Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 03
Chapter 03
Chapter 3
2006 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 11/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder
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Learning Objective 1
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Learning Objective 2
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Standard unqualified
Unqualified with
explanatory paragraph
or modified wording
Qualified
Adverse or disclaimer
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Learning Objective 3
Understand combined reporting
on financial statements and
internal control over financial
reporting under Section 404 of
the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
2006 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 11/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder
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Sarbanes-Oxley Act
This Act requires the auditor of a public
company to attest to managements
report on the effectiveness of internal
control over financial reporting.
PCAOB Auditing standard 2 requires
the audit of internal control to be integrated
with the audit of the financial statements.
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Sarbanes-Oxley Act
Combined Report on Financial Statements and
Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
1. Introductory paragraph
2. Scope paragraph
3. Definition paragraph
4. Inherent limitations paragraph
5. Opinion paragraph
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Learning Objective 4
Describe the five circumstances
when an unqualified report with
an explanatory paragraph or
modified wording is appropriate.
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Consistency Versus
Comparability
Changes that affect consistency and require
an explanatory paragraph if they are material:
1. Changes in accounting principles
2. Changes in reporting entities
3. Corrections of errors involving principles
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Consistency Versus
Comparability
Changes that affect comparability but not
consistency:
1. Changes in an estimate
2. Error corrections not involving principles
3. Variations in format and presentation
of financial information
4. Changes because of substantially
different transactions or events
2006 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 11/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder
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Consistency Versus
Comparability
The Auditing Standards Board has issued
a proposal to the PCAOB to eliminate
the consistency explanatory paragraph.
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Emphasis of a Matter
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Learning Objective 5
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Departures from an
Unqualified Opinion
1. Scope limitation
2. GAAP departure
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Qualified Opinion
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Adverse Opinion
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Disclaimer of Opinion
It is issued when the auditor is unable
to be satisfied that the overall financial
statements are fairly presented.
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Learning Objective 6
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Materiality
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Levels of Materiality
Amounts are immaterial.
Amounts are material but do not overshadow
the financial statements as a whole.
Amounts are so material or so pervasive that
overall fairness of the statements is in question.
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Relationship of Materiality to
Type of Opinion
Materiality Significance in Terms of
Type of
Level
Reasonable Users Decisions Opinion
Users decisions are unlikely
Immaterial to be affected.
Unqualified
Material
Qualified
Highly
material
Disclaimer
or adverse
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Materiality Decisions
Failure to
follow GAAP
Audit report
Unqualified
Qualified
opinion only
Adverse
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Materiality Decisions
Dollar amount compared with a base
Measurability
Nature of the item
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Materiality Decisions
Scope
limitation
Audit report
Unqualified
Qualified scope
and opinion
Disclaimer
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Learning Objective 7
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Discussion of Conditions
Requiring Departure
Auditors scope has been restricted.
Statements are not in conformity with GAAP.
Auditor is not independent.
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Learning Objective 8
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Material
Extremely
Material
Unqualified
report
Disclaimer
of opinion
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Material
Extremely
Material
Unqualified
report
Additional paragraph
and qualified opinion
(except for)
Adverse
opinion
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Level of Materiality
Immaterial
Material
Extremely
Material
Disclaimer of opinion
(regardless of materiality)
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Number of Paragraphs
in the Report
Type of Report
Standard unqualified
Unqualified with explanatory paragraph
Unqualified shared report with other auditors
Qualified opinion only
Qualified scope and opinion
Disclaimer scope limitation
Adverse
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Learning Objective 9
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Impact of E-Commerce on
Audit Reporting
Most public companies provide access to financial
information through their home Web page.
Auditors are not required to read information
contained in electronic sites.
Auditing standards note that electronic sites
are not considered documents.
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End of Chapter 3
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