+H2=1,8959+0,35=2,2459 m ta chn chiu cao thng du
ph hp vi kch thc ca b tn nhit.

6.3.3 S b tnh b mt i lu, bc x ca thng du

- B mt bc x

Hnh 6-2: Dng xc nh b mt

i lu v bc x:
a

b
o
c

Theo hnh 6-2 ta c tam gic abc l tam gic u suy ra cung ab=ba=ca
do ta c b mt bc x ca thng du
Mbx=(3.C+3.

.( D '' 1 +2.s5 )
3

).H.k

k l h s k n nh hng ca dng mt thng s b tra bng 59 ti liu 1

ta c k=1,5-2,0 chn k=1,6
Mbx=(3.C+ (D1+2.s5)).H.k=(3.0,61988+ (0,589988+2.0,09).2,2459.1,6
=15,375 (m2)
- B mt i lu ca thng
Cn c vo tng tn hao, vo nhit chnh gia vch thng v mi
trng xung quanh s b xc nh b mt i lu ca thng theo cng thc
6-22 trang 146 ti liu 1
Ml=

1,05 p
2,5 1, 25 tk

1,12 M bx

l tng tn hao khng ti v ngn mch

=po+pn=7432,48+43282=50714,48 (W)
- Nhit chnh trung bnh cho php ca du i vi khng kh: tnh
cho dy qun nng nht, dy qun h p
o

dk =65- o2 dtb =65-52,568=12,432 C

- Nhit chnh ca lp du trn so li khng kh

1,2. dk =1,2. 12,432=14,92oC<60 oC
- Nhit chnh trung bnh ca vch thng i vi khng kh
Tr s chnh nhit gia du v vch thng bin thin trong khong 26 oC
trong tnh ton s b ta chn dt =4 oC, ly d phng 2 oC t ta c
o

tk = dk - dt -2=12,432-4-2=6,432 C

S b ta c b mt i lu ca thng

Ml=

1,05 p
2,5

1, 25

tk

1,12 M bx =

1,05.50714,48
2
1, 25 1,12.5,671 = 23,416 (m )
2,5.6,432

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Thit k my bin p in lc : Phan T Th
Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut
2. Thit k my bin p : Phm Vn Bnh , L Vn Doanh
Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut
3. My in I, II : V Gia Hanh Trn Khnh H
Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut