Outlines-Of Islamic Jurisprudence

OUTLINES OF ISLAMIC
JURISPRUDENCE
Imran Ahsan Khan Nyazee
Contents
CHAPTER I
Introduction
SECTION I
The Future of Islamic Law
SECTION II
The Study of Islamic Jurisprudence is an Obligation
SECTION III
The Scope of this Book
CHAPTER II
The Scope of Islamic Law and Jurisprudence

SECTION I
The Subject-matter of Islamic Jurisprudence
A
B
C
D
E
Us.u l al-Fiqh 37
Fiqh 39
The Siyasah Shariyyah: Administration of Justice According
to the Sharah 40
Qawaid Fiqhiyyah: The Principles of Fiqh 40
Furuq: The Science of Distinguishing Cases 41
1
Islamic Jurisprudence
F
G
H
Contents
Maqa.sid al-Sharah: Islamic Justice Through the Purposes of

the Sharah 41
Ah.kam al-Quran and Tafsr 41
The Discipline of Khilaf 42
SECTION II
Has a Variety of Opinions Caused Disunity Among the
Muslims?
SECTION III
The Schools of Law are not Sects but Systems of
Interpretation
SECTION IV
Islam has a Fully Developed and Mature Legal System
CHAPTER III
The Meaning of Us.u l al-Fiqh and Basic Terms

SECTION I
The Literal Meaning of Fiqh
SECTION II
Earlier General Meaning of Fiqh
SECTION III
Later Shafiite Definition of Fiqh
SECTION IV
Distinctions Based on the Definition
A
B
C
D
Distinction between sharah and fiqh 51

Distinction between mujtahid and faqh 51
Distinction between ijtihad and taqld 52
Distinction between a muqallid and a faqh 52
Center for Islamic Law & Legal Heritage
Contents
SECTION V
al-Fiqh
The Meaning of As. l and Us. ul
SECTION VI
Widening the Definitions
A
B
A Wider Definition of Fiqh 55

A Wider Definition of Us.u l al-Fiqh 56
59
The H
. ukm Shar
CHAPTER IV
The H
. ukm: What is Islamic Law?
SECTION I
The Elements of the H
. ukm Shari
SECTION II
The Meaning of the H
. ukm Shari or the Meaning of
Islamic Law
SECTION III
The H
. ukm Taklifi (Obligation Creating Rules)
SECTION IV
The H.ukm Wad. iDeclaratory Rules
SECTION V
The Distinction Between the H
. ukm Taklifi and the
H
ukm
Wad
.
. i
Contents
CHAPTER V
Classification of Islamic Law

SECTION I
The Meaning of Wajib (Obligatory Act) and its
Different Types
A
The h.ukm or rule for the wajib 72

SECTION II
The Classifications of the Wajib (Obligatory Act)
A
B
C
D
Classification based on the time available for performance:

wajib mut.laq and wajib muqayyad 73
Classification based on the extent of the required act 76
Classification based on the subjects who are required to
perform 77
Classification based on the identification of the object of the
required act 78
SECTION III
(Recommended Act) and its
The Meaning of Mandub
Different Types
Types of Mandub
79
SECTION IV
The Meaning of H
. aram (Prohibited Act) and its
Different Types
A
The types of h.aram 82

SECTION V
(Disapproved Act) and its
The Meaning of Makruh
Different Types
SECTION VI
The Meaning of Mubah. (Permitted Act) and its
Different Types
Contents
SECTION VII
The H
. ukm Wad. i or the Declaratory Rule
A
B
C
Sabab, shart. and mani 86

S.ih.h.ah, fasad and but.lan (validity, vititation and nullity)
89
Azmah and rukhs.ah (initial rules and exemptions) 89
CHAPTER VI
The Lawgiver (H
. a kim)
SECTION I
Allah is the True Source of all Laws
SECTION II
The Fundamental Norm of the Legal System
SECTION III
The Law and the Interest of Man
A
B
Is Man the sole purpose of creation? 94

Can we employ mas.lah.ah (interest) for new laws?
95
SECTION IV
Are the Shariah and Natural Law Compatible?
CHAPTER VII
The Act (Mah.kum Fh)

SECTION I
The Conditions for the Creation of Obligation (Taklif)
A
B
The act to be performed or avoided must be known 102

The subject should be able to perform the act 103
SECTION II
Fih)
The Nature of the Act (Mah. kum
Contents
SECTION III
Classification of the H
. ukm Taklifi on the Basis of
Rights
SECTION IV
Classification of Duties: Original and Substitutory
SECTION V
Human Rights and Other Classifications
CHAPTER VIII
The Subject (Mah.kum Alayh)

SECTION I
Ahliyah or Legal Capacity
SECTION II
The Underlying Bases of Legal Capacity
SECTION III
Complete Capacity
A
The stages leading to complete legal capacity 116

SECTION IV
Deficient and Imperfect Capacity
A
B
Cases of deficient legal capacity 117

Cases of Imperfect Capacity 121
CHAPTER IX
Causes of Defective Legal Capacity

SECTION I
Natural causes of defective capacity
A
Minority (s.ighar)
126
Contents
B
C
D
E
F
Insanity (junun) 127

Idiocy (atah) 128
Sleep and fits of fainting (nawm, ighma)
Forgetfulness (nisyan) 128
Death-illness (marad. al-mawt) 129
128
SECTION II
Acquired Causes of Defective Capacity
A
B
C
D
E
II
Intoxication (sukr) 132

Jest (hazl) 133
Indiscretion (safah) 134
Coercion and duress (ikrah) 135
Mistake and ignorance (khat.a, shubhah, and jahl)
137
141
The Sources of Islamic Law

CHAPTER X
The Primary Sources of Islamic Law

SECTION I
The Distinction Between Primary and Secondary
Sources
SECTION II
Grades of the Sources
SECTION III
The Quran
A
B
The Recording and Revelation of the Quran 149

The ah.kam in the Quran 151
Contents
SECTION IV
The Sunnah
A
B
Kinds of Sunnah 153

Conditions imposed by jurists for acting upon the muttas.il
h.adth 157
SECTION V
Status of the Sunnah With Respect to the Quran
SECTION VI
Consensus of Legal Opinion (Ijma)
A
B
C
D
Conditions for the Validity of Ijma 161

Types of ijma 163
The legal force of ijma as a source 163
Role of ijma in the modern world 164
CHAPTER XI
Secondary Sources
SECTION I
Qiyas (Analogy)
A
B
C
Elements of qiyas 168

Examples of qiyas 169
Qiyas jal and qiyas khaf or manifest and concealed analogy
170
SECTION II
Istih. san (Juristic Preference)
Examples of istih.san
172
SECTION III
Istis. h. a b (Presumption of Continuity)
A
Istis.h.a b al-h.a l and the Islamization of laws 174
Contents
SECTION IV
Mas. lah. ah Mursalah (Extended Analogy)
Illustrations of mas.lah.ah mursalah
175
SECTION V
Sadd al-Dhariah (Blocking the Lawful Means to an
Unlawful End)
SECTION VI
Opinion of a Companion (Qawl al-S.ah. a bi)
SECTION VII
Earlier Scriptures (Shar Man Qablana)
A
Types of earlier laws
179
SECTION VIII
Custom (Urf)
A
B
Types of urf 180

Can the Western laws obtaining in Pakistan be treated as
custom? 182
SECTION IX
Islamic Law and Roman Law
CHAPTER XII
Mas.lah.ah and the Maqas.id al-Sharah

SECTION I
The Meaning of Mas. lah. ah (Interest)
SECTION II
Maqas. id al-Shariah or the Purposes of Islamic Law
SECTION III
What is Beyond the Purposes?
10
Contents
SECTION IV
Maqas. id al-Shariah and the Texts
SECTION V
The Nature and Structure of the Maqas. id
A
B
C
D
III
Primary purposes in the service of the Hereafter 188

The two faces of the maqa.sid 190
Primary and secondary purposes 191
Priorities within the maqa.sid 193
197
Ijtihad and Taqld

CHAPTER XIII
The Meaning of Ijtihad and its Modes

SECTION I
The Meaning of Ijtihad
SECTION II
The Task of the Mujtahid
SECTION III
The Modes of Ijtihad
SECTION IV
The Complete Process of Ijtihad
SECTION V
The Qualifications of the Mujtahid
SECTION VI
Who is a mujtahid today?
Contents
11
SECTION VII
Abrogation (Naskh)
SECTION VIII
The Rules of Preference (Tarjih. )
CHAPTER XIV
Taqld or Juristic Method

SECTION I
Taqlid in the Pakistani Legal System
IV
Islamic Business Law and Property
211
CHAPTER XV
Property and Ownership

SECTION I
The Nature of Property and Ownership
A
B
C
Ownership (milkyah) and possession (milk al-yad) 213

Types of ownership 214
Possession 216
SECTION II
The concepts of property (mal) and ownership (milk)
SECTION III
The different classifications of mal
12
Contents
CHAPTER XVI
General Principles of Contract

SECTION I
Function of Contracts in Islamic Law
SECTION II
The Meaning of Aqd
SECTION III
Agreement and its Form (S.ighah)
A
B
C
The meaning of jab (oer) and qabul (acceptance) 223

The conditions of oer and acceptance (s.ghah) 224
Termination of the oer (jab) 226
SECTION IV
Consideration and Islamic law of contracts
The mah.all (subject-matter) and legality
228
SECTION V
Legality of Contracts in Islamic Law
A
B
C
Contracts contrary to Islamic law (shar) 229

Contracts contrary to public policy 231
The eect of illegality 232
SECTION VI
Contractual Capacity
SECTION VII
Genuineness of Assent
A
B
C
Mistake (khat.a or shubhah not ghalat.) 234

Khilabah, taghrr, tadls, ghabnfraudulent misrepresentation
237
Undue influence and marad. al-mawt 237
Contents
D
13
Coercion and duress (ikrah)
238
SECTION VIII
Types of Contracts and Their Effects
A
B
C
D
E
F
S.ah.h., ba.til and fasid contracts 239

Immediate and suspended contracts or nafidh and mawquf
contracts 240
Binding and terminable contracts or the lazim and ghayr lazim
(or jaiz) contracts 241
Bilateral contracts versus unilateral contracts (wad) 242
Valid, void, voidable and unenforceable contracts 243
Executed and executory contracts 243
SECTION IX
Option (Khiyar) and the Effects of Contracts
A
B
C
D
Khiyar al-Shart. or the Option to Revoke the Contract 243

Khiyar al-Tayn or the Option to Ascertain the Subject-matter
244
Khiyar al-Ruyah or the Option of Examination 245
Khiyar al-Ayb or the Option of Defects 245
SECTION X
Third Party Rights and Discharge of Contract
A
B
C
Assignments and delegations 246

Conditions of performance 247
Discharge of contract 248
SECTION XI
Breach and Remedies
A
B
C
D
E
Specific performanceijbar 251

Rescission and Restitution (faskh and irja) 251
Reformation 252
Recovery based on quasi contracts 252
Principles of compensation and damages 252
14
Contents
CHAPTER XVII
Delegated Authority
SECTION I
Guardianship (Wilayah)
A
B
C
Types of Wilayah 255

Grades of the awliya 256
The extent of the wals authority 257
SECTION II
Agency (Wakalah)
A
B
C
D
E
The elements of wakalah 258

Types of agency 260
The ah.kam of wakalah 260
H
. ukm of the contract and its h.uquq
Termination of agency 261
260
SECTION III
i
Ratification and the Acts of the Fud. ul
A
B
The h.ukm of the acts of a fud.u l 262

Conditions for ratification 263
CHAPTER XVIII
Commercial Transactions
SECTION I
The Meaning of Bay and its Types
A
The basic types of bay
265
SECTION II
General Conditions for Commercial Transactions
A
It must be mal
267
Contents
B
C
D
15
The subject-matter must be in existence at the time of the

contract 270
The seller must have the capacity to deliver the subject-matter
272
The parties must have knowledge of the subject-matter
273
SECTION III
Sale of Goods for Cash
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
The spot sale 275

Credit sale (bay al-nasah) 275
Advance payment (salam) 276
Goods made to order (istis.na) 277
Sale with earnest money (urbun) 277
Contract for supplies (tawrd) 278
Sale with stated profit (murabah.ah) 278
Sale at cost price (tawlyah) 279
Sale at less than cost price (wad.ah) 279
SECTION IV
Loans and Exchange of Currencies (S.arf)
SECTION V
The Prohibition of Riba and Commercial Transactions
The four rules of riba 282

SECTION VI
Transactions Prohibited (or Vitiated) for Various
Reasons
SECTION VII
The Contract of Hire (ijarah)
A
B
The conditions of ijarah

Types of ijarah 287
286
16
Contents
SECTION VIII
General Offers (Jialah)
CHAPTER XIX
Security of Debts, Insolvency and

Interdiction
SECTION I
The Meaning of Debt: Ayn, Dayn, and Istiqrad.
SECTION II
Assignment and Negotiation
SECTION III
H
. awalah and Muqas. s. ah (Assignment, Transfer of Debt)
A
B
H
. awalah and negotiable instrument 293
Muqa.s.sah (Claim-swapping) 293
SECTION IV
Kafalah (Surety)
SECTION V
Rahn (Pledge, Mortgage, Collateral)
SECTION VI
Bay al-Wafa
SECTION VII
Extinction of Rights (Ibra)
SECTION VIII
Taflis (Insolvency, Bankruptcy)
Contents
17
SECTION IX
Interdiction (H
. ajr)
Types of h.ajr
299
CHAPTER XX
Acquisition of Property and Liens

SECTION I
Acquisition and Disposal of Property
SECTION II
Modes of acquisition of property
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
Contracts and declarations 303

Claim as a third party (Istih.qaq) and restitution 303
Preemption (Shufah) 303
Revival of Barren Land (Ih.ya al-Mawat) 305
H
. ima and Iqt.a (Estates) 305
Maadin (Minerals) 306
Found Property (Luqt.ah) 306
Prizes or Prize Money (Sabq) 308
Property of the mafqud (missing person) 308
SECTION III
Liens
A
B
C
Leaseholds (ijarah, kira) 309

Wadah (deposit, bailment) 309
Rights in the property of others: easements and servitudes (irtifaq) 309
SECTION IV
Partitioning of Property (Qismah)
18
Contents
CHAPTER XXI
Enterprise Organization
SECTION I
Definition of Partnership
SECTION II
Types of Partnerships
A
B
Types of partnership according to the majority 314

Types of partnership according to the H
. anafs 315
SECTION III
The Inan Partnership
SECTION IV
The Mufawad. ah Partnership
SECTION V
Mud. a rabah
The Conditions of Mud.a rabah
318
SECTION VI
Muzaraah (Share-cropping)
SECTION VII
Musaqah or Muamalah
SECTION VIII
Corporations and Islamic Law
Contents
19
323
V The Islamic Law of Persons

CHAPTER XXII
Marriage
SECTION I
The h. ukm of marriage
SECTION II
Looking at the Would be Spouse Before Proposal
SECTION III
The Formation of the Contract
A
B
C
D
Consent in marriage (legal capacity) 326

Whose consent? Guardians? 327
Is Guardianship a Condition for the Validity of the Contract
of Marriage? 329
Stipulating an option (khiyar) 330
SECTION IV
Witnesses (Shahadah)
SECTION V
Dower (S.ad. a q)
A
B
C
D
Dower amount 332

Species and void dowers 333
Deferred and prompt dower 333
Dower and divorce prior to consummation 334
SECTION VI
Impediments to Marriage
A
B
C
Lineage 336
Relationship Through Marriage 336
Fosterage (Suckling; Wet-nursing) 337
20
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
Contents
Unlawful Intercourse (Zina) 337

Number of Marriages 338
Combination 338
Disbelief (Kufr) 339
The Ritual State of Ih.ram 339
Illness 340
Iddah (Waiting Period) 340
SECTION VII
The Requisites of Option in Marriage
A
B
C
The Option of Defects 340

Option on Inability to Pay Dower and Maintenance
Option Upon Absence 341
341
SECTION VIII
Marital Rights and the Restitution of Conjugal Rights
A
B
C
Maintenance 342
Polygamous marriage 344
Nursing and taking care of the house 344
SECTION IX
H
. ad. a nah (H
. azanat in Urdu)
SECTION X
Marriages Prohibited by Law and Void marriages
CHAPTER XXIII
Divorce and Separation

SECTION I
The Kinds of Divorce (T.alaq)
A
B
C
Bain and Raj Divorces 349

Sunnah and Bidah Forms of Divorce 350
Khul (Redemption) 352
Contents
21
SECTION II
Tafwid. , takhyir and tamlik
SECTION III
Retraction after Divorce
SECTION IV
Waiting Period (Iddah)
SECTION V
Gift of Consolation Paid to a Divorced Woman (Mutah)
SECTION VI
Appointment of Arbitrators
SECTION VII
Mourning (Ih. dad)
SECTION VIII
Vow of Continence (Ila)
SECTION IX
Injurious Assimilation (Z.ihar)
SECTION X
Imprecation (Lian)
CHAPTER XXIV
Inheritance, Bequests and Trusts

SECTION I
Inheritance
A
B
C
The as.h.a b al-faraid. or sharers 364

The as.abat or residuaries 365
The dhawul-arh.a m or distant kindred 366
22
D
Contents
The doctrine of h.ajb or exclusion 366

SECTION II
Was. iyah (Bequest)
SECTION III
Gift (Hibah)
SECTION IV
iyah (commodate loan) and qard. (cash loan)
Ar
SECTION V
Waqf (Charitable Trust)
VI
The Islamic State and Public Law
373
CHAPTER XXV
The Islamic State and its Duties

SECTION I
Single state and multiple states
SECTION II
The duties of the rulers in an Islamic state
SECTION III
wa Nahy an al-MunkarThe Call for
Amr bi al-Maruf
Justice
SECTION IV
The Islamic state and democracy
SECTION V
The Islamic state and the economic system
Contents
23
CHAPTER XXVI
Crimes and Torts

SECTION I
The aims of the criminal law
SECTION II
Classification of Crimes in Islamic Law
A
B
Classification on the basis of the right aected: h.add, tazr and

siyasah 389
Dierences between tazr and siyasah 391
SECTION III
Offences and their penalties
A
B
C
D
E
F
H
. add Penalties 394
.Jinayat (bodily injuries) and qis.a.s
397
Tazr or penalties imposed by the state 400

Siyasah sharyah or the administration of justice 402
Ghas.b (Usurpation, Misappropriation) 403
Destruction of Property (Itlaf ) 404
CHAPTER XXVII
War and Fiscal Laws

SECTION I
Jihad and Truce
SECTION II
The Ah. kam of Enemy Property
A
B
C
D
The fifth of the spoils (khums) 408

The four-fifths of the spoils 409
The anfal (rewards) 411
Muslim property recovered from disbelievers 412
24
E
F
G
Land conquered by the use of force (anwatan)

Fay (booty) 413
Jizyah (poll-tax) 414
Contents
413
SECTION III
Zakat and Ushr
A
B
C
D
E
Wealth of minors 415

Those under debt 416
Wealth liable to zakat 416
Holding period for wealth 418
Those entitled to zakat 418
CHAPTER XXVIII
Courts, Procedure and Evidence

SECTION I
Courts
A
B
C
Maz.a lim Courts 421

Court of the Qad. 422
Court of the Muh.tasib 422
SECTION II
Adab al-qad. i:
A
B
C
D
Qualifications of the qad.:

Jurisdiction 424
Procedure 424
Evidence 426
423
CHAPTER XXIX
Islamic Law and Human Rights
Contents
VII
25
History of Islamic Law and its Schools
435
CHAPTER XXX
The Islamic Legal Heritage

SECTION I
Nature of Pre-Islamic Law
SECTION II
The First Period
A
B
C
D
E
The Quran 438

The Sunnah 438
Fiqh 439
Changes in society 439
Compilation 439
SECTION III
The Second Period: al-Khulafa al-Rashidun
Sources of law
440
SECTION IV
(Followers)
The Third Period: Tabiun
A
B
C
Sources of fiqh 441

Narration of Traditions 441
The Rise of the Early Schools 441
SECTION V
The Fourth Period: Growth
A
B
C
Growth and compilation of fiqh 442

Compilation of the Sunnah 443
Compilation of tafsr 445
SECTION VI
The Fifth Period: The Maturing of the Legal System
26
Contents
SECTION VII
and Codification
The Sixth Period: The Age of Qanun
A
B
The Ottoman Qanun 447

The Mughal Empire 447
SECTION VIII
The Seventh Period: Colonization and After
CHAPTER XXXI
The Schools of Islamic Law

SECTION I
The H
. anafi School
A
B
C
D
E
Abu H
. anfah: The Founder 450
Jurists of the School 450
Early works of the School 450
Influence of the School 451
The H
. anaf School and legal theory 451
SECTION II
The Maliki School
A
B
C
Malik ibn Anas: The Founder 453

Malik School and legal theory 454
SECTION III
The Shafii School
A
B
C
Muh.ammad ibn Idris al-Shafi: The Founder 455

Shafi School and legal theory 457
Contents
27
SECTION IV
The H
. anbali School
A
B
C
Ah.mad ibn H
. anbal ibn Asad al-Shayban: The Founder
458
H
. anbal School and legal theory 458
SECTION V
The Extinct Schools
A
B
C
The Awza School 460

The Z.a hir School 460
The T.abar School 461
CHAPTER XXXII
Geographical distribution of the schools

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OUTLINES OF ISLAMIC

The Scope of Islamic Law and Jurisprudence

Maqa.sid al-Sharah: Islamic Justice Through the Purposes of

The Meaning of Us.u l al-Fiqh and Basic Terms

Distinction between sharah and fiqh 51

Imran Ahsan Khan Nyazee

Center for Islamic Law & Legal Heritage

A Wider Definition of Fiqh 55

Center for Islamic Law & Legal Heritage

Imran Ahsan Khan Nyazee

Classification of Islamic Law

The h.ukm or rule for the wajib 72

Classification based on the time available for performance:

The types of h.aram 82

Imran Ahsan Khan Nyazee

Center for Islamic Law & Legal Heritage

Sabab, shart. and mani 86

Is Man the sole purpose of creation? 94

The Act (Mah.kum Fh)

The act to be performed or avoided must be known 102

Center for Islamic Law & Legal Heritage

Imran Ahsan Khan Nyazee

The Subject (Mah.kum Alayh)

The stages leading to complete legal capacity 116

Cases of deficient legal capacity 117

Causes of Defective Legal Capacity

Imran Ahsan Khan Nyazee

Insanity (junun) 127

Intoxication (sukr) 132

The Sources of Islamic Law

The Primary Sources of Islamic Law

The Recording and Revelation of the Quran 149

Center for Islamic Law & Legal Heritage

Imran Ahsan Khan Nyazee

Kinds of Sunnah 153

Conditions for the Validity of Ijma 161

Elements of qiyas 168

Istis.h.a b al-h.a l and the Islamization of laws 174

Imran Ahsan Khan Nyazee

Center for Islamic Law & Legal Heritage

Illustrations of mas.lah.ah mursalah

Types of earlier laws

Types of urf 180

Mas.lah.ah and the Maqas.id al-Sharah

Imran Ahsan Khan Nyazee

Primary purposes in the service of the Hereafter 188

Ijtihad and Taqld

The Meaning of Ijtihad and its Modes

Imran Ahsan Khan Nyazee

Center for Islamic Law & Legal Heritage

Taqld or Juristic Method

Islamic Business Law and Property

Property and Ownership

Ownership (milkyah) and possession (milk al-yad) 213

Center for Islamic Law & Legal Heritage

Imran Ahsan Khan Nyazee

General Principles of Contract

The meaning of jab (oer) and qabul (acceptance) 223

The mah.all (subject-matter) and legality

Contracts contrary to Islamic law (shar) 229

Mistake (khat.a or shubhah not ghalat.) 234

Imran Ahsan Khan Nyazee

Center for Islamic Law & Legal Heritage

Coercion and duress (ikrah)