RESPIRATORY

SYSTEM

DEPT OF HISTOLOGY

dr. Sunanto Roewijoko, M.S, Sp.A

dr. Fifinela Raissa, M.Kes

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

LUNGS

SYSTEM OF TUBE

VENTILATION MECHANISMPhysiology
-

Thoracic cage

Intercostal muscle

Diaphragm

Elastic & collagen (of the lungs)

Tonsil

NASOFARING

PLICA VOCALIS
CONUS ELASTICUS

PRINCIPLE REGIONS
CONDUCTING
PORTION

RESPIRATORY
PORTION

CONDUCTING PORTION
Nasal cavity
Nasopharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles

RESPIRATORY
PORTION
Gas exchange:
- Resp. bronchioles
- Alveoli ducts
- Alveoli

MAIN FUNCTIONS OF
THE CONDUCTING PORTION

Conveys air to and from the respiratory portion

of the respiratory system
To condition the inspired air
Cleansed/filtered
Moistened and warmed

by:
Respiratory epithelium
Mucous and serous glands
A rich vascular network
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RESPIRATORY
EPITHELIUM
Ciliated pseudostratified
Columnar epithelium
with goblet cells
5 Cells (with EM):
Ciliated columnar
cells
Mucous goblet cells
Columnar brush cells
Basal cells
Small granule cells

NASAL CAVITY
VESTIBULE
Nares (nostril)
Vibrissae
Sebaceous &
sweat glands

NASAL FOSSAE
Nasal septum
Conchae:
- sup, mid, inf.
Venous
plexuses
(of
Kiesselbach)
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OLFACTORY EPHITELIUM ORGANIZATION

Modified
pseudostratified
columnar epithelium
Bipolar neurons cells
Sustentacular cells:
support
Basal cells

MUCOUS
SECRETION

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OLFACTORY EPHITELIUM
ORGANIZATION
Mechanism of smell
Odor discernment Poorly understood

Odor molecules stimulate receptors

Transduction process

Toward the central nervous system

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PARANASAL SINUSES

Frontal, Maxillary, Ethmoid, Sphenoid

Thinner respiratory epithelium
Few goblet cells
Few small glands
Thinner lamina propria fused with periosteum
Sinusitis :

Inflammatory process of the sinus Acute

Chronic

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PHARYNX

Connects nasal cavity with larynx

Nasopharynx
Respiratory type epithelium

Oropharynx
Squamous type epithelium

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LARYNX
Laryngeal cartilages

Hyaline cartilages:
- Thyroid
- Cricoid
- Inferior arytenoid

Elastic cartilages:
- Epiglottis
- Cuneiform and corniculate
- Superior arytenoid
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EPIGLOTTIS

Lingual surface
Stratified squamous epithelium

Laryngeal surface
Respiratory epithelium
Mixed mucous and serous glands

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LARYNX
Consists of 2 pairs of mucous folds

The upper pair:

False vocal cords: (vestibular folds)
Respiratory epithelium
Lamina propria: Seromucous glands

The lower pair:

True vocal cords: (vocal fold)
Vocal ligament (elastic fiber)
Stratified squamous epithelium
Vocalis muscle (+)
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TRACHEA

Respiratory epithelium
C-shape rings of hyaline cartilage
(pars. cartilaginea)
Pars membranacea:
Fibroelastic ligament
Smooth muscle
Mixed mucous-serous glands

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Bronchial tree

Bronchi extra pulmonal (primary

bronchi)
Bronchi intra pulmonal (secondary
bronchi)
Bronchioli (terminal bronchioles)

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Bronchi

Folded appearance of the bronchial

mucous (observed in histologic section)
Respiratory epithelium
Mucous and serous gland
Spirally arranged smooth muscle
Rings / isolated plate of hyaline cartilage
Extrapulmonary: Identical with trachea,
smaller diameter, thinner wall
Intrapulmonary: Isolated plates of hyaline
cartilage
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Primary
Bronchus

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Bronchiole

Diameter of 5 mm/less
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar ciliated
simply columnar / cuboidal epithelium
Smooth muscle + elastic fiber in the lamina
propria
Have neither cartilage nor glands in their
mucous layer
Goblet cell: occasionally(large bronchiole)/
none (terminal bronchiole)

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Bronchiale Asthma

The musculatur (both the bronchi and the

bronchioles) is under the control of the
vagus nerve and the sympathetic N.S.

Stimulation of
The vagus contraction
The parasympathetic relaxation

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Asthma Attacks

Dispnoe (increased airway resistance)

Wheezing sounds
Decreases the diameter of the lumen
Hypersecretion of the mucous / serous

glands + goblet cells

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Respiratory Bronchioles

Respiratory portion
Their walls numerous saccular alveoli
Ciliated cuboidal epithelium
Smooth muscle + elastic C.T.

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Alveolar Ducts

Squamous alveolar cells

Smooth muscle cellsknob
Matrix of elastic and collagen

Atria
Alveolar sac.

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ALVEOLI

Terminal portions of the bronchial tree

Inter alveolar septum:
Capillaries
Fibroblast
Elastic and collagen fibers
Macrophages

Blood-Air barrier
Cytoplasm alveolar type I cell
Fused basal laminae
Cytoplasm endothelium

(continuous)
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TYPEs OF ALVEOLAR CELL

Type I cells (squamous alveolar/

Type II cells

Pneumocyte type I)

(Septal cells/

Thin/squamous
Permeable to gases

Pneumocyte type II)

Cuboidal
Vesicular cytoplasm
Secretory cells

Pulmonary surfactant
(to lower alveolar
surface tension)

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ALVEOLAR PORES

10-15 m in diameter
Connecting neighboring alveoli
Equalize pressure in the alveoli
Enable the collateral circulation

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PLEURA
Serous membrane covering the lung
Parietal and visceral layer
Mesothelial cells
Connective tissue (collagen + elastic)
Pleural cavity + lubricant
Pathology:
Pleuricy
Pneumothorax
Pleural effusion / haemothorax

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DEFENSE MECHANISM

Vibrissae (screening)
Mucous-coated ciliated epith. (trapped)
Cough reflex (expectoration)
Alveolar macrophages
Lymphoid tissues

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REFERENCES

Gartner LP, Hiatt JL. Color textbook of

histology. 3rd ed. Saunders Elsevier.
2007
Bloom, Fawcett. Concise histology.

Pictures were taken from:

http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/med
ed/histo/frames/h_fram15.html
http://www.ouhsc.edu/histology
http://www.technion.ac.il
http://histology.leeds.ac.uk
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THATS ALL FOLKS

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