CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND

After the environmental issue started to arise, advanced studies have been explored on a new
type of surfactant (Foley, Kermanshahi pour, Beach, & Zimmerman, 2012). The specialists are
more focused on finding a ways to used renewable resources as to reduce the impact
greenhouse (Patel, 2003). As the studies of surfactant become extensively in ten years back,
some of the studies have proposed of producing a bio-degradable surfactant (ShamsiJazeyi,
Kaiser, Wylde, & Mahmoudkhani). The bio-surfactant having an impressive demand because it
is less toxic compared to non-renewable sources, less expensive and the material is
biodegradable(Rojas, Stubenrauch, Lucia, & Habibi). Bio-surfactants basically can be classified
into five major classes. They are lipopeptides, glycolipids, phospholipids, neutral lipids, and
polymeric compounds (Desai & Banat, 1997).

Desai, J. D., & Banat, I. M. (1997). Microbial production of surfactants and their
commercial potential. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev, 61(1), 47-64.
Foley, P., Kermanshahi pour, A., Beach, E. S., & Zimmerman, J. B. (2012). Derivation
and synthesis of renewable surfactants. Chemical Society Reviews, 41(4),
1499-1518. doi: 10.1039/C1CS15217C
Patel, M. (2003). Surfactants Based on Renewable Raw Materials. Journal of
Industrial Ecology, 7(3-4), 47-62. doi: 10.1162/108819803323059398
Rojas, O. J., Stubenrauch, C., Lucia, L. A., & Habibi, Y. Interfacial properties of sugarbased surfactants.

ShamsiJazeyi, H., Kaiser, A., Wylde, J. J., & Mahmoudkhani, A. A New Class of
Renewable Surfactants for Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery.