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EVERY SANE, RESPONSIBLE,


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THE MAJORITY OF SCHOLARS HAVE


PROHIBITED DAMNING AN INDIVIDUAL,
WHETHER MUSLIM OR NOT, BECAUSE
ONLY GOD KNOWS A PERSONS
ULTIMATE STATUS. JURISTS DETERMINED THAT BECAUSE A MANS SEAL
IS UNKNOWN TO OTHER MEN, IT
SHOULD NEVER BE ASSUMED THAT

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IF CHRISTIANS ARE SIMPLY


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BY THEIR PRIESTS AND CHURCH


INSTITUTIONS, THEY ARE NOT
BLASPHEMING INTENTIONALLY.
MANY MAY BE DEEPLY DEVOTED TO
THEIR FAITH AND ACTIVELY SEEKING
THE GRACE OF GOD.

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