INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES

To start teaching: teacher must be

guided by instructional objective,
followed by strategies and tools to
accomplish the task, and then
evaluate the outcomes

Objectives: desired outcomes of
learning

Purpose:
 Defining the intents of an
educational plan
 Helping teachers to plan steps
necessary to achieve plan
 Helping students to know what is
expected of them at the end of the
program
 Helping teachers, administrators and
society to assess the products of the
system
 Statement that described the
teachers intent about how students
should change

Mager format of instructional

objectives
Robert Mager (1962) Preparing
Instructional Objectives
Objectives must be OBSERVABLE
and MEASURABLE
BEHAVIORAL OBJECTIVES
Robert Mager (1962) suggested that
objectives of learning need to be
specific in term of:

1) Student behaviour
- What the learner will be able to do
when he has mastered the objectives
- What learner will be doing or behavior
the teacher will accept as evidence that
the objectives have been achieved
- using verbs that denote
observable action
- at the end of the lesson, the
students should be able to
identify.

2) Testing situation
- Under what conditions he will be
able to do it
- The condition under which the
behaviour will be observed
- given the blank world map
students should be able to locate the
5 active volcanoes
3) Performance criteria
- To what standard he will be able to
do it
- The standard of the performance
level defined as acceptable
- indicating correctness, speed, rate of
response
- given the blank world map
students should be able to locate
the 5 active volcanoes

use precise words that are not open

to many interpretations
Link the 3 parts together when
writing the behavioral objectives
Start by stating students behaviours,
condition and performance

Criticisms:
1) Not practical  difficult to write
2) Difficult to accomplish the kind
of specificity
3) Becomes unmanageable for
teachers to write because too
many objectives and specificity

Instructional Objectives

Grondlund (1970) suggested there
are 2 levels of objectives:
1) General objectives
2) Specific objectives
3) General instructional objectives must
be followed by a sample of specific
behavioral outcomes
4) Teaching may be directed towards
achievement of the general
objectives
Specific objectives may form the
basis for testing and assessment

Cognitive Domain
-

Divided into 6 levels (from

simple  complex)

1) Knowledge
- k/l of specifies
- Ways / mean of dealing with
specify = classification, category
2) Comprehension
- Related to translation,
interpretation, extrapolation of
materials (e.g. interpret a table)
- E.g. u/s an essay, summarizing

Blooms Instructional Objectives

There are different types of
behaviours can be specified in
writing the instructional objectives

Y??

Learning outcomes are varied and
may be classified into different
categories

Benjamin Bloom (1956) proposed
the most helpful guides for the
behaviour classification

He created a scheme that classifies
instructional objectives in a
systematic way

He divided the objectives into 3
domains:
1) Cognitive domain : knowing fact and
information
2) Psychomotor domain: performing
physical skills
3) Affective domain: exhibiting
personal attitudes

3) Application
- Involves the use of abstraction in
particular situation
- E.g. able to apply a mathematical
formula
- Involves- figuring, reading,
handling equipment
4) Analysis
- Breaking up a whole into parts
- E.g. Body  brain section of
brain  neuron
5) Synthesis
- Putting parts together in a new
form
- E.g. producing an original piece
of art
6) Evaluation
- Judging in term of internal
evidence and logical consistency
- E.g. an essay using their own
opinion

Level

Type of
Activity
or Question

Verbs Used for Objectives

Lowest
level

Knowledge

define, memorize, repeat, record, list, recall, name, relate, collect, label,
specify, cite, enumerate, tell, recount

Comprehension

restate, summarize, discuss, describe, recognize, explain, express, identify,

locate, report, retell, review, translate

Application

exhibit, solve, interview, simulate, apply, employ, use, demonstrate,

dramatize, practice, illustrate, operate, calculate, show, experiment

Analysis

interpret, classify, analyze, arrange, differentiate, group, compare, organize,

contrast, examine, scrutinize, survey, categorize, dissect, probe, inventory,
investigate, question, discover, text, inquire, distinguish, detect, diagram,
inspect

Synthesis

compose, setup, plan, prepare, propose, imagine, produce, hypothesize,

invent, incorporate, develop, generalize, design, originate, formulate, predict,
arrange, contrive, assemble, concoct, construct, systematize, create

Evaluation

judge, assess, decide, measure, appraise, estimate, evaluate, infer, rate,

deduce, compare, score, value, predict, revise, choose, conclude, recommend,
select, determine, criticize

Higher
levels