A Complete Theory of the

Construction

and Properties

Leonhard Euler

...

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COMPLETE THEpRY
OP THB

CONSTRUCTION and PROPERTIES

OF

VESSELS,
WITH

PRACTICAL CONCLUSIONS
POU THE

MANAGEMENT

op

MADE EASY TO NAVIGATORS,

TRANSLATED FROM

^bime

ConfiiUt de la Qnjhu^ion ttdela Mifuntvre

da

OP THB CBLBBRATBD

LEONARD EULER,
By

HENRT

fF A

T S O N,

Efq.

NEW EDITION,
With thb Lifb

of thb TftAMttATOEt

LONDON:
Priated for J.
w

SEWELL,

Cornhill^

/^

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SKETCH
OF THE

LIFE

AND

CHARACTER

OF THB X.ATB

henry WATSON.

Col.

the works of ininem men

THOUGH
fame, yet
durable monuments of
their

mind

are the moft

thft

inquifitive

not always content with reocUng or undsrftanding A

\rork of genius^ or contemj^ating the beauties of a hhria
Thus, in pemfin^ a work of dilHnguifhed merit, or view*
ing an ingenious piece of mechanifm, when the iirft tranfportS
of our aidmiiation fubfide, we want to be informed of the
author or artift.
So the Marquis de THofpitaJ, when he
difcoverics of the immortal Newton, exfirfl: heard of the
claimed,
Does iVlr. Newtor} eat, drink, a:)d deep, h'Jce
" other men
Anecdotes alone can f^disty this Jaudabfe
curiofityi but it hns been a complaint^ too often well founded, that moft of tiiolc concerning meji of fcience are generalis

ly buried in oblivion.

now

It

is

owing

to this negle<f^ that

one

iuathcmaticians this age has given birtli to

lies undiftinguifhed in a little countty church-yard ; I

of the

greaieli;

mean, the great Mr. Emtrfon^ who has enriched

fcieiice

many

valuable publications.
What has already tranfpired refpe^ng the fubjeft of the
followiHg fkctch, is, for the moft part, of a political nature $
indeed, his life was an a6^ive one ; but he joined theory and
praftice ; and, though Hollandmzy boatt a Csebwn^ and Franca
Witii fo

a Vauhan^ yet England can boaft their fuperiors in a Rsbim

and a JVatfcn.

Henry Watson

was the fon of a grafier, who lived at

where he was born in or about
the year 1737.
When twelve or thirteen years old, he was
fent to Gifberton fchool, then kept by MeflT. Birlcs. Here his
I!()U)each in Lincolnfhirc,

genius for the mathematics foon difcovered

application

was

fo great, tliat,

it is

faid, in

.t

itfelf ;

little

and his

time he

fur-<

indeed, his prc^refs muft have been rapid 5

ibr, as early as 1 75?, he cut a con$icuous figure as a mathe^
pafled his mailers

matician in the Ladfies Diary.

time ^e late Mr. Whichcot of Harpfwell, tiienf

after one of the Members of Parliament for
Lincolnuiirc^ hearing of young Watfon's extraordinary abi-^

About

this

and manv years

Jities^

(cat for him,

had him

exammed by

the mafler of
whole report was io inucli in his favour, that Mr,
Whichcot, ever ready to encourage rifing merit, ufed his
mtereft and got him into the Royal Academy at Woolwich;

Iities,

Brigg fchool

andhefoon

a;.d

after obtained

acommifEon

in the corps

ofn*

gineers.

Mr. Thomas Simpfon,

he profecuted his ftudies, and continued
to write for the Ladies Diary, which at that time was condueled by Mr. Simpfon, till 1761, the year after Simpfon
After being the fcholar, he became the friend and indied.
timate, ot ^implon, who always held him in the greateft efteem ; and fuch was his opinion of Watlbn's abilities, that
at his deceafe he left him his unfinilhed mathematical papers,
with a lequell that he would rcvife them, and make what
iterations and additions he might think, neceilar)' j and, it is
laid, that the Colonel employed much of his leifure-iime in
correcting and finifliin^ diem. One of thefe manufcripts of
Simpfon^ I am told, 1$ a Treatife on the Conftrulion of
Bridges; diis the Colonel has finiihed, and,. it is hoped, that
the mathematical world will not be deprived of it.
During the war, which broke out in 1756^ lie gave fignal
proofs of his fuperior abilities as an engineer; particularly at
the fiege of BeUeifle in 1761, and at the Havannah in 1762.
Under

tiwn the

At

that great mathematician,

profefibr,

fkill was particularly put to the proof;

having declared at a confultation, contrary to the opinion
of the other engineers, that a breach might be made in the
Moro Calile, then deemed impregnable, he was afkcd by the
commander in chief, in what time he would engage to make
the breach ? He s^ave for anfwer, that with a certain number
of men and cannon (naming them) he would undertake to
do it In forty-eight hours after the propofed batteries were
txeSbsd^
Accordingly he undertook it^. and though he was
the wind of a baU which pail^d near his
ftmckdown
head, and carried for dead to his tent, yet he ibon recovered
and returned to his duty, and the breach was made in a lit-,
For this piece of fervicehe not
tie more than half the time.
only received the particular thanks of .the commatider in
chief, but of his Majefty.
His abilities foon became too confpicuous to be overlooked by that eminent foldier and politician, Lord Clive, who
fingledhim out as an engineer qualified for great and noble
enterprizcs.
Accordingly, he accompanied his Lordfhip to
Bengal, for uie purpofe uf carrying fuch plans into execution
as

the latter place his

for,

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'

as might be thought neceflary for the prefervatiori of the

Britifh acquifitions in, that quarter j or to affift his lonUhip
in any farther operations he might think requifite for the
intereft of his country.

It was not (UfEicult for a peribn of the Colonel's penetration to fee the advant^eous fituatlon of the Bay of fiengaL
He knew that if proper forts were built> and the Engh'fh marine
pat on a tolerable footing in that part^ they might fooii become matters of the eaftern feas ; he, therefore, got a grant
of lands from the Eafl-Itidia Company for conftru6ling wet
and dry docks, and a marine }'ard at Calcutta, for clcanfmg,
repairing, and furnifning with liores, the men of war and
plan of the undcitakiiig was drawn, enmerchantmen.
graved, and prefentcd, to his Majefl-y and the Eaft-India
Company, and fully approved of; and the works were carried on for fome years with a fpirit and vigour Aat manifeftd the judgement and abilities of the undertaker; and, though
'the utility of fuch a great and national concern is too obvious to be infifted on, jet the Colonel, after linking upwards
of 100,000]. of his own property in the noble defign, was
obliged to defift| to the eternal difgrace of this nation.
It is A^ery natural for the reader to aik, why the Col. was
ftopped in his proceedings ? Time, perhaps, may anfwer this
queftion ; at prefent we mufl be content with conjc6^:ure;.
It is well known, that about this time the French had fufficient rcafon to be jealous of the growing power of Great
Britain, efpccially in the Eaft-lndies; and it is alfo as well
known, how Lord Clive and his friends were treated both at
home and in the Eaft-Jndies after the Earl oi" Chatham's ad-

miniilration.

CoL Watfonhad determined to come immediately for England to feek redrefs $ but, on confulting his friend, Adr*
Creaily, (die fuperintendant of his works,) he changed his
refoktion* Mr. CreafTy reprefented to the Colonel the lofs he
would fuftain

in quitting fo lucrative

an employment

as chief

engineer to the Kaft-lndia Company ; the gratification his

enemies would receive on this leaving that country ; the cxpences attending a voyage to and from Europe j the lofs the

CJompany

mii^ht experience durino; his abfencc; and, finally,

the delay and uncertainty of the law.
Thcfe conhderations
induced him to fjn J Mr. Creaily in his ftead. This happened
juft at the eve of the laft Spanifla war; and, as the Colonel
had ^rent nTiantities of iron and timber in ftore, he refolvcd

tu

buuu uuce

iUipsj

two of 36 and

oiic

of J2 guns

and
in

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in conibqiiciice he fent ififtm^ons to hil agents in England

to procure Ltturs of Marque \ and Mr. Creafljr was to reciim
V i\\ them over laiid* Thefe veffek were to cruife ofF the
Philippines for the purpofe of intercepting the ^paniib trade
between ManiUa and China* The delign, however, was
Ihiih-ated, perhaps by the fame means that flopped his proceeding with the docks ; for, his ag^tSj on applying for the
letters, received a positive denial.
But thcle diiappoiiitmcnts did not damp the Coloncrs enterprifing fpirit} for, as i'uon as he heard of the ill fuccefs of his
agents in England, he verv prudL iirU cniploycJ the two vefIcis he had iinimed in coiunieiciai icrvicc.
The third remains tQ this day unHniihed.
Pcffaaps the Colonel has not left his fuperior as an engt*
neer.
For near ten ^ears he was ^e ehief engineer of Ben^
gal, Bahar, and Onfia.
The aft-Ind Company, in |i
great meafure, owe their valuable pofleifions in that quarter
to his unexampled exertions ; for, in fpite of party diiputeS)
of bribery on the part of the nations then at war with the
company, and of the numerous cabals which perplexed and
embarrail'ed their councils, he executed the works of Frt
Willinm^ which will long remain a monument of his fuperior
fkil], and, for its lirength, may juftlv be ftilcd i\\c Gibraltar of
i

Nor are the works at Buge Uuge^xAAUlancbaly Feint

India.
Conftru<Sted with lefs judgement.
But he did not contine his ftudies to the military fciences.
In 1776 he publifhed a Tranflation of
Treatife, entitled,
la

Manoeuvre

"

tlie

celebrated Eider's

Theorle complette de la CanJIrticUon et de

des Vatjfaux?*

His motives for

this

under-

taking will be feen beft in die following extrad from the

dedication to Lord Sand^du
^ The great variety of important knowledge contained

In Bukf^i Thwry tf the Corifiruiiion and Management of Shipt^

laid a wifli to extend the benefit of his labours to fuch of my
ccuntrymen as are not converfi^it in the technical language
of the original, have been my fole motives for attempting: an
English tranflation of that celebrated work. I {hall be happy if the fuccefs of the learned profefTor, in treating the na-

may excite the navigators

of this kingdom to render his theory more perfect, and to become as eminently flcilled in the fcientific, as
they nov7 confeflediy arc ia all the pra6lical| branches of
tural difficulties of the fubjed,

and

artifts

their profelfion/'

This

Digitized by

This work
menr.

&6^^

is (liviucd

i. is

Upon

vellci.

upoii {Uf
the

into three Book?, befidcs a Supple^i^- tr'.s

means oF

ot the water to

bend the

I'lving to vcflels a fufficicnt

Upon iiic iv/ilmg; anU pitching of vef-^

of ths rcfiftance wluciii vellels experience in
Book 3.
their courfes, and upon the itclion of the rudder.
Upoa the malU, and of the management of veiTels. 1 he
SuppUmmt Is upon the a^kton of cars* This the Colonel
received in manufcript from Euler juft before he had finiflifld
But the Colonel has
fhe tranflatton of what was publiOied.

degree of
fels.

itabiiity.

BooJ^ 2.

not given a mere tranHation ; for, he has enriched it with

additions and improvements of his own^ and he in
tended to have enlarged the work in a future edition, by ma
king experiments for difcovering the rcfiftance of bodies
when moving in a fluid but [ have not been able to learn if
he has left any papers on the fubject.
This book, which is almoii Uie only one of the kind hi
the Kngh'fh language, ought to be in the hands of every
Maftcr iivip-buiider ; for, though the fubje^fs are handled

many

fcieatihcaily,

yt^t

fuch practical rdles for conflruilins; veflels

drawn tiicrerom as would amply re-

to advantage raight be

The Colonel has given

p^y the trouble of a clofc perufal.
the beft proof of this in the Ntn/uch and Surfrixt frigates ;
the fird of 36, and the other of 32> guns.
Thefe were
built under his particular diredion by Mr. G L(ich, and a
few black carpenters at Bengal, at his own expence^ and
have proved the fwifteft failers of any fhips hitherto knowh.
The Colonel's genius was formed for great undertakings.
He was judicious in planning, cool and intrepid in aitio%
and undifmayed in danger. He fliudied mankind, and was
Ftw., perhaps, better underftood the ina good politician.
fcrefls of the fevcral nations of Europe and the tad.
He
was humane, benevolent, and the frie nd of indigent genius.
Kis Iricndfhip and j^finerofity towards Simpfon's widow is
And, when Mr. Rolliaron, a man of great
well known.
abilities as a mathematician, condu(5ted the Ladies Diary,
after the death of Mr. Simpfon, and was barely exlding on the
pittance allowed him by the Stationers Company, the Colonel
Ibught and found him in an oblcujre lodging, and generoufly
lelieved his neceflitics, though a ftranger to his peHbn. This
the old man related while the tears of gratitude ftole dowa
his cheeks. HeiUD^ived tlie Colonel's bounty but a fhorttime*
By long and hard fervice in an unfavourable climate, he
found his health much imj^redi two or three years before
he

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ke

and, tlicrdore, in 1785, he put Iiis affairs in a

train of fettlemcnt} in order to return to England) not only
to trylhe elFeds of his nadve air, but to profecute the Eajl

'

left India

India Oniony for not fupporting the &ith of the grant they
bad folemnly made to him for the ik>ck-yanL In the fpring
of I786> he embarked oa-board the Deptford Indiaman; but
the flux, and a bilious complaint with which he had fometimes been aiHi^bed, fo much reduced him by the time he
had reached St. Helena, that he was not able to profecute
his voytige in that fhip.
This ifland is remarkable for the
of which the Colonel foon found the befalubrity of its air
jiefiti but the importunity of his friends, or his own impa;

tience to fee England, got the better of his prudence, for,

as foon as he

Ana

began to

grithcr flrength,

was a

he took his palTage in

which weakened
by the tim^ he arrived at Dover, that
he lingered but a (hort time, and at that place departed this
life on September 17, 1786.
He was buried in a vault made in the body of the Church at
Dover, ontheaidof the fame month, in a private manner ;
the

him

die conlc4ueiice

rclapfc,

to (uch a degree

only three of his confi Icntial friends attended the funeral,

namely, John Barchard, Kfq. his agent,
James Creaily,
and Mr. George Louch, his ihip-builder.
It is to be hoped that the Colonel's plan will ftlll be carried
into execution but it is much to be regretted that he was not
permitted to hniih it himfclf; his knowledge of the country,
joined to his great ikill, in a little time muft have laid the
foundation for a fuperioritv of tlie Britiih arms in the Eaft ;
and therefore his death may be accounted a national lofs. No
EngUih engineer, fmce Mr. Benjamin Robins^ F. R, S. pofThe lame climate proyed fatal to both ;
felled equal abilities.
RMns died at Madras in the Company's forvicej and i
may be iaid of the Col. that, after he had quitted it, *he lived
but juft long enough to bring his bones to England. The
life of the former has been written by men of literary reputati*

Mn

Mn

on, and it is the wifli of the vn-iter of this hafly fkefch, tl:at a
a more able pen would do judice to the diftinguiihed merit cif
the

latter.

fkctch is copied from the European Magazine

of December, 1787, a work of great character in the literary
A feries of original papers, on the improvement of
world.)
the art of ihip*building> is now publiihing in the above Ma^

(The above

gazifie.

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CONTENTS.
BOOK

I.

In which Veflels are confidered in Equilibrium,

and

at Reft.

CHAP.
C H A P.

Of Vejfels

1.

Upon

II.

Page

in s^eneral

the

Floating of a Vejeh

cr its State of Equilibrium in general

CHAP.

Upon

III.

the Efforts

to bend the Veffel

CHAP.

Upon the

IV.

of Equilibrium

CHAP.

V.

Stability to

Upon

Method of

VIL

the

Vcffels

IX.

Momentum of

X.

19

25
the

34

upon the other

ConfidcratloJis

into the 'Determination

44

Upon the Means of giving to

a fufflcient Degree of Stability

CHAP.
Vcffels

which enter

of the Stability

CHAP.

reducing the

Upon

VIII.

"Principles^

14.

Upon the Determination of the

Selion of the PFater

H A P>

the

three different Species

Stability of VcJfels

a determined Me(ifure

CHAP. VL
CHAP.

of the Water

Upon

the Rolling

5Q

and Pitching of

BOOK

62

XL

CONTENTS.

BOOK
Of

IL

which VcfTels experience

the Refiflance

In

and upon the A6lion of the

their Courfes,

Rudder.

CHAP.

1.

Upon

CHAP.

IL

the

Refiflance

Upon

of a Plane

Water

Surface moving in

Page 70

the Refiflance of Veffels in

their BireSl Courfes

CHAP, m.

upon

Method of

the

So

eflimatin^

the Refiflance of the Fore Part of a Veffel whofe

Figure

is

CHAP.

I V>

their Ohlique

Upon

ral

V.

and of Lee-way

Upon

CHAP.
of

the ailing Force

CHAP.
in

Upon

VI.

dircEf Courfe

CHAP.
der in

Veffels

VIII.

0 Hi que

CHAP.
der

Upon

VII.

IX.

>

the

Upon

Upon

and that of

107

the Place of Application

Amon

I2i

of the Rudder

13Q

the ASlion of the

Rud

Ccurfes

produced by

58

the Relation between the

Force

in gene^

Obliquity of the Courfe of a Vcfjel^

its a5fing

87

the Refiflance of Veffels in

Courfes ^

CHAP.

given

the

144

Motion of Rotation in
of the Rud-

the AEfion

BOOK

15^
III.

CONTENTS.

BOOK
Upon

the Mafls,

UL

and of the Management of

VefTcls,

CHAP.
the

I.

Upon

CHAP.

11.

Upon

the Mafts^

the Fore Part of a

Form of

CHAP.

111.

Upon

the

IV.

Wind

V.

to

Motion of

Upon

the

great eft

VL

Upon

CHAP.

VIL

Vejfels in

182

Veffels in

193

Velocity

being given

Windward

to

169

of

and the BireSfion of the

their Courfe

CHAP.

Upon the Motion of

their Oblique Courfes

CHAP.

fui table

their BireSl Courfes

CHAP.

and upon the

Vejfel^

the Atiion of the Sails

Veffels,

and the Force of

Pacre i6o

the Sails,

Wind

the

heft

221

Method of Plying

240

Explanations refpeSling the dif^

ferent Species of Veffel

251

>**^

2^%

SUPPLEMENT.
Upon

the Action of

Oars

>

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THE AUTHOR'S DEDICATION.

4

T O
HIS IMPERIAL HIGHNESS

PAUL PETROVITZ
GRAND

l^UKB OF

ALL TH RUSSIAS

REIGNING DUKE OF SLESWICK HOLSTEIN

GREAT ADMIRAL

OF RUSSIA.

&C. &C.

MY LORD

THIS fmall Work, which

I take

the Liberty of dedicating to

your Imperial Highnefs with the

nioft

profound Rcfped,

Subjedi

which feems

apologife for

The

my

treats

of a

fufficient

to

Prefumption.

Science of whatever relates

to Navigation

is

without doubt one

of the niofl fublime and mofl ufqful

Em-

THE AUTHOR'S DEDICATION;

Employments of

Human Mind

tfee

neverthelefs, it has been hitherto al-

moft entirely negledted J and altho'

forty Years have elapfed fincc

Mathe-

maticians have laboured with fome

SuccefS) yet their Difcoveries are fo

much

enveloped in profound Calcu-

lations,

that Mariners

have fcarce

been able to derive any Benefit from

them.

I flatter

myfelf with having found

the Means of placing

all their

Re-

Reach of thole
who apply themfelves to Marine Affairs ; and it muil be allowed that
an exad Knowledge of the true Principles and Reafons upon which the
fearches within the

Goodnefs of the Conftru&ion of Ships

is

founded) muft conduce to render

the Pradice pcrfed, and to remedy

all

tlie

Defects to

which

it

is

ftill

liable.'

The

Digitized by

THE AUTHOR'S DEDICATION.

The Utility which may reiuit from
this Work, has emboldened me to lay
the Feet of your Imperial High-

it at

and

nefS)

I dare to

hope that you

will be pleafed to accept the

Homage

of it.
I

am

with the moft profound Re

Iped,

LOR D
*

Your Imperial Highneis*^

moft humble and

*

moft obedient Servant

Peteribourg

Nov,3o, 1773.

L.

EULER,

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THE RIGHT HONOURABL.E

JOHN EARL OF SANDWICH

VISCOUNT HXNCHINGBROOK
*lRSr LORD COMMiSilONR OF THE ADMIRALTV

#N 07 HIS majesty's MOST HONOVRABLS

PRIVY COUNCIL^

MY LORD

HE

great

Variety

of important

Knowledge contained

in

Euler's

theory of the ConfiruBim and Management

Ships,

and a

W lih to

extend the Benefit

of his Labours to fuch of

as are not

my

Countrymen

converiant in the

Technic^

Language of the Original^ have been

fole

my

Motives for attempting an Eiiglifh

Tranllation of that celebrated

Work %

ihaU

DEDICATION.
fhall be

happy

if

the Succefs of the learned

Profeifor in treating the natural Difficulties

of the Subjedl

may

and Ar tills of

this

Theory more

perfedt,

excite the Navigators,

Kingdom

and to become as

eminently Skilled in the

now

to render his

fcientific. as

they

tho juradical

confeifedly are in all

Branches of their ProfeiSonrf

With
fume

your Lordfhip,
nothing

them

View

the fame patriotic

I pre-

to addrefs the following Sheets to

can

in

fo

full

Perfuafion

effediually

that

recommend

to public Attention iM the Appro-^

batiOR and Patmnage of th^ Firft C<n-

miffion^ of thd Admiralty}

Abilities

hy whole

and Application the Naval PowV

of Great Britain

apfrears,

at this Criticfal

Period^ in the moft refpeftabk State aad

Condition^

am

niiclting

proud df

this Oppdttufiity

my Duty
6

of ma-

and Affection for

my

King

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DEDICATION.
King and Countryt

as well as the parti-

cular Efteem and Refped: with

which I

have the Honour to be,

ft

MY LORD
Tour

Lordihip's

nioft -obedient

and molt faithful

humble Servant
Hanover-Street

December

i,

1776.

Henry Watfon*

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COMPLEAT THEORY
THE

OF

CONSTRUCTION

and

PROPERTIES

O F

VESSELS.
O O K

fi

tn which Veffels are conlidered ia ^ui

librium and at Reft*

CHAP.
9

Of

Fiffeb

WHATEVER

in

c life

gmral,

I.

Differences ihere

in the Conil:rudlion

in Navigation,

we

may be CHAP*

of the VefTels which

always find this general

Property, that each Veflel

is

lengthwife

confequently there

Sc^ion which divides the Veflel

com poled of two

Parts perfcdly equal, and joined in the

dk

I*

is

into

Mid-

always

$k

two fimilar

Digitized by

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CHAP,

Confiru^iofi

and equal Parts

lar

Head
'

and Properties cf

This Seftion, made from

through

Stern

to

and that Half, which

Sedion,

this

the

Middle of the

be called the Diametrical SeSioni

Vcflel, will

of

Vejjels.

is

on the Rio^hc

fitnated

be the Starboard^ and that

will

on the Left, the Larboard ; fuppofing them to

be viewed in Diredlions from the Stern towards

Head of

the

Since

the Vefiel.

thefe

two Parts arc not only

between themftlvcs, but as care

is

al.ke

alfo taken to

load them equally, the Center of Gravity of

the whole Velicl mull ncctilarily
diametrical Sedion

portance to

which we

and

it

is

fall

of the

in

the

iaft

Im-

know exa^kly the Plac6 of this Point}

fliall

hereafter call by the

Name

of

the Center of Gravity.

% 3.

When
tion,

tion

is

muft always be

to the

Line

the Veflel

placed in

Horizon^
parallel to

iball

Vejfsl
a,

true Situa-

verrical or perpendicular

the Horizon^ which palling

name

with

vertical

to the
this

refpeSt

Head of

will

be dircdcd

the Veffel

and

Line the Principal jis^e of th

to its Length \ and drawing

Line through the

10

be a

befKles, tliere will ftiU

through the Center of Gravity,

from the Stern

we

its

and in Equilibrium, the diametrical Sec-

Ce^iter of Gravity^
ic

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ConftruiH&H and Prcpertiis of Fe/els.

named the

Jcwill be

Vertical

Axe ef

the

Line perpendicular to

finally, a third

|
Veffcl-^

thefe

Axes, and paHing through the Point of

two

Inter-

chap,
I.
"

'

'

iedion, will be called the Axe ef the Vejfel with

to thefe three

Axes,

which interfed each other perpendicularly

in the

fefpdcl to its Breadth.

It

we muft pay our

Center of Gravity, that

when

cipal Attention,

mine

it

required to

is

prin-

deter-

Motions of which a YeiTei

the

all

is

fufceptible.

known

It is

the

that the Center of Gravity it

Weight of

Point where the

Veflcl

is

wherewith

mated;
of the

all

Veflcl^

the Forces of Gravity*

ani-

having the whole Weight

we know
to

found

all

the Parts of the Veffel are

therefore,

Force equal
is

whole

the

colieded, or through which pafies the

mean DireAion of

tion

4.*

that

it is

that Weight,

precifcly in

pufiied

by a

whofe Direc-

the vertical

Axe of

the Ycfiel, and tends towards the Center of

tte Earth,

SiBefides the three

fpokcn,

it is

Axes of which we have

proper alfo to confider three prin-

cipal Seftions in each Veflel, the

firft

of which

detemuntd by the Principal Aze with refpeft

10 the. Lengthy ^nd by the Vertical Axe \
is

froqi

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ConflruSion and Prcperiies of

CHAP, from whtnce

!

"~

fame

as that

it is

ch.u

tiiis

Sedlion

is

which we have already named

The

metrical:

plain,

Vejfcls,

fccond principal Sedion

is

the
dia-

de-

Axe with rcfpedt to the Breadth,

and by the Vertical Axe \ it is therefore alfo truly
vertical like theprecedi ngone ) but fincc it is made

termined by the

breadthwilc,

it is

Finally* the third principal

two

where

will

be

Equilibrium.

is in

6.

Confideration of thefe three principal

Sef^ions

is

much

comprehends a
gures of
Seftions
the

of

Vcflel,

the

fuflicient

VelTels

all

do not

Kinds,

more important, as it
Knowledge of the Fi-

For although

belong to

yet all

cannot exceed certain Limits

;

fo that

thefe

an

infinity

Diiierences

fufliciently

con*

it

cannot deviate confi-

from the Troth.

Ptate I.

thefc thre

whatever Idea we might form of

the Figure of the Veflel,

^derably

determine the Figure of

really

and may

different

fined

and every

Level of the Sea, whca

The

Sedion made by the

alio horizontal,

to the

parallel

the Veflel

Axes with refpe^ to the Length

horizontal

and Breadth,

called the Tranfverfe Sedion.

In order to explain

7-

this better, let Fig. i. re-

prefcnt to us the Figure of any Veflel whatever

of which

let I

AC BK

be the di^mctrical-Section

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Conjiruilion

tion^

and Properties of

'

the Length, and

which

Axe

j;he

Center of Gravity

AGB

in

G F.

vertical

Then,

Axes

A C B,

Sedion

be

will

let

I*

to

Axe

the Tranfverfe Se6fcion

as

thcfc

Form

of

Variation

cxa<5lly,

three

t)ie
:

AGD, DGC,

AEBF

St is

Figures

entire YelTcl

however,

we have only to

and

be the Fi-

of the Veflcl,

D, and E>C

throuj^h the Center of Gravity

little

DGC

befides this diametrical

gure of the horizontal Seftion

the

CHAP,

with rcfpc^b to

Axe

vertical

fame

the

horizontally acrof^ the VeHel, fo that

thefe three principal

foon

be drawn perpendicular the third

let

EOF

its

be drawn

let

vertical Plane, the

and

and the Point

through which

Vejfels*

evident, that as
are

determined,

can then have but

in order

defcribe

to'lbpw

ic

Ibme other

vertical Sections parallel to the tranfyerie one^

Head and Stem, and

Number is, the more ihall wc

both towards the

the

greater this

ap'

proach to the true Figure of the

Veflel.

Thcfe

Sedions, parallel to the trapfverfe onesi bear tbt

N^mpof

Gabarh.

CHAP.

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CMfiru&m and Properties

CHAP.

CHAP.
Ufon

the Fhating of

T ET

or its State of

in general.

8.

$
Fijf s.

US at prcfent fuppofe our Vcflcl fwim-

JlU

cning

in

proper Situation, where the Point

its

upon the Water in Equilibrium, and

is

the vertical

neceflary at

firft

G denote^

and the right Line

the Center of Gravity,

D G C,

II.

VeJfeU

MjuiUMum

of Vefib^

Axe of

the Veflcl.

to obferve a

new

Here

it

horizontal

SedUon of the VelTd, upon a Level with the

Water, which
Line

Nj^

is

by the horizontal

rcprefcnted

by which the VelTcl

is

divided

two Parts^ the poe abqve and the otheiC

within the Water, which we call the immerfed
into

Part, and fomctimes alip tb^ Hollow of the V?f:

the Body.

felt.

5 9-

In order to judge of
brlum,
it is

in

this State

which we fuppoic;

tiic

of Equili*

Vefiel to be,

neceilary to take into Confideration all the

Forces which aft upon the Veilel

the proper

Weight of

fcnts

by which

itfeif,

tically in

the
it

is

And

firfb,

whole VefTcl pre-

pre0ed down ver-

a Diredion of the vertical

Axe

GC

pafling thiough the Center of Gravity of the

VelTcl.

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CoBjlru^Jicn

Vejfels.

This Force mufl therefore be counter-

Vciici.

balanced bf
exerts

and Propirties of

all the

Efforts which the

upon the Surface of the Immerfed Part

and by confequcnce

it

chap.

Water

II*
"

would be neceffary to

determine the PreiTure that each Particle of the

immerfed Surface
which requires

and ^ long

from the Water,

fuflains

Refearches very embarraffing,

Series

of Calculations

But the

fol*

lowing Confideration will ea01y lead us to

the*

ddired End.

As the
immer&d
pare
vity

this

VcITcl occupies in the

Part, the Cavity

MCN

Water, by
;

let

its

us com*

Cafe with another, where the fame Ca

MCN was

with Water, or rather

filled

with a Mafs of Ice, of the lame Figure and

Size (withAit coniidering the Difference

tween the
it is

at

fpccific Gravities

firft

Mais of Water or
EquiHbrium with the

evident, that this

Ite will be in a perfeft

Water which
that this

be-

of Water and Ice)

furrounds

Mais

fuflains

it

and

ir is

alio plain,

from the Part of the

furrounding Water, the fame Efforts which our

Veflll fuffers from
that

thefe Efforts

From whence we

ir.

of the Water balance

Weight of the

Ma&

we

ftrbftituted in

have juft

Veflcl
rif(>
>

Che

of

W^er

fee,
tiie

or of Ice whicb

the Place of the

Therefore,rince thefe fame Efforts fuftaiiv

Weight of the whole Vefth

B 4

it

fellows^

That

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Conftruclmi and Frofertses of

CHAP. That

th is

Weight

is

prccifcly equal to the Weight

of the Mafs of Water which

vityMCN^
to

ViJfelSf

fills

die fame Ca-

or rather, whofe Volume

ihc Voiuij^e

pf

iJic

is

equal

iaiQicded Fart of the

VcOcU

II.

Here therefore is the firft great Principle^

upon which is founded the Theory of the FloatIt is.
ing of Bodies that Twim upon the Water
:

That the immerfed Part mud: always be equal

in Volume to a Mafs of Water, which would
have the fame Weight as that of the VefTel
And it is from this Principle that we determine
the true Weight of a Vellel by meafuring the
Volume of its immerfed Part in the Water for
i

by reckoning about 641b. Avoirdupoilc

for each Cubic Foot, we ihall find the Weight
of the Veflel exprefled in Pounds : But, in our

then,

it will be more convenient to exWeight of each Veflel by the Weight

of a Volume pf Water equal to the imnierfed

Refearches,
prefs the

I^att.

12^

However,
to

this Pcinciple, only,

determine

the

State of

is

not fufHcicnt

the Equilibrium

of a VelTel ; another muft be ftill joined to it \

and which we ihall find with the fame Facility.
Fig. 5.

^e have only

to coofider (in Fig. 3.) the Ccntec

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CmfiruSlion and Properties of

of Gravity of the Mafs of Water

the Point

at

ftippofe

the

cafily thac all

MCN
we

then

ESbru of

Fejj^ls*

jwhict CHAP,,
^*

conceivir

the furroanding

"Water are in Equilibrium with a Force equal

Weight of the Mai^ of Water

to the

which {hould ad
O C downwards

may be

Veilei

Efforts,

Therefore,

in

in

M C N
DireAion

order that our

Equihbrium with the lame

Gra-

neceflary that the Center of

the Veflcl

H C,

Line

For

it IS

G of

vity

in the perpendicular

in

be

in

the fame vertical

which the Point

that Purpofe

we have only

to

is

fituated

mark

within

the Veflel the Point O, where the Center of

Gravity of
iras

tlie

immerfed Part would be,

if it

eompoied of an homogeneous Matter.

In order to avoid long Circumlocutions,

fl^all

name

this

Point O, [imply, the Cenler

we
of

the immerfed Part^ or rather, quite fhort, the

Holhw,

Center of the

Equilibrium of a Veflcl

Now

the State of the

will be

determined from

thcie
id, That the immerfed
Partmuft be equal in Volume to a Mais of
Water, whofe iSTeight would be equal to that

two Principles:

Veffel

of the

and adly. That

pravity G, |i^d tbp Center

fall in
.

the fame vertical Line

vertical
this

Axe of

Point O.

it

the Veflcl.
is.

tlie

Q of
HC,

Center of

the Hollow,

which

is

the

With rcfped

to

evidjcnt that it

muft always

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It

Confiru^ioH and Properties of

lo

CBAf*

M N,

below the Water Line

fall

IL

mcricd Part fhould prcfcrve,

^^^ where the

Vejfels.

and

if

the im-

in dclcending,

fame Surface, or that

it

had

>

every

either

prifmatic or cyliodrical Figure, then the Point

would

But

the

fall in

Middle of the Depth

HC

the upper to the lower Part, and that

it

at laft

terminated in a right I/ine drawn through

equal and paraUel to

M N,

Depth

C
O

HC

Gravity G,

Water
t)e

C O,

OH

fame immeried Part ihould terminate

in a Point
Interval

then the Elevation

of the Point O, or rather the Interval

would be Two-Thirds of the whole Depth
>

xteiK dtminiihed uniformly, from

if .the

2|od if the

a*

But with refpcd

it

Li-ne

as a Pyramid reverfed, then die

would be three Qiiarters of the

may

fall either

M N, according

to the Center of

above or below the

as the

Lading

(hall

Body of the Vcf

$hips of War, where the Guns

diftributed throughout the

feh

Thus

in

^onftitute a confiderable Part of the

fince they arc placed

tor ef Gxavity

Weight,

above the Water, the Cen-

witt

be

fitvited

above its Sqr*

CHAP.

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ft

C&ififtt^an and Froferiics oj FeJ^Js^'

CHAP.

CHAP.
Upon

the Efforts of the

III.

Water

to hend the FcJjJ,

WHEN

we fay that the Prcflbre of the

Water upon the immerfed Part of a Vef-

fel couflcerbalances its

Weight, we fuppofe that

the different Parts of a Veflel are fo clofely conncfted together, that the Forces which act upon
Surface are not capable of producing any

its

Change ;

we

for

eafUy conceive,

the Con*'

if

nedtion of the Parts was not fufEciently ftrong,

the Veflel would run the Rifque either of being

hrdcea in Pieces, or of fuifering fome

jtion

in

its

The Veifd

Rod AB^

in a Situation fimiiar

is

ii,

Bi*,

degree of Stificiefs

we

vex Manner,

C^

would be
Eofices

Fig. 4*

may be maintained

in Equilibrium, provided that

give way,

to that of

which, being aSbcd upon by the

Forces Atf, Cf,

Forces

altera*

Figure^

fee that

fince

it

has a fufiicienc

but as loon as

its

and Dd^

it

muft bend

begins to
in a con-

Middle would obey the

whilll:

afbually (^^wi^

its

Extremities

(lown^ards by th^

Aa and Biw
16.

The

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Canftru^m and

le

Properties of VeJ^is.

CUAPy
III.

The

"

ation

'whilft

Veflel

and

is

1 6,

generally found in fuch

Situ-

fincc fimilar Efforts continually adt

the Veiiei

immerfed

is

in the

Water,

it

happens but too often that the Keel experiences

the bad effcft of a Strain

It is therefore

very

important to inquire into the true Cai^fe of this

Accident.

For

this

Purpofe,

let

us conceive the Vefiel

divided into two Parts by a tranfverfe. Selion

through the vertical

fig. 5.

Axe of the

both the Center of Gravity

and ihjc of the

Velicl,

fituated

Head

fo that one of

which

Veifel, in

of the whole
irr.merfed Part O, are
them

will reprefent the

Part, and the other that of the

Stem \
Let

each of which we fhal} confider feparately.

be therefore, the Center of Gravity, of the en-

tire

Weighs of

the

firll,

and o that of the im-

Rierfed Part correfponding.

ner, let

In the lame man-

be the Center of Gravity of the whole

Stern Part, and .^ that of

it$

immediate Por^

iJOPf

Now

it is

plain, that the

Head

will

be afted

upon by the two Forces g m and o , of which

the .^rll will prels it down, and the latter pulh it

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Conjiru^ion and Pro^rlies of

Vcjlfcls,

In the fame Manner, the Stern will be

\3p.

down by

preffed

by the Force

the Force
y

and pulhcd up
But thcfc four Forces will

fJL,

CHAP,
UI*
"

ibaiht^in themfelvefi in Equilibrium, as well as

the total Forces rc-imited in the Points

which arc equivalent to them

and

but whilil

neither the Forces before^ nor thofe behind,

fall

in the ianie Dncclion, the VefTcl will evidently

bend the Keel up*

two Points oft> are nearer the
Middle than the two other Forces^;;/ and
contrary Effed would happen, if the Points o
fuftain Efforts tending to

wards

if the

and

fti

were more diftant from the Middle than

^ and y,

the Points

* 19-

But
place

the

firft

aknoH

of thefe two Cafes ufually takes

in all VeiTds, fince their

Hollow

has a greater Breadth towards the Middle, and

becomes more and more narrow towards the
Extremities
is in

whiift the

Proportion,

Weight of

much more

wards the Extremities, than

whence we

at the

alfo will the VelTel

to the Forces which tend to

upwards

It

is

therefore

this

bend

from thence

muit judge how much Strengdi

to give to

From

Middle.

fee, that the greater this Difference

becomes, the more

jcA

tne VelTci

confiderable to-

be fub*
its

Keel

that

we

it is neceflarjr

Part cf the Veifcl, in order to

avoid iuch a Conicqucdce*

20* I

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J4

C^ii/tru&m

Propiriics of Ve^tU^

If othef Circumftances would permit cither

more

to load the VeiTel

the Middle, or ta

In

give to the Part immerfed a greater Hollow to^

Head and

the

ifvards

of moft Veiiels

Arrangement

is

Vfen

Effc<ft

an

entirely oppofite to fuch

by which Means we

much

cei&rjr in order to avoid fuh

an

But the Deftinatioa

to Itrengthen the Keel a

to

fuch

Stern,

would no longer be feared

H A

as

are obliged

may be

oc**

a Difaften

P.

IV.

iht thre$ differeta Species $/ E^uilHrium^

I 21.

AFTER having

eftab)i(hed the Requifite*

of the Equilibrium of a floating Body,

US

fee

what muG: happen when the

ibmething diverted
lhall fuppofe, at

from

firll,

that

an exceeding fmali Inclination from

which

Judgment of

Stare

its

na^

draw the Conck^

are neceffary to
its

We,

State.

that the Veffel fufFers

toral Situation, in order to

fions

let

VeiTel i

form

proper

of Equilibrium; for

igith refpeft to great Inclinations,

which might

'become dangerous to a Velfcl, they require Ro^

fearches enureiy diierent*

'

} 22. A

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ConJlru^ioH and Properties of

15

Vejfels.

GHAP,
iV.

12.

As foon
ifscliaed

brium,

a Veflcl

as

becomes ever

or difpiaCcd from

Either the VefTel remains in

ift.

this inclined State in

Equilibrium

which Cafe we fay the

infenfible

is

bliflies itfclf in its

Or, 2diy9

endowed with a

great or

little,

The

3dly,

Point,
leall

which may be

Stability

according to Circumftances

Or,

an Equilibrium of this Kind

to that of a Needle, which put

the

falls

Motion

ftaUe,

its

or rather,

Velici, after this Inclination, will be

entirely overturned
is like

It re-efta-

preceding Situation, when

Equilibrium will be permanent

will be

fo little

State of Equiii-

evident that three Confequences

is

it

jmay happen

its

Moment

it

This Equilibrium

or ready to

that neither this

laft

place in Veilels

We

fall.

Cafe, nor the

and

upon

its

has received the

is called uii

iee evidently,
firfl,

can have

refped to the lecond

wit^i

Cafe, a fufficient Stability

is

abfolutely requi-

iite.

In order to

undmake

the Refcarches necef-

fary for this Subjc^, let us conikier any

whatever in
let

its

Plate II.

^*

State of Equilibrium, of which

be the Center of Gravity, and

that

the Part immeried; Let the right Line

repi]pfent

Veffd

the Scfiioo

made

at the

of

MN

Level of the
JVater,

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OnfiriOHen and Propefties of Viffeb.

tS

CHAP.
IV.

Water, the Line

now

GO

being vciticaL

Suppofd

the Vcflel to be indined in fuch a 'Manner,

Line

that the

mn

becomes horizontal, or

Surface of the Water^ and that a

-prefent the Part immerfed

Veflel near
whilfl

tlie

the Part

at chc.

be at

by which Means the

M will be lowered by the Part M

N,

other Side near

will be raifcd

N H* We vsmOt conceive befides,

Dw,

the ncw-immerfed Part,

Capacity as that of

N DM

feeing that

librium,

it

has the lame

the State of Equi-

in

the

i$

by

that

Conditkm

firft

lequifite for that State.

5 24.

By

this

Veflel will

Change the Center of Gravity

ftili

remain the fame

to that of the HoUow, which

SIde

M,

increafed

ia

and diminifliedon the SideN,

of Gravity muft

neccflarily

of the

but with refped;

its

on the
Center

be removed towards

the Side M Suppofe 6 to be that Point ; then, finct

the Liiie mir

at prefent horizontal, let fall the

is

Perpendiculars
dent, that if the

the two Centers

'

fame

would
it

the

vertical

, then

it is

at firft evi-

y and a were united,

and a would ftill fall m the

and therefore the Veflel

ftili

in Equilibrium;

which

Cafe beforemendoned of an infeaiible

Equilibrium.
this

Line,

likcwife be
firfl:

two Points

From

thence

it is

alfo plain, that

Cafe cannot happen but when the Point

is confiderably elevated

above the Point O.

25. Let

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Conj^ruSion and Pr$pmies $f Fejils.

*7

CHAP.

25.

Let us

in the fecond Place, confider the Cafe

y is

reprefented in the Figure, where the Point

kls diltant from

Point

tlie

vertical

Since the Veflel

cording to the Direbton

by an equal Force

Line

is

G%

Icls

raifed,

0 &,

up

it

is

M muft by this

and of coniequence become

immerfed 5 or rather the Vcflcl

into its preceding ftate

is

and prefled

the Dircclioii

in

the

urged down ac

evident that the Part towards

means* be

G O than

will return

of Equilibrium

This

therefore our fecond Cafe of a permanent

much

Equilibrium, whofe Stability will be fo

the greater the more diftant the two Points

and

ft)

arc

from each other; and we have only

to confider the Figure^ in order to aiTure our*

felves that the lower the Center

of Gravity

G if

fituated, the greater will be the Stability*

26.

The
will

third Cafe of an unliable Equilibrium

happen when the Point

the Extremity

m than

is

the Point

fituated nearer
a ;

two' 'Forces will occafion the Part

niore

iniaierfcd,

means be

for then the

Mm

to be

and the VefTel muft by that

entirely overturned.

his

is

be

to

feared in Proportion as the Center of Gravity

more elevated above the bottom of the Veflel

But we ihall very foon fee, that befides the two

IS

Centers

and

the Figure and Extent of ch^

Seftion of the Veflel

upon a Level with

the

Water,

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tS

ConflruXm and

CHAF. Water,

Properties of

V^tbl

'

enters here principally into confident

tion.

IV.
t

S 27.

In the Figure

'

we have

reprefented the Incli*

N towards the

nation as

made from the Stern

Head M,

or round the tranfverfe

Vefiel

but

it is

may

lentation

be applied

from one

clined

the principal

Axe of

the

evident that the fame repre*

iide

when

the Veflel

in-

is

towards the other, or round

Axe \ from whence we eafily com-

prehend, that in order to form proper Conclufions regarding the

Veflcl,

it

is

of Equilibrium

ftate

neceflary to

ipedting both the

Axes;

make

in

refearches re-

for the cafe might

cafily

happen, that a Vellcl had fufHcient Sta

bility

with reiped to one of thele two Axes^

whiUk

its

Equilibrium

with

refped:

likcwifc as certain,

that

when

the

to

other might be iW/y^^/, oTevtnunftabk,

a Veflel

It is
(hall

have a fufficient degree of Stability with refpe6t

to thefe two principal Axes,
fufficient

diate

with rcfped: to

it

all the

Axes round which the

will

aUb have

orhcr interme-

Veifei

might

re*

ceive any Inclination.

CHAP,

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Conjlru^ion and Properties of

Upon

the

CHAP.

HA

Method of

19

Vejfels,

P.

V.

V.

reducing the Stability to a

de^^

Urmimd Meafur^.
28.

FROM
conceive

what has been prcmifed, we

how

eafily

the Stability of one VelTel

may

be greater or lefs than that of another But to

form a true and preciie idea of it, the beft method
is to fee what Force wc muft apply to a Veflcl, in
:

order to maintain
nation.

here

is

We fee

it

in a

given degree of Incli-

plainly, that the confideration

not of one ablolute Force, becaufc very

different Forces

might produce the fame EfFe6t,

being applied to different Points; and

evident, that

mentum of

we muft

it

is

underftand here the Mo->

the Forces with refpefl to the

round which the Inclination

is

Axe

made*

$ 29.

But the Axe of Inchnation

is

always a Hori-

zontal Line, pafTmg through the Center of

Gravity of the whole VelTel

Mechanics,
pailes

that

Force,

fmce we know from

whofc

Direction

through the Center of Gravity of any

Body, does not impart to it the leaft angular

Motion whatever, but is entirely employed
to produce a progrefilve Motion.

Therefore, in

order to give a Veiiel an Inclination round a

Horizontal Axe, paffing through

its

Center of
Gravity,

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Gopgle

20

CmfiruSion aad Pr^irties of FeffHt*

CHAP*
y.

Gravity, or to maintain the Ve0el in fuch a ftate

cf Inclination^

it

neceflary that the Force

is

produce a Momentum ^ith relpcd to the laid Axe and wc

know that fuch a Momentum is found by multiplying the Force by its Diftance from the Axe

wh"ch

'

v.c

employ

there, fhoiild

of Inclination

from whence

the greater this Diflance

is,

it is

evident that

lefs

Force wiU be

the

required to produce the fame

EMt&,

30.
In order to

fet this

View, fuppole
FIf. 7.

i]\c

Matter in a clearer Point of

Puiiit

be the Center

to

of Gravity of a VclTel, and that the Line

reprefents the

Se^ion made on a

Ixvd

AB

with (b^

Water, when the Veflcl is in Equilibrium. AWp

fuppofe, that by any Caufe whatever the Veffel
has been inclined in fuch a

Manner

th^t tbp

Line ii ^ is become even with the Surface of the

Water, and that the Inclination is reprefcnted

by

the fmall

lha]l
'

Angle

A I a^B

ify

which wc

put ss r the Part immerfed will then be

dcfcribed by the Portion

perpendicular Line

aL, h\ Let

HGL

reprcfent

alfo the

a Malt

fixed in the Veflel, and fuppofe a Force

HK

of maintaining the Vefiel in that inclined

Situation, is applied to it above the Point G at
c a p able

H, which Force wc
the Interval

lhall call

Then

K.

fince

Force from the Point G, or rather from the

of

G H reprefents the Diitance of that

Inclmation, the

Momentum

ot

Axe

the Force

which

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and Properiics of

ConJiruSiion

which wc require

dud
fore

ejfels,

will be. cxpreffcd

by the Pro- chap.

V.
there-

X G H. This Momentum muft

be ^ual to the Efforts which the

exerts in order to re-eftablifli itfelf in

"

Veficl

State

its

of Equilibrium*

It

is

Momentum of Force muft

plain that this

depend not only upon

by the Angle

AI =

this

Angle

the

Momentum

itfelf,
/

in queftion

the

itfelf

Momentum

the VefTel in
this

Form

S.

which wc defcribe

it

evident that Fig,

is

7,

muft be propor-

Sine of that Angle, feeing the

Angle

increafes, the greater alfo

be the Force of the Veflel,

eflablifh

the In-

and fmce we fuppofe

extremely fmall,

tional to the

that

of

made, but alfo principally on the

is

degree of Inclination

more

the Circumilances

Axe round which

the Veffel, and of the

clination

all

its
/.

abfolutc Force,

in

in order

Equilibrium

muft

to re-

conlcquently

of Force rcquifite

to maintain-

inclined State, will always have

Sin. /
/

Sine of the Angle

where S denotes a certain

a certain Line, and Sin.

1,

/,

the

the Radius being fuppofed

Unity.

But when we fpeak of the

Stability

with refpeft to a certain horizontal

through

its

of a Ve0bl

Axe

pafllng

Center of Gravity G, we form to

ourfelves an .Idea that

no ways depends on the

3

Quantity

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CoH^ru^eH and Properties of

22

CHAP.
V.

Vejels*

Quantity of the Inclination, feeing that the fame

Idea muft: belong as well to the State of Equi-

librium

itlelf,

as to all the pollible Inclinations

Therefore, in order to fix that Idea,

we hay^
Fador

only to omit in the given Expreflion the

Sin.
Fig. 7.

fo that the

Produ6l

be employed

S. / will

what we mean by the

to cxprcfs

aUty ; which

will therefore always

Term

Sta*

be the Pro-

du6t of a certain Force, or rather of a Weight

S, naultiplied by a certain

Line

35-

This ExprefTion

will therefore

be very pro-

per to give us a jull and clear Idea of the Sta-'

biilty of Veiiels, and it will afford the Means
of comparing together exa^y the Degrees of

Stability whicli

may belong

to pronounce

(hat

Vel&l

is

irrcater

to all VelTels, fo as

the Stability

two, or three, or fo

or kfler than

out regarding

in

the Inclination

that

of fuch

many TinK$

of another, with-

any Manner the Quantity of

itfelf

which

the

VeiTcl

fuf-?

fercd.

S 34

Having
bility

therefore fixed this Idea of the Sta-

of any VefTel whatever with refpedt to

any Horizontal Axe, an Idea which

prized in the Expreflion S.
eafy than

to determine for

/,

is

nothing

is

commore

any Inclination

whatever.

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C&f^ruSlhH and PrcpirHes of Viffeb.

whatever,

Momentum of

the

%i

Force requi-

to maintain the Veflel in that inclined Situa-

fite

tion, or rather that

whereby the Vellcl endea-

vours to re-eftablifh

itfelf in

we have only

Thus

nearly

the

be

/.

by

Momentum which we

fincc the Sine

of

this

Angle

is

of the whole Radius or Unity,

Momentum of

-jV*

S.

for example, if the Inclination

was one Degree,

-jV -t^art

Formula

and then the Produ<^

/,

S. / Sin. i will exprefs the

require.

V.

Equilibrium.; for

to multiply the

the Sine of the Angle

chap*

the Force fought will then

/.

35.

Afterwards, knowing this Value of the Stability S.

clination

/,

it

be caiy to determine the In-

will

Momentum of Force
Axe will be ca-

by which any

whatever relative to the fame

pable of changing the Situation of the Veflel.

For

Force

let this

HK

be s=

K,

GH from the Axe of Inclination

Momentum of that Force will
it is

requifite that

wc have

Sin,

Momentum
by

K.

^==:S.

/.

by which

Diftance

pig.

then the

be

Sin. i

its

= K.

but

from whence

Means

the

of the propofed Force K. k divided

the Stability, will furnifli us with the Sine

of the Inclination fought, and therefore the In*

clination i

itfelf.

j6 Since

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24

CHAP*

ConfiruSiion

and Frcptrties of Veffdsi

Since

we do

not here confidcr but very (inaH

Inclinations, and becauie the Security of Navi-

gation ablblutcly requires that Vclfels be never

cxpofed to Inclinations that are too great; it

neccffary that the Stability S. / be always
is

Times greater than

fcveral

tum of

the Forces

K.k

ever be expofed. Here

the

laft:

fcls

Importance

that

which

therefore a Precept

is

in the

may be

Degree of Stability as

greater than the greateft Efibrts

Thus,

require that the Inclination ihall

never furpafs ten Degrees, whofe Sine

is

about

neccffary that the Stability be at leaft

if

it

fix

Times

is

of

Conftrudtion of Vef-

the Vciill can ever be cxpofed to.

we Ihould

if

which VeiTeis can

always nccefTary to procure for

it is

VeiTel fuch a

many Times

Momcn-

the greatcft

to

greater than

tlie

laid Efforts to

which

the Vei&l might be fubjed,

i 37.
After thefe Expofitions upon the true Idea

of

Stability, there remains

all Veflcls,

mula

S.

/.

only to fearch for

the true Value of our fuppofed For-

For

this piirpofe

it

is

neceffary to

cj^amine well all theCxrcumilances that

may con-

augment or dimintlh the Stability of

which we {ball endeavour to explain

tribute to
Veilels,
in

as diftindl a

Manner

ftanc^i^g that this

as pol&bie

notwith

Refcarch commonly requites

Reafonings

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Cm^lnMm ami Pr^irHe$ hf

ftg

Viffdh

Rcaftniiigsof a' very complicated Nature, This

(hall be the Subje<^

ALL

H A

VL

P.

the Efibrtr by which

an iaclined

Veflel endeavours to recover

Equilibrium,

CH AP*.

of the following Chapter.

proceed

entirely

its

State of

from

all

the

Elementary PrclTures which the immerfcd Part

experiences from the furrounding

Gravity of :he VciTel

thing towards

itl'elf

iince the

it

pailes through the Center

mean Diredion

of Gravity, and there-

fore does not furnifh any

Momentum

But we have

Re-eftablifhmcnt.

Water; the

not contributing any

for

its

fccn that all

die Elementary Pieifures perfeUy counterba-

Weight of a Mafs of Water which

would occupy the Volume of the immerfed
Part of the Veflel ; and therefore we have only

lance the

to regard the immerfed Part as a Mais of Water^

all

the Particles of which a^e vertically pufhed

upwards with

as

much Force

as their

Gravity

pre&s them down.

Let us

conceive

therefore,

whcrfe immerfed Part in a Sufee

that a Veflel

p|

of Equilibrium
was

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iS

Conftruolion

CHAP, was
VI.

and Froperi 'm of

ALB,

the Portion

Fejfelsl

to be inclined in fuch a

Manner that its imxncrfcd Part is now become

ala bi and let us confider this Volume as
filled with Water \ we (hall then have only to
fearch what Force each Particle of this Volume (being prefied upwards with a Force equal
to its Weight)- would exert in order to re^eftaand for this Purpofe we have
blifh the Vcficl
\

Mpmcntum of each of thefe

Axe round which

only to find the

Forces with refped to the

This Axe is
Line

the Inclination has been made.

always,

we have

as

feen,

horizontal

drawn through the Center of Gravity G of the

which we conlider here as perpendicular to the Plane of the Figure which reprelents a Vertical Scdion through the Center of
Veffel,

Gravity G.

In order to determine more readily

Elementary

Forces,

let

immcrfed Volume a l^b^

tain,

firft,

fo that

the immcrfed Part

all

thefe

decompoie the

us

it

ALB

may
in

con-

a State

of Equilibrium } iecondly, the Angular Vo-^

lume A I tf, which muft be added to it \ and
thirdly, the

Angular Volume B

be fubtra&ed,

Volume

L3.

in order, to

Let us fearch

Force each of thefe ilwtc

I ^,

which muft

have the Immerfed

at

prefent

in order to caufe the Yelfel to turn

before-mentioned

Axe }

what

Poi tions furnifhes,

fgr then

round the

we have

only
to

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C&itfhrunim and Properties of

%j

Vejfels.

to add together the Forces, or rather the

Mo- CHAP*

mentums which refult from the two

tiom^ and dedud from their Sum
mentum which arifes from the latter,

iiiil

Por-

the

Mo-

VL

$ 41.

Let us therefore begin by confidering the

Mafs of Water, which would fill the Space

ALB,

whole Center of Gravity is placed

O, from whence we arc per-

the Point

at

mitted to conceive

Mafs of Water

all this

and pulhed

colle&ed in the Point

upwards with a Force equal

But the Weight of

Weight.

to

this

as

vertically

f%*

7*

proper

its

Mafs

ALB,

being equal to the Weight of the whole Ye0eb

jf

we c^l

Weight M, we

this

M,

a Force applied

But

upwards.

vertically

which

it

cular

Gv

it is

cal

in

at

Line ab

Om

Line, or the

vertical

Therefore, in or-

Momentum, let

upon

the Line

Momentum of this
But

iince the

let

by confequence be our
Dire^ion of our Force
der to find its

have

be drawn perfrom the Point O, which will

at prefent horizontal,

pendicular to

(hall

prcfles the Veffel

Om

Force

evident, fince the

fall

the perpendi-

produced, and the

will

be

Line

= M x Gv

OG was verti-

the State of Equilibrium or perpendi-

cuJUr to the Line

AB,

and the Line

pendicular to the Line

that the Angle
Inclination

GGv

ab\

is

Ov

I fay it is

perr

obvious,

equal to the Angle of

Ala, which weihall

call i:

Therefore

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4*

and Properties of Vejfebi

Ccnftru^licn

CHAP,
^y^*

fore the

Line Gv, divided by

will give the Sine

Hi all

have

G v = O G.

Momentum of
Sin.

Sin*

Didance

the

of the Angle

i,

we

confequently the

$ \

Force will be =5

this

O G,

or rather

O G,

M.

/.

Here is

Momentum of the Force

from the Portion of Water ALB,
which we have juft found =: M. O G, Sin. /;

which

theftfore the

refults

/where

reprefents the

Vcftl, and the Line

Center of Gravity

Weight of the whole

OG the Elevation

of the

of the

above the Center

Hollow, when in the State of Equilibrium.

3ttt as this Force prefles upwards in the Direaiort

O Vy

it

will

evidently

fo that this Force

is

ment of the Veflfel

if the

furnifli

to

to

augment the

in Equilibrium.

Therefore,

two other Portions of Water

us with a

AL

contrary to the Re-eftabliih-

B I ^, which we have ftill

-

tend

immerfc more the Part

Inclination, or to

Ala

and

to confidcr, fhould not

Momehtum of

Force qppofite

and greater than the EfFedls of th^

firft,

the

would not have any Stability^ ancl the

leaf): Inclination would overturn it
entirely.
This muft be underftood when the Point G is
more elevated than the Point O, as it is rcpreVelfei

fcnted in the Figure

For

if the

Poipt

G ihould

below the Point O, then the Momentum

of that Force would have a Tendency oppofite
fall

to (he rcrcftabliflimcnt of the Velici in Equili-

brium.

Digitized by

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But

forium.

pen

this

kidQm

CaTc

19

yaffils.

chap*

or ever hap*

VI.

in Vcfiels.

43-

Let

VIS

at preient

examine the angular Por-

Water Ala: Then, fmce

tion of

it is

necefiary

of

to take into confi(kration all the Particles

Water

fituated in that Space, let us

in the Section of

conceive

A B, which correfpopds

Water

to the State of Equilibrium, any Particle

PP

whatever, extremely or almofl: infinitely fmall

and

let

VTpp
ter

us conftitute upon

ab^ and which

Now

it

the Imall

Column

terminated by the Sedion of the Wa-*

let

be perpendicular to

fmce we here fuppofe the Inclination

infinitely fmall, this

Column might

alfo

it.

as

be re-

garded as perpendicular to the Line AB, from

will
whence the Heighth of this Column

bc

= IP.

Sin.

/,

and

= PP.

Solidity

its

IP.

which reprefents therefore the VoluiQe

of Water contained in that Column, whofc
Weight we mult here confider. For this PurSin.

i,

pofe, let S]s put the

Volume of

the immerfed

Part of the Veflel requifite for the Equilibrium

A LBssVj

then, fmce the

Weight of fuch

Volume of Water is predlciy equal to. the

Weight of the Veifel M we fhall have only
As the Volume V is
to make this Proportion
to the Weight M, fo is the Volume of the Column PP/j>toits Weight, which willconie*
:

quently be

P P.

P. Sin.

But, inilcad

of

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CHAP* of chb

Expreflioii,

we

mcnt, the Letter

an abrH%e-

(hall put, for

fo that

T&^.PP.

IP, Sin./.

44.

Having now found

Force which

the

Weight of

this fmall

PP^p which r=T

Column of Water,

is

from

refults

it

wards, and perpendicular to the Line la.

order to find the

Gg

perpendicular

Linctf^) then

tum

will be

Momentum

of

let fall

it,

In
the

upon the

evident that this

Momen-

from the Point

it is

the

direded up-

is

found by multiplying the Force

T by the Diftance^i"-,
in queftion will be =:

fo that the

T.

/)^

Momentum

or rather, fince

*c Lne I ^ is nearly
^gy
equal to the Line I P, becaufe the Angle / is

PS^

infinitely fmall

be

this

by

rcprelentcd

Momentum of
T. I P + T. I

Force will

which
}
Force plainly tends to diminiih the Inclination,
and to re-eftablifh the Equilibrium. Having
determined

of

in the

lame Manner

theMomentums

P P,

which we may conceive

in the Sedion of Water from I to A
the Sum
of all thefe Exprcffions joined together will give
all

the

the Particles

Momentum of

Force which

refults

from the

Portion of Water contained in the angular

Space

I II,
Thefe Sums, according to the
Fluxion ary Method, may be therefore exprefled

by Fluent T.

+ Fluent T, I^,

which denotes

Digitized by

Conftru^OH and Properties of

Momentum of the Forces,

notes the total

ing from that Portion

A I ^,

'3

Vejfels,

refult-

in order to rc-cfta-

bliih the Vcflcl in Equilibrium.

chap,
VI.

45.

Let us

BI^

in the

fame Manner confider the Space

and taking

as filled with Water,

Sedion

B, any Particle whatever

QSiji ^

this

Q^Qj

let

fmall Column correfponding to it|

and which we may regard

AI Band

both to

in the

perpendicular,

as

alb-, then the Solidity of

Column will be found as before ss Q^Qj^

Sin. u from whence its Weight will be
QjQ:.

^ U

Qt

Letter U, to denote this Weight.

by putting the
It is therefore to

Weight, that the Force of the Column will

and (ince it adls vertically upwards,
be equal

this

its

Momentum,

with refpcd to the Line of Incli-

nation, will be =:U.^^

and

I g,

become
the

equa.1 to

Sum

of

but becaufe qgsz

IQ.

alfo I

U.

this

IQ^U. I^-,

as this

the Point

Force

G,

will

trom whence

thefe Forces joined together, will

all

be cxprcflcd by Fluent U.
and

Iq

Momentum

its

the Inclination

is

Q7- Fluent U. I^:

applied on the other Side

Effe6l will tend to

but fmce

this

augment

Portion

BI^

muft be dedufled from the two preceding

ones, its EfFedb muft therefore be taken negatively

ence,

and therefore

on account of

the Vellel will experi*

this Portion,

Momentum
of

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CHAP,

Force equal to that which we have juil

VL

figacd^ in cider to re-eftablifli it in Equilibrittm.

aX-

46.
LrCt US

now join

together the

Momcntums of

die Forces which refulc from the two angular

Spaces

Ala and Bl

and we

Exppcflioni Flu. T.
XJ. I Q."HFlu. U. 1/

I
:

fhall obtain this

+ Flu. T. Ig + Flu.

which

is

compofed of four

we (hall

Parts $ die fecond and fourth of which

firft cxarriine, fincc

both the one and the other

contain the fame Interval

mains

Gonftant

pals over the Spaces I

fore thcfe two
'

'

Ig.

Fltt T-->

Weight of

V7ili

I;. Fiu
the

which always

A md I B

Pomts

Members may

the

of

I^^,

wbilft the

and

thei**-

be repreiented by

but ilnce

T reprefents

Column TfVpp^

cxprefs the

re-

and

Weight of

the Fluent

Mafs of

the

Water contained in the Space Kla^ Ij^ the

fame Manner the Fluent txf U will cxprefs the
Weight of the Water contained in the Space

BI^

confequeotly, fince the immerfed Part

alah in the inclined Stat^ b equal

which correfponds to the Equilibrium

to that

ALB,

the two Poiilons betoremennoned. Flu, T. and

U. muft

by which

Ineans, the fecond and the

fourth

Members

mutually deftroy each other

and therefore the

l^lu.

be equal to each other

Momentum of the

two angular Spaces

Force which

Ala

rcfuits

and

from the

BI^

will

be

reduced

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and Properties of

Conjirutlion

reduced to

this Expreflion, Flu.

Vejfels.

T.

from whence we muft fubtradb

33

+ Flu. U. IQ^
which

that

M. O G.
Momentum of the

the Firff Portion has furnifhed, or

Sin.

/,

order to have the

in

whole Force, which tends to

re-eitablilh the

yj

quiiibriunu

$47Let us
Letters

of

(bbftltutc at prefent, in place

X and U

their Values,

tlic

which are

T=~. PP. IP. Sin./, and

Then,
main

fince the Quantities

and Sin.

conftant, whilft the Points

over the Spaces I

fion or Flu.

T.

prefented

by

Flu.

Sin.

/.

P and

re-

Q^pa(s

A and I B, the above Expie&

I

+ Flu, U.

Q^may

+ ^ Sin.

P P. r?

and therefore the whole

/.

Momentum

Flu.

be re-

C^Q. iq^"

in order to

re-eftablilh the VelTel will be

Sin.

Flu.

PP. IP

O GrSin. #y which
of the ExpreffioA S.

-^M.

is

laef

/.

in the preceding

more

is

Chapter,

neccflary than

.to

Flu.

Q^Q^ IQ*

therefm the VaSin.

/,

eftabliflied

f\g.

7I

therefore nothing

divide this

xpre&
flOR

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i^itfhiUiim

34

CHAP

bj the

fion

Stability

mi Propmus tf

Sin.

pofed 7\xe*,

order

in

of the Veflel

to

have the

^vith refpcft to the fiip-

This Stability will therefore be

repreienced by the .iixpreion

M
^ X Flu. P P. P + Flu. QP^lCi7-M.0G,
%

where the

on
its

Member depends

firft

principally

AB

the Sedion

of the Water, and on

Figure, which we fhall explain more parti-

cularly

the following Chapter

in

ihall treat

p P.

Flu.

r7 +

Fiu.

ctOi ioT*

under the Name of the Momentum

CHAP,
Upon

where wc

on the Nature of this Formula.

the

Mmenium

the Se^ion

VIL
ike

of

Se^ion

af the

Water.

FROM

the

the

treated

Water

48.

Manner

the Subje^l,

AB

in

which we have

juft

the two Scftlons of

and ab^ which belong to the

Squilibrium, and to the- indined State of the

Veflel, are coniidered as fimpte Lines, andtbeir

Interfedtion I as a Point,

which has been done

in order not to confufe the Figure,

4 trouble

the

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X^il^ruSkm and Properties $f

the Imagination too much.

Sedions are in

But

parallel to the

made

two chap*

as thefe

VI).

plane Surfaces, their In-

efiedb

terfedion will be a right Liiie,

is

35

Veffils.

horizontal and

Axe round which

the Inclination

We muft therefore conceive this Line

as perpendicular to the Plane of the Figure,

and palling through the Point I

Terms

evident that the

Q^Q^

Jriu.

and now

it is

PP. IP and Flu*

Q^will cxprefs the Sums of all the Par-

Water AB,
Di&ance

ticks contained in the Se6tion of

each multiphed by the Square of

from the

its

faid Interfedion.

49.

Angular Spaces

Since the two

is

eafy to conclude,

3 are fuppofed equal

fetion

vity

muft

to-

that the

^ and

each other,

common

it

Inter-

through the Center of Gra^

pal's

of the Section of the Yeilel made upon

a Level with the Water, which

we name fimply
'

the Se^ion of the JVater. Let this Sedion be therefore reprefented

which

let tlie

paffing from the

is

by the Figure

Line

AB

Head

this

plane Surface

which fuppofe to be
the right Line

at the

MN

Point puralldr to the

Fig. 84

It

the Center of
is

to be found,

Point

and

I,

let

be drawn through this

Axe round which

in

Diameter

unto the Stern B.

therefore in this Line that

GrUvky of

ACBD

reprefent the

tbe In^

dioacioii

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Confirumtm ami ProperHes of Viffds.

3$

CHAP,
VII.

clination is

in order to find the

made;

Mot-

mcntuni of the Scaion of Water with refpeft to

that Axe, wc have only to conlider any Partick

Z whatever, and

multiply

it

by the Square

M N,

or rather

all thefc

Produds,

taken throughout the whole Figure

ACBD,

of

its

Diftance from the

by Z5r,* and

Sum

the

Axe

of

N,
on both Sides the Axe
mentum fought, which wc have denoted

will give us the

Mo-

before

I
by the Sum of thcfe two Terms, Flu, P P. P

prcfent exprefs

Flu. Z.

Zxi

tl^ereforc

CLQi

Flu,

more

it

by

this

concifely

Means

the Stability

the Veffel with lefpeft to the propofed

bc^M.Flu.

Z.

ZX M.OG,

the

Axe

of

will

where

Weight of the whole Veffel,

Volume of its immerfed Fart, and

leprefcnts the

the Elevation of

at

by the Term

M
V

OG

its

Center of Gravity

G above

the Center of the Hollow O.

50It

is

evident the Veffel

Line

MN

may be

ihaii

that

the

able,

whilft the Portion

fo inclined,

remain immove-

MAN

is

plunged

Water, and the other Part elevated

Surface i and fmcc this Line
the
;abovc
of Gravity I
always paffes through the Center
will be prePoint
of the Scdion of Water, this
U
Mr.
which
cikiy the Point of Support
into the

MN
*

Croix

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Conjlru^ion and Properties of Veels.

much Care
Manner in which
the SubjeA, when we refer all the
to the horizontal Axes which pafi

Croix had fought heretofore with fo

And
we

confider

Inclinations

through the Center of Gravity G.

iaid that the Center of Gravity

moveable during the

known

CHAP
VIT

not contrary to the

it is

'

We have not
G remains im-

Inclination,

as

it

is

Property in Mechanics, that an Inclina-

round any Axe whatever may be always

tion

reduced to an equal Inclination made round

the Center of Gravity, provided that
a fuitable

Motion

to

we

give

But when

Center.

this

Irorces capable of producing fuch an Inclina-

we muft always refer them to

Axe drawn through the Center of Gravity,

tion are required,

the

and never to the Line

M N,

although

remain fixed during the Inclination

it

ihould

of the

Veffcl.

51.
It will appear at

firll:

that this Refearch is

fubjedl to almoft infurmountable Difficulties

fince
all

on

the one

Hand

it is

Z X

Products of Z.

the

neceilary to coUedb
into

one

Sum

through the whole Extent of the Sedtion of

,

Water

A B C D,

mud: repeat
parately

moving

this

and on the other, that we

Axe

fe-

Had the Means of

re-

Operation

But we

fhall

all thefe Difficulties

with refped to the

laft,

it

for each

with eafej

will vanifh the

for,

Mo'

'

menc

Of^ruSim and Pr^im

j9

of Vejfeb*

CHAP, ment we refleft that it is fuffideiit to feek oiilf

Vil.
two Momentums of Ais Sedioti df the Water,
'
the one with refpedt to its great Axe AB, and
the other with regard to its leiier Axe CD^ be
caufe having found theft two Momentams, we
arc able thereby to determine the Momentum
with refped to each intermediate and oblique

Axe

MN

this

Determinadon

is

founded upon

the Principles of Elementary Geonietry, as will

be fecn in the following Article

the great

that

AB

Axe

oblerving

firft

always direded

is

from the Head to the Stem, and the kfler Axe

CD

perpendicular to

it,

feeing the Deftina-

tion of every Vefiei requires that the

A B fliould

furpafi the Bieadth

CD

Length

confideiw

ably.

Let us fuppofe therefore that the two Momentums of the Water Scdion with refpedl: to
the two principal Axes A B and C D, are
already determined
fcntcd

by

let

[A B] and

then, in order to find the

fped

we

to

any other Axe

ihall exprefs in like

be repreby [CD],

the ^-ft

the

latter

Momentum

MN

with re-

whatever, which

manner by

[M N],

Axe

us put the Declination of

this

AB,

AIM ^9,

(hall

or rather the

Angle

always have this Determination,

[MNl-CAB]
where the Cof.

Cof.

fi*

to the

and we

'

+ [CD]Sin.

6* exprefies tiie

let
firft

fl;

Square of the
Cofine

'

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Cm^ru&im md Profirtus of

39

Viffeh.

6, and Sin. 6% the Square

of the Sine of the fame Angle 6 : from whence
we fee, that in the Cafe where the Angle 6 =so,

Coiine of the Angle

the

Axe

MN

falls

[M N] = [C D]
truths

It

Y^*

A ij, bccaufe the

Os i, we have then

upon

Cof. fisso, and the Sin

quires.

chap.

as the nature

of the thing

re-

not neceflary to demonftrate this

is

fince it

depen4s on pure Geometry

and the DemonftFation is eafily obtained.

making ufe therefore of this Sign, the Stability
of the Veifel, with relpcd to the

Axe^M N,

will

be=^.[MN]M.OG.
* 53-

The whole is therefore reduced

Momentum of a propofed Scdion

to find the

of Water,

AB

with reipct to thcle two principal Axes

and C D, or the Values of the Expreffions [ A B]

and [C D] But as that would require an exa<5t
:

knowledge of the Figure of the whole Section,

mUch e

could feldotn or ever arrive

Ihall confine the

at,

we^

Application of diia Refearch

to two principal

Figures between which

Water

true I'lgurc of every Section of

times, contained.

For

the

let

firft

is

the

at all

be a right^

angled Parallelogram aa b

othera Rhombus,

by (fee

A CBD,

(fee

Fig. 9.) and the

rig. 9
St 10.

Fig. 10.) where-

one and the other have the fame

principal Axes
B and C D, as the propoied

of

bttfh the

Seilion of

Water ;

it is

D4

then evident, thav the

true

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40

CHAP,
^

VII.

ConjbruQiM

of Vejfds*

true SeAion of Water will be always

the

iirll

left

than

of thefc two Figures, and always greater

than the kcond

'

rnii Properties

Momentums

by

when the

means,

this

of thefe two Figures are deter-

that of the true Se^Hon will always

mined,

hold a certain

Mean between

thefe

two Limits,

nearer to the one or the other, according to the

Figure of the
not be very

Veflcil

and

in

each Cafe

it

difficult to difcover the true

will

Mean,

or a near Approximation, which without doubt

fuiicient for Pradice

is

54.

Let therefore
JP%. 9,

aa bb
is

in the firft place the

reprefent the Sedion of the

AB

to be confidered, whereof

and

C D ,the

each other

lefler Ajce,

at I,

Redlangle

Water which

is the)j;reater,

and which

interfeft

the Center of Gravity of this

Figure : Then having calculated the JSums of

of

all

tioned,

Elementary Produb beforemen-

the

wc

find the

Momentum

its

of[AB]=-i..

AB. CD*:

great

of

A B,

Axe

with reiped to

this

Figure,

or the Value
'

and with refped to

12
that of C

[C

D,
I

the

Momentum will be found

D]= CD, AB
.

from whence

it

is

cvi-

12
dent, that the latter of thefc two
is

much

greater than the former,

Proportion as the greater

lefler.

Axe

Thus, for Example,

Momentums
and

the

great

Axe

if the

A B was four times greater than

that in

furpaflei

the fmall one^

or

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ConJlruBion and Properties of

or

A B=4C D,

the

firft

Momentum

be to

will

the fccond as i to 16; and in general thefc

Monoentums

we

lhall

two

CHAP^
VII.

will be to each other in the inverfe

Ratio of the Squares of

fay,

41

Vejfels,

their

always have

this

Axes, that

is

to

Proportion,

[AB]:[CD]::CD*: Ab!
55-

Let the Rhombus A B C D now rcprefcnt

the Sedion of the Water, whofe two Axes alfo
interfed each other in the Center

of the Figure

Calculations,

we

then, after

[A B]=4r

Gravity

AB,

I.

f%

lo*

neceflary

Momentum, with

find the

fpea to the great Axe

of.

making the

re-

or the Value of

A B. C D, and the Momentum, with

refpea to the fmall Axe, or [C Dlss-L C D. ABs

48
two Values do not differ from thofe
of the preceding Caie, but in the Numerical
fo that thefc

CoefEcicnt, which in the

firft

Cafe was

12

and

in this -L

, or one fourth
of the former, which
48
I
is worthy of Notice here ; fince the Area
of this
Figure is precifely half that of the preceding

one.

From whence

that the

it

Numerical

already appears probable,

Coefficients, for all other

Figures whatever are in

Proportion as the
Squatcs of their Areas, whilft the fame Expr eflions

A B. C D and C D. AB will enter equally

into the

Momentums of all

Figures.

56.

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ConfiruSkn and Properties of

'

42.

CBAF*

.56.

In ord^r.to examine this Rule,

the Seftioo of
Plate IL

(fee Fig. 8.)

=A

made

and

Water

whofe great Axe

th^e ioiall

well

is

manner

in like

sC D \

one

known,

turc of the Circle

we put

then having

is

which the Qiiadra-

in

found to enter ^ where,

3,14159265 as Circum&ftnce

nt

whole Dianictcr

Circle,

Momentum

have the
icfpeft to

its

A B, C D,

great

is

of

if

of

ihall

with

A B, or [ A B] ^ ^

Axe

[C

or

we

Unity,

this Ellipfe,

and the Momentum,

the fmaii Axe,

to

us give ta

let

the Figure of an Ellipfe,

the neceflarjr Calculations, accotding to

Methods

ViJJkU,

with refpeft

D]=^.CD.AbI
04

Numerical

the

Coefficient

whilft in the Cafe of the Rectangle ^t

is

Tr

fore thefe

16

two CoeiHcicnts

But the Area of the

Tr:--*.

. A B. C D,
as

T 4
:

are as

*,

it is

to the

Area of

64

here

is

there-

7
, or
04 12
:

as

lliple being

the

Redangle

and therefore their Squares as

tt tt

:*

6,

muft be acknowledged, that thefe two Pro*

porttons are not perfedly equal ; but the Difference is fo fmall, that in Pradice we may
It

Jboldly noake uie oi tiie

Rule mentioned in the

preceding

Digiiized by

Cmfiru8imandPnpertiis of

Amcle;

preceding

the thing klelf

Feffeb.

feeing that the

4^,

Nature of cifAP.

VIL

not fuicepubie of a periecl

is

PcecUioa*

s 57.

Let us

therefore

make

ufc of that Rule,

and whatever Figure tbe Se6tion may have,

let us fearch the Area of it,
in cn'der to

compare

aa ii

it

the propoicd
fo that
tion
this

f igure, and

we may

let

AB.CD

each Cafe regard this Fracas known, and then the Mbnnientom of

AxeAB,

in

wiU be [A

B]=:

fame manner the

fpca to

fmail Axfc

Its

to

its

gttat

AE."cd' and

Momentum,

[C D]

12

Thus

us put

Scdion of tbe Water, with refped

in the

with the Area of the Redangle

formed by the mie principal Axes of

with

rc-'

C D. Ab!

are the great Difficulties which at

firft

prcfented themlclvcs happily furmounted, and

manner

that in a

lo eafy, that

wc may

ufe

it

in P^^'e

Pra^ice almoft without any trouble*

thence

we

aire

able to give

any other Axe

Watery

MN

of the propofed Sedion of

for putting the

fcie a0,

we

mentum

fought

CD*Cof.e*

From
the Momentum for

Angle

jhall at firft fight

[M N]

AIM.
have

as be-

At Mo-

= ^* A B.

D.

+ AB*Sm. a%

CHAP.

44

*^vm

Contusion and

'

Prepertits of Vtjfels,

CHAP.

VIII.

Cot^ukrations upon the other Principles which

enUf

Determmatian 0/ the StahiUtf.

into tie

S 5S.

'

HAVING

removed

all

the Difficulties re-

Momentum

of the Seftion
of the Water, which contains the principal Eleipefting the

ment of

the Stability of Veffcls, let us conlidcr

alfo all the other Principles

cftablifli

order that

fels, in

which concur to

the true Value of the Stability of Vef-

how much

all

we may be

able to determine

the Circumftances of a Ve0el are

cafNibk either of augmenting or dimintfliing the

For

Stability.

this

Purpofe

us confider our

let

Expreflion, which gives the Value of the

with refped to any

bility

and which

is

Axe

MN

Su-

fhatever

M. O G.

^. [M N]

59

At
Veiiel
as

we perceive
is a Faftor of

Weight of

firft

that the

this fixpreifion, fo that

long as the other Elements remain the fame,

the Stability

is

Weight of the

always
Veflel

proportional

by

this

to

Means a

Weight
alfo

This

will then be eight times

have
is

its

Stability

the

Vellel,

whole Dimenfions are twice as greats fince

the

its

greater, will

augmented eight

times.

abfolutely neceffiiry, fmce- great VeiTels

are

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Con^^m mi Properties of Veffeb.

tlon to

of

CRAP
VIIL

the Surfaces of Veflels, or the Square

and

as thefe fibrts are in

from the Axe of

Inclination in proportion to

fame Dimenfions,

it

is

eirident that the

Momentums of thefe Efforts will

to the

Cube of

Weight
made

ing

greater

Dimenfions, and their Diftances

their iimple

thcie

Adion of much

propor*

are expofed to the

Efforts

4i

be proportional

Dimenfions, or to the

thefe

of the whole Veifel, allowance bethe Inequality or Diflimilarity in

for

and Conilrudion.

their Figures

% 60.

Let us now coniider the Volume of the imwhich

merfed Part denoted by the Letter

might well be regarded

Weight

equivalent to the

as

of the Velfcl,

Water whofe Volume

fame Weight

is

fince

a Mafs of

a V, would have the

btit this

Volume V does not

here enter into Confideration, except as a geo-

For

metrical Extent of three Dimenfions.

Purpofe

of a

let

Veffel,

this fig ii

ACBD be the Sedton of the Water

whofe two Axes

the fame as heretofore, and

AB

and

int6rfe<5t

CD

arc

each other

in the Center of Gravity I of that Seftion } alio

let
E B be the vertical and diametrical Se6tion
of the Veflel from the Sedion of the Water to the

Keel this Figure will then reprefent to us the

Body of
a=V*,

the Veflel, whofe

let alfo

Volume be

Ml

Volume we fuppofe

the Center of Gravity of this

placed at O, and the Center

of

CSaK

of Gravitjr of the Vcilel

Yin. have

into the Stability, fince

'

pen that

this

Line

the Point

I.

We

Depth of

in order to

which enters likewile

may

it

GO

very well hap-

thmigh
now have die

does not pafi

fhall therefore

Body or

the

G,

ttfelf at

O 6,

the Interval

the

Draught of Water
1 E, on

reprcfented by the vertical right Line

which the Volume

we may

that

the
the

principally depends

ahrays confider

Water Sedion
Depth I

itfclf

it

by a

as a

ib

Produft of

certain Part

of

6i.

'

With refpeft to the Area of the Water Secwe have already lemarked, that it is al

don,
ways

AB

left

and

than the Redlangle of

CD,

whole Diagonals are

therefore as

AB

before, this

where

is

than ^.
2

Now

its

two Axes

and greater than a Rhombus,

and

CDi

plain,

if the

us put

A 6. CD,

and greater

a Fraction kfs than

it is

let.

Area ss a.

Body Ihouid

preferve the fame Heighth even to the Keel, or

that the TranTverfe Sedions were KedUngl^s,

the Solidity would be,

V=a. AB. CD.

But

if all

IE.

the tranfverfe Sedions were Triangles,

wdiofe Points terminated in the Keel, then the

Area

ACBD

ought to be only multiplied by

talJf

Digitized by

Cf^^ruaiM mii Properties

.half the

Dq>th

V=sJL.

We
Was

^ V^ftb.

47

htm H AY^

fo that V9t fliould

AB.CD.

VIH.

IE.

muft fiin remark, that if the whole Body

Pyramid reverfed, and terminated at ihc

ACBD

Point E,wc ought to multiply the Area

Mmlf hj one Third of the Depth I: But

this laft Cafe being entire!/ excluded from

Fradice,

may

the Bodies

confider all

tontained between the two preceding Cafes

that

it

to

alwa3rs nedbflary to multiply the Sec-

is

tion of the
t>r

as

Water by feme Part of

, where

alio denotes

tained between the Limits

the

Depth

Fra^on

and

con-

the true

Value of which, or nearly

fo,

very

each Cafe.

difficult to eftimate for

thence

we

fliail

is

IE,

Bimenfions

But the Coe^cient a /8

and

fo that

this

Expref-

always a certain Part of the Solid formed

1>y the three

I,

be

From

have the Volume of the Body

V = a/S. AB. CD.

iion

will not

it

"ix

A B. C D

will

be always

and
lefs

fince both the one

eater than

than

and

4
the other

of

thefe

two Letters and

tained between the Limits i and

/3

are con-

^.
2

I 62.

The

Interval

dered, which

is

OG

ftill

remains to be confi-

compofed of two Tarts,

7

OF
and

CanftruQim mid Profmiis of Fiffds.

CHAP. andFG, of which OF

VIU, Figure of the Body only,

determined by the

is

FG

whilft the other

depends upon the Weight of the whole VefTelj

and according

to different Deftinations,

it

mxf

happen,

the Center of Gravity

will

that

be naore or kfs elevated above the Sedion

of the Water, or that it may even fall below
which Cafe the Interval

it ; in

come

negative

O F,

let us

the

Depth

tioned.

Icc

wluu Proportion

E,

in the three

In the

FG

But with refped

would be-

to the Interval
it

will

have to

Cafes before

where we have /8s

firft,

where the Body has

men-

i,

in every Part the

and

fame

Breadth, itis plain that welhallhaveOFs-i-IE^

in the (econd Cafe, where 0asJL and

Sedkions

are

3
Triangles,

haTeOFss^I;

and

finally, in

tranfverfe

Cafe, where

/?= 1, we

ihall

have

all

we
the

|3

that if

O F=b

therefore having already found the juft

third

4
conclude,

ss -I. we (h6uld have

of

fliall

O F = -L I E.

From whence we

the

we might always fuppofc

/3,
a
F ss TTT-. I E, fo that our

we had
E*

and

Value of

the

Interval

laft

Element

would become

Digitized by

Conftru&im and Prtperiies of Vejfeh

4$

CHAP*

Having

VI 11.

inveftigated all the Elements which

enter into the Expreflion of the Stabilityf weobfcrve,

ill.

contains

FroducL of four

it is

Lines multiplied together

Volume

[M N]

That the Quantity

four Dimenfions, or that

and 2dly, that the

a Quantity of three Dimenfions

is

from whence it appears that ^^^^'wriU e::preft

a certain right Line, which being put

= M x/ QG,

Stability will be

we

perceive, that this Line

the

Inclination

is

pofiible

made,

Axe

lutely ncccHary,

if the Stability

B.

It

tiuu

this

is

Icaft

coincides with

abfb-

therefore

leail

Value of

OG.

be

Hence^

of Vefiels with refpe^b to the

AB

gr^at

Axe

fill "all

the Efforts, we*

all

MN

than the Interval

greater

ftill

become the

will

it

when the Axe

the great

and as it de^
round which the

MN

Axe

Irom whence

muft always be

OG,

greater than the Interval

pends on

the

be fulRciently great to

may be

re-

certain that for

other Axes, the Stability will be

more than

fufEcient

64.

If VelTcls were in
milar to each

all refpel

and

other,

their

perfeftly

Weights

<

fi-

in

Proportion to the Cubes of their fimple Di-,

menfions,

was

fo

itfelf in

the

that

difference

OG

Proportion to thefc fimple pimen-'

'

fions,*

Digitized by

Google

Conjh u^ioH and Properties of

CHAP
Vill.

Tions,

Veffils.

would be in Proportion
Power of the fimple Dimenfions.

their Stability

to the fourth

Therefore fince the

EflKM'ts to

which Veflels are

expofed are in Proportion to the Cube of their

DimenfionSy great VeiTels would in Proportioa

have more Stability than fmall ones

over, being agitated

by

and more-'
would

like Efforts, they

receive a lefs Inclination than the fmaii ones

From whence it feems, that with refpedb to

great Veflels, we might very well diminifh their
Stability,

of

and make

it

Cube

proportional to the

But

their Dioieniions*

it

is

neceifary alfo

to remark, that equal Inclinations might be-

come

fame Time
would be out of Danger ; from

fatal to great Veflels, at the

that fmall ones

trhence

we muft

conclude^ that large Veflels

require in Proportion a greater Stability than

But we

fmall ones.

more

fhall

examine

CHAP.
VpOH

this

Matter

particularly in the following Chapter,

the

Means of giving
Degree of

HAVING
refped to

its

of

great

to Vejfels

a fuffidmt

Stability.

already

Momentum

IX.

remarked,

that

the*

Sedion of Water, with

Axe

By

is

the lead,
atfd

Digitized by

Google

tonpu^ion and

Properties of Vejfeli,

andH^ith refped to the

i

CD

AB

to

AB

is

Axe

the

chap*

to the latter as

Jj^t y

Axe

urith reipeft to its great

and with refpea to

alio rhe kail,

its leffer

the greateit, and that in a Proportion

greater than

CD

to

For

B.

with refped to the

found

:M

fince the Sta-

AB

Axe

L^^OG,
the Axe CD =M %

rcfpca to

fiiii

bility

it

is

therefore evident that the Sta-

is

: it

of a Veflel

ebility

Axe C

IclTer

and eten the former

greateft

s^

has beeA

witU

that

aiid

~0G

evident that thefe two ExprelTions bear to

is

each other a grbiter Proportion

Farts

^4^^

niOied by

and

IS^;

each

fince

the Quantity

thaii their firil

O 0

is

But

it

dimi*
is

alfd

Jiteeflary that the laft Stability fhould be greater

than the
iKrhen

fmce the fame Efforts or Shocks^

firft,

they are

made upon

|>roduce a greater

upon the
portion

fclves
is

the

Momentum

in the Ratio

at mo(b,

Therefore fihce the

or Sternj

when made

But

Sides of the Vcffei.

is,

Head

than

their

of

Pro-

AB

Stabilities

to^

them-

much greater Proportion, it

when a Vdfel has a fuiiicient Sta*.

preiirve a

plain, that

bihty with refpefb to

its

tan be no doubt of

with refped to

its

its

lefTcr

great

A B

Axe

there

having a fufficient onei

Axe C

For which
reafon

Digitized by

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Confruahn 4md Preftrius of Vegds.

5l

ca AP

icalbn

IX.

we

Stability

ihali in this

Chapter only confidcr the

with iciped to the great

and examine by what Means

'

be increafed and

tiiis

carried to a

Axe

Degree

B,

may

Stability

requifite

for the Safety of the VcffcL

% 66.

The Momentum of
iwith refpe6k

to

found

[A BJ =

notes

tlie

the SeAion of

Axe

great

its

~^

Fradion which

Re^ngle

between the Limio of

Water

fi

and where

ceflary to icn.ember that a

de-

found by dividing

is

A B. C D,

Water

has been

where

^-

the Area of the Section of

che

is

and

CD

by

is

ne-

it

always coniprizcd

Now we may

i-.
2

alwaya conceive the immerfcd Volume V. as

the Produdl of the Area of the Se&ion

Water which
multiplied

has been denoted by

a.

of

A B. C D,

by a certain Part of the Depth

we have put :^0.1E% it muft

I Ej which Part

be

obici vcd

contained

alfo

between

would take place

tions

that

is

always a Fra^iuii

and

i
2

fince the Firft

if

all

the

tranverle Sec*

were Redangles, and the Second if they

were Triangles whofc Points terminated

Keel:
iioit

It is true that in thefe

at the

Limits we have

taken into confideraiion the Obliquity with

which

Digitized by

Google

Confiru^M mtd

Prcperties

'-g^.

Feffeb.

which the Body nCts cawards the Head and

Stern, from whence
there refults, without
doubt, fomc Diminution

however

appear that the Value of

p can

left

At

than

all

events

we

it

does not

chap.

ever become

(hall leave this

Letter ^indeterminate I from thence

Volume

V=

Term of

foie the 6rft

wiU be

= A?

vaniflies

we have the

AB. CD. IE

the

and there-

Stability

"^^^

out of the Calculation, but

again into the

AB

Length

enters

it

Weight

67.

'

Afterwards

with

refped

the

to

Interval

OG = OF + FGwe have ihewn that the P^rc

OF

may

always be fuppofed s:
^

^p

6i

coniequently our Expreffion for the Subility,

with refpeA to the

A B,

Axe

will take this

form.
a
.

12 P

C D
1

From whence upon

the

+P
firft

view we draw

this

abfolutc nccelTary Condition, tiut the Exprcf-

00

Digitized by

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C^nfftrH^im and Propertifs of V^el^*

|hc Quantity

Jll-^*

IJP

+ F G.

For

thcfp

if

two Quantities were cqusd, the quUibrk)m of

the VefTel would be infenftble j and if die Firft
was Ids than the Second, the Equilibrium
would be unftabk^ and the VeOel would be
In order to

a by the leaft Agitation,

overtun

render this Condition more intelligible, let both

^. I?,

Parts be multiplied by
fit

take

this

form
12

cn^
.

may

it

'

'

(3

_Je' +ii.lE.FG

(3-f-i

From whence we ob&irc,

the Breadth

that

CD

'

that the Square

of

muft always be grater than th^

,.*

'

'

t\

yalue of the Expreflion

_iliL-.Ti+ili.IE.F.G.

In order
fpedting

that

this

important Condition re.

the Stability of Vcflels

better underftood, let

Abbreviation,

>-

lis

"^^^

may be

.put, for the iake

= w,

tnd

the

of

=%

Digitized by

O^firu^m and Properties

Condicioa

our

then

will

ef

$5

Vejfels.

be

expreflcd. in

IE.

chap

manner

this

CD > m. 1e'+ .
Now

iince the

ifrom A to -L,

two

Letters.

and perhaps the

and ^ may vary

laft

(3

become even

2
Ids than J.

we (hall exhibit the

Values q the

2
Letters

we

0^ 8
.1

m and n in the

following Table, where

give to a fuccefBvely the Values of

J

o,

o, 7

o,

o, 8

and

o, 7

which Values of m and

o,

and

o, 6

to

o, 5

n, refulting

(3

i o,

thofc of

and o, 4

from each

Combination of the Values of a and p, we

fliall

exprels in Decimal Fradions.

V4lues

Digitized by

5(

'

CotiftruSm and Prefer$ies 0/ Vifeb.

CHAP.
Values of a*

p
1,0

0,9

0,8

0,7

0^6

0,5

1,0

6,00 6,67 7^50 8,57 10,00 12,00

12,00 13^33 15,00 i7'4 20,00 24,06

0,9

5,12
6,40 7>3'
8,53 10,24
10,80 I2>00 i3>50 i5>43 18,00 21,60

474 534 6,10 7>2 8,54

9,60 10,^7 12,00 37i 16,00 19,20

P34

3^46
8,40

j>/ / 6,92
933 10,50 t2,00 14,00 16,80

2,70
7,20

8,00

2,00
6,00

2,22
6,67

i37

1,52
5i33

4,80

33S
386 4>50 5,40
9,00 10,29 12,00 15*40

2,50

2,86

i>7'

1,96

6,00

6,86

:=

sn

m
n

=m

=n

==

3>33 4>00
|O,0O 12,00

2,28
8,00

74
9,60

69*

There can be no doubt but

all

the poHiblc

Ca(^8 are conuined in tbia Table, yet at tho

extreme Values of the Letters and |3 are ex<r

eluded from Praflice, the adual Calcs, which
ufually havp plage in

V^ia^ oiq^

fought;

for

Digitized by

Google

Cotiftru^m and Propmits of

fye

FeJJels,

this Tables an.d chap

IX.
more ii here required than to aflign
Limits which the Square of the Breadth

towards the middle of

as nothing

'

certain

C D mud exceed,
'able i
ill

and

that fufficiently confidcr-

a Icrupulous Preclfion would here be very

For which reafon we have only to

placed*

take care that thefe Limits are not edabliihed too

fmalli and for this purpofe

Cafe where and

|3

are each

feems that the

it

= o, 8

Is

very pro*

per to be applied ainioft to every Veflcl ufed in

In this Cafe therefore

{Navigation.

have

5,

34 and nzz

we ihaU

12^ 0O9 and our other

Lim^ w|U b^

CD> 5, 34. IE + 12. IE. FG.

However,

would

in order to iliew

influence the Value of

add another Cafe, where a

which

how

ff'iil

a fmall difference

CD we fliall here-

n o,

and p

o, 7,

give us this Limit

p>4, 94. IE*+ It. I

In the prefcnt Cafe

depends upon the Pro-

all

portion which the Hcighlh

Depth of the Body

ble that the Heighth

the Pppth.

I^

FG,

FG

where

FG

it

bfars to the

appears proba-

docs never furpafs half

and with

refpedt to the

Cafe

where the Center qf Gravity G falls under the

iSmface of the Water* this Depth will be always

Ks

Digitized by

Google

Ca^ntShM and Proferiiis

-^Icis

than

of Gravity
mits,

we

t^ifik.

Thus, by fuppofing the Center

to be fituated between theft Li-

fhall

have the following HypotheHs

for both Cafes,

For
ift.

= o, 8 and ^ = o, 8.

the Cafe where

If

FG = o, 5. IE, wcfhall have

CD >

td. If

3d. If

X 1,

34. 1 E, and therefore

FG = o, 4. IE we (hall have
CD ^ lOf 14. IE, and therefore
CD>3, 19. IE.

FG =:

3.

IE, we

CdV 8, 94,
^th

7, 74.

CD>2,

^th.

have

e! and therefore

Cp>2, 99, IE.

If FG = o, S.IE, wefhallbave

CD
jth.

ihall

IfFG = o,

IE, an4

therefore

79.IE.

i.IE, welhaUhavc

CD > 6, 54. 1 E, and tjierpfore

CD>2, 56. IE,
If FG =: 0, o. IE, we Oudl have
CD 5, 34. IE, and therefore
7tb.If
'

Digitized by

Coogle

Cenjiru^im and Proferties of

FG

Vejfck.

we

2?th.

If

8tli.

CD 5> 4> I4 IE> and therefore

CD >r 2} 04. !
If FG = o, 2. I we Ihall have
CD >
CD>
If

o, i, I E,

2, 94.

IE, aad

I9

IE.

;2.

ihali

have

XHAP

therefore

FG = ~o/3.IE,welhaUiiavc

CD > X, 74. I,*id therefoie

CD > I, 32. IE.
^or the Cafe where r:
|ft. If

2d. If

7.

FG- 9, 5. IE, we
CD>-

10, 94.

FG =

o, 4.

IE

IfFG=:o,3.

and

CD >^ 9> 74- 1 E,

CD > 3, 13. IE.

|c|.

fliall

IE, we

and ^ :i

jr

have

tlicreforc

flxaU

have

ai)d therefore

IE> we

CD > 8, 54, I,^

CD p>2, 93. !

ihi^U

hav^

and ^rdfbre;

<

|tb. If

FG

z= o,

CD

7,

2. 1

E, we

lhall

have

54. IE, and diercforc

CD2>2,7i. IE.
5th. If

Digitized by

.Ccnfiru&m and Propmm

XH AP,

5tb. If

FG == o,
C D > 6,

1. 1

ViJJtk*

we iball have

14. I E,

and therefore

CD>a,46.I.

FG > o, o. I E, we lhall have

CD > 4, 94. 1 E, and therefore
CD>2, aj. IE.
If F G =: o, I. IE, we lhall have

6th. If

7th.

CD > 3,
tcfa*

If

and therefore

74. I

CD>i, 94.

IE.

FG = ~o, 2. IE, m (hall have

%
CD >'29 54. IE, and therefore
I

CDp'-

1, 60.

IE.

FG = o, 3. lE^welhallhave
C D >- J4. 1 E, and therefore
CD>x, i6,IE

9th, If

1,

This Confideratton will therefore furpilh us

with one of the moft important Rules in the Coo
ftrudion of Veflels, which

is

to give a proper Pro-

portion between the Breadth of the Bodjr and iu

Depth, when the Heighth of theCenter of Gravity

is

known ; and we

fee that whiift the

Center

of Gravity G
muft always furpaft
Breadth of the Veflel C
of
the
Depth
I
the double
E ; and that in pro*
is fituated

above the Water, the

portion as the Center of Gravity

is

more

cle

ateci.

Digitized by

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But

vated.

as

we have

here' oiilf alTigned the Ctt AF

CD

Limit which the Breadth

we oughc

exceed,

muft exceed

this

muft

As

Limit.

of the

the Violence

it

that depends

on

have

Let us fuppofe, for

may

example, that a Vcffel

Depth

IE

and that

2, or

CD

thatCD

Center of Gravity

its

in great fe-

fail

of whole Body

5 to

as

C 6 :>

2,

32.

IE, which

differs

to

its

IE

'

fituated prccifc-

is

our

iinoe

is

=: 25.

upon the Surface of the Water or

Thi^ being granted,

which a Veflel

iuftaia, it is abfohitely oeceiiary to

curity, the Breadth

IX.

ncccflarily

how much

Efforts

tecourfe to Experience

ly

muft

enquire

to

firft

FG = o
Cafe gives

from that of Ex*

perience by o, 18, or nearly the thirteenth Part of

our Limit,

therefore,

by augmenting each of our

Limits one thirteenth Part, we

CD

Value of the Breadth

fliall

find the true

But the Limits

for the other Cafe will require to be increafed

one eighth Fart*

it

With
is

refpeft to the

Depth

of the Body,

here proper to remark, that Builders

monly give

to Veli'eis

little

wards the Stern than towards the Head

Cafe

it is

certain

evident that our

Mean.

com^

more Depth

Depth

The common

muft have

reafon given

that Veifel^ are then

for fuch a Conftruftion

is,

managed more

but the true reaibn

eafily

to-

in this

is

without

Digitized by

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C&nfiru^ion and Properties of

6z

CHAP,

without doubt, that when thcVcffel

Way puihed

IX.

VeffitL,

jMMrizontal

is

under

by the Wind, its Keel then becomes

fince the Force of the Wind com-

inonly gives to the Veflel an Inclination towards

And with

the Head.

we

yet faid

regard to
that

obferve^

all

we have

that

befides

increafing

the Section of the Water, the moft

eflfedhial

means to augment the Stability, is to carry

as low as it b pofflUe^
the Center of Grayky

or diat Circomftances will admit*

^>

.1 ..

.1

CHAP.

tlfM fie JLUBng and PiUbing of

WHENEVER
Inclination

brium, whatever

produced

it,

it

a Veffcl has

received

art

from its Sute of Equili*

may be the Caufe which

will

urged by

be

to return to an Equilibrium,

an accelerated Motion^}
ccITarily

V^^t

happens that

it

Stability

its

and

that

from wheifce
will

pals

it

beyond

to an oppofite Inclination, until this

by
ne^
it

Motion

ihali

be deftroyed, by which nieans the Vefiel

will

again return to

and

will vibrate in

its

State of Equilibrium^

the ikme manner as a Pen-

dtthm

Digitized by

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Otfiru&un and

dulum makes

Propiriies

Veffils*

This Motion

OTcillstkNis.

its

be equally regular, unlefs

will alfo

ic

be

dif-

turbed by the Reiiftance of the Water, of which

we

fliall

make any Account,

not here

Axe

There-

of a Veflel round any

fore, fince thefe Vibrations

whatever to which the Inclination has been

perfectly like the Qfcillations of a

Pendulum, the Nature of them cannot be better
known than by determining the Length of a

made, are

Ample Penduluns, which would make its Ofciliatbns in equal Times. Such a Pendulum is
named Ifochronal to the Vibrations of a VeiTeh

Pendulum, which wc
ples

ibali

of Mechanics'have

Rule

for determining the

At

tion.

firit

it

put

the Princi-

Time of one

neceOary to

is

/,

furniflied the following

know

Ofcilla-

the

dif**

tance which a Body defcends freely in one Second

of Time,
nearly
fliall

I'his

js

found by Experiment to be

16 Feet Engliih Meafure,

here denote by the Letter

the Letter

ir

which we

then fuppofing

to denote the Circumference of a

Circle whofe Diameter

is

Unity, the

Time of

fuch an Ofcillation expreifed in Seconds will be

always

JL^. or

we thuft divide the Length.

CBAF* by

or by

we

medes, then
,

according to the Rule of Afclii*

have the Time of one

fliall

Ofcillation cxprciTed in Seconds.

75.
It is thereibre neceifary to find for each pro*

pofed Cafe this Length

dulum

for our purpofe

Ihall

it

Principles

the

is

a Quellion

will

be

to re-

fufficient

the refults which arc derived

late here, fimply

from

of an Ifochronal Pen*

moit profound Refcarches:

the

that requires

But

which, widiout doubt,

of

As wc

Mechanics,

the Queftion in general,

here confider

when a VeiTcl is inclined round any Horizon^

Axe whatever paiUng through its Center

tal

of Gravity

it

above

is

all neceflary to

know

the Stability of theVefiel with refpeft to this

^

Axe, which

is

always a Produfb of the Weight

of the Vefiel

we

fuppole =:

will

be

know what
mentum of
to the

J i

in

by a ceruin Line, which

this means the Stability

by

befides

it

Mechanicks

is

is

alfo

ncceflary to

called

the

Mo

of the Vefiel with re^ieft

lame Axe, which is found by multi'
Inertie

plying every

(he Veifel,

particular

each

Part of the Mafs of

by the Square of

tancc from this Axe, and by collefting

its

Di&

all

thefe

Produds into one Sum, which we ihall cxpreis

by M.rr, feeing that it will be always a Pro*

dua

Digitized by

OnJhtfSm and Properties

duft of the entire Weight

M of the

But

r.

chap,

two Ele-

thefe

X.

-"^

being known* the Length of the Ifo*

meats
chronal

Pendulum

.viding

the

the

VcflH,

a certain Line,

multiplied by the Square of

which we here put

.6$

efVeffetu

will

always be found, by di-

Momentum

Stability

MS,

M. rr bf
we ihall,have

of Inertie

therefore

rr

76.

AAer

thefe general

DeMminations we

conGder the Cafe where a Ve0el makes

tions

this

by which

Motion

the Veflel

remark, that

Time in

this

little

and
from

neceflary to
a

long

Body of the VeHel

much curved round

Motion can meet with

ter,

It is at firft

Motion may be prcierved

a calm Sea, (ince the

in general fo

Head

Rolling,

alternately inclined

is

one Side to the other

named

is

fhall

Vibra-

round the great Axe direded from

to Stern

is

its

Axe,

this

Refiflance in the

whofe Efforts being diredred very nearly

wards the

mentum

Axe

will

itfelf,

produce but

capable of diilurbing

this

will therefore be eafy to obferve the

Vibrations,' and by this

one Experiment only

means we

the

its

Wa-

little

to-^

Mo-

Motion.

It

Time of thefe
fiiall

find

by

Length

the liuchro-

that

from thence

r r

OJJL

ftAdulum

wc might

= -7,

aiii^n the

fo

Value of one of

thefe

two

Quantities

Digitized by

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06

CHAP*
X*

Ccfifiruffion

and Prcfertrej of VtJ^.

Quantities r or

known.

Motion of RolHng

being already

other

the

we

Befides

perceive,

alfo

will be ft

flow and gentle in proponion as

Pendulum becomes longer ^

evident, that, fince

die Denominator

Hbchronal

whence

much

as

Cai^

r r

augmentation of the

(hall obtain therefore this

as far

i's

We

circumftances will permit.

Length/ by placing

it

wi4t be nccef&ry to ufe

means of increafmg the Numerator

the
as

it

Ae

firom

xht more

not proper tordkiinilh

it i^

j,

that this

much

the

all

Weight of the

a poifibte fiom the great

difliant

Horizontal Axe, which pafles through the Center

of Gravity

according to the Length of

the Yeffel.

S 77-

The Vibrations mad.e rpjiwd the. Tranfireriib

Aze of the Yt^\ are. very- ne^P the fane 4
thefe

we

call

is akf^rnately

Stern.

Pitching;

by which the

But then

the Denominator s

in
is

the

exprefilon / r:

mMb gftatei>> than ^VMkfi

preceding Cafe, fince the StaBllity-^]^

to this

Axe

Veflfel

inclined towards the Jbiead and

is

many um<^

greati^c^

refpfift

d)an:'|j^

which correfponds to the Other, ^rom'wMMjb

the Value of / would become much lefs, and
therefore the Motion of the Pitching more
rapid.

6ut we muft

likiewife coofider,

^t the
Value

Digitized by

ConftruSiioH

and Proper ttes of Veffdu

ValuB of the Letter r

greater than in the

is

in

Cafe irtuch

this

pnxeding one,

leeing that

Weights contained near the Head and

all thfi

Stern are fcqr diftant from the Tranfyerfe Axtt

and

Value for the Letter

this

nue

fo

"

'

as in the preceding

Ca& I

Motion of Pitching could not oond*

long as

Head and
quicy^

X.

circumdance might occafion as great a

this

But

chap,

that

Stern,

would

of Rolling, bccaulc iht

on account of

fufier

their

Obli^

a very confiderabk Refill

tance by Diping and Rifing alternately, thefe*

fore

thift

Motion

deftroyed, the

will in general be very looa

Water being fuppofcd

perfeftlf

calm.

S 78,

But when
eafily

the Sea

conceive

that

is

much

both

agitated,

Rolling

the

we
and

Pitching muCb fuiSer very confiderable alteration^

from
falling

it,

ieeing that the alternate rifing

and

of the Waves themfclves are capable of

producing a Vibration in the Veficl, aitho' it

had not received an Inclination from any other
Force*

But

in

order to determine

ilic

Mocions

with which the Vcilcl would then be iinprciied.

Theory leaves us entirely in the dark, feeing that on one fide

wc

arc

ftill

abfolutely

ignorant of the Laws by which Water agitated

upon Bodies which float therein, and oa
hand the Lxpreflion before foundi for
other
the

Fa

the

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CM/hnXm^ and Prtperti^ of

6B

CHAP*

no longer have place.fbr the

alio the Length of

Stability could

fame reafon

X.

and therefore

the Ifochronal Pendulum, which

affigned,

Vejfels.

becomes

we have

juft

Alio expe-

entirely falfe.

rience has (hewn us that the Forces which a

troubled Sea exerts

Waves upon

by. its

a VeiTei

ate entirely difierent from thofe which

'

ferve in a Calm.

We even

up by

Veflel

lifted

is

the

an accelerated Motion, and

one

we ob-

remark, that when

Waves,

falls

it rifes

by

by a retarded

which appears ditedly oppofite^ to the

Principles

tliat

we commonly form upon

the

a&ion of Waten

79-

However,

we

altho*

arc very far

from being

able to determine any thing with certainty

this matter, it will not

that the Waves

manner
the

firft

commonly fucceed each other in a

and by eqnal intervals

iufficiently regular

of Time,

fo

iijioa

be improper to remark,

that

Stroke,

it

when

received

will receive at equal intervals

of Time the fecond,

fore if the Veffel

a Vcflcl has

third,

itfclf

&c. Shocks. There-

was of fuch a nature

as to make its Vibrations in the fame intervals

of Time, the following Stroke of the Waves
would always meet the Vellci in the fame
fitpatioh as the preceding one, and therefore its

Force would be re-united for to augment the

Motion of the

YeiTel,

by which means

it

might

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CMftruffm and Propertiis of

at )aft
tervals

Vcffel,

CRAP,

become dangerous. But if the faid inof Timfe between the fuccelTion of the

Waves, and the Vibrations of the

ib

6^

Vtjklsi

X.

""""
were

propor^^bned among^ :themielvV that the

following

Stmke Ihould

deftroy the Efieft of

the preceding one, the VelTcl might then fuSer

my rude Shocks
when

the

more

Head and

efpecially in Pitching,

Stern had received very

quick Motions, and that new Efforts of the Water

verc fuddenly oppofed to them as there might

then well refult fuch a tremulous Motion in
Parts of the VcfTel as

would endanger a

all

iofs

of the Mafts.

Fj

BOOK

Digitized by

QiuJiru^iGU and

Pr^tUi af F^Ui

BOOK

IL

A^oo

in their Coufios, and upon tbe

rf the Rudder.

MA
Hi/j^mii ^
C

(^iik

/4f^

p.

a.

Fhmc

Su$;J[^u

mmj^

in IVater.

AS

I.

long as a Body immerfed in Water con*

tinues

at reft, every

fuftains equal PrefTures;

Part of

Surface

its

which being reiolved

into Horizontal and Vertical ones, the former

mutually dellroy each other, and die Vertical

ones are reduced to a Force equal

to the Weight
Volume
Water,
which
of
would occupy
of a

the fame Space as the Fart immerfed, and by

which

it is

ner, as

pufhed upwards

we have

in

a vertical Man<^

foon as the Body

is

put in Motion,

experience another Force befides

fures,

and which

we name

But as

already demonftrated*
it

will then

thefe

Pref-

Motion $ this
the Refiftance of the Water, and
is

oppofed to

its

which we propgfc here to determine

At

firft

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Praties

Q^firn^ion

of V^cis.

CHAP.,

Qbfervc^ that this Force of Refinance

wc muft

dcpciuls priQc^aUy on che Figure of the Body

Preflum

whilft the
Ibiuteiy

independanc

"

before* mentioned arc ab-

which reafon

for

is

it

prsi^r to bqgin our Rdcarches by the conii-

of Plane Surfaces^ which are moved

Water with a certain Velocity, both in a

deration
in

dired and oblique

moved

Diredlion of

its

lame Surface

Manner.

a direft Manner

in

Motion

in

Surface

perpendiciilar to

is

but Qbiiquely,

is

Water when the

if thi3

the

Dire^on is

obUfjue toiu
*

Let us

therefore confider any Plane Surfiice

whatever moving

t)ire&ion

With

in

Water, according to the

perpendicular to the fame Plane,

which we fuppofc :r

a Velocity

noting the Space gone

of 'Time,
cities w^ll

as this

over in

de-

one Second

manner of reprefeoting Velo-

give us the moft clear idea of them

then, fince that Surface could not continue

its

Motion without pufhing the Water before it,

there will happen a CoHiQon ; from whence muft
neceffarily rciult a certain

Force by which the

Surface will be impeded or urged, backwards i

and we

lee evidently that this

perpendicular

to

direAly contrary to

the
its

Force

Surface, and

Motion ; or
4

will

be

therefore

rather, this

Surface

^'^*

o$^m^n and Properties of

72

Veffeb.

Surface will be in the lame Situation,

4

being puflied Horizontally

it

as

if

had to

fijft^in

Column of Water fo that if we knew

the Heighih of this Column we ihould have an
exa^ knowledge of the Refiftsince which this
certain

meets

Surface

with

required therefore to

in

the

Water.

this

CoJumn, whofe

ad

It

is

Hetghth will fiirniih us with the juft Meafiire

of the Rcfiftancc which we feck for we have
only to multiply this Heighth by the Area of the
Surface

itfelf,

in order to find the Solidity

Maft of Water whofe Weight would be

of

a(

precifely

equal to the Force Qf the Refiilanc^.

But the following Reafoning

will lead us to

the knowledge of this Heighth

evident, that the Surface
in

W atcr

fame

with a Velocity

EflTort as if the

that the

Water

manner with

It is at firft

A B C D,

by moving

will fuftain the

Surface wais at

ftruck

it

reft,

and

a perpendicular

in

the fame Velocity

but

if in this

fome Fart of the Surface was pferced

by a fmall Hole, the Water would cfcape there
Situation

precifcly with a Velocity

c.

Let us

at prefent

Column of Water fuch a

'Heighth, fo' that the Water might run out
with the fame Velocity at a Hole made in the
give to the faid

Bottom

there cannot then be any

the Surface will in

both Cafes,

doubt but
be equally
prclTed

Digitized by

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Conjhru^iott

and Properties of

7JT

Vejfek.

CHAP,

preflcd or adled upon-, therefore putting this

Heighth ==
Surface

=/

be

and the Area of the Bafe, or the

=/*,

I.
'

the Soliditjr of thc eokimii^viU-

atid confequently the* Weight of an

Volume of Water will give us the true
force of the Refiftance, by which the Suifaoe
w31 be preffid or aAed upon in a perpendicu-

'

'

equal

lar

Manner, or

in a

Modon,

of ip

pirc&ion contrary to thac

'

.1,,

>

ri

.*

But we know, both from Theory and Expe-rience, that

the

vhofe' Heighth

a Hole

in

the

Body

that a

wouM

Water coAUioed in. a .VeHel

ss ^'b^ ytSl-tm oae thiougli.
Bottom with the fame Velocity

falling

the Heighth

from the fame

And

acquire:

.irj^eigh^h

through which

Body

falls

one Second, we

be fuck, that
tance

in

alio know, the Velocity wilt

it
would run: through, a. ^if-*.

=2V^

fore this Velocity

in the
is

fame Time. Since thereor 2

fuppofed rr

by taking the Square

we

if the Letter ^.dcnotea.

have the Heightli faueht

r *,
Z>

ii

2=

r,'

from whence

:::::

conic-

quently the Force of the Refiftance which the

fuppofed Plane Surface

AB C D =/^

experience by moving

Water with the Vdoi

dty.<>.wiU b^ =;*

in

apd by

this

wiU

Fore?
th^

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C^ru^an

74

CHAP*

aid, P.rofirlKes.of JCxfkls^

the Surface will be a^led upon in a PircfrtiQa

coniraiy to iu Motions

I*

.Hence yft

of the Veiocuy,

Sguare

dqnal.^to the

Area of the

hf dib mffyif the

Plate

Let us now,

I.

in

and

R^ance ss

per^:i^ de ter*^

BC

'Watr with die fame Velocity =:

La A B
E

fkiXi

its

confider
is moved
imcutan

Plane, and fnppofe

ipeftat the

ptopokd

Plnnar^^tr'^

P^the Difai<in of iu Motion

a Velocity

^,

it ii ' then:-

tbis^^

be any Angle whatever

to

Inclination

propor-

alio

the fame manner

oblique Direction to

to the-

Syirfaix itfeV, forthat,

the Cafe where the Surface

in

that

fte.

tkis Refiftaocc is always proportional

'

and the Angle

Fkne wiU

evident diat this

with

AEF

(p ;

itUfailll

Ait^fmo Force as if it was at rc^lf and ihe

Wdtcr ikuck it in the Dir6d:ian F E, with the

fum

Velocity s this. FoFpo laighi: thegeloro fti|l

be compared with the Weight of ceiltatA
Column of Water iuftained by the fame Bafe j

and

as this Force is properly but a

follows, that

lore,

it

upon

the Surface

which

will

k
in

mere Prefads perpendteolafl^

the Diredtion

not therefore be diredUy

the Dueftion of the

Modon

found

this

we have

Prcffure

it

into

to

but having

G, which fuppofe

only to refokc

EG,

coniwy

two

P,

jothers 1

one

Digitized by

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E H,

one in tbe Diredion

the otber in

of

tfate

^ F,

the latnc

H which

perpendi*

is

cular thereto, and confeqiiently does not op-

pofe

itfclf

From

to the Motion.

^ttA^
JL

^"tmmm

wlience the

&fiftaiice> dureAl7 coptraiy to the.Motioiit will

be =: P.

Sin.

KH

bccaufe

which we

EG
=:

i$

and

(p,

IBuc ia order

to

us apply the fame Prin-

hame

jtift

Ao-

the Sine of that

= E G.

find this PreiTure, let

ctple

AE

Angle

teptefents

Radius being

gle>

Angle

fince the

(p ;

evidently equal to the

piate

I.

-made ufe of nh tht

preceding Cafe, and confidering a Current of

Water

to ftrike

io

Dice^Uon

thft

upon the Surface

AB

at reft

with a Velocity zz

it

was pierced with a

E, the Water would freely pafa there in

is plain, that if the Surface

Hok

at

.che Diieftion

H, without changing either

DireAioA or Velocity

let

us

Velocity into two others, one

I,
oth^r

perpendicular to

inm

that of I

fince this laft has

ti0n,

the

firft

only

the

now refine

the Dircdlion

in

and the

Surface,

H parallel

its

this

thereto

no influence upon the

in rhc Dirc(5tion

theo,

Mo-

muft be

iMfidtivd as the eSeft of the Siiock which the

Surface

But beraufe the Angle

experivnccs.

E H I = A E F =: f
H6dM EI will ke =1

this Velocity in the

Di-

pi k h mqmtci
liierdbcvlofind thcHe^htkof a Cotunia of Wa*
ter,

Sin,

w^ich being (biUiaed by the fame Bafe^ the

ytmr imdd- 0y oatimMMt Velodcy s

Sia. f

But

Digitized by

Coagle
-ji

Cof0fttffk

76

^ have

CHAVtt But

Mi Properties of

juft fliewn 'that,

we have h

by

calling this

J bgzz

Heighth by we might put %

fronv, wbcQice

VeJfelSk

1-1

Sin.o

^:

which

being multiplied by the Area of the Surface/**

'

will give

the

Dircftion

E G

and

is

force

of the

Reflfl^'ncic

in.

the

perpekdrcular to the Surface,

we have

the total Refiftance that

called

therefore the Refift^ncein a piredtion contrary 10

.

'

......

*'*

ThuSjby keafoninfrs both

.fbeModOB'.wiU be P.Siii.^ =:

*..

fimple and conclu-

:five,"we have obtained fixprefiions which Ihow

TO

in all Cafes where'

'K rhoved in

anObliqtiity
r

W Wane

Water with

AEF =

itt.tp

>

both the

^^11

contraiy to the Motion

^tfae fitft

r,

and with

total RcMance,

^ Dire&ion

...

4^

A B s:/ *

Surface

a Velocity

= CZ!:-5if!i^.

iwe fee that the total Refiftance

Ratio com^jofed,

ift,

From
is

in a

of the Area/* of the Sur-

face itfelf^ 2dly, of the Square of the Velocity

-i*' \

and 3dly, of the Square of the Sine o the

Obliquity, or of the Angle

AEF

But the

^.

Refiftance in a Diredkion contrary to the

is in

aRatto compofed,

ift, alio

of the

Motion

Area/ ^,

and, zdly, of the Square of the Velocity c

^
;

but

Diyiiizixi

by

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fffH

and Properties of Fejfeff.-,

but jdly, of the Cube of the Sine of the Obliquity.

long:

It
ag;o

founded

upon

is

the Theory

ail

moving

We

to overcome.

in

cif4.p

known
we have

Principles,

Mathematicians, that

to

Iblid Bodies

two

thefe

of Refiftance which.

any Fluid whatever have

have

heretofore given

alfo

different Demonftrations of thefe Principles

that which has been juft delivered

to'b^.

aj^ars

but

the moft evident and qondufivc*

In order that this Matter

explained,

Cafes together,
face

ift.

=/*, moved

manner

A a with

another Surface
tion with the

may be

Let

AB

be a Plane Sur-

through the Water

a Velocity

AC

is

=c

in a dire6t

and adly, that-

movecl in the fame Direc-^

fame Velocity =:

the Angle of Obliquity being

the

the better

us compare the two following piatel.

let

Area of the Surface

AC

r,

but obliquely,

aACzztp.

Let

be to the Area of

A B as the Hypotheneufe A C to the

A B, then having drawn the Line B parallel to A
in order that thefe two Surfaces
the

firft

is

Bafe

if

tf,

may oppofe

the

fame

then the Area of this

l>c

= ^^-

as the

AB has

ReMance of

Water;

of

Surface

This being done,

ance of the Surface

and

Column
laft

A JC

will

fhice the Ref\fi:.

been found

the Surface

=
A C,

is

cohtf^iry

^**4-

CHAP,

/*

contraiy to the Motion, by fubfticuting

SiB.^

I.

/*

inftcad of

our

in

ExpreiEon,

Lift

bc=im^i2:!i

two Re-

therefore thcfe

to etch other

fiftances are

a Unity

Square of the Sine of the Obliquity.

if the Angle

BAC

and

Sin.

potheneufc

Angle

AC

was =r 45*^ becaufe 9 ts 45^

would be

A B,

Hy

we

one half of

more

make
jo%
^

ihould

that of

z;:

A C would

than that of

A B*

\vc increafe the

Angle

tttnes greater

in genera!, the

B AC
face

if

the Reliftance of

and the Sin. ^ =:

And

precifely

and

B A C =: 60% becaufe

beconne four

to the

Hence,

1= ^, the Refinance of the

that of the Surface

the

will

it

the ieis will be the Refiftance of the Sur.

A C and will at laft almoft entirely Taniflu

For taking the Angle

B A C 80%

the

io that

Aogjk9=; 10% the Refiftaoce of A C will be only

part

of that of A B

be taken

and

if this

Angle

BAG

= ^5% or = 5% the ReGftance will be

reduced to the

f>

part of

it.

From

hence

we

131

perceive already

may be

how

the Refiftance of Veifels

eoofiderably dimmifted

by Icogtbemng

and contrading the Fore Part.

J
In

tbi3

8.

Comparifon we haye only cgnfidered

the

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ConjiruilwH and Properties of yejfels^

the Refiftance which

Motion

when

direflly contrary to the

^ubc,

is

cHAF'

fuffidnc

required to determine the Force of

is

It

is

Thi$ witkoitt

the Refiftance that Veflels experience in their

Courfess and

we know

already what

mediod

we muft

porfue in order to find this Refiftanoct

whatever

may

ciAly

be the Figure of the VefTel.

c^vkk the Sutface of

itQ irreoil very ftnaU ?ar(S|, vhich

For
Boty

we may

coalider as Plane Surfaces, acid to fearch the

eapb with rcfped ta tJbe: OificftiQA

Qbiiqaity

oC the Motion Bur i( v libmife equaU]* mcA

foy to detcri^inc u\ all Cafes what Force the
Rc&ftanoe. ^em 90 co^ m^lkm chcs Veiei } and
then

ii i(

iKGe0|r to

E:^prdQaoja,

whieh Wa

nab

vfe-ef

which denotes the

^*/*"

Sin.

Mf prindpal

tQtat Refiftaoce,

the ce&lutioD o Foscea deduce

dio& which

are a.ble tQ produce any Inclinauon whatjever*

FiniUI]^ it \k

Letter

here nscei&ry ca remembefytiMii thic

expreifcs

a l.ength of 16 Engjiflv Fec^

or very near, which

kiod

f^i iiisfearche^.

iuiiicicatly exaft foe theic

is

....

CHAP.

Digitized by

Gp(5Ie

Sq
.

and Properties of Veffek.

ConftruSfion
*"

CHAP-

Jib oj

^u\u ..CHAP.

'

II.

J->- --L
o^_5:;j
'.i-^^-^l Vp'on the Rejiflance of Veffels in their Dire^^

j_

HEN

the

Water

the

is

to

parallel

is

Axe of

rather to the great

a Veflel through

Motion of

Keel, or

its

Body, the Courfe

its

called Direft, in order to diftinguifti

thofe whofe

Keel.

It

it

from

Direflions are inclined to that of the

is

therefore neceflary that the Dire6b

Courfe fhould be

firft

confidered

and

in

order

to determine the Refiftance which the Veflel will

we have only

then experience,

to confider the

immerfed Part or the Body of the

Plate

I.

diametrical Se6lion
its

great

Axe

let

will at the

the Direftion of Motion

Vefliel

we

fame time exprefs

run through with that Velocity

Time.

CD

Let

the Keel

A
;

be the Head,
alfo fuppofe

of Gravity of the whole

the vertical Line

Water- Sedtion

in

GE

whofe

A B C D,

the Velocity of the

always fuppofe n:

fliall

Veflel,

be reprefcnted by

Veflel,

f,

or the Space

in

one Second of

the Stern,

and

to be the Center

from whence

let

be drawn, cutting the

F, and the Keel at E.

10. Let

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and Properties of V^eUm

ConJlruSiion

Id.
11-

Let us

at

firft

tranfverfe Seftion

6f the Veflel

wich a Velocity =:

Ci

the greateft

conceive, that

ftrikes the

Water

and that the Diredlion of

Motion is peipenditular to this Sedion ;

would be the cafe if the Vefiel was of a
prifmatic Form, and all the tranivcrre Sedions

its

this

equal to each others the Head would then be

minated at

A by a

dicular to the
verfe Sedlion

Axe

F E,

the

a be

Water

ihali

always con-

Let the Area of

f^, then fince

in a direft

it

this

ftrikes againft

manner, the Refiftance

to the Diredion of Motion will be

bppofitti

Next

ter-

perpen

B, and equal to the tranf-

which we

fider as the greateft.

Sedion

Plane

yerticai

it is

II.

evident that the

mean Dire^ion of

this Refiftance will pafs through the Center

Gravity of the Plane Surface

will

of

which being

the horizontal Line c d parallel to

fuppofed at

AB

Hiew the Diredion of the Force equi-

valent to the whole Refiftance

meets with in

we conclude

its

direS:

that the Veflcl

Courfe ; from whence

that the VelTel will, in the

be retarded by the Force

firft

place,

-,andfecondly,
finoe

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C99^ru8m and Properties

S2

CHAP,
II.
.

fince

ef Vegils,

thcDirc&ion eddot^ not pals through the

Diredion of the Center of Gravity G,

Momentum

Focce will alfo produce a

incline the Veflel

round

its

this

fame

tending to

Axe

tranfverfe

pafl*

ing through the Poii?t G, and perpendicular to

the diametrical Plane reprcfenced in
this

Momentum will

therefore be

(the

Figure

= ^ x G ^

by which the VeiSd will be inclined cowards the

Head A, and will in coniequence of it be mott
immerfed in the Water. Now, as we kiiow the
Stability

of the Yefiel with refped to the iame

Axis which

Angle
nation.
lince

and

i,

is

=M

we may even affign the

will make by us Incli-

x,

which the VefTel

For

this

purpofe we mult coniider that

M denotes the Weight of the whole

as

our

Momentum

of Force

a Volume of Water,
firfl

Vefibl,

exprefled

is

Force muft

this

in

by
the

Weight
Volume of

place be reduced to an abfolute

wherefore,

if

we fuppofc

the whole

V, the

.the immeriied Part, as above

turn of Force will be

being divided by the Stability

Sine of the Inclination or
Sin.i

Rl-^j will

Momend,

which

give the

= iV:.i.
4f V

12.

This Refinance which the

greaceft tranfverle

Seftion

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Conjlrudioii and Properties of Vejfels,

from

experiLnccs

Sc6lion

Water

the

may be

with an uniiorm Velocity,

moved

8^

when CHAP.
^*
confi-

may

dered as a Standard whereby the Reiiftance

alio be etlimaLeu
fel is

when

the Fore Part of

Vef-

tlic

of any particular Form, by fhewing how

much the adhial Refiftance is lefs

tranfverfe Seftion;

we

faid before,

tual Reiiftance

than that of the

and from what has been

readily conclude

that the ac-

may become much

than

lefs

that which

the tranfverfe Section would exoe-

riencc, fincc

we have demonftratcd

tipon the

Head becomes more

whence

follows, that the

Vefiel

ic

is

oblique

more

the

from

Head of a

lengthened and continually narrowed

before, the

more aMb will

But

nifhed.

Re-

that the

Action of the Water

fiftance dccreaies as the

its

Refiftance bedimi-

as the Contradfcion

ufually takes

place not only on the Sides towards the Middle,

but likcwife from the lower to the upper Parr,

we

eafily

comprehend a Force

will reluk there-

from, by which the Ve0el will be elevated, and

Motion retarded;

its

it

is

therefore ncceffary

both thefe Forces fhould be confidered

in order

to obtain a clear and juft idea of the whole RStdc

which the Refiftance

But

is

capable of producing.

as an Invcftigation

of thefe Forces

re-

quires Calculations that are extremely difficult

even for Veifeis of the moft fimple Figures

and

as

we

are obliged to content ourfelves with

merp

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ConJiru^ioH and Properties of

84

mere Approximations, before we enter into a

CHAP,

more
Plate

Vejfels.

^ifi. 6.

particular Detail,

it

will

a general

View of the

ABCD

be the Diametrical

be proper to take

Let therefore

Sobjeft.

of the

Scdlion

Veflel, or rather of the Part iramerfed, as before,

ftnd let the

Line

AC

reprefent the rifing of

the Stem from the Keel

fame Line

to the extremity

Water

at the Surface of the

or rather

let

the

A C reprefent the RAe of the Veilel,

and fuppofe the Velocity with which the

runs in the diredlion
evident upon the

BA

firft

to

View

be

=r

it

that all the

Veflcl

appears

^brts

of the Refiftance may be reduced, ift, Co a

horizontal Force in cheDiredion ^P, and therefore
Veflel

'

diredlf contrary to the Motion of the

this we lhall exprefs by the letter P.
;

adly, to a vertical Force whole Dire6l ion let be

fuppofed that of d Q^and which we (ball repreby the letter Qj it is alfo proper to remark

fent

that the Interfedtion

R,

wiiich

may be con-

fidered as .the Center of the Refiftance through

which the Diredtion of the Force

lent to the two precedmg Forces,
that

all

S, equivaio

will [mis

the EflForts of the Refiftance are rcduci.

blc to the finale Force

R S,

whofc Quantity

is

V P* Q.' and the Tanknown to be

gent of the Angle P R S or its Inclination to the
Horizon

will

be

by

>

this

means

it

will

be

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CmfiruSiim and Properties of

befuflicient to confider the

ach of whicjn

is

85

Vejfels^

two Forces P and

ch ap.

1I

always proportional to the

Square of the Velocity rf the Veffeh

At

we

prefent

14.

which

(hall confider the EfFedl:

each of thefc Forces will produce on the Veflel

Now

the

firft

or horizontal Force P, will (as in

the preceding cafe) produce a double fR;&,

one which

manner

uirefbiy oppofite,

is

Motion of the

retard the

as if

Gravity

Momentum
tranfverfe

of

this

Force with refped to the

Axe> which being =. P

i!he

Head of

GP

which

was applied

and by

this

to the Center

will

manner

of Gravity G,

by the Quantity or

produce a

Momentum

with refped to the

= Q^.

F Q, whofe Difirft Moelevate the Head

being contrary to that of the

mentum P

GP

will tend to

therefore if this Force be greater than the

tjie

Q^j aiid the other Etilft of this Force

fame Tranfverie Axe

reftion

Verti-

means the whole Weight of the

Vefiel will be diminilhed

Weight

is

produce a double Effed, one urging

the VefTel dtredly upward in the fame

it

will

In the

the VeffeL

fame manner the other Force

as if

fame

the

in

was applied to the Center of

the other EfFcd arifes from the
it

tend to deprefs

cal, will

and [ending to

Veflel

firft,

Stern of the Veflel will be depreffed by a

'

Mo-

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B6

CoH^u&ion and Pr^eriiis

Veffib.

Force =: Q^. FQ^

P . GP,
which being divided by the Stability of the

CHAP. Momeotutn of
n.
'

rcfpefl to the iame tranfverle

Vellcl with
will

from the

Axe

the Sine of the Inclination arifing

give

Ajftion of thefe

two Forces.

5 15-

From what

has been faid

evident that, in

it is

the Motion
which we have fuppofcd with a Velocity
f,

oidtr

it

to prefervc

mud

the Veilel

in

be urged dirediy forward by a Force

equivalent to that which

it

experienced from

Weight of the

the Refinance; and fincc the

VeiTel

diminifhed on account of the Re-

is

finance by a

Weight

add a new Weight

of Gravity

may

fufi'er

Force

firli

Gravity G, as at

P G
.

H,

may become

by which the Veflei is

no Inclination we muft

P above
fo

that

F Qj P. G Pj
2^

that

inclined towards the Seen),

GH

GH=

Momentum

precifcly equal to

P. G P,

=:

the Center of
its

which was.Qi^F
P.

only to

the Center

Laftly, in order that

changed.

may

apply the

at

p icfelf in order that the faid Center

not be

the Veflcl

Qj we have
placed

therefore

F Qj G

confequcntly

P, and

PHzz^.FQ,
I^ow

let

Yelfely

the Force

and

it is

H K = P be applied

to the

H will

evident that the Point

...

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Conjtru&ion and FropertUs of

be

precifely

cal

Axe

fillance

of the Verti-

in the Interfcction

G with the true Diredion of

R S.

S7

Vtjfels.

the Re*

chap.

UL

16.

But

in pra6licc

it

is

not ncceflary to load the

a new Weight Q,

Veilel with

iince

it

is

very

advantageous for the Refiftance to diminifh the

Weight of

the VelTel, and

it

highly improper to increaie

would therefore be
it:

Laftly, as

tlic

whole Vei&i will in this cafe befomethingelevated

the
is

Hollow of

the

Body

become

will

lefs

which

a favourable circumftance, fince the Refiilancc

will thereby

fequently a

be fomewhat diminiflied, and con*

lefs

Force

tinue the Ycifel in

its

will

then fufficc to con-

Motion.

CHAP,
Upon

the

the

III,

Method of ejtimating the Reftjlancf of

Part of a Veffil wbofe Figure u

Fm

given*

s 7.
the Fore Part be of fuch

a Figure that

IFall the Elementfi of its Surface are equally

clincd to the Dire6tion of Motion,

,

determine the ReiUtanLt: which

G4

is

it

is

if-

cafy to

contrary to

the

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88

and Properins of VeJj^lSf

Cotifirunicn

CHAP,
nr.

the

Motion

and with refpeft to the Refiftancft

which a Vefl^l experiences in a vcrdcal Direcpon it may be negleaed, as wc ihall Ihcw hereTherefore

after.

greateft tranfverfe

if

wc put

Area of the

the

/*,

Sedion of the Body

the Velocity of the Veflcl in the Direftion of 4U

principal

Axe B

n: ^ and

Angle with

the

which the whole Surface of the

Part

l^ore

is

the DireAion

pi Motion := e
we have fecn that the Refiftance which is opinclined

tp

pofed to the Motion, is equal to the Weight of

a Quantity of Wat^t whofe Volume would be

the

greateft

tranfycrfe

through

dircdly
Velocity,

its

the

Refiftance

Sed^ion

would be

Angle

the

that in-'the tJther cafe- the Refiftance

diminiflied as the Square

move

ihould

Water with

fame?

1^
is

as

fo

much

of the Sine of the

digers froiq Unity: and hence

it

ap-

pears that the Refiftance might be diminifhed at

pleafure, if other Circumftances equally eficntial

to the Velfel did not Limit

Now

it.

i8.

fuch an Equality of Inclination thro* the

whole Surface of the Fore Part of the Veflcl may

have place

in

which we

fliall

an

infinite

number of Caies, fome

ihew} as for

inftance,

if the

greateft

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CgnJlruLlicn

Figure of a

aod the Head have the

Wedge

terminated by the vertical

that all jhe

fo

A M N,
and

if

MN

raiieiogram, as

mong

Vejfels.

tranfvcrfe Sc6lioii be a re6barigular Pa-

gi'eateft

Line

and Pro^eriks of

horizontal Sedtions f jg, 7,

then the two Faioes

A a Mm
of the

will fuftain all the Efforts

Water under

IIL,

n would be Triangles /equal a-

themfeives

A aN

CHAP,
.

the fame Angle

f AM = FAN

F
M the Rcfiftance of

AM
to that of
Bafe M N w

= ^ whoie Sine being

'

fhis

as

Figure

F M*

will

to

be

AM

its

or denoting the Refinance

* }

pf the Bafe by the letter R^ that of the Fore Part

;ffiU

be

= R. FM^

AM

19.

The fame thing happens if the greatefl^tranfverie

S^dbion be a redangular ParaUelograin aa*beferc pfnt^ L
and the Fore Part E
be an inclined Plane fifing Pig*

from to

A in fuch a manner that ail the Sedtions

parallel to the diametrical one

angled Triangles equal to

jCafe the

and

its

become

AFE

For

Angle of Obliquity would be

Sine

ance will be

rightin this

F A E

^-E.^ from whence the Refift-

AE
E Fr= R.

where

denotes

the Refiftance of the pcincipal SeAion .F

The fame

Refiftance

would

alfo take place

if

the

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9dt

C^i^/hmiiiw

CH AP*
'

"

VejjtU.

Sc^kbo was a Semicircle

greateft traufverfe

E F and the Fore Pare

Cone fituated upon this Bafe, with its
Vertex at A. It is erjilenc alfo, that this Re*
delcribcd with the Radius

III.
*

md Pr&peHks of

'

half a

fiftance

is

whofe Bafe
that

equally applicable to any Pyran

is

of the C6ne before-mentioned

thefe Figures

id

a Polygon circumfcribed about

but as

we

not enter into prabice,

all

(hall

Ihew a Method of determining the Refinance

when

the Fore Part-

Plate

n.

y'K9*

For

this

of any given Figure

is

whatever.

purpofe

let

D E reprefent half the

greateft tranfverfc Section,

and

parallel to

us conceive feveral Sedions to be

made

at

it let

given

Diftances from thence* to the extremity of the

Fore

Psrt^tif the Veflei ami' .which

be projected

upon the Plane

tranfmrfe Seboo : of

thefe let any

MPQN

be yeppeftnted by

we

ftippoie to

of the

greatefl:

'

one whatever

and

let

mpqtr

be that of the next adjoining one towards the

Head,

defcribed

lame

the

in.

manner

as

Disaoghtfrnen \xf dowir the Lines of a TVeflcl

But

tor

our purpofe

it

will

fide r thefe Figures, only

Surface^ of the Waicer

be

D.

pofe feveral traniverle Lines,

S Q^f J

con-

fufficient to

from the Keel

Let us
as

to the

aifo fup*

R P^ r

and

to be drawn, cutting the former Lines

near^ at Right^gbSg^ fo that

means of
theft

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ConJhuSim and Propertin of

'

Vejfelsn

^efe two Orders of Lines the Area of the

Sedion

fecni

CD

firft

be divided into fevcrul

will

fmall Trapeziums and Triangles nearly Reftangiilar; as for example, the

we muft

wbicii

Trapezium

as

'

chap,

UL

take fo fmall that the Portion of

the Surface corre^nding to each

garded

Pp Qj

91

may be

re

whofe Inclination to the

Plane,

Dire&ion of Motion being known, we have only

P/

to multiply the Area

Q ^ by

the Square o

the Sine of this Inclination, and colled into one

Sum all thefe Produds

in order to

have the Value

of the Expreflion /.Sin.

^%

the double of

by

will

lyhich being multiplied

give

the

Refiftance which the Fore Part of the Veffel meets

v/ith in

a Diredion contrary to that of

its

Mor

Jtion,

In order to accompliih thefe Operations, let us

confider any one of the afoiefaid Parts
'd%

P Qj> q
M N;

deicnbcd upon the Plane of the Sedion

and fuppofmg the Interval between

and the following one

Pdrpendicuiars fir and

upon,

tbia^-

be

^l

\n

as well

as

this

mn tohozz

Sedion
let

the

each r: ^ be raifed

Plane, then the Points

ir

and

^ will

Surfaceof tte Fore Part of the Veffil

the Points

Quadrilateral

and Q^:

Therefore the

Q^will rcprefcnt a Portion

of the Sorfaee^ and will be the fame which we have

iQ

con^

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Co^^ruSm md Pripertiu cf

CHAP*
*|L
,

Vegelsi

in the

preceding Figure*

Area
Buthqrethe

Perpendiculars

p v and f ^ being

parallel to the

conceived

P ^ Q;j

to

correijpond

the Imall

to

great Aite of the Body, and conlequentljf

jMuralkl CO the

now

Dire^ioa of Motion,

aUb

we have

only to determine the Angle by which chele

P ^ f Q.
But it is evident that if the Angles P/;
and QjiP were right, the Angles Pw^ and
q would truly meafure this Inciination
Lines would be inclined to the Surface

Therefore fince

we

fuppofe thefe Angles nearly

wiU be

right, the Deviation

ever fince

it

is

inienfible

neceflary to multiply

How-,

by

the

Square of the Sine of the Inciinadon, we may,

Angles Pir^ and Q^^ ^ are not exactly

equal^.njwUiply by the Produd of pheir Sines^

wbfifl the

and

P Qi ^

this

which being
the Part

and

in the

we lhall have then for

Produdt

^QPf-P^Ctg

fame manner having found other fimi-

u diiefted in the
"1"

precedihg-Article.

...
_,If

.a

%
more

rigid

22.

jO^ftA^^ (houjd be required

iavvt:bi9:.(Ca|<ciilatioi], j^as

that the four Points P,

in,, the

fame. Plane,

geoMy iP-f j

'

(ilfmay well happen,

^,

wfi, n^iight

are not fituated

then draw

a Dia-

to of^der to havjc tiyp Tri*

aoglp^ Q^qh ,ofjrfi^

ypMld be a Plane whofe

Inqlipations

>
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ConfiruSion end Propertm ef Veffeh^

may be

Inclinations

eafily determiiied

but lince

would be almoft impofllible to decermtne in fuch

Cafes to which of the Diagonals P ^ and Qjr we
it

ought to give a preference \ we cannot therefore

flatter ourfeives

with any expe^bitien of arriving

making

nearer to the truth than by

Rule

*,

befides, thefe precautions

ufe

of our

extend only to

Minuti^e^ which

in

any advantage

and we may always be very

practice can 4iever

be of

well latisfied with having found, that the Fore

Part of a given Veflel, for example, meets with

a Refiftance which
which would
Sedion,

as the

to 9

only one tenth part of that

from

although

fhould be as

But

is

arife

in

i or

its

greatefl:

reality

as

tranfverfc

the Proportion

to lo

Theory of Refiftance which

we

have hitherto confidered muil be allowed to be

very defe&ive, and chat we cannot entirely depend upon the Conclufions which are drawn
therefrom,

we may

well fparc ourfeives the trou-

ble of fuch diiiicult Refearches

we have
furcs

whidi the Body of a Vefiel

Motion do mutually
at Rell,

can be exerted,
-

lultains

when

in

we

happen when the Veflel

fmce the Water behind the Veflel

muft follow and overtake

'

For although

deftroy each other, yet

are certain this can only

is

already fuppofed that the fimple Pref-

is

it

.before

any PreiTure

therefore evident that the

Prcffurc

CRAP.
HI.
-

Coi^firu^ion

94

CH AF
lU*

Preflure upoa the Aft Part cannot be fo great when

4hc

YeiH

in

is

as when it at Reft,
upon the Fore Part will nearly

Modoo,

whilft the PctOure

'

and Properties of Vejfds.

From whence

be the fame

in

lows,

the PreiTure upon the Fore Part

iince

both cafes

fol-

it

i$ no longer counterbalanced by that upon the

Aft Part, the EfFedi: of this Refiftance tnuft nc-

ceiirily

be increaied; and

this incrcafc will

by

this means be fo much the more confiderable as

the Vclocitf of the Veflel becomes greater and
however Uttlc confideration we may employ upon
\

this matter,

creafe rouft

we may

eafily

conceive that this In-

depend principally upon the Figure

of the Aft Part of the

which we have

Veflel,

hitherto intirely ncgle&ed*

% 24.

,On

this

account

it

appears very probable that,

notwitfaftanding all our endeavours to determine

the exaft Refuhincc, we

may perhaps

coniiderably from the truth

^void tedious Calculadons,

better

employed

in

and

ftill

vary

therefore, to

our time will be

iearcihng for fome fimple

KxprefTion by means of which

we may

ail

Cafes determine the Refiftance of the Veflel

nearly.

For

tlui

purpole

let

us li^ppofc, as be-

fore, the greateft Tranfveric Se(5iion to be z=

and
PItte

I.

7-

let the half

Length of the Body or

R,

rather the

Diftance from the Fore Part of the Veflel to this

^caion,

Qi

Af

4 and the half Breadth,

FM

Digitized by

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Coujhutlton and Proprtks of Vejfds*

gg

FM

^ which

Depth:

Now if the Fore Part of the VefTel was a

very

is

equal

near

to the

Pareliopipedon, the Refiftaoce would be

and
at

if it

A,

IIL

R,

was Conical or a Pyramid tenuinatino"

o

would be as before

the Refiltance

Then

gmaP

fince

it

evident that the Figure of

is

oow

every Species of VeiTel

in ufe is included

between thefe two Extremes,

that the aclual

gure

between

Fradion

_
Mean
to

R, the

n,

is

if we fuppofe
RcH fiance upon any given Fi-

will 9^pr^& fome

and the Fradttpn

letter

Unity-

we have

therefore only to allien a juft

between them.

But having had recourfe

Ibme Experiments made upon Ships of the

Line,

it

appears that

near the Truth if

we ihali approach

we take n

Harmonica! Mean between

fu/Hciently

the

we

and

therefore

make

ufe of this Expreflion in all

Cafes, at lead

when

the Fore Part of the Vclicl

may

does not deviate confiderably from the Forms

commonly ufed
this

happen,

it

in Ships

will not

of the Line, but fhould

be

difiicult to

determine

to which of thefe two Limits the Refiftance will

incline.

25.

Digitized by

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Coii^ru&ion and Preferties of

96

Vejfeis.

CHAP.
*^5-

in.

"^

Having

therefore fixed

upon

to exprefs the Refiftancc of Veffels

that

it

we

obferve

only depends on the Proportion between

the Length and Bteadth of the Body, whofe

whilft
halves are denoted by the Letters a and
the Letter
the

R always reprefeius

greateft

tranfverfe

moving through

the

Water

pendicular to that Sedion

the .Refiftancc of

Sedtion

in

of the Body

a Dire6Hon per-

It will therefore

not

be amiis to add* the following Table expieffing

the Value of

R, or

Value of

for

the Reiiftance

rather the true

each Proportion

between the Length and Breadth of the Body,

'ror

Digitized by

Google

tn^ntSm and Propo'iia if Vtib.

m.

2
t

3-:

CHAP.

Refiftance

Proportion

97

or nearly

II

R or

nearly

j/

R.
R
7

i.R

R or nearly

^R
27
-5-iRoriilrty^R
10

129

-i-R

177

R or nearly R
'

22.

i.R
51

I-"
I
'

J"*
I

tt

chap;

Google

Cenfiru&iM and Propertits of

Vcfftls.

CHAP.
Vpm

the Rejifianee of Vejfels in

Ccurfijf

WHEN
it is

low

IV.

move

and ef Lee-way

by the Wind

Vcifels are driven

often impofiib'le for

direct Coi^rlc,
in

their Oilique

generaL

in

and they

them to

fol-

obilged

-arc

to

a Direction, which makes an Angle

with the greater Axe; this Angte

Lee-way of the

We

Vcflel.

catied the

is

not here

(hall

enter into a difcullion of the Circumitances that

caufe the VeflTel to

move

in an oblique

and therefore we only fv^pofe

it

Couhe^

has fuch a

Motion, the Dirtdlion and Velocity of which

are given

we

in this cafe

(bail

endeavour to

determine the Refiftance wjiich the VeiTd meets

Willi iroui the

Water.

Now

that the n>ean Diredion of

all

it

is

evident

at (nil

the Efforts

which

the Water exerts upon the Surface of the ody

will

no longer

the Vclfel,
fide

fall

but

upon the
it

wiii

diatfietrical f^lane

and fometimes on the other;

ail

the

fmgle Force aAing

of

be fomctimes on one

Diredion will not always

indeed it
to the Horizon
to reduce

'

beiides, its

continue
is

parallel

often impofllblc

elementary Preffures to a

certain

Diredion;
however.

Digitized by

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Qonjiru&iott

however,

ic

them to

is

and Properties f VeSkUk

pofRble

always

parallel to the three principal

viz.

the horizontal

I ft,

the Veiiel

Axe

Axe

which

all

CHAF
^

according to the

adly, the horison^al

interfefl:

99

are

Axes of the VeflcU

according to the Breadth^ and

cal

reduce

to

whofe Dire6l;ions

three Forces

Length of

3dl)r,

Axe

the Verti-

each other

in the

Center of Gravity of the VeiTeJ*

But

in general

of
would be verf tnmiblefome,

thefe three Fopcet

as the confideratioa

befides, not furnifh us with

any ufeful

and

Know-

we (hall therefore begin our Refearches

by the moft finiple Cafe, which though in*
ledge^

applicable to Pradice, will neverthdefs furnifh

us wich jufl: and clear Ideas upon the nature of

the Subjeft which

we

therefore fuppoie the

ace confidering

Body

to have the

Let us
onn ot a

rectangular Paralleiopipedon as exprei&d in the

loch

Figu)re

where

AB

reprefents the greater Plate XL

Axe of the Body, C D its leflcr Axe, and F E the

Vertical Axe, which at the fame time

Depth of

Hollow

^^S*

marks the

means all the

Sedions perpendicular to each of thefe thive
Axes,

will

the

by

this

be redangular Parallelograms, and

finoe the Planes

whk^h ^^i agamft the Wa^er,

aoe Venical,

the Efforts of the Refi&ance

Will

sili

in horizontal Piredions,

H a.

and there wiU

not

Digitized by

ICO

CHAP,

and Properties of yejjels*

ConJiruSlion

not refult any Vertical Forces

the Diredion of

Motion

whatever Angle

it

Scftioi^s

from the Water

ieet with the iaaic RcIiHance

trouble of confidering any

this will fave the

Sea ion but

o:l.c:

the

at the

therefore in

we have only

CourfeS)

made

chat

ABCD

Water

fincc

makes with the Aitc AB,

oi ihis Body will

horizontal

the

all

bcfides,

always Honzontal,

is

Surface of
all

oblique

to confider the two fides

of the Parallelogram which are ftruck by the

*

Water, and having found the Rcfiftance which

each of thefe Sides meet with, nothing niore

is

required than to multiply them by the Depth of

the

Body F E,

order to have the whole Re-

Body

finance which the

the

will experience

from

A^ion of the Water.

28.

Plate IL
fig. II.

therefore the re&angular Parallelogram

B C

icprefent the horizontal

Surface of the Water

greater,

and

CD

fake of brevity,

be denoted by

its

let

leiier

by ^ ; fuppofe Ukewife

Axe or AF
Axe or C F
Vei&l moves in

leiier

that the

F X

AFX

the

Lee- way

fhall

reprefent

fel,

be

which we

ter

zz-ih

now
will

it

is

its

for the

half the greater

the oblique Direftion

will

at the

AB

Axe^ and,

and half the

<?,

Sedion

luppole

alfo

evident that

then

of

the Angle
the

Vef-

by the Letthe Face uKa

be flruck by ihe Water under the

10

Angle

Digitized by

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Cenfiru^hn and Properties ofVeffiU*

Angle
is

A^fF

Cof.

or a

loi

^ whofe

xXz=. 90*

Sine

hence the Force of the Water

<r,

by

be exprciicJ

9*, (buc

2 ^. Cof.

in efied

Dcpih of

and

the Body,

by

alfo

Letter c denoting the Velocity of the

the Dire(3:ioQ
tion

and

this

the

in

VtrfTel

double multiplica-

muft always be underftood

In

hereafter.)

C c parallel to
will
C ^ ~ 2

manner, by drawing

the fame

F X,

F X,

we

Face

that the

fee

be ftruck by the Water under the Angle

zz

and

Now

as

Force

this

be

will

aCc

^. Sin.

(p

*.

the

the Direction

Line
plied

both thcle Forces adt diretliy upon,

and pafs through the middle of the two Faces

therefore

IV.

it

by

will be necciiary to multiply this Expreilion

the

CHA?*

will

Fr in

or 2

firft

A F,

this

cp

we (hall

to be

::::

ad

will

in

reprelcnt by the
as if

F ; and we

at the Center

Fi

Cof.

manner

the fame

pofc the Line

^.

it

was ap

fhall alfo

Sin.

fup-

which

*
(j,

aC^i
F ry j, the

expreOes the Force adting upon the Side

then by compleating the Rcftangle
diagonal

will repieient the

whole Force of

the Reliilance which the Vefiel meets with in

Motion

this

Force

4 ^

*.

will -therefore

Cof. ^

and the obliquity of

the greater

Axe

AB

this

will

+4

its

become
*. Sin.

<pS

Force with rcfpccl to

be the Angle

B Fy^
whofe

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Ccnfiruman and ProperHes

|dt

CHAP,

whoft Tangent

is

IZ

29.

Having determined
Veffel

this Force, it is cvtdent

order to continue the Motion of the

in

rfiat

fuppoied Dircdion

in the

F X,

mu^

it

be a^bed apon hf a Force ditedly cootrary ta

that of the

Line y

Refiftance

therefore produce the

^nd

towards

FY

the

will give

Direction of the Force necdfary to continue

in the

juit feen that the

^.

i|

Diredion before mentioned. But we havo

Cod. f *

Tangent of the

Apgk A F Y

i%

from whence we aUeady know

the Ivcjiuion between the Obliquity of the Courfe

FX

and chat of the ading Force

F Y

which

is

}ndq>end^nt of the Velocity ^ of the

Icl

but

uhich

is

Motion,
juft

the

in

order

to

have the Force

ncccflary to preferve the Veflel in

ire

found

4tf,Sin. ^*

+4^**

remembered

Cof.
;

9* by

where

in

one Second,

and g the Height which a heavy Body will

in the fame time by the Force of Gravity,

may be fuppofed

it

that ( denotes the Space

through which the VelTel Tuns

latter

iti^

have only to multiply the xpre(fion

Depth of the Body, and by

pnui^ be

Vet
itfelf

equal to 16 English

fall

this

feet.

Bcfidea,

Digitized by

GoogI

ConfiruSicn and Pr^eriia.

wc

Bcfides,

"

y^JJils.

103

not forget to exprefs this

inuft

chap*

Fcrcc by the Weight of a Mafe of Water,

"^^""^
equal in Volume to that which we have bciurc
aOjgned to

it.

* 30But that which here merits our

is

atiention moft

the Relation between the two Angles

and

A FY,

the Courfe or Lee-way which

A FY

Obliquity

lhali fuppofe
^ Sin.

fl>

AFX

or rather between the Obliquity of

and the

Tangent of

4>

is

of the a6ting Force which we

being

At-r
-y T^ng, 9 Tang. 4
.

=;

^fo^f^

hence knowing the Rektioo between a and

is

eafy to find for all the

Angles

(p

^ it

thofe of

which correfpond to them, and on the contnuy

for all the Angles 4 thofe of (p may in like manner
be found

for this laft Cafe

Tang.
general

much

we have Tang. ^ =:
Quantity a

^^^^^

greater than j the Obliquity

of the adling Force

will confidcrabiy

Angle of the Lcc-way AFX.

evident from our Expreflion
Obliquities

will

Tang, (pi:::,
from whence
yet

Icfs,

equal

bccouie

exceed the

However,
that

it

it is

tbefe

two

when

the

for tbeo wc h^ve alfoTang.

^=

appears, that if the Lee- way

the other Obliquity

4-

would be
'

in

is

AFY

ll li

was

more

dimixuih^d.

Digitized by

Google

IP4

CHAP.

Conjiru^sou and Properties of Veffth.

diminiQied,

and whenever the Tang. ^

IV,
-

becomes

ilill

more

evident,

Tang.

oi.

wc

have always fuch a Rela-

l^roporcional between the

that fuch an

the

Mean
1 ang. and Tang. 4?
is

and

quaUty ought

comes dircd; and

evident

alfo to take place

may

the other,

in

foe

(90*' ;

2dly,

when ^ =

have

r)

^-'^1

(l

will therefore

it

mov^s

alfo confider as dircdl.

and 3dly,

in

Axe FC, which

IcfTer

Since

when f ir o,'
when ^ = 90% we

therefore in thefe three Cafes,

two Angles

is

it

o and when

the Direftion of the

Courfe we

Cafe the Courfe of the VeGel be-

firft

ift,

tvery other Cafe thefe

^^"^i^t^

and \ difier from each other \ it

be nece0ary to enquire in what

DiliLrcnce of thefe

cafe the

become equal when 9

alfo

is

both when ^
in

in a geometrical

already obferved that the two Obii^

^ and

therefore

have Tang. 0^

or the Tangent of

proportion,

Having

Iliali

Tangents are

tion, that their

quities^

be an Angle whoie

Tang. 4> or rather the three An-

9 and

gles

let

then

In order to render this

(p.

Tangent

>

al(b

>

become

the greatefl:, or rather

XFY

is

the greatefl:

two Angles

when

the

will

Angle

by purfuing the com

mon

ConJiruSicn and Properties of Vejfehf

pion methods, we find ;hat

Cale will happen

this

the Sine of twice the Angle

when

half the Suie of twice the !/tngle

Sin. 2

>|.

Sin,

4^

c^l^al tQ

that

is

when

2 f, but the unraveling of

depends upon the Refolution of

this Qj-ieftion

fhe following Equation of the 4th degree, viz.

Tang,

^ 2

(p

Tang.

2 1

ft.

'ii'g-

1 ang.

a.

Tang,

(p -j-

(p

Tapg.

the Roots of which can only be afligned by-

Approximation, fo that
firil

QueAion

this

wiiich at

does not appear difficult requijes for each.

Value of

^e yer^emb^*

Calculations that

ft,

paging.

But as all that we have yet done is drawn

from a Cafe which does not exid in Pradice, it

may be thought that we have employed too

much time upon u however, it will very foon
be feen that the coniideration thereoi; may lead
to fonie general Conclufions^ which are apt>lica
bic to almoft

all

VefTcIs

we have only

to con-

nect with the Letters a and ^ which xxprefs the

two Semi-Axesof our Figure, other notions that

are equally conibnant.

(hould

move

in the

For

if the Parallelogram

Diredion of the greater Axe

B A, the ReMance will be = 2 ^

move

in the

Diredion of the

Refiftance will

become zzza

and

if it Ihould

Axe C D, the
we may therefore

lefler
-,

con-

V^usu

CMfiru^MH and Properties

CHAP*
IV.

conclude that our Expreffions would become

applicable to all Vcffels, provided that inftead
iulDftitute the Refiftancc

of 2 ^ we ihouid

they meet with in their direct Courfes

that which they

place of 2
if

moved with

ihfi

cxprefs

we have

would experience,

Axe :

the former Refiftancc

by the Letter P, and the

Letter Q^:

which
and in

the fame Velocity in the Direc-

tion of the leflcr

fiiall

Thus

latter

we
by

for any Vcficl whatever,

only to write the Refiftances

inftead of the Letters a *

and 2

#,

and Q

and then the

Relation between the two Obliquities (g and

which in the former Cafe was exprclTcd by

y
preffed

by Tang-

generally

^^^^

'

thcleaft reflexion,

=^

we

ex-.

Tang.(j>n For upon

perceive

th^^t

the Letters

a and h enter no othcrWifc into our Formula

than as Exprefllons for the two Refiftances

under

ow

confideration

from whence

it

lows, that the Force-ititlf in the pireftion

requifitc to maintain the Veffel in its Courfe

fol^

F Y*
FX

be =: ^ P *. Sin.
CL^ Cof. ^*
Thefe Expreffions will feldom deviate from the
very
truth, or at moft their deviation will be
tig^
ua
leads
inconfiderable, and this confideration

will

Chapter.
the Subject of the following

CHAP*

Digitized by

Goo^c

C^Hflru^m and Prcpmia of V^ik^

CHAP^

CHAP.
ypm

the

RilaUm hitmm

Courfe of a

Vejfel^

AFTER our

loy

V.

V.

tbt OhUquUif

iif

and that of its ^Shig Fm$,

Refearches upon

between the two Angles

Relatioa

thi^

and 4*

let

us

conhdcr any Veflcl whatever, whofe three prin-

Axes of

i:ipai

AB=

the leiTer

0,

Vertical one or

manner

vvhat

deratiop,

Body

the

Axe C

Depth F

the Relation

may be

the

are

f,

greater

Plate IH,"

Axe

;= ^, and the

and

us fee in

let

now under our

conli-

exprefled by thefe three Di

menfions of the Body

h and

e.

We

(hall at

from the Principles already eftabliflied^

determine the Refiftapce which the Veflel will

firft,

dired Courfe in the Diredion

fcxperienee in

its

B A;

purpofe regard

for this

^atefl: tranfverfe

P D
^rea
^nd

being
will

Sedion

and Height

F E

=:

ir,

itt

be contained between the Limits b i

^,

ei and

which we

we

ibfUi

(hall therefore

fuppofe

very foon fee that a imall

frror in the AfTumption

Ifttle

mud be had to its

C D, whofe Bafe

of this Mean can be of

or no confecjuence. Hoff t)m Area

^i^

Digitized by

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jg8

CHAP,
V*
'

and Proper lies of

Ccnjlruciion

exprds

will

Rvfillance v/hich

tl-e

from the Water

receives

Vejfch*

in

the

Veflcl

Man-

direct

and which muft always be underftood

ncr,

by

multiplied

as

this will therefore expreft the

Value of the Letter

employed

the gd

in

Chapter, for determining the Refinance in a

Couifc;

dired:

to b

by

is

thefe

fiftance

be

Hence, fmce the Ratio of a

the fame here as

Letters,

of the Vcllcl

in its dii

^^he\

fequently

we have there expreiled

follows

it

be

the

fjmc

have cxprciicd by

pf the preceding

the

that

and

will

con-

this will

Q^aiuiLy
Letter

Rc-

the

wd Courfc

wliich
at the

we
end

Chapter; wherefore

P= :\^\

.Aie.

Let us now fuppofe the fame

move

VeiTel to

through the Water with the fame Velocity i

in

the Diredion of

its

Axe DC, and

leffer

Vre (hall immediately conceive that its Refift-

ance muft be enomnous, and to find

it,

we have

only to confider the Diametral Sedion of the

Body

AEB

as (Inking diredly againd the

ter:

Now

the Area

equally

cpmprized

^'

of

this

between

Sedion

the

Wa^

being

Limits

and

Digitized by

Google

Con^mSion and

and

ae.wc

which
this

will alfo as before exprefs the Refiftance

SeAion, and

fiftance

it is

fenfibly diminifli this

and a

in

will

^-^

r-

this

of

chap.
*

evident that the Curvature

but in eftdr,

the greater

Rule
r:

fuppofe Itzi'^ a e

ihall therefore

of the Vei&l cannot

as

109

Properties of Fejels,

if

Re

here confider i

Axe, our

the lefler

as

Cafe
4?

we

give the Refiftance

and which

is

the fame

which we have before expreifed by the Letter

Qj From whence we deduce the Fraftion

In

this

Equation neither the Depth e nor the

^ are

Coefficient

Hence

concerned*

if

4
ieveral

times

greater than 3,

a* much greater than i*y

be nearly equal
great reafon
exadlnefs,

and therefore
FraAion

will

and as we have no

to

to

this

expeft

a higher degree of

wc may boldly make ufe of

this iail

j(preili00t

S 35It will

have

in

now be

view

the Veflfel to

FX, and

very eafy to attain the end we

for which purpofe, let us fuppole

move Obliquely

that to maintain

it

in the

Dire^ion

in this Courfe,

muit be aded upon according

tc

to the Diredion

FYs

Digitized by

GogIe

Qonjhu&ion and Properties q/ VeffeU.

tid

CHAP* FY
V*

if

therefore

we

Lc^-way of

aiib fuppofe the

the Vc0el

AFX = ^

we

then have the Relation of thck twd

and the Obliquity of the

afting Force FY, or the Angle AFY
Af

"

(ball

Angles exprefled by the Equation*

Tang.

= --^

from whence wc may

hie of 4f

But

eaiiiy

the^ other

Tang* ^^

determine the Va-^

Angle ^

is

gmn

was given, then 9 would

be found by folving the Equation
if the

Angle

Tang,
It

will

(f

^j,

=L

y/l}l^ Xang*
even

not be

fuch Tables

to

difficult

Tables for each Species of Veflel

number of

4-

calculate

and a fmall

would be

fufficient*

nce the Proportion between the Length and

Breadth of aloioft

all Veflels

are included be^^

tween the Limits 3 to t and 6 to i, by which

means the following Cafes exprelTing the Ratio
of a to

^,

viz.

3 to ii3-~-to

1^4

l-toi; 5toi} 5J.toi and 6

niih us with all
defire.
.

feldoQi exceeds

dent

the knowledge

La(lly fince the

to

it

ii4

intl ftw^

that

Leeway or

go Degrees,

to

we can
Angle

the

will be^fuffi*

Tabks for every 5 Dethey may be loduced 10

to calculate thcfc

grees,

and therefore

the following ones.

10

I Species^

Digitized by

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ConfifuQion and Prep&rtks of

F^tk^

lit

II Spedes,

where

AB

AFX

D.

A FY

where

AB = 5 CD

AFX

AFY
9': 19'

5": 54'

10

22

^5

20

v.

10

46

44
60

>^

47

..ao

25

71

II

25

30

77

28

30.

35

81

24

35.

33

56

59

70

36

77

54

B2

4: 34

HI
where

IV

species,

AB

CD

where

AB=:4-CD

AFX
5*
10

AFY

AFX

AFY

13**:

46'

44

10

54

5^1

^9

t5

78

20

76

44

^5

fii

:49

30

*4

35

Species,

39

80

'

47
I

36
'4

30

86

55

87! 27

*4

y Species,

Digitized by

Google

112

Cunfiru^ion and Properiies of VeQiUi

CHAP*

V Species,

VI

Species*

V.
where

AFX
5"

AB =

CD

AFY
25'; 34'

32: 29

46

to

*5

77

26

15

20

83

'

30
35

AFX

AFX

62

to

AB = 5-CD

where

7
88

'

47

25

'5

30

35

68

51

80

84

86

87

56

88

36

30

4^
^0

VII Species,
where

AB =

AFX

CD

AFY

.5*

39: 35'

lO
15

7i
82

ao

86

87

30

88

J5

88

39
t

34

$3&

Digitized by

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and

CenJltui^iQn

FropertUs of Vejfels,

11

3^Although

M to
AFY

CHAP*

thcfe Tables are principally intend-

V.

the Obliquity of the ading Force

for each Species of VclTcl,
when the

flic>^

Leewaiy or Angle

^FX

be ulcd

reciprocally

is

may

given, yet they

to determine

Lee-way

the

AFX

when the Obliquity AFY is known.

For example, in the 5th Species where AB

5
was

CD,

if the

AFY

lO*j

but

by foch
cult

to

we

fee

make

ufc
this

it

the

woui%l

vary

be

diffi'

Pradice,

will

it

yet

be rxceflary

order to Ihew
true Value of the Lee-i^ay
for
Species
of Veffel,
and for every

Angle
be

nearly

of a proper Interpolation,
Queftlon happdis fo fre-

to calculate another I'abie,

to*

Lee-way

AFY

great Liurvals,

in

that the

would then be
the Angles

flncc

therefore flncc

quently

AFX

or the Angle
XS,

Obliquity of the rafting Force

rr 620

in

AFX

AFY.

fuificient

to

For

this

confider

purpofe

the Angles

it

will

AFY

for every

io Degrees as far as 6o;

from
thence for every
5 Degrees as far as 80% and
from 800 to 85" for every fingle
Degree and

'

it

would be

-In order to
ufe. of this

Tang. ^

ufclcfs to carry

calculate this

Table we mult make

Equation

= -v/~ Tsing. 4

fang. ^ zz i-

we

them beyond

whence Log.

Log.Tang4 i

(hall therefore
exhibit this

Log. Jl^^

Table in the

fol-

lowing Manner.

A TABLE
Digitized by

C*#)^Ie

,OttJru^m and

114

Properties ^/ Veffelf*

CHAP.
V.

A TABLE Jbiunng the Zir-w^; of mb Sfuhi

ihe Obliquity of

VeffeU

AFY

AB
CD
3i

Length

Angle

AFT

thi affiifg

CD

of the

Vd&L

CD

4: 14'

20

Fw^

being given.

9-

^.9

'

25

6:

19

7-39
9

to

II

41

40

14

II

II

13

16

4iCl>

3*':

33'

25

12

10:55

7:44
9

: III

'9543

15:52

13

21 143

17

14

29

12

JO

24; 17

19:42

16

20

13-43

75

27

44

22

39

iS

51

15

56

So

32

57

27

13

22

50

19

26

81

34

22

28

29

23-57

8a

35: 59

29

57

25

21

37-49

31 tjS

26

45

22 ;54

84

40

33-40

28

37

24: 33

85

42:37

26

30

52

26

60

ill $
:

15

20 ; ^5
:

34

36

TABEsE

tonftruSiion

and Propmies of i<efils*

A TABLE fioewing the Lee-way of each Species

tf

Vijfil^

AFY

tbi Obliquity

the aSing

being given.

Length

AFY 5CD
10*

2'

AB of tbe Vd&l
5iCD 6 CD
I

2: 3&'

19

20

22

3:47

3S 19

30

29

4: 45

II

40

37

5 -44

52

6: 49

59

50

60

27

8: 13

65

10

31

9: 7

70

II

50

10

18

75

13

44

11-57

10

32

80

16

46

14:38

12

55

38

15

24

13

3^

39

t6: 18

14

24

22

15

21

81

'

82

18

83

19:50

17

41

16: 32

20

18

21

19

18

55

23:

20
I 2

Fmt

Cm|^ ntSkn and

116

Properties of Vejels*

CHAP*
37-

V,

Now

by the help of

Table

this

it

will

be caiy

to rdblve the Queftion before mentioned, where

required to affign for each Species of Vef-

it is

fcl

the two Obliquities, or the Angles

AFX^

A F Yt fo that their Difierence, or the

Angle X F T may be the greateft. But the
and

Problem

refolution of this

is

of the utmoft im-

portance in the Art of Navigation, in order to

know how to make

we
more
as

fhall

particular

time we

and

fhew

in

the

here the two Angles

mean

AFX

for each Species of Vcflcl, when

the Difference
in the

Ufe of every Wind,

the following Book, in a

manner; and

Iball ftace

AFY

the beft

in

is

the greateft, which will be fccn

Table fubjoined^

A TABLE

Digitized by

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Onftru^m and Pnfmin tf V^eb.

117

CHAPi

A TABLE
AFX,

Jhewing the Angle of the Lee-way

and that of the aSing Force

when

each Species of Veel^

XFY
Sf)6cies

is the

of VeiTdc

AB= 3 CD
AB =: 3i CD
AB = 4 CD
AB = 4iCD
AB = 5 CD
AB = 54rCD
AB = 6 CD

V.

AFY, for

tbeir Differenct

great eft.

Angle

Angle

AFX

AFY

XFY

29: 30'

76: 53'

470; 23'

26

78:56

52

52

56

21

36

60

^6

:53

63

25

80:
zo

18

27

x6

18

J5i

8p

82:

Difference

65

48

82: 50

67

46

S38.
Hitherto we have only confiderccl the Direction ot

that
alfo
feii,

the acting Force,

we made
](-Md

us

which

CO
is

ufe

will

the knowledge uf u*e Force

requiTice

with the given Velocity

,

but cho Principled

of for that purpofe

it-

to impreiii the VeiTcl

^,

for

we have

before

found

Digitized by

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Qot^ruXm Mtt Pnpertm

11S

CHAPrf found

and

(lee 3 ad )

is

it

whence we

Tang.

the

fince it is

by

\'

=.

^ Tang. 9* fron^

find

Tang.
Therefore

prefiion

thU Expreffion for the Force*

prpper to remark* that we have there

this Equality

and

of Viffds.

Force

ftill

^
^ ang y
wiU be expreiied by

neceflary to multiply

our Ex*

the true afting Force will be

equal to
*

<*

Sin.
g
_l A. ae
^ *
STnTtjr*
2 <i*
4^
And becaufe we may without any impropriety

negle6b

'

the Force

'

required will

biecome

iimply

4^4

Sin. 4.

fxprefied by an equal Volume of Water. Fron^

thence therefore reciprocally

was given

if

the

ading Force

F, we might readily determine

the Velocity which the Veffel will receive, by

the aid of thia

Equality =
4^

|!L.
Sin.

^*

and|

Conjlru^ion a4 Properties of

and, by this means,

we know

1 19

VeJJils.

hojv to eftimate

the greatnels of the a&ing Force

But with re^.

fpe& to the Place of application of this Foroe,
that will be the Subjed of Enquiry in the fol:

chap.
V.

lowing Chapter.

$ 39-

But before

this

Chapter

is finifhed we fhall
^gular ParadoK in the

cake notice q a very

Expreflion,

V P*.Cof.9*-f-Q^\Sin. 9*.
which denotes the Force of the Rcfillance, and

=90^

which becomes
Q^if f

P when

The

o,

and

will

be

of thefe Cales wiU

moves in the Di-

firft

happen when the Veflel

BA

re&ion of the great Axe

and the other

moves m that of the leller Axe C D>

ts ieveral
from whence it fecms that (ince
times greater than P, the leaft Rcfiilance ought

when

it

to take place in the dire^ Courfe, where the

Lee-way

(p

But

vanifiies.

Refinance- will become

it is

certain that the

lefs

for a piirticular

ftill

Angle of Lee-way, which

found by taking the

T^og*

9^0* and muil

in confequence

fmalUand fince we theahaveSin.fl>=:

'

be very

P
and

Digitized by

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129

CHAP,
V.

and Properlies of

Qc9tftru5lion

f.^f

P^

Cof.

there

wiU

rcfult

<7;>

+ Qj^.

'

O \ Sin.
BS Cof. f 4

Fejjcis,

- and

therefore

Sin.

the fquare Root of which will give the Rcfiftance

^'
becaufe
; which is lefs than
z:

+ o:

is lefs

than Unity. Hereisthero-

^re this great Paradox, chat by giving to the Vef*

P
fela fmall ^ee-way

fuch that Tang, f

.

the Refinance will be found

Gourfe

but

it

is

lefs

precifely the Gafe

which we.

have already remarked, where the Angle

vani(hes, fo that the Refinance

contrary to the

Motion

^"q^

than in the dire&

is

XFY

here diredlj^

FX,

CHAP.

Google

Conftru^ion and Fro^ertUs of Vejfds^

%%%

CHAP,
VI.

CHAR
Vfon

place

the

VI.

of Application of the aQing

*

Porce^

% 40-

FROM

the

Manner

this Refearch,

in

which we have began

by confidering the Body

as

lefiaogular Paralielogram, and the Force of the

Rcfiftanqe as applied to the Center of the

Fi

and

fills

alio

Hypothefis, the Conclulions which

drawn from
Refiftance

Axe

Body

when we have afterwards generalized

we have

regard only the Quantity of the

it

and

its

Angle

Obliquity, or the

whi^h the Diredion makes with the great

of the Ve&l
B; and we fhould be much

deceived

if

we were

defirous of extending this

neralization unto the Place of Application,

fider the

bus

pofc

Body

In

to con-

as having the Figure of a

Rhom-

AC

B P, where A B reprefents the

Axe and C D the Icflcr Axe^ and fupit to move in the Direftion F X, but in

fuch a manner that the Lee-way

ABC;

AFX

be

left

have feen that

on the one hand we

the Angles of the Lee*way never

become very

confidcr .ble

than the Angle

'

Ge-

we have only

order to render this obvious

great

^^^^^ jj^

^^S*

is fufficient

for

and, on the other,

for our purpofe (o

6nd

the true

Place

'

Plate IIT.

laa

ConftruBim 4mi ProfertUs of Vejfeb.

CHAP,
V^L

of the Applicadon for thofe which

This being obferved, it is cedent that
only ftrike the Water by its
the Veflel
Place'

fmall.

AC

two Faces

and

AD;

and

lince

each the Obliquity of the Inddence

where the fame,

M and N, where
into

will pafs

the

through the Points

two Sides are divided

thefe

two equal Parts

upon
every

Mean Diredion of

the

Force of the Water

is

and

as thcfe Forces are

perpendicular to the Faces, let the Perpendiculars

and

interieft the great

Mean

be drawn, which will

Axe

at

Qj

and therefore the

Direction of thefe two Forces, which

that of

tiie

Reiidance

wi)i

itfelf,

13

undoubtedly

pafi through this point

In the prefent Cafe therefore

it is

the Dire&ion of the afting Force

through the Point

requifite
^

evident that

Q^Y

muft pais

or rather that the Force

to maintain the VeiTel in

its

oblique

Courfe^ muft be applied to the Point

more properly fpeaking

elevated

diredlly

ort

to fonie other* Point

above Q^: But here we (ball

the Interval between

confine ourielves to find

tho

Middk

where

this

of the VeOei

and the Point

Force muft be applied, without em-

barraffing ourfclvcs at prefent with

cal Heighth,

circuQifiances

as

Verti-

that depends on particular.

which will be explwcd hereaf,

ter.

Digitized by

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Vtt.

draw
thea

Now in order to determine the Point Q, CH ap*^

C K perpendicular to the Side A C
j

it

is

evident this Point muft be fituated

^t the middle
f:aufc

AF

AK

of the Interval

F C

FC*

F1S1.=

F C F K, we
,

then* be-

fli^ have.

and therefore

PC* ^"cc the

A K = A F + T-rr
Interval
AF
AQ^=i-2 AF+!1I. It tbeiefore be^

fore the Center

the adting Force

of the Body towards

mud

be applied

pofing the whole Length

whole Breadth

is

AF

CP

:^ ^,

ABr:
we

that

and by fupand the

^7,

fball fave

the Io

Let us now con^Mue tc^ther thr two Figures

the firft, of a
to the Body

which we have given

le&angolar Parallelogram, has fiirnilhedus with

the Interval

F <\pi Oi

wlulft the preient one,

fiRhombus, gives the Interval

F Qj= ^

from whence we conclude, that

d[

^ \

fince all Figures

of Bodies are equally comprized between the(e

^woEytreanis,

^1 Veflels

we mvf r^urd them at Limits for

in general,

and (hat the Imeryi^

FQ^
fwll

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and Properties of

CGnjh'u5!ion

24

hold % certain

CHAP.

VL

Mean between

Values o and

Vejfds.

thefe

two

Hence we draw

this

4^

Conclulion, that by cilabliQiing in general this

Interval

pbifibly

arife,

=:

^^"^

and although

may happen

it

fometimes to be rather too great or too fma]l

yet this Difierence will be

always infea-

aloioii:

and may well be negle&ed

fible

in PraAice,

S 43-

Having thus determined

and

fince

it

is

Force mull be applied

we

Veffel,

the Interval

F Q,

near the Point Q^that the afting

in the oblique Couries of

already perceive that

it is

in thia

where the principal Maft of the VefTcl,

Point

or rather that which might be regarded as equivalent to

of

this

tanc.

the Mafts taken together, muft be

from whence the joft Detennination

all

eftabliffied

Point muft be fo

much

the

more

ioipor-

It is therefore neceiTary that the principal

Maft fhould be placed nearer

to the

Head

than

the Stern of the Vcffel, and Builders are very nice

upon the true Place

for this Point

the Proportion between the Diftances

B Qj.

which they

in

or upon

A Q^and

general eftablifh nearly as

2 to 3) this agrees fuiiiciently well with our;

Pecerm'Mi^tions
lo'

for having

KQ^

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OlfiruShn and Pr9fer$ies pf V^eb^

^th

~7

that of 2 to j if

A.

which would agree

was

But

-rz i-.

it ia

alio neceflary to confider that our Suppofition,

which we have afligned

Arithmetical

Mean

A Q^and B Q^will be-

the Proportion between

come 3

125

to the Interval

by
the

between the two Limits,

might well deviate ibniething from the Truth. Ic

appears

even probable

tliat

the

real

approach nearer to a Rectangle than to a

bus

we

and

if

we fuppofe

F Or: ~.

Figures

Rhom-

iball find

AQ= 14._LL
BQ.=

-3
5

and

Al,
10 a

Therefore, by negledting the very fmall

Term

'^a, the Proportion will be truly as 2 to 3

which notable Harmony

elucidate

is

both fufHcient to

and confirm the Method that we have

purfuedt

% 44*

$ 44*

VT.

T^"^

Let us now

fee

what would happen,

if

want to apply- the a&iog Force in ki

fiiould

true place, and at

greilive

firft,

with rcfpeft to the pro-

Motion of a Vc0R;l, it4s certain that the

would always produce the fiune Efiic&

Reliftance
fai

whatever -Place the Force fhould be appfied^

fuppofing the Dire(5tion to continue the fame,

and

therefore a contrary Force

feft in whatever Place

%vich

rerpe(5l

to

this is

clination

fped to

ita

diat;

Motion,

thfc

ablolutely indifferent:

is

not the otfe with refpefi to the 'Id*

which depends on the

of a VefTcl,

Momentum

would deftroy

was applied ; To

progrefTive

the

place of Application

But

it

of the Force of Reiiftance, with

ibtne Horizontal

Axe

re-

pafluig thiough

the Center of '<ravity of the Veflel, and therefore, although

contrary Force was equal

tfae

to the Refiftance,
the

Inclination

might well happen that

it

cauied

by

the

would not be dcflroyed by

InclinauoA

might

.rafi^lt

commonly happens
and

it

in

it,

fmn
all

Refiftance,

or that a

itj

new

.but this

Oblique CourfeSf

then fcems alnioll impofTiblc to prevent

the Veifei from fufferlng a very fenfible Xnclina

tlon

from whence we

readily

comprehend Ihit

a VelTel inclined muft fufFer another Refiftancc

beiides that

which we have already aOigned, and

ir appears in generali that the

direA Refiftance

muft

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Cen^ruQm and Properties ef Vcjfels.

1 27

muft receive fome Increafe therefrom, whiift

that of the lateral one Q^is a

and

therefore the Fra(^tion

Tang.

^I-

=^

dimtniflied)

little

chap,
VI.

^in the Expreiiioa

Tang. 9

muft be iomething augmented.

However,

this

and the Tables which we have

deduced therefrom, may neverthelefs be fuf-

Exjneffion

itfelf

ficicntiy exa<5t,

provided the Proportion between

ibe Length and Breadth of the Vefiel be a

thus for Example,

diminifliedi

if

little

the Veflel

ihould belong to the fourth Species, we might

make

ufe of the Tables appertaining to the

third.
'

S 45-

But the principal Obje6k here, is the Mo%nentum of the Refillancc with reTpcd to the
Vertical

Axe

of the Veffei palling through

its

Center of Gravity : thus in Fig. i^th, where the

Line

the Force of

reprefents

Refift-

t[ic

ance, and where the Vertical Axe paHes through

46

Point F, the

t>c

Momentum of this Force

Qj. QJP. Sin. FQjf, by which

Veffel will be urged round the Vertical

*]&

the Direftion

Foroe

%e

is

Aa

will

the Plate in-

Axe

therefore if the afting

not applied in fuch a Manner as to

equivalent to
rotatory

it,

Motim

the Veflel

round

its

will

receive

Vertical

Axe,
which

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fat

CHAP,
VI.

ConfiruSiion

which

it

order

is

and Properties of VeJelU

prclervc

to

ncccffary

abfolutely

Velfcl

the

dciiroy

to
in

I'ii

Courfci

its

for if the Difference in the Place of AppU<*

the A6tion of

was very confiderablc,

cation

Rudder only would not be

the

counterbalance

how

apprised

liiificiently

necelfary

we have

obferve the Rule which

to

fuificient

Hence we

Effe^.

this

it

artf

'

t9

found

jufb

the Place of Application of the adding

for

Force, at

leaft nearly

which would

feeing that the Efieft

from

rciult

fmall

Deviation-,

might ea^ly be deftroyed by the Adion of the

Rudder V

befides. Navigators

have jomc

Sails at their

ought always

Commaiid,

in order to aid

the Action of the Rudder.

We

have hitherto confidcrcd

as

applied at

but

it

at

is

the Surface

the Forces

all

of the Water

which we apply the

a<5ling

Force, muft be

principally taken into confideradon,

Inclination

which the Vellei muft

when

fince

it

is^

is

re-

evidens that the more this

Place of Applicadon
will

the

botb

fuff.r,

irom the Rcfiftance and moving Force

quired

eafy to comprehend chat the Height

is

elevated, the

thj Vclicl be inclined

and

more

alfo

the

Ob-

as in

lique Courle^ the Diredion of the ading- Force

FY

is

AB

of the Veffel, there will refult from

nearly perpendicular to the gieat

Aw
it

very

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tfiifini^ Mid Pref^iles of

129

Veffeb:

^hrf confiderable Moincntum to incline the

Veflel round this Axe, the EfFcdt of which is to

be apprehended
'vrith lefpedi:

^hence ^we

chap.
VI.

in proportion as the Stability

to this

Aze

fee. that in

is

diminifhed

From

order to render Vefleb

proper for Oblique Couries,

it

is

abfolutciy

iieceflarjr to increafe their Stability with refpeft

to the gteat

dered

in a

Axe : But this Matter will be

more

particular

Manner

con^*

in the

fot

towing Book*

CHAK

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Conflru^km

Pr^ittUs if V(^*

CHAP,
VII.

CHAP.

Vpon

A^im

the

Vll.

of the Rudder in a direSf

Cenrfi,

47-

Witein.

J ET A C B D

Jlj

reprefcnt a horizontal S*fftkm

of the Body, at any Depth whatever under

the Water, and

let

AB

reprefent the great Axef

which coincides with the Difeftion of the

tion, the Velocity

of which fuppole

fuppofe the Vertical

Axe of

through the Point

F-,

the Rudder fixed

at

then

exprefs by the Letter ^: It

find the

feeing

Effed of the Rudder

the Veifel turn, about

it is

the Veftl to pafi

BK

let

reprefcnt

any Obliquity whatever

meafured by the Angle i

make

Mo-

^, alio

K
is

which we

now

ihali

required to

in this Situation to

Vertical

its

proved by Mechanicks that

Axe^

all

th

Motions of Rotation muft conftanLly be applied

the

to

Axe which pa&s

through the

Center of Gravity of the whole Mafi*

we ought
Rudder

firft

thus

to enquire the Force which the

iuiiatns in this

wards ^determine the

Situation,

Momentum

with refpedl to the Vertical Alce

of

and

after*

this Forcef

G, or rather

to the Point b\

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ConfiruiUoH and Propmiis of V^ilf

l)ut whilft the Vefiel

moves

r,

with a Velocity r:

the

in the

ftrike it in

a contrary Dire6l;lon

Velocity, for neither this Stroke or

is

its

Direc-

efFcded by the Size of the Vcilel

IKre ealiijr

conceiTe that both the

Veiel as well as
alter,

will

Water ihouid
with the fame

the iame Effort as if the

fuffcr

tion

DireAion

Rudder B K

m Figure

but

Weight of tht

may

confiderably

not only the Dire^tion, but alfo the Ve-

which the Water will ftrilge uppa

Rudder:
At the beginning of our Re^
the
Subjed, we fhall not take
this
upon
learches
any Notice of thde Jir^iarities^ and we fliarll
foppole that the Water ftrikes the Rudder B K
locity with

in the Diredlion

or

with a Velocity

1= % but when we have refolved

Will

tiiis

Cafe, it

be ao longer difficult to eftimate the Devise

tions

which mav

fiom the

arife

bcfore-mcn*

aioned Xfr^uianues.

^iBoe the Rudder is a Plane, and that thiS

Water impinges upon it every where with the
lanie Obliquity B L I ^= ^ B K = ^, the mean
Direftion ci the Effiirts of the Water will pafs

through the Center of Gravity of the Surface of

the Rudder wiiich is immer^d in ti>e Water,

this

CHAP*
VIL
'

wc

L then if the Aiet

/*, wc have feen
before, that the Fbrce of the Water is equal to
the Weight of a Mais of Water, whofe Volame
is found by multiplying the Area
by the
this

of

'

Point

this

ihall fiippole[at

Surface be put

Square of the Sine of the

and

or (

be

aifo

by

f*

Applied to the Point

of Incidence

i fo that this

t *9 and

Sin.

An^
this

Force vill

Force will be

L if

in the Dinedion

Rudder : But
in order to form a better judgment of the EfFcft
of this Force,' we (hall refolve it into two lateral

perpendicular to the Plane of the

ones, the

A B,

in the Dire^ion

firft

dicular to

For

it.

BL

the Angle

we

hip = ^,
hq

Cof. ^ and

the Angle ^

fliall

L ^ =:
former

llZI

M
hp

the Veflel

is

'

have

the Refolution of the

ill

the Diredion

Sin.

t S and that in theDireAioa

Sin.

CoC t\ of which

the

diredly oppofed to the Motion of

but the

iatrer

Veilel Tideways in the lame

OTO

fliall

then becauife

Sin. ^, therefore fince

Forces will give us the Force

lu

we

purpofe

this

fuppofe the Interval

L p parallel to
L q perpen-

the fecond in the Direction

q will urge the

manner as

if

theie

Forces were applied to the Center of Gra*

.

'

vity

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Ojlrudion and Properties ef Vejfeb.

153

and to which the Adion of CHAP.

Rudder with refped to the piogrefliveMotion

Vity of the Vcflcl,

,

the

of the Vcfla moft be reduced.

50-

Moreover, when thefe two Forces

L^

are fituatcd either above or helow the Center

of Gravity,

furnilh,

they

incline the Vcflel, the

Momentum)
round the

firft

to

lefler

or tranfverfe Ajcc* and the other round the great

Axe of

the Veflel

Gravicy

G of

above the Point

fQzzbj
will

the

conkqucnce

in the

Water, and the

Force

L J Will

by which

commonly

we fuppofe

Sip.

be inclined

Veilel will
in

if

fince the Center

is

this

of

fituated

Heighth

Momentum of the firft Force Lp

Cllh

be =:

which

But

the Veflel

be

by which the
Head,

towards the

will

be more immcrfed

Momentum

of the other

Sin.t^.CoCf
4 f

"

'

the Veflel will be inclined towards

the Surboard Side, or rather the Veflel will

be

inclined

towards the Side next the Rudder;

from whence wee

fee that theie Efledts

would

be diminifhed in proportion as the Center of

Gravity
as the

is

fituated lower in the Veflel,

Heighth

and

BG^b can never become con-

fideraUe, we eafily conceive that nothing

is

to be

lippreheaded from thisEfFeft of the Rudder j and

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CHAP*
VII,

do not

for this Reafon

common

in

take i%

into confidcr^tion.

6u

But the
Ottght

to

about the Vertical

'liehich

ESc^

principal

produce,

we

fliall

which the Rudder

relative

is

Axe

G F,

to

Motion

its

the Knowledge of

acquire from the

Momentum
Axe G F

of the Forces rerpeting the Vertical

kfclf :

For the Force

in the Dircdiion L/> being

multiplied by the Interval

give for the

Axe F G,

L9=

wxU

Sin.

/.

Momeatum

e(jual td

il^,ASin.C*
by which

the

Head A will be turned towards

the

and the other Force in the

Di red ion L q bciiig mukipiicd by the Inter vai
zzB^-fBF will give a Momeotun

Starboard Side;

pnelTed

did

by thefe two Terms,

+ 11

CoC

Sin.

Sin.

C .B p

by which the Head wiU be aHb indmed to the

Ru ider. Let us

Starboard Side, or towards the

therefor add thefe two MomonuuD^ together, in

order to have the whole
caufe

Lijc

X)iredion

Momentum which wU)

VciTci to turn about the

.from whcfice

this

wiU

fee

Axe

in the

cooieijucnti^ be ^qual to

<tt tfirft,

thit if |be

Anglp

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and

Coiifiru^fon

Prfipisrties

V^dx^

ef

135

<

^BK was r:

o, or that

this

Rudder was

in its

naoinU SitqatioQ, dieo thu Moaientuin of Force

would

entirely vaniih

Angle

90%

this

but

fame

if

we made

the

CHAP.
^H.
-

Momentum would

'

becqipi:

an4 therefore very incoa-

fiderable, fince die

greater than
(irely vanifli

Line B F which

the Interval

is

many times

will in this

Cak

ca-

out of the C^lculafton^

Therefore fmce the Rudder does not produce

gny Effed in the Caib where {
and a very
fmali one when ^ = 90% it is evMent that Aere
win 'be a certain Mean Angle where the Rudder
.

will

produce

^e

g^-eatefl

Eiled: pofilUe;

to find thb Obliquity which

ous,

is

w^: iliall at firft neg^edjt in

But

the moft Efficaci-

our ILxprcnioa the

Term CJlll * Sin. f nhjch is very ioconfider^ble with refpeft to the other, fo that we have
this

Queftion to refoiye

now
What Value muft be

given to the Angle ^, in order that the ^rejDoa

flZ!

Sin.

Cof.

fi

F or fimply Sin. f * , Cof. {

ipay becQioe the greateft po0ible

mon

Rules we find thgt

this will

By

the

com

happen when

TaDg.{;=:V2,or rather whentbeSin.{;=yA

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ConJiru^ioH and Prs^ertUs ofVejjjilu

1^6

^^^'^^'^'^^

conftqucndythcAngk

^VIL*
'

'

of thb Obliquity ^

muft be

fo that under this Angle the

54^ 44',
Rudder would
:

produce the greateit Efied to turn the Vefleli

aod therefore our Momencum by negleding the

fmaU

Interval / will

l=ir.f/^\BF>

be

are defirous to introduce the fmall In*

but if
tcrvalBL
/into our Calculation, by putting the

Piibmce

= we fhaii have thi$ x|pr^oi|

BF

lZli.Sin.{^

CIl

+Zl2.Sim\Co&Of

+i

Sin.

/:

Cof. J,

Sin.

muft be a Mabdmum, or fimply

)svhich

^^4"^

/. Sin.

.SiQ*^{*.Cof. ^%

here by the ufual Methods

3 Cof. C

fin4 this

Eqodlty

+ i- .C6C C = o.
I

B^t

fince

always a imall Fradion^

is

evidently that the Angle

ftoipithe prccpding one,

we draw

this

have 5

= 54

can
is

44' as

but

differ

54** 44'^

fimple Approximation

the Angle 54
preffion

<^

which

many Degrees

44'

iee

little

hence

to add to
as die

contains Units, or rather

we

we

Exfliall

Conjru^m

arid

Premies of

Viffelsi

SS'

Yll.

when the
can run fiedy upon the Rudder in the

But

diis Dctcrniinatioii is

InTater

A B or

only true

which never

will happei^

jbut at the loweft hortzqntai Sedtion

of the Bod/

pircdion

where

it

Se<5lion

by

terniinated

the Keel, bccaufe this

being nearly a fireight Line, does not

Jiinder the

zf

L ^th

Water from running

its

entire Velocity

in the Dire&ioii

= c\

'

but whenever

any horizontal Sedion of the Body

is

made above

the Kepl> ife ihali then have towards the Middle

a very confiderable Breadth, and thb will prevent the Water from running freely upon the

Rudder: We fee
cyf the Rudder
the half Breadth
ipight then run

tremity

K;

general

much

was much

greater than

of that Scdlion, the Water

freely

but fince
lefs

Length

plainly that if the

BK

at lead

this

upon

its

BK

Length

than the half Breadth

ex->

as

in

F D,

the

Motion of the Water upon the Kudder will

be more efieded the more it approaches the
point

upon

the

much

the ippre cpmplicated

IJiry

and for

this

Reafon the Confideration

E^edt of the Rudder

:

It

become

will
is

here to acknowledge, that the

the Motion of Fluids

is

fo

even necef-

Theory of

not fu&ciently afcertain-

ed for us to difcover how much the Dire^tiott

and Velocity of a Fluid which pai]es near ^
^lid Body will be altered by it^ however we
ibaU

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Oni^^am oi^ Puftr$m 9fV^du

I|9

CKAP

ihali

endeavour to

upon

this Queftion^

throw

much Lig^e

as

'

riatellL

Suppofc therefore

AC BD

of fuch a Se&ion, and

CP the

and

nay

let

timt-

to be the Figure

AB

be the Length

Breadth, alfo fuppofe the Vdocitf

of the Veflel

Diiedion

the

in

heretofore =: c and

BK

to be as

the Pofition of the

Rudder under any Obliquity

fame

at the

={

Okewife

let

be the Center of Gravity of the Surface of

Rudder or

the

of the Part which cor-

rati.er

being done ifc

Water could not flow upori

refponds to this Sedion; This

is

evident that the

the

Rudder near

the Point B, but in the Di-

is that of the Side of this

Se6dqn near the Stern, and we e^ly con?

redion c
ceive
fasdf

there

which

that if this Sc<5tion fhould

Breadth

FC

almoft

prefervc

its

to the Stern, thaf

would then remain but a very ineonS-

dcrable Curvature for the Side

B would

Cafe the Water near

B, in which

not have any

Motion, and the Rudder would not produce

any EflTedb. It is neceflary therefore, th^t the
Side

ACB

fhould in no Part have any great

Curvature and ftiU

tlie

Breadth

lefs

any Angulariqry ind that

F C flioold

dinuiulh Utik

by

litda

towards

Digitized by

Idwards the Point

Circu{nftaocc$

with as

little

Curva,(urc

<i

CHAP,

wUi admit
S 5^'

Jjtt

m now fisppofe that

flows near

C B f =:

put the Angle

Water a^kuaUf
cB, and let us
then fince the Length
chft

die Direftioa

in

B C

of the Rudder

always Ycry Tn^aU in

is

ccsnparifim with the grcatneft of the Teftl,

we may

fuppofe that

well

the

Water ruos

aa the fysae Direftioa upon the whole Rudder

K B,

For

drawn

parallel to

fmrpofe

this

Br

PipedUon of the Water,

parallel

is

Obliquity

=:

B A

so
^,

the

Velocity

that

it is

by

which

itlclf

no ionger

-f*

draw

Line

Li

in

the

be

will

^$ and with roTped to

we

Expreffion

Col.

for

the

be applied to the

eafily

preknt one, by iubliituting

prove

very foon

fliall

the

may

the

Rudder

= r but rather =

means

preceding Cafe

alio

which the

^ruck will be

be

i*

then fince the Angle

and bccaufe

under

the Line

let

in order to rcprcfcnt the

Cof. 6 in place

f r^ and the Angle C

^ io fJace of ^
from thence we fliall have the Force widi
^hich the

Rudder

will

fer (fee ^ 49) exprefied

bp Aruck by

thie

Wa*

by

fee tdm: tho noarc the

Ang^ C

approaches

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ConJtruSm and Properties ffV^A.

140

CHAP*

approaches

VII.

comC) and

'

CBf

90* the
it

fliould

precifely

become a

Force bo-

this

we have

we may
before

Rudder.

Momentum of this
the Vertical Axe of the
ne^kft the finall Tern

find the

Fcuxe with refped to

which

this

already

Water near the Scern would

in order to

VefleU

Ang^

But

right one.

produce any Efieft 4ipoa the

And

will

the Cafe where

reniariLed, that the

fiot

Icfs

will vaniih entirely if the

well

contained

the

51), then the other which

Letter

(fee

the principal

is

one^ will be found by multiplying the Force

both by the Interval

B F and

by the Cofine

of the Obliquity of the RuddcTt or rather by,

hence the Momentum of Force
the Cof.

of the Rudder

will in

the prefent Cafe

be

come

li2i! ;/\

cof.

Sin.

Now in order to find the Angle

^,

e;.

BF

or the Obli"

quity of the Rudder which would produce the

greateft Efied the
nifli

common Methods will

we firft

us with this Rule; that

fiir-

find

an Angle y fuch that the Cof. 7 ==

.

and then take ^

Angle C or

CB

Cof. Cy<

= 90*
^ was :=

-.

if the

45% or

the

Angle

CBO'

Digitized

b'. ^..

..

i^j

Ccnfiru&UH and Propmits of Ve^ds.

CBD =

90% which

nearly the Cafe at the

is

of the Water, we ihall

Cbf. C =: 7071068, and therefore
Level

- Cof.
rooi

ha?e

then

chap.
VIL

2357023 =: Cof. y

whence we

find

=: 76*: 22^1 hence

ULl r: 60^:

and

confcquently the Angle

is

141

much

therefore

the

loweit Scdion

find

= 54*

rr 29*

19',

which

than that appertaining to

lefs

of

the

Body,

44' add this Value

where we

may

like*

be determined from our Rule by taking

o ; for then the Cofinc of C

xooooooo
and the Cof. y =: 093333333 from thence
wife

.T

zz 70^; 32' s xherefore

and
as

Xm

35*

i6\

{ =: 54^ : 44' the fame

Hence we may draw a very

confequeiidy

before^

important

Conclufion for Navigators, that in

order to obtain the moft fpeedy and greateft

Efieft from the

Adion of

nccelTary to give to
lefs

than that of

it

54"*

the Rudder,

44! which has been

by Mathemadcians

hitherto prefcribed

the higheft or Water- Section of the

quires an Obliquity of 29**

doubt

to

make

: For if
Body re^

19' whilil: theloweft

.SeAion would demand one of 54* : 44',

fary without

it is

an Obliquity fomething

it is

necet

choice of fome

Mean

between tfae& two Limits ^ the Arithmedic^

.

Mea

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toafiru&on and Frcpirtiu of y^gi^

CHAP. Mean would give an Angle =r 4a* i' ; but ai

VIL die Rudder kiuiimtviigre^Bitadth at Bot^^
:

'

than at the

Lml of die Water, and befides the

Water much

Efied: of the

at the Surface, (the

greater beiow than

Mean

From whence
in

or rather

gveateft

it

fccms that we might cftabludi

that

geneid

an Obliquity of about 4X*

produce the beft Eh6t\

m order

to obtain the greateft

this Rule,
Urill

upon
Limk;

to be fixed

ought to be much nearer die

Effe<5i:,

Hekn ought to make an APg^

4^
With die Axe of the Veftl or aK Itaft oae of 45%
the

lince the differences

which arifc near a Maadmuoi

aie lOmoft infenfiUe.

At

prefent there only remains to explain the

ftcafom which have determine to

Vekx^ mdi
Rudder

r.

Waw

whtdi the

Cof. C,

For

this

fix the

firik^

purpofe

tiii

let

the

tkteiv. prtfent Pofition of tha Seaioa of the 0od]r be

itpfetaced by thb Figure
is

fuppofed to be the great

nd

BM

ibre the

Axe of

any Part^whatmr of

Angle

fo, that in

AB M

M H s=

the Veflci*

Side, there-

C; and iuppofe

through

this

Figure

die Space

is

^eSpace gone over jn fiie SeoMid

being always reprefentcd by

State if die

jkb

one Second of Time

advanced to
=:

ABM whtiiv AB

But

in

Water whieh iimroiied the

thk

Vefiel

Id

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ABM

in the Pofinon

could not follow the

Vdfel in ks Mocion, the Space

remain

cmlo wed, obliges

is

Allow

tt>

^ 'hm M,

thft yfiei

and to

jjcfRlicuhu*

jmN

Side B M,
move from

it

is

to

made
its

Rudckr,

Veliel AS

agdt^

it

Vt9A wkh

the Dire(5^ion
ter at

A Bs

will

tfanfported 10

equal to

^B;

to

<

Sin

in order

wMcli the Water

neceiiary

Reft and the

at

the

be

Now
is

the

Angb

and the

=f e, the true Velocity

will

the Velocity with

this

therefore iince

i:^

MN = ABM

the

and

.through the Space

Velocity will be cxpreflcd

=:

of the Wtrter at
the Direction

SpMS

Water wiH

the Void near

fill

fame Interval

Interval

dmwing the Per^

vpon thU

then plain that the

Second,

this

the

fill

'

reif*

froni the Poinft 91

Succeflion being

by

moft

it

even be made in

this Succeflion will

chc fhorteit Dillancti therefore

in one

CHAP4
VIL

but the State of Preflion with

void-,

which Water

My

M iwuM

B ^49f

to

in

find

ftrikes

conisder

the

Sea as rurniing

a Velocity =: ^ in

therefore a Particle of

Wa-

Motion be
by drawing Nir parallel and

befidc it* proper

ip,

coniequently by combining this

Motion through Nn with ks proper Motion

tiinhigh Ni, we teve only to eompleat the
'

Parallelogram
Itprefeiit

whofe Diagonal will

both thf Diredtion 7^ well as the

is movecl
Water at

Vthfeity with which the

with

Digitized by

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CoH^uSm and Prcp&rliis of Veffebi

144

CHAP,
VM'

M=

"

Diagonal

with rcfpcdt to

the VdOfel.

and the

Therefore fincc

Ang^ iMN=:>C,

NM b eyidently =

c.

that the Velocity with which the

Ibe Rudder

ia tShBt z=

is

liave before fuppofed

NM
^

this

aifo the

is

ic

Water

.Cof.

and as

this

Cof. C, fo
iirikea

as

mc

Ae Dire^oa

fame as we have afiigned

Theory would appear to be

fufficientif

cftabliflied.

CHAP.
Vpon

'

Plate iv.

tie

A^ian of the Rudder in Obtigue Courfos^

T T 7 ihall begin

yy ^

Mig^ij*

yiiL

before,

here in the lame manner

by

confidering the loweft

Horizontal Sedion at the Keel of the VeflcL

Let the

right

Line

AB

therefore reprefent to

US the Keel moving in the Diredion

or in that of
that the

Angle

with a

AFX

Velocity

will exprcfe the

A
fo

Leeway

of the VeOelt which we fliaU fuppofe as before

^, and we (hall alfo fuppofe that the Rudder

BK makes
KBS

Angle

with the Keel prolonged the

s::

thU Angle of ObUquiqr

lKii%

Digitized by

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C^^&OH mtd Fropirties of Fefeb.

being

Leeward*

to

It

required

is

MS
there-

fore to determine both..the Velocity and Di-

reHon with which the Water will

the Rudder

the

iider

VfMt

XF
'

For
as

.Yeflel

cans upon

it

with a Velocity

and

Rcil,

at

the

iii

n r;

fmce the Body of the Keel

fliall

con-

that

the

Diiedbn a

it

is

is

oppoied to the

will be obliged to

it

Dircdion by Degrees
tb(t

Stem Poft

in

at. fi it

Dire^ion of the Keel

fuch a

or

at firll evident,

Continuation of this Motion, that the Water

approaching

Vlll.

ftrike againft

purpofe we

this

chap,

change

Manner

ill

its

that near

wiU exadly follow the

FB and

dixniniiked Velocity, which

that with

we might conclude

IP be ==.^. Co. ^. But at fome .Diftahce

from the Keel the DtreAion of the Water

approach nearer to

will

its

natural Diredioa

XFft and diat in Proportion as the Diftance

from th^ Keel is increafed ; bat as the Rudder
if we couiider its middle Point
L, by drawing there the right Line
IX parallel to the Keel^ and re^refenting the
L, the
Diredlion of the Water by the Line

has

little

Extent,

to be at

/'

Angle

way

will always be iels than the Lee-*

A X =

for the fame Reaibn the

Velocity there will alfo be greater than f Cof. ^,

and as we cannot determine any thing with

Pjeetfion,

than ^

L =
I

we

let
fi,

fbail take

fome other Angle 8

left

us fuppofe therefore, the Angle^

and the Velocity of the Water

=^.Cof/
i

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CHAP.

VnL

= ( -Cof.

6;.

then the Foiceof the Water op

tbe Rudder wUi became

becanfe the Angle of I ncidence

this

Pkce

dicidir to

but the Line

k will

iodiGate

LS

which

Rudder
is

at

perpcn-

thelXiettoa of the

S 59From hence we ^ercdve^hat in

it is

BL<

d/BtMcA ite Sufftoe of die

when

this Refearch

feme means,

ncceflary to have rccourfe to

by which we may edimate

the Diredion of the

'Water at the Point JL: bat as an oud Determinar

tion would not be of any particular Advantage in
Fra6tice, fince

it is fufficient

the Waier eSefkivdy

as the

to the

co

know in grofe that

fttikes the

Rudder and

Momentum of this Force with relpeft

Vertical Axe F G of the VdTel, by neg-

leAing the fmaU Portion which depends on

will as before (iee % 55.) be
^he Intenral B
.equal to

.f \

'

Therefore

Sin.

wc may

FoTe'- Cof-

already conclude, (hat in

order to obtain the gieaceft

miift

be

lefs

sirous to

E^ed

than 54"*: 44^ and if

kuow

(his

B F.

the

we

Angle ^
ale de-

Angle more exgdly, we

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Cm^rttBum mii Propmits of

Fejfib.

hvc only to find aa Angle fuch that Cof.

=: ICof. e and then take the { z; 90'

Moreover

fince the

Leeway

20 Degrees, by taking

=:

therefore fince

we

does not furpafs

fee clearly that there

Error whenever

fcnfiblc

Expreliioa

refult any
Angle fhould be

C=

49*

Fador

10 Degrees,

would not
this

taken fome Degrees greater or

by taking 6
io we find n
firft

iurpafies

not deviate confidcrably from the truth

will

chap.

iJ^i.

fddom

i-<p, this

Thus,

lefler.

70'*

50' and

35' I but in this Hypothcfis itfelf the

. Cof. 8* will not
be conlidcrably

diminilhed by the Multiplication of Cof.

6% fo
it would be of very little
Importance to pre-

dyat

tend to a higher degree of Picciiiun.

60.
%

But
ward,

if

the

the

Rudder was turned to Windwould be entirely dif-

Cafe

Plate IV. *

^'fi-*^'

from the preceding one, hncc taerc

would not arrive upon the Rudder any other
Water but that from beyond the Fore Part A,

ferent

ill

the Direaion

firve

its

ftrikc the

common.
ter,

Dire6lion

which

if it

would

Rudder, was

it

wn

But we conceive eafily

which has began

to

move

fhould pre-

certainly

never

longer than
that the

Wa-

in the Direftion

A is

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Coi^ru^m (m4 Fr^^ri^

CHAP.
^iti*

wiii

will

change

of

Fprce which

from

it

wiU'be alv^ays

We

well from Experience,

but too

a)fo

it

turn

Vefftl

the

refplts

than in the preceding Cafe.

thele Caies

Rudder

it

Unf

|he

acGorcJiiig to

ibme Portion might reach the

the
Rudder ; however the

fo that

Courfe by De^ftes^' and

be curved nearly

lixtremity

lefi

its

almolt impofllble to

is

Windwaid

to

by

much
know

that

in

make a

means

of

and Navigators arc commonly

obliged to ufe fome Sails in order to attain this

End:
-

neither does

pofTible to

remedy

appear

it

this

how

it

would

Inconvenience unlefs

be.'

we

ihould eilabliih a Rudder a^ the Fore Ps^rt of

the Velftl, or at the Extremity of the Stem

But

It

Teems that this

Method would meet

Other Obitacles abfolutely uniurmountabk*

Piate IV.

Fig* i^.

w,ith.
*

Let US now coj^Gder a ScAion of the Body

more elevated, whofe Breadth is rt-prcknted by
C Dy the Length being defcribed 4%
ti^
heretofore by the
tion

be

made

in

Line

EA

ppfe the Angle of the

then* fince the

Leewjard,

its

MoF X> and fupLeeway AFX-:;; f

alfo let the

the Direftion

RMddiqr

|j

B K

is.

turned

ta

Obliquiiy being reprefented by

the Aogle S IJ.K :s

>

cvidcft^^--

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that in thi Cafe^

freely

upon

the

and

Courfe,

much of

its

the Water will run more chap,

Rudder thftn in a dtreft

conrequently
Velocity,

not

wiil

therefore

fo

lofe

the Deter?

mioacipns which we have found iit the |^n9ceding Chapter will ftiUanlwer ourPurpofet But
Obliquity with which the Water ftrik^s

as. ttie

the-

Rudder

is

at prefent alia g^aler for

loweft Seftioi; cS tke Body,

it

order to produce the grcatcit Effedi the

^.mA be. taken flU Icfs than before

faap$ it will

Angle S B
this

not* of

Praflice, fince there

and

Angk

and. per*

be very proper not to inere^fe the

K beyond 40 Degrees. However

Remark is

a VefTei

.whether

tlift

fdlows, diat in

is

no

knowing
Rudder or not,

Difficulty in

obeys

what Obliquity

any great Confequeiice in

tlie

will

produce

ibit

.beft

62.
we meet with it
But
when the Rudder hkis turned to Windward,
in which Cafe we fee evidently that the Water
the greateft Difficulty

coming

firom the

Head

in the

DiredUoQ A,

might perhaps not arrive upon the Rudder,

although its Dircdtions were fomething curved ;

and
In

it

is

alfo

general

even

if

the

in

diis

Situation that. Yeflela

do not anfwer their Helm \ but

Water fliould arrive at the Rudder
'

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JS9

CoHftruSi(m and Proptrim of

CHAP. B^,
yj^^'

Effed would

its

VeJ^cls.

much

be always

lefs

than in the dirr^ Coorfe ; and wc have only

to confider the Figure in order to
fclvcs, that the (horter the Vcflci

our*

afiiire

with re-

is

aped to the Breadth, the more this Defe& muft

be oblerved.
But if on the contrary, the
Length of the Veflel Ihould be many times
than

greater

Breadth, and the Figure of

its

the Aft Part be

Rudder,

finely

fo that the

ihaped

along the Sides of the Veilel,

pen that
be

ftill

very

its

are

eafily

may

glide

well hap^

which

good Property

Wc alfo

will

he

belonging

always
to

thi

fee that Builders

accufVoaied to narrow the Figure of the

Aft Part
as

it

upon the Rudder would

Efieft

confiderable,

Species of Veflels

towards the

Water might

much

lowed
ing

to

and to avoid

infeniibly,

as poflible

obtain thcgrpat

the Ve/Tel

They have

Curvature

by

only fol-

End of command,

means of the Kudd^r

another Method,
remedy this Defect, which is to

alfo

very proper to

ail

this Praftice is

contrived

give the Keel a Pofition. inclined to the Ho.

; fo that the Stern Part, and therefore alfo

rizon

theRuducr,

arc both

immcrled to a greater Depth,

than the Fore Part of the

.'evident the

Water

will

by

VfslTci:

this

For

means be

it

is

lefs

obilruv^cd in ftiiking the lower Part of the

,

Rudder 5

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Onfiru^m and Properties

Ibidder: There happens

ftill

favourable Circumftance which

of V^du
in this

the Rudder* for when

upon a Wind, and the Leeway is

on the Starboard

Cafe a

the Ve0ei
for

Side, the Veif^^l will

CHAP,

the

facilitates

AQaon of

.coiifiderably to

is

Example

Heel very

Leeward, front whence

it fol-

lows that the Larboard Side of the Keel

mu^

be turned up, and therefore the Body of the

Veffel does not fo
ftriking the

much impede

the

Water from

Rudder.
I

What

has been here faid upon the greateft

AAion of

the Rudder, muft not be underftood

as a Rule wbith

we ought to follow

for whilft a Veflel continues in

Ufe of

the

finall

Rudder

is

at all times

its

Courfe, the

not neceifary, except

when

Deviation has by any Accident what*-

ever taken place, and

the true Diredion

it

required to regain

fuch an EfFe6l

may

in

gene

ral be produced by a very fmali Motion of the

Rudder, and

it

would be very improper

in

fuch

a Cafe, to give the

Rudder an Obliquity which

might produce the

greateft Efiedb polfible

aitd

when we have occafion to turn the Veflbl

fuddeniy that we muft have rccourfe to the
moft Efficacious A&ion of the Rudder : Bat in
Vh|it M^nncr^ and by what Motion the VetBeX
it

isonly

will

and Proferties of Feffeb^\

Conjtruffion

152

CHAP,
"

turned by the Force of the

aftually

w^^l

Rudder, that

VIII.

will

be examined

Chapter,

in the

.'A

v.":

CHAP,
Motion of Rotation

the

rj-tl

following
io

'

IX.
in Vejfelsy produced

A^ion of the Rudder^

by the

64.

CHAP,
IX.

which a Vefiel

tion,

Jl

'~

Motion of Rota-

order to determine the

Adlion of the Rudder,

will receive

it is

from the

neceflary above

all

Momentum of
the Vertical Axe

things to determine truly the

this

of

with

to

refpe(ft

But we have

the Veflel.

this
.

Force,

Momentum

will always be

juft

fhewn, that

comprized

in

an

Exprcflion of this Form,

a,

where/*

'^yi.

BF.

rcprefents the Surface

of the Rudder;

BF the Interval between the Rudder and the Vertical

Axe of

Veflel
iults

the Veflel

c the Velocity

of the

and a a numerical Coefficient which

re-

both from the Obliquity of the Rudder,

i^c Leeway of the

Vcflfel,

and

alfo

from the
Figure

Digitized

Fi^rc
o^

the,

of

Sl^p ^arti

fo that this

Expref- CiiA?^
'

pimenfiOQS, of which

contj^ins four linear

t&tic give a Vplunjic of

TK.

Water whofe Weight

'reprefents the Force, and this being mukiplied

the fourth Line, glyes that whk;l(

Momentum

die

&atthi,M^ep.tum
Sijus^ie

cpm^,

t|ie

^9

cy

yhi^k

the Hudder.

It. 13,

hi;

|ace <rf the Rudder/*

^ce

ipdecd felf evi-

greater

is

always infen-

aU9 e(}^iy evident

prpportional to tbe 'Sur^

and beHdes,

proportional to the Interval

the^

coofeque&cljr

greater wiU be the Effcd produced

Rut^i^cy^

that this Force muil

ifc

we caU
we foe

Nlotion of the V^CfA be*

xjvs

dent, feeing that a Veflcl at Reft

tp^

hence

alw^^^ proportional

is

Y^dochq^

die xpore rapid

^rois^'

From

of Force :

tb^^ Interval

Length of the Vciftl exceeds

its

like^

it is

BE

The^'

is^

or

the

Breadth, the

greater alio will be the Efficacy, of the Aftioj^

oji.

thjS;Rud(^r

Ji^

byL.whi(:h it appefl^ that

Advantages \vWch ,wc

have already remarked, would in Addition. hay^

Veflels, beddes the great

that of aniwering the Hcla^

B}^ the
ftU)

not

Kno^l^<j|gf;
jTufRcient

Motion which
y^lfel,

we

will

to

of

more

this

MoQ^cn^uin

decermioe

t^e

be communicated

to

if

true

the

yet require another Element arifing

iromtfae Mais of the Yeflel

readily.

itfelf s

inthe&me
fnaaner

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Omfiru^ian and Pr^ftriiis of Vtpbl

I$4

CHAP* manner
IX*

as if

was required from the

it

Pro-'

Motion to have that whic;h we call Ac*

cefcration ; it woidd then' be neceffiuy to digitffive

vide the

Moving Force by

But finoe

the preient Queffioo

tion of Rocadon,

Momentum
call the

it

the whole Mafs.

is

is neceflSiry

upon the Mo-

'

to divide the

of Force by a Quantity which we

MoodentUdi of Inertia of the Body with

lefpefi to the

Axe of Rotanon : from {he Rules

this Momentum of Inerda is

of Mechanicks

fcond bf miiltiplying each leparate Ma& of

which the Veflel is compofed, by the Square

of

its

tation

rcfpeflive Diftancc
:

If

we

therefore

from the Axe of Romultiply

Weig^ts^ each by the Square

all

its

thefe

Diftance

from the Vertical Axe F G, there will refult a

Produd of the entire Weight of the VelTel M,

by the Square of a certain Diftance which will

be fome Mean between the greateft and leaft
Diftances, which fuppoie

tnni of Inertia will then

ther, if

we

^ k; our
be 2 M

Momeq*
Or

il*

are defirous of reducing the

Weight

of the Vcffd to a Volume of Water, as we

have before done in the Momentum of Force, it
will be only necelTary to fubilitutc inftead of M>

the Volume of the immerfed Fart or the Body

which we before exprelTcd by the Letter
|n this Cafc the

Mpmcntum

of Inertia

will be

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:s

This Formula theiefofe contauu

chaf*

Linear Diinenfions.

jftve

i 66.

Now
the

in order

Modon

to find

of Rotation,

the Acceleration la

it is

oecefiary, accord*

ing to the Rules of Mechanicks, to multiply

the

'

Momentum

fall

Second oS Time, and divide

Produd by

Momentum

the
.

pf Force by 2 ^, or by twice

ibt Heighfth lyhich heavy Bodies

this

one

in

of Inertig of the VcfltJ

this

A^celer^t^P will then be exprefied by

X

r/,B^

mbidk having five Linear Dimanfions in .both

Numerator and Denominator will give a Ntu
merical Fraction that will always exprefs the

Sine

xif .the

Second,'

Angular Velocity generated in one

hm

it is

necefihry

to obfervCi

that

we meafure an Angular Velocity by the Angle

which it i3 capable of moving through in one
Second: From heQoe we comprehend that the
Angle itfelf which the Change of Situation will
produce in the Veffel

in the firft

Second

will

be

jhalf the angular Velocity th^t. we h#v(9 j.uft fQund*

And
,WB

with rcfpeft to the Motion

know

afterwards,

that the angular V^elocities

squired

Times, ^nd the

by thjs Motion of

.-would 'be prpportional ;to. the

AtJgl)?* ^thprufciy^^ d^fcf

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jChap.
IX.

Rotiitton to di^t'

Squares of die

Xvam

mf

meet mtk
Mouon, and the moving Force

elafped, if the Vefiel did not

Refiftance in this

temained the fame*

...
But whenever the Veflel begins 'tOPfximromd

ks Vecucal Axe both

#91 ;experieiice

fiinitt

its

Dire&ioa. and Velocity

Change'^ afid

evident

it is

of tile- WMer upoA dlelRddBr

changed by it, by this means the

that the Force

will

be

alfo

longer deterMotion of Rotation ivould be*

mined by the lime Mbmentom of Force : Be*
fides, as

ioon as the Vcliel turns round

widi

<ir Krin naeet

''Water, Which^ teiid^

Howev^,
IM^itifor

as

ti>

Axe,

the

dimioiAi thia*.Mvimi.

Motion

is

ftill

vecy flow,

d> Change in the Foiceor the Refi^

iinee ^oiild
fniall

this

its

-{Mmbaff Refiftance

be fenfiUe,

tfnd themfbre.

fi^r-

tke

we may vmU regard

agreeu^ mtk one Ex-

time of one Second

^he MdtkHv generaied as

pwffion, lb tha( ^Aer one SeeoiMithe :6lQctqr
of Rotation

will

be nearly the lame

which wc have jttftaffigned

riyfiAute

to

it

as-

that

But here an

MesAie- of 'dib Motionis^ MM fcmiirii

required as the Proportion which in this re^pe^t

is

found in diffei^ni^pecies^Vcflelsc Thiif

we khd^^^t^ FliiqH>lit>ft
V, and i * fiJr two difthe Quantities / *, B

a ibon a

ierenc

Digitized by

fcrent VelTels,

and

under the

their Velocities

fame Circumftaaces

we

CHAP.

are then able to judge

wliidi of theTe Veffeb will beft anfwer the Helnw

and

alfo to

determine the Ratio of their Velocitic*

a Kotauoa round

their Verticai Axe./

68.

In order that
explained,

let

'

this Proportioil

us fuppolc as

fh&y

be idSif

the

heretofore

the Breadth
Length of the Body
e, then the Volume of the
and the Depth
Body will be nearly proportional to the Produdt

4ibt^

we

and with relpe^t to the Square

mddy concdvt that it itMift depend bodi oft tk

Leng^

ir,

Anit the

not deviate

Bmdth

much from

^, fo thtft

we

fliali

the truth by fuppofing

ic

preportional to thePrody6ir^v the Si2e of the:

Rudder t commonly rtgutMed by theBrttkldi of

the Veffcl, and as the Depth i conftitutcs the prin-*
cipal Dimenfion^ we may. Mgard theSuifinti^/*'
as-proportional to^he Frodbft h e \ laftly, the Interval

B F

is

evidently

proportional

to

the

^ows that the V

Length i: From thence
Ibcity of Roation produced in one Second^ otf
in aoy ol^r fmall Interval of Time will be al*
it}

ways

,pr<j[poruonal

to* thi$

Expreiiioti

"^J^*

where the Coeflicient contains the fmall

Dif-'

by thd pimi^ty of the Conftniftioos.

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CiMffiniSkB 4md Prdpertks of Fe/eL

Tgi'

CHAP,
iX.

ftrudiobr,

the

and

theOmrfe

tuS

Motion of Rotation

of the

Vlocic]r,

or' rather as

Thus

if

one has

itfelft

Tkeretim

diredly as the Square

is

lectprocallf as die Pioduft

the Area of the

two Veflels are perfediy

Water Sefijoo.
of which

alike,

Dimeofions twice as great as the

all its

other, the Velocity of Rotation

of the greateft
which will

will be only one fourth Part of that

be ^cqw^.by the

Before this

under the ^mf,^f^;.

leffcr,

Bode is finiflied we oug^^ill to

upon the Force which
ba

fay .iomething

cfajfloyedto preferve th^ Riiddcr.-fe

OUtquity for
of the Rudder
.

KB

to which the Obli-

qoigr of the Incidence of the

-Rudder'

which

is

it

Jhall

Sin.

Axe

=4

Momentum of Force

B, round which the

widi

Rudder

refjpeft
itfclf is

Therefore fuch a Force muft be ap-

plied to the

=1

BL

L bebg the Center of the Rudder, we

have the

.moved.

dui^

being multiplied by the Interval

to the

tuin

i^n

be ilruck, will be

JCiC
this

Water

nearly equal, then the Force witb

will

|he Point

O^jjiiir

purpofe let the ObUqvii^

this

Helm
'J

as

muft produce a Momen*'

Sin. *.

from whence we

let

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diat this

Mbmeotum

is

proportkmal

ift,

die Square of die Velocity of the Veflel

to the Surface of the
lotienral

Rodder

afid 4thly,

tocHAP

sdly,

^X.

3dly, to the

to the Squiie of

die Sine of Obliquity, in which

it ii

requited o

auincain the Rudder^

OO&

Digitized

O O K
tlpon the Mafts and

of

o/'

Air

Management

and the Farce af tbe

C^tf /ie Sails

but

the

Veffels.

CHAP.

THE

IHi

is

WM,

I.

a Fluid Matter like

much more

Water

Experiments

fubcile.

bave (hewn us chat the Denfity of Water is

about 800 times greater than that of Air, therefore the

Weight of

Volume of Air will be

Volume when
confcqucntly when the Air
a

only one Sooth Part of the fame

lkd with Water

any Surface whatever with a

ftrikes

Vdocicy,

its

of that which would

ing

it

certain

one Sooth Part

from the Water ftrik-

Eflfed will be only

arife

with the fame Velocity

from hence, we

are able to affig^ the Force which a Plane

Surface ==

ing upon

H ghren

/* muft
it

in

Velocity

fuftain

from the

a perpendicular

: for

Wind

having already

that if the fiune Surface was ftruck

aft-

Manner with
feeii

by the Water

the Force would be equal to the Weight of a

yolume

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Conjyu^m and

'

Properties

i6i

jtf yeJJilsB

VblOmc Df Water cj^)fied by

ison-

nwft

elude that the Force of the Wind will be equal

Weight of

to the

800 /4g

by

Volume of Water

where

i-,

it

tnUft be

jexprefled

remembered

denotes the Height which

that

1^

w)U

fall

we

and that

always ineafiire Velocities by the

which would be run through

Therefore, fince

of the Reiiftance

we

of Wat^r,

are alfo

it is

able to

in the

As

Spac^

one Second.

we have determined the Force

by the Weight of a Volujxie

Wind

Porce Of the

in

Body

Iiravy

one Second of Time,

in

exprefs

the

fame Manner^

i>

not fo eafy to obferve the true Ve-

Wind or the Space which it pafles

over in one Second of Time^ and befides the
locity

Wifad

of the

may change

Mr. Bouguer
ftrument,

every

Moment^ the

means of which we may im-

by

mediately difcover the Force which the

fexerts lipon a

Tabe

by a Rod
the

Tube

rhat

This

given Surface.

AABB

is fixed that

late

has contrived a very (imple ln-|!**^^

in

is

Wind

a hollow

which a Spiral Spring

may be mbxt
'

or

lefs

CD

co^!npre0ed

FSD paffing through a Hole widiia

at A A
then having obferved to

Degree

difierent Forces

or given

W^hsi

CHAP*
'

the

Weight

to the Situation

CD

Manner to

perpendicolar

plane Surface

greater or

as

lefs

VE

paraUel to

Mark

S,

at

Wind

this

Rod

at F, a

jp^g!:

than to.oppofe this

in

order that

it

may

Dire&iona

of the Red, and the

(hew the Weight to which

i^ eqiuvaienti firoQi
Wind .'*.
"''1,1.

cxpreflcd

fam when

the ikoo^

pendicular

Maoner

tl^

is

all

Wind
againft

There-

Forces.

blowa in a perany plane

Sur-

may always readily dete&

Force w4ii^b it wxxa*

face whatever,

It

if^-

will

it

have hitherto

mipe

indicaccs

be eafy afterwards to reduce

Weight to a Volume of Water as we

uicnce
this

given Area cither

the

in

that

will

the Force of the

of

is nccefifary

Surface

the

ftrike

at

afterwards i^e jjbin in

we may

Inftrument to the

we
Man^

Spiral,

fuch a

in

to forcp the S|>rinj^

rcquifite

nothing more
%

the

of compreifiDg

capable

are

put Divifioos upon die Rod

her that what we obferve

I*

i^e

the faote thing wb^ei^ the

W^id

ftri|^

plane Surface obliquely, and the Force

cninilhed in the Ratio of the Squ^re^ of

is

tl^ie,

di-

Sin^

of the Obliquity.

Thus, if the Sqi;i|f^ 1119^

rz /*, the Velocity of the Wind =:
and xhf^

Pblic^uity =:

6}

the Force would ()e.9qual to the

'
.

Weight

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OfifirHilson

and Properties of VeffeU.

"Weight of a Mafs of Water, whofc

800
Biit the

Volume

is

CHAP.

'

4f

of

Diredbion

this

Force

and

|>erpendicular to the Surface,

jfei

1 6j

always

is

paiTes

through

From hence we fhall

Foree which the Wind exerts

Center of Gravity^

know
upon

the

and

the Sails

as the

toided that their Surface

a Phne whofe Area

which we have

jufl

of the Wind4

is

the Expreflion

in order to fofip a more ia-

us

fet

whofe Surface we

Ihall

Square or/* =:

Wind

r:

ex-

fo

regarded a&

given will exprefs the Force

tisfadoty Idea,

the

are

Sails

may be

fuch a Sail

confider

fuppofe equal to a

if this

Sail

ooc

be firuck by

a perpendicular Manner, 'and

in

with a Velocity equal to ten Feet in one Se-

ICQ

tondi then our ExpreiTion will give

Ctibic Feet bccaufe

800

16

zz -JL Or in Decimal Parts

if the

in

Wind moved with

64
which Fraction is

~ 0,00105.

the Velocity of 20 Feec

a Second, the Force would be

a Cubic Foot

if

Feet ia a Second,

the
this

Hence

of

128

Wind moved
Force would be

thirty

=
57

^nd

if it

moved 40 Feet

would be the

in a

Second, the Force

Part of a Cubic Foot, which

32
equivalent to fomcthing more than
Weight of Two Pounds Averdupoize^

is

.Ma

the

4;

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CiM/hru3mand PnpariUs pf V^Uh

164

CHAP4

But we can never Sec the Sails in fiich i

Manner that their Surfaces will become Planes,
ef[kiciaU]r when the Wind is ytv/ ftrofag and
ftrikes almoft perpendicular!/ upon them ; for
in this Cafe the Sails are more or lefs Curved
according to a Figuie which Mathematicians

haye truty determined.

But

it is

of very

Importance for our Purpole to know

gurCy and

more a

it

Force of the

fufficient

is

to zemarky that the

curved the

Sail is

Wind

little

this Fi-

mm

alfo will the

be diminiflied, and for the

very fame Reafon that the Fore Part of a Veflcl

which is dthei* curved or ibarp will fufier \ek Re*

fiftance than one that \t flat. We have found
even that

if

the

Curvature of a Sail fhould

approach to that of a Hemiiphefe, the Force

of the Wind would be reduced to one Half

of that which a great Circle of the fame Sphere
would experience; and as the Surface of a
great Circle
fphere,

it

is

bift half

that

of the Hemi*

follows that a Sail curved into a

milphcre would only

of the Force of the Wind which

receive upon its plane Surface.
It
fore nccefiary to employ every

hinder or at

the Sails as

leaft

much

He-'

receive one fourth Parent

would

it
is

Means

there-

for to

diminiih the Curvature of

as Circumftances will admit

of/
t

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But as we ra9f always concdve a plain

which would produce the fame Force as

of.

Sail
fi

curved one, we

Ihall not

cmbarrafs purfclves

any longer upon the Curvature of

the following

in

der them

Refearches

we

perfedt Planes,

all as

chap*
I*

and

Satis ^

confi*

Qiall

by fuppoliiig

cheQi Ids in Proportion.

Hitherto

we have

Reft, but fince

confidered the Sail as at

has the iame Motion as the

it

Veflel above which

is

it

extended,

Change in
upon it. Let

there will

often refult as great a

as the

Wind

exerts

the Force

fuppofe

lis

the Sdl to be carried in a certain Diredion

widi the Velocity

Uows

Velocity
will

ad;

=
in

it

if the Velocity

the oppofite Side

it
;

Wind

Manner upon the

a Velocity

of the

that of the Sail,

Wind

Wind

= c-^v
was

would be ftruck by

and

if the Direftion

+ Vi

vigation

it:

be

made with a

from whence we
is

Velocity

but

lefs

than
it

on

of the

was contrary to the Motion of the

the Shock would

uuc

Wind

the

was at Reft, and the

fliould ftrike it with

zze

that

evident that the

is

the very fame

Sail as if the Sail

Wind

and

fame DireOioa with a greater

in the

Sail,

Velocity

fee that in

Na*

very ncccffary to dlftinguifh the

and the

true Diredlion of the

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i66

ConJiru&mandProferiitsofVeJfcls.

CHAP* Wind from

t
'

For

Sails.

- which

which

that with

this Furpofe,

upon the SaiU

afts

a(fls

it

upon

\ye fcaii cali the

the

Wind

in Motion, the ap-

Wind, in order to diftinguifli it from the

Wind, with which the Sails WQui$i be

parent
true

^upk

if tbejr

were fU

Refl:

explain this Difference in gene-

'^^^^^

Plate T

fig. 2,

yal, let the

Line S

rcprefcnt the Dicedion and

Velocity with wlttch the; Sail is carckd, or kc

denote the Space which it
this Line S

moves through in one Second : alfo iuppofc

|hc Wind to blow in the I](ire6tion V S with
a Velocity exprefled by thia faun^ Liiw VS|
which conicquenily reprefents the true Wind.

Now it
<>r

is

required to

that whiicb

in the

would

lame Manner

the apparent

find

aA upon

Wind

fhe Sail at Reft,

as the true

Wind

a^ upon

In order to reioive

the Sail in Motion.

this

Queftiop, let us fi^neelve the whole Syi^ fo

have a Motion contrary and equal to that
of the Wind, or tha^ the whole is carried
in the Dire&ion

with a Velocity repre-

fented by this ("^me Line

in

this

then the Air wiH

Cafe be reduced to Reft, and the Sail

will have

a Motion compolcd

tion

ST

"^Ve

have thcreiore only

and of

ot

its imprefled*

to

its

proper

Motioii

MoSV

compleat the Pafallclograa^

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Coi^ruSion and Prepertiis ef

STvY^

ralldqgram

will CHAP,
whofe Diagonal S
L
Motion of the Sail in a Calm,

repfefent the

t)

'

and therefore reciprocally the

the lame Force as

ilruck

was

if it

at Reil,

vS

Confequently

Therefoie

Line of

Wind

the Line

if

Dire(ftion

the Linie

which the

ia

exprefles

Sail

the

moves, and

Wind,

that of the true

the appa-

be reprefented by the Diagonal

n^iil

V Sj but in order
we have only

Sail,

Ht Reft, and that

to find

its

upon the

EfFedl

to conceive the Sail as being

it is

ftruck by the Wind denote4

Line vS\ then by making ufe of the Ex-

this

prefiions

which have been already determined,

be eafy to find the Force which the true

it will

Wind V S

exerts

re^lion

S T,

T=

VS =
Jocity

Diagonal

this

'

5 7.

Sail

Wind

zpfmal Wind.

naipcd the

by

and the

(hew us precifely that which we have

will

fent

fuftaia

Sail will

according to the Diredfcion, and with

it

the Velocity

yS

167

Veffeis,

upon the Sail moving in

for
t;,

^ and

we

of the

the Velocity of the true

Wind

the

Angle

9i the ^ppar^nt
sj

the Di-

call the Velocity

if

for the Diredtion

VST =f

Wind v S
V

we

Cof.
fine)

M4

will

be

the

Ve*

1 68
.

CanfiruSiion

and Properti^ af Vejfel^^

'

C?IAP.
Sin.

I.

VS

c Sin.

T :^

'

v^t

Tang.

ir

From

'

Wind v

=:

that of the true

^d Tang.

{t is

Col. ^4''^'*

thence knowing the Vcloctty of the

Angle V S

S,

which fuppofe =i u with

the Velocity of the Sail S

fire

T = -il!i4-5r:

apparent

T=

we fliall
Wkid, or
,

and

alfo the

readily deterain^

2jl%iL.

proper to remark here, that thofc

on

Board a VefTel

obfcrvc the true

in

Motion,

Wihd, but always

whq
neve^

the

apl

parent Wind, even the Vanes and Flags con-

Wind } and the fore*

mentioned Inftrument will in the lathe Manner

ftandy ihew this iipparenc

only indicate the Velocity of the apparent Wind.

Thus when

it is required to determiiiie the Force

which the Wind exerts upon the Sails of a Veflel^
we have only to obfcrv^e on Board both its Dircc-;

tioa

and Velocity, and we

iball

then have the

apparent

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Ccnjifu^op and

Pr^pmUf

Wiod fought, which

;apparcni:

{fanner upon

At

of Fejils,

x 69

^(^s ia the

Sails as if tbqr

fame

wcit at Reft,

OHAP

^
-

^hcn by Means of the Formulas before given

This difference
jhc Force itfclf will be kijown.

Wind wiU exa Pheiionienon wluch often appears to us

very Paradoxical It is, that two Veflels which
))etween the trj^ and ;^ppaient

plain

p^ each other

Sea obferve different Windsy

^tha* the true Wind blows equally upon both*
For let S T reprefent the Direction and Velocity

pf one of

at

thele Veffcls,

and

and Velocity of the other,

T' the Dire<^n

S'

at the

S',

Wind

then having drawn the Diagonals

nnd

^ S\ the

the

Wind

Vanes of the

in the Dircdlion

firft

di&r from each other by

CHAP.
Upon

tie Mafis^

vS

Vefiel will fliew

v S, and

thofe of the

pther in that of v' S\ and thefe Directions

pften

fame time that

both are flruck by the fame true

pr

pj^^^

may

feveral Points*

IL

and upon the Form of the Fore

Part of a Vejj^l fuitq^k

Mionjf the

Sails.

$9.
not here neceliary to enter into a Detail of

IT

is

^f a

Y^flel, or th^

all

CHAP*

the Particulars which idate to the Mafts

Manner

i|j

which they carry

the

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Cn^it&i9M and

C& APi

the Sills I

Ui
'

to

"

is.

it

of ViffOs.

be fofficknt for

will

thac dte

ffcifiarit

Fropmm

wMe

mt Purpofe

above the Velftl

with Sails as Mtich is poffible, in 6rdcr

filled

Wind
Mmkin t6

to obtain from every

all

the Efforts ci-

fAAt of

ihe

VeftL

giving

View

this

Mafts

are

cftablifhed

Sails through their whole Height,

Bhvadth

VcflW

given to diem

it

admit

will

cf.

to

and

With
receive

much

as

die Site bf

dftch iMb

between the Mafls, and both towards the

and Sterh of the V^fli^ in

thfe

Sails are ufcd

Head

CKrdet to incitaft

much as poffible the SoffacSs upoldi Hkvk the

Wind may exert its Effoifts, But whatever the
Number of MaAs fimy be^ antd hdw^vtr great
the Ntmbef of Safls; iift xAi^ dWays conceivfe
one
the

it

Smh
this

would produce the fame Efie^

as

aB

taken together ; by fi^hkh means

Queftion

of

being ftrucic by the

Sail only, fuch, that

Wind,

is

reduced to determine both the Size

Equivalent

Sail,

and the Place of

its

Application.

% 10.

Bat ai-grft we muft ol^rve that the Surfeee

this Equivalent Sail muft be equal to the
Sum of all the A6i:uaT Sails together; and we

of

&aU

Gohfider the whole as Planes parallel to

ejfichoiji^y as th^re is no'feafeiir

to fet

tiic

why we ought

3aiis differently with refped

to the

Windu

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Cot^nMon

Wind

Mi PrupiriUs <f Vigils.

bcfides Navigation conftantly

171

requires

every Sail be equally expofed to the Wind*

^at

except feme

fmall ones which

chap*
11.

in particular

may be required to aid the A6^ion of the

Thus our Equivalent Sail wiU be

Cafts

JRudder,

always parallel to the

face equal to

together

iiowever,

we

serve, that
as are

all

ftill

ail

bbw,

already intercepted

Snb
that

upon which the

in conlequence

by thofe

Sails

Aft ; and the Difpofition of the

Wind,

of

Sails with

being

refpe^

will readily fliew

runs before the

if the Veflel

its

Wind

which are more

may be ufefuUy employed

us foch as

ample,

neceifary to ob-

Wind, and

thofe

p} the Diredion of the

and its Sur-

their Surfaces

add together fucb

ftruck by the

exclude

cannot freely

of

is

it

niuft only

aflually

we muft

A^al Sails,

Sum

the

For Ex-

Wind

the

upon the Mizzen Maft would receive the

Afiion of the Wind, whilft thofe upon tbe

Sails
full

Main and Fore Mafts would only be

(cfieded

by

partially

it.

S XI.

Haying
Sail

and

eftablilhed the Idea

its

Extent,

would

and

of an Equrvalenc

fince

all

the Force

from the A&ion of th

l^ind muft alwaya pais through the Center of
Gravity of its Surface, and be perpendicular
ivhich

it

th/^mo i

(his

receive

Point muft without doulH be of the

fatft
4

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iy%

Conjlfusion

CHAP,

Impcn'tance and

laft

Mn Boi^tur
is

and Properiies of

fame as the Center of Gravity of

therefore the

Mean DjWind

confcquently the

Sail,

the Forces with which the

all

afls, mail: pais

through

fore very eflential to

Centre Velique
this

that which the lata

is

has named the Cemre VeUque^ and

the Equivalent

ledton of

it

Veffels.

this Point.

know

And

It

is

theror

exactly thcflacc of this

at fird it is evidept thaf

Center muft be fituated fomewhere in the

Continuation of the Diametrical Plane of the

Veffcl, lince

commonly

divided

this Se6tion';

all

the Sails arc equally

hence the Determi-

nadon of this Point muft depend upon

its

Eleva-

tion above the Vcffcl, or rather above the

Level

of the Sea, and upon the Place where a Perpenr

kt fall from it, would interfeft the PrinAxe of the Vcflel. But we have already

dicular
cipal

demonitrated

in the

preceding Book, that this

Point muft be (ituated nearer to the

Head

tiian

the Stern of the Veflcl.

12.

The

Situation

and DImeniion
*
... of each of the
.

Aftoal Saib being known,

we may from

the

Principles of Static ks determine the true Place

of the Centre Velique.

any

Sail

Elevation of

Sea

For,

let

the Surface of

whatever be fnppofed =: K,
its

= b which

is

and the

Center of Gravity above the

the Perpendicular

drawn from
thi;

Digitized by

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tbb Point

to

Surface

the

of

the Sea,

alio

CHAP^
IL

iuppofe the Diftance of this Line from tbe Stern

'

to be :r /; then if each of the other Sails

refpeaively denoted,

K%

ficc.

Centre Velique

By

K', b\

K", b'\

I'

fefpeaitrdy, tho

Tj

Height of thti

be equal to

will

K + K' +

+ &c.

+ K'* +

^nd the Diftance of

be

this

Point from the Stern of

the Veffd will alfo be equal to

K + r -f
We

fee evidently that the

K'"'

+ &c.

Height of the Cen^

muft principally depend upon the

Height of the Mafts, which we cannot increaft
beyond certain Limits, and that thefe Limits
muft depend both upon the Size of theVeftel and
its Deftination : But fince the more elevated Sails
tre Velique

are

commonly much

Ids than the lower ones,

evident that the Centre Velique will not

Mean Height which the Sails

fumething lower,
iiend

how

llence

it

fail in

it is

the

occupy, but always

is

ca(y to compi-e-

the A6lual Sails ought to be difpofcd,

in order that the Centre Velique

given Point

and therefore we

may

(hall

iider both the Place of the Centre

all

the Rules which

>

always con-

V elique, and

the Size of the Equivalent Sail as given,

to decermine

fall in

iri

order

may conduce
to

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YdRb

Matngonent of

lami

CHAP,

to render tbe

llateL

Lt tw now fuppofe dio Dianettieal SeQioi

of any Vcfiel to be reprefcnted by Fig. 4, where

^*K'4

tho Linft A B ocprf^ the Watpr L^jie pr great

Aze of the Bodf, the Line L E H tBe Keif, thc^
Point

the Center of Gravity of the Veflel,

and the Point

irated

than

more clemore
nn^
g,

the Centre Velic^e^

by the Interval

advanced towards the Head by the Space

or Ff, Then fincc the Force of the Wind

muft alouys pafii thnmgh the Centre Veiique W,

and becaufe the Surface of the Equivalent

commonly

Sail 15

as great as Circumitances will peunit^

there moft in coafequence leAilc a very great

Momentum of Force

tending to produce an In-

diaacion in the Veilel, which will be fa much the

greater as the Centre

above

Vdique

is

more eterated

Center of Gravity G.

In direft

Cooties where we are able to employ the whole

Force of the Wind,

Momentum

this

wtllr

give

the Veflel an Inclination towaMs the Head;' and

altho' tlie Stability with

tion

18

ftl will

refpeft to this Inclina-

yet the

tlie greateft,

Motion of

the Vef*

always be confiderably afieded 6y

In order to remedy
tfaereioffe oeceffiiry

this

Inconvenience,

that the Kefiftance

if.

is

of the

Fore Part of the Veflel ihould furntfh a

it

like

Mo-

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C^Ku^im and Prcficriies

Mpm^ntym

of Force

an oppofire Direftion, ClfAP.

in

whicli will biflHia

vji$

of

the

mean

Direction of

^*
^

di0 Jiififfvm pfLflta thffough the Ccnife Vi^

lique'Vy. For fuppofe
R to be the Force of the

li,^Ail^ftce,

and that

^ wbich
fQi^mei:

b)?

th|p

Y^flel

W V^nicftU

Bmnti^

^he

mu(( evidently

en^rety deftrey^ft

Wi(id^ aad ^qftfefty^Pt^X

Biut the Vertical

Force

w*U

W ^ wiU

produce ^ dpubie g^o.d Etieci^ by

two athcrsi

r^ioive itiwtP

even

lifting the

Vef-

We^i i

libcre^.
Pepth of the Body, muft iikewife be cUfniniflie^
by i:, and as this Force is applied before the
i^id 4ininir]iii its

^cmaec of Gravity,

G5,

muft

it

alio

d^V4t|5 the Fore Part of th^ Yeilel

Means

if

the Centre Vclique was even

vatedy there

wou}d npt be

hend f9op it.

fed might be

iieim we

ai>y

more

ffow

to the Sailf:

14-

2dw4y;i irifaUibly pais

Vclique

W,

if the

iioirir::

9f|he.W^ilrm|j^

ButHhe Mean Diredion of

umiki

ele-.

th good

by giving

t^epifrives ipime foiall Inclination to the

290^ ill ordpr di^^

aft fomething upwar4^

thing tQ appre-.

foe thst

tlillincreaied

t^4

bjc i;kicl^

the Refiilance

through the Centre

Surface of the Fore Part of

the Vciici was a Portion of a Sphere defcribed.

hsm

CQtec

wMi

the Radius.

W H<m>
WA:

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CotdmiHonand

%i6

tnhV,
IL

W A:

For

Properiiis

if ^effeU.

fince all the perpendicular Direc-

upon the Surface of the Fore Part would

all Hb^i
fame Point
then paft .through
would
thete^
Water
of
the
Efforts
Elementary
tioiis

fore be re-united in the fame Point, and confe<

quendy

WR

Direft

Mean

their

and

this

Direction

muld

muft equally happen bdth

bcf
iri

Oblique Courfes, becaufe the

as well as

fame Portion of the Sphere would

Shock of the Water.

ftifl

receive

the!

However altho* othicr Cir^

cumftances will not allow fuch a Conflrudtion for

the Foie Part of a VeifeV it irill (till be always
Tery advantageous that die Ralce of
itfelf

the

H A be

Cetoe Velique

be furniflicd with
'to

the

Stem

the Kerf

With
it will

Stem'

dite

an Arc of a Circle defcribed from

HA

W. From

whence

we

(halt

a very cafy Rtrte for to give"

the moil proper Form front'

H to the Extremity of

the

Body

refpea lo the Portkm above the Water^*

be always neceflary to give

nearly Vertical, in order that the

it

a Direftion'

Waves of

the

Sba may in Tempeftuous Weather haVe At'

kfs Power to agitate the Vcffcl.

With

15*

refpeft to Dired); Couriesr

1^

n^glll

obtain the fame Advantages, provided the Fw*

Part of the Vclfel had the Figure of a round
Solid, generated

by theRotatton

<tf

fomo Figom
nboitt

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i^^rk&ion and Proper^ of Vejfds^

about the Point

Axe
,

W, or rather,

I'jy

round a horizontal

pafiing throuah this Point and parallel to

Axe

the tranfycrfe

chap.
II.

Therefore in

of the Vcffcl.

order to give to the Fore Part of the VeiTei

fuch a Form, fuppole the Vciie] to be cut by a

Plane, paHing through the Point
treaiity

verfe

H of the Keei^ and

Axe of

W aud

the

Ex-

parallel co the tranf-

the Vedel, then this Se<5bioa being

turned round the laid

Axe conceived

ai \\\ v/ill

dcfcribc the true Figure of the entire Fore Pare of

the Veflel, or at leaft of

below the

Sr.rtVicc of

the

all that

Water;

Form

as

may

is

for in refpecfc

we may

to the Part above the Water,

fuch a

Part which

give

it

anfwer our Furpofe.

befl:

16.

Altbo' fuch a Figure

from

it

very

CouHes,
incline

great

Vcflel

properly adapted
ftill

Advantages in

notwithftanding
the

is

we may

Courfes only,

to dirtft

the

derive

Oblique

Momentum

to

be not entirely 'def^royed;

as there will remain but a very fmall Portion to

give

it

an Inclination on one Side

and evta

Momentum which refiilts from the t orce of

the Wind inclining the Veflel to Leeward, will
be fo much the lefs conlidcrable, the more the
Wind ftrikes it obliqiiciy, which will conflantly
happen when the Vcirel is upon a Wind. Howthis

ever,

it is

ment

as

always of the

much

as

laft

Importance to aug-

poCible the Stability of VefTels

with

. kj

i^L-j L-y

Google

iji

ConfiruSiiou

CHAFr

and Properties of

Kejfels.

with refpfsA to their great Axe, and

we have

&cwn how this nd is to be attained in

the mod eafy Manner, by incrcafing the Breadth
of the Body with refpc^t to the Draught of Water I the Lengthening of Vefiek may alfo conalready

tribute

much

Diminution

to

in

may gain feme

feeing that we

it,

Depth of

tlie

the Body, becauie

the whole Weight of the Veilel

is

fuppofed to re-

main the fame, or to receive a Ids Increafe

than the Length.

The
for the

Rake of

the

Stem

that

eafy to execute,
further.

we have

Conftruftion which

However,

it

is

juft given,

fo fimple

we can

and fo

defire nothing

be proper to add

will

fome Rules by whicin we may determine the Pro*

jeftion and Obliquity of that part of the Seem
which is below the Water. For this Purpofelet
Plate

Fix* 4

fuppoie as before, the Length of the

AB =

the Breadth

Draug-ht of Water
^

EF

^,

=: e: Alfo fuppofe the

W above
W / =: theA we

Elevation of the Centre Vclique

Surface of the Water pr

have feen that

val

A/ = -y

poGng

it is

tf,

the Point

the

ifr

neceifary to take the Inter-

therefore

F to

from thence we

Body

and theXtepth or

F/ = ~- by fiip-

be in the Middle of Axe

(hall

have

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fttid

Ec=

now

the Right-anglecJ Tri-

AW/ffWsAW*
is

which

!"

H, and by

equal to the Square of the Line Vv

taking frocn this the Square of the Height

^ =
^

ift

^ >

Hf ^

be*^

we
^*

have

ihall

and therefore

H of th
H A and

from whence we know the lExcremity

Keel, or the Beginning of the Stem

by taking

this Interval

AFn

J,

we

from the demi Axe

fhall obtain the

Pr ojedion of

the Stem as far as the Water Line, or

J^a' ^2be c^
Ah zia\/
^25

Let us now apply

18.

this

Exprelfion to the dif-

ferent Species of Veflels which are at prefent in

Ufc : And
general

at firft it

feems that

W /or bzi^e^

^,

we may put

in

and the whole Heighth

fince 8 fmall Difference in this

Element is not of any Coniequence 1 afterwards

we

ihall

fuppole the Breadth ^

as the

Stability

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CnfiruSiw mid Pr^im pf

tto

^^^^*

Stability requires,

V^A;

^ nj =Xn

and

f,

where

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Number n

the

of

Veflel.

tion

of the Seem

By wridng
3

reprefcnts the different Species

This being determined the

fively,

-p
we

will

therefore for n the

4i

4-^

fhall

Projec*^

then become

5t

Numbers

5 -^t and 6

Iiave for the ieven

fuccef-

Species of

Velfel the following Proje&ions of the Stem*

I.

If

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Ccnfiru^ion and Properties of Vejfds.

I.

If

<2

Ab

we

^,

^
zz 3

fhall

i3i

chap,

have

and
I

IL

If

4 =: 3 -

^,

8 -1.

we

fhall

have

<f.

4
III. If

a =: 4

^9

we

have

(hall

V7 =

I >

355

^fi^

= 4 -~ ^, wc fhall have
Kb = 4,5^ II ,25 = 11146 ^,aDd
= 1

IV. If a

tf

4
V.

U a ^h^
Ai&

we

have

fhall

= 4,5tf

16

and

a =: 12-VI.

li

a zz

^,

we

fhall

have

Abzz s*5^ tfV^2i ,25=10,891 ^, and

a z: 12

e,

VII. If 4 =: 6 ^, we

Ab
<

z: 6

fhall

have

^^27 = 0,

8 12^,

and

15^.

Hence

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Ccnjrkffm and Pr9pirtUs $f

itz

Hence we

Cit A'P*

n.

jedion of the Stem,

increafing the
at the

unlefs*

we

are de^rous of

Height of the Centre Velique

the

MoUon

ma/

order that a VciTei

ing Force

UI.

ofVeffels in their

proper Courie,

it is

il^iould

difpofed in fuch a

a6l

this

Means

Manner

Axe of the Veflcl,

the Directions of the

AB

Axe of

to be the great

Wind

Forces

be

will

Axe

all

Suppofe therefore
the Veflel,

the Stern, and that the Line

perpendicular to this

its

mov-

the Sails ought to be

Axe.

continue in

as to have their Planes

parallel to the fame

Head, and

Courjcs.

according to the fame

all

which they receive from the

fig^s?*

DircQ

neceiTary that the

perpendicular to the principal

by

fame Time.

Diredion, and therefore

'

in-

ought to be the Fro-

CHAP,
Upon

more a Veflel

fee that the

crealed in Length, the kfs

t^egHs.

the

5 Fi

reprefents the Equiva-

lent Sail, whofe Surface fuppofe

zi/*.

Now

the Veffel in thia Situation will be put in Motion

according to

its

proper Dirtftion

B A, whenever
the

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Coi^hruBion and Properties of

Wind

the

which

adls

upon the Af: Part of the Sail S F J,

happen when the Direction of

will always

Wind V F makes

the

Vejfcls^

For

Side.

is

it

an Acute Angle on either

evident that as foon

as the

Angle B F V becomes a right one, the Sail will

no longer be afieAed by the Wind, and if the
Wind fliould come before the Beam and ftrike
the Fore Part of the Sail in a Diredion

U F,

the VeHel would then be urged Stern Fore*

moftii

$ 20.

Let us
vanifli,

at

firft

fuppofe the Angle

BFV

to

or that the Veifel goes before the Wind,

the true Velocity of which

and

is

let

us

alfo fuppofe that the Vellel has already acquired

a Velocity z= v
tion,

the

it

Diredion

in the

Therefore fiacc the

Sail

i*'

its

itfelf:

Mo-

Wind

with

can only be ftruck by the

xce& of

has the fame

Velocity above that of the

Vellel, or rather the apparent Velocity will be

V, and the Diredion being perpendicu-

lar to the Sail, the

from

will

Force which

will refult there*

be equal to the Weight of a Mafs of

Water, whole Volunne

is

equal to

nd with which the Motion of the Vei&l would

be accelerated if it did not meet with any Refiftance*

%zu

1S4

ConftruLiion and Fro^trtus of VeJfslU

CHAP
.

21.

IIL

We (hall now fuppofe that the Veflel meets the

fame Refiftance frona the W;irer which

Surface

r"*

would experience

in a dired

Manner

locity

from whence

Refiftance

therein, with the

if tlie adling

there

a Plane

by moving

fame Ve-

would

It is then evident that

Force was greater than

this Refift-

ance the Motion would be accelerated, and

was

lefs,

the

refult

Motion would be

if it

retarded. There-

fore in order that the Veflcl fliould run before the

Wind

with an uniform Velocity,

it is

neceffary

that the ading Force be equal to the Refiftgnce

hence

arifes this

4^

800
or, r

from whence we

Equation

4g

vr

^Soo

find the Velocity of the VeiTel

cf
fo that in the Cafe
Veflel

will

always

much

but

let

us

we have

receive
lefs

now

Sls ought to be,

juft confidered, the

a Velocity which will

than the Velocity of the

fee

be

Wind

what the Surface of

in order that the Veflel

the

may

acquire

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ConfiruSion and Properties of

it

Vejfels*

acquire either one half, one third, or any other

CHAP,

Part of the Velocity of the Wind.

Suppofe

::z

*y

we then have/

aoo

have f

r*

-rz

and

if

"ioo

zz

we

as foon as
locity,

we

r*

hence

we have gained

it

will then

be

but

if

and

weflhall thcA

required a Velocity

fhould then Had

= 3200

and

V boo

and /* =:

alTo if

1= 88

=:

then have

ihali

C9 Yic

V^Soo and /* ;= 800

/*

ift,

/=

it

is

2 r

V Soo

evident, that

a certain degree of Ve-

ufelefs

to increaie the

Size of the Sails in order to obtain a Velocttf

wiiich

is

more confiderable,
22.

But

let

us

now

confider any

'which blows in the Diredlion

Velocity zz

r,

Wind

V F,

under the Obliquity

and fuppofe the Velocity of the

whatever

with the true

BFV =

Ve&l to be

fl,

=: v.

In order to find the apparent Velocity of the

Wind,

let

us alfo fuppoie the Right Line

to reprefent the Velocity

FT

= V,

gram

VFT

VF

and that we take

then by compleating the Parallelothe Diagonal

vF

will reprefent

Plate IT.

^*

the

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ConJiruiftM and Proptrties of VeJfHu

Mt6

CHAP,
HI.

Wind which

the apparent

But we have feen before that

BFV =
and

we

e,

fincc the

by

letting

we

(hall

upon the SaiK

when the Angle

afts

(haU havfe

Tv^V F c

Angle F T v =i 9 and

&U

v u upon

the Perpendicular

TF

have

vuzz

and

c Sin,

F =: c CoC

and' therefore

=: c

Cof^

6 v>

we

hence

find

Tang. B

Vu

Sin. 9

= TXota-i"*

ind confequently

''^"^'^

Sin.BF^

g Cof. Q

Cof.BFt;=:

-.and

23.

Suppofe

PUtell*

iT^S^'

t;

to reprefent the apparent

with which the Sail

its

is

Wind

aaually (truck, then fince

Velocity has been found

vF =

tf*

^w.Cof,fl + v\

and the Cofine of the Angle

BF9

by

GoogU:

Pr&pmies of

Cot^ru^ion
c

BFV=

Cof. 0

z c

Vejfels.

Cof. 6 4-

thlsCofinewiU be theSine of Incidence, ortheSine

of the Angle v

S,

which being multiplied by

Che Velocity wUl give a Produa=: ^

Cof. 8

whole Squtre divided by 4 muft be ftill nraltiplied by the Surface of the Sails z: /* and
divided by 800 in order to obtain the ading

Force which will therefore be equal to

c .Cof.

'

which being equal

as before

we

^v
*IL

to. the Refiftance

r*

then find

f/.Cof.

/+rV80O'
From

hence we fee that

this

ExpreiTion does

not differ from the preceding one, except that

in place
little

of c we have here

Confideration would have

into the Dlredlions

that the
niflied

firft

FB

which

is

and
f

Cof.

made

VF

For the true Wind

firft:

fore

which a

manifcil; at

being refolved

FS;

it

is

evident

Cof. 6 muft be dimi-

by the Velocity v of the Veilbl ; there*

v of the Veflel is always not

the Velocity

only

much

V^ind

itfelf,

lefs

than

but ftill

lefs

the Velocity c of the

than

Cof.

0.

iSS

Prdpurtia of V^dsL

C^nfiru&kit

CHAP*
From what

has been delivered,

the more the Obiiquitjr of the

B F V approaches

it

appears that

Wind or the Angle

to a right Angle; the lefe will

the Velocity of the VeiTcl become, and that in the

Ratio of the Cofine of

neceflary to

Qiiantity

this Angle. But it is very

remaik that we here iuppofe the

/*,

or the Surface of

Wind

ftruck by the

all

the Sails

How*

to remain the fame.

we meet with a great

an Oblique Wind will com-

ever upon this Occafion

paradox,

that

viz.

municate a greater Velocity to the Vellel than a

Direft

Wind

the Direction

in

B F: But

happens when the Veflel contains

feveral

furniihed with

when

the

Wind

Sails

for

then

is

blows in the Diredkion

this

Mads

evident

F,

it

can only ftrike upon the Sails of the Maft next

the Stern, by this

Means

thofe belonging to

this

Mails which are more Forward will become

entirely ufelefs: But when the Wind has any
will then flrike thole Sails

which

are Forward either entirely or in part^

from

Obliquity

whence it

it

is

eafy to conceive that the Diminution

caufed by the Obliquity,

penfed by the greater

A6iion

Therefore

it

may

be amply recom-

Number of

Sails

Cafe always to give to the Quantity/*

Value,
is

put

becohies neceflary in
its

into
this

jufl

by eilimating the whole Surface which

actually ftruck

by the Wind, and thus the more

the

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'Conjiru^iion

and Properties of Veds,

xt^

the Obliquity increafes the mCre alfo will

theCHAPw

be augmented according to Circum-

Value oif
ftancesy which the Number of Mafts and
*

their

Diilances from each other will eafily (hew us

MsAfter

general Expofition let

this

make

us

the Application to the different Species of Yei^

lels

now

in

fore, the

Ule and

let

us fuppofe as hereto*

= h and the Depth zz

Breadth

Length of the Body

e

then

tf,

the

we have

fccn that the Value of r* which reprelents the

Area of a Plane Surface

that

the fame Refinance in the

aAuaU^ meets

withi
3

is

Book ad)

2^

IS*

+ 2^*

with refpcifl to the Sails

fore fuppole the

as our VeHci

nearly (fee 33

And

would experience

Water

we

lliall as

hereto-

Height of the Centre Yeiiquc

above the Surface of the Water to be =: 4^

from which it is neceflary to dedud the
Diftance e nearly in order to have

above the upper Deck,

fore be

^,

be nearly zz 6
Sails

is

Elevation

its

Elevation will there-

and the Height of the

Sails will

but fince the Breadth of the

regulated by the Breadth of the Ve0cl9

we may

Mad

this

fuppole the Surface of the Sails of one

to

be

6 ^

alfo

becaufe

in general

we

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C^i0ntffiai and Pr^eriia of Vtphi.

1^4

^^X&^

= y ^, this Surface will be =11 h *.

we have f
But

as

to

It is fieceflaty

make

ati

Allowance for

the Curvature of die Sails by which the

of the Wuid

is

lelTened,

we ihall only

A&iOD

fuppofe the

Surface of the Sails for one Maft to be r: 2 ^*

and

therefore for the three piincipal

Ihali

have a Surface

when

dent, that

we

=6

Maib we

Hence

it is evi<

the Ship runs before the

cannot eftimate the Value of

/*

Wind,
more

at

but when the Wind ab obliquely,

Value may he incrcafed to 6 ^
We fliaU

than a
this

therefore fuppofe in general

% 26.

Having

therefore

or rather becaufe e

and

rzJLi
5

If

we

found

when

fubftitute thefe Values in the ExprefTion

{

the

22) for the Velocity v of the Vcffd

Wind blows

a Velocity =:

we

its

V F with
B F V being =

in the Diredtion

Obliquity

fl,

ihall then find

Ct)ffrii0iM and Prepertia

"

but
oL

it

is

may

always
this

much

Cf. 6

'\/~

t^t

CHAP.

J-

IP;

remark that the Numbpr

6, and as * is

from 2 to

greater than 2 ^ *, then

is

h^cau^

not fufceptible of Precifion,

wt

boldly fuppofe

ac

Co

From whence we
is

neccflary to

increafe

Refi^h

may

F^Ot,

V"

conclude that when the

Ait or 6

right

fl .

=o

and

ot

=: 2^

we

Wind
fliaii

have
.

lac

a c

This Expreflion

will furnifli us with the follow*

ing Velocities for the feven principal Species of

VelTel,

which the

Wind

acTcing

wuh

a Velocity

c wiU communicate to them.

T;

If

Digitized by

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1^
CHAP.

ConJfruHion and

If

IIL

we

Pr open Us ofV^^^
fluilhavc

'3

II.

Ua-i^h^

IIL Ifa

= 4;,

-237

<

V
39

V.

If

tf

= 5*,

But when
Veflel,

=:

12

43

Wind

the

has

Obhquity

any

order to find the Velocity of the

6, in
it is

10

41
It

lia^^h

BFV

= 5i-*,

VI. If
VII.

= 4-1. ^,

IV. If

neccflary not only to multiply the

Wind

Velocity of the

c by the Cofine

of

9,

but

a greater Value than 2

alfo CO give to the Letter

becaufe a greater Surface of Sail will then be

a(5ted

upon by

tlie

Wind

vious that an Oblique

from whence

it is

ob-

Wind may communicate

to the Veflel a greater degree of Velocity than

one which

is

Dircd,

aflign the Velocity

Alfo when the

we may

and

it

will

of the VelTel in

Wind

be eafy to
all

Cafes:

has a fmall Obliquity^

always obtain a greater Advantage by

the

Digitized by

Gi)o^

-C^^ruffkft and Pr^erMes of Vi^.

de

and by

dioice of fome Oblique Courfe;

applying the Formulas which have been akeady

4^yffeal

iowfug

we QiM be

Qiieftion,

without doubt of the

greateil importance in the

rittf

Couife

Art of Navigation.

Dire&m of tJ^e l^ind mi thM$

$bi
iohfh s Vejfsl pmft fdhw being given^ $9

find the Difpofttion

<?/

the Sails, in order that ihe

Bvt befone dte Solution of

given,
ilar

UL

foU

ftbk (o rtfolve the

which

chap

it

is

this

necelTary. to detail in a

Manner every

Problem
more

is

parti*

thing that relates to

Ob

lique Cooirfes*

H A p;

nr.

Vpm At MHhM if Veffils in tbnr OUiju$' Cmfii,

28.

AVedbl will always follows ACamtmore or

Ids Oblique,

when

the adling Force

is

not

communicdciedin the Dice^ioa of the great Axe

tfidi:hat conftantly

the Line

The

Principal

VelTel being therefore rcprelcnted

A B,

IV,

happens JtheiitheSibAreot

Set perpendicular to that Axe.

Axe of a

ch a?;'

let tlie

Line S

F t b6

UOii Oi\the Equivalent Saii,.,ii5^1)qfe^i^rf^ce

by

the Direc- Plata HJ

we

alwaya

ConfiruUion and Pro^erues of Fejfels.

194

CHAP,

= /* and denoting the Obliquity

AFS by the Letter which this
Diredion makes with AB to Windward, alfo fupalways fuppofc

or the Angle

pofing the

Wind

upon the Aft Part of

to ftrike

the Sail S i> then becaufe the ading Force will be

always impreffed in the Diredion of the Line F

Angle S F
Angle
as

is

a Right one,

Y=

90^

therefore fince the

perpendicttfar to the Sail

we

fhail

which

is

have the
the iame

we have heretofore exprefled by the Letter 4^

we have affigned the Direflion of

where

Motion F

AFX
it

is

Lee-way of the Veikl

the

iticif,

hieing reprefented

by the Letter >i thus

neccflary to repeat both the Relation be-

tween the two Angles

AFX =

(p

AFY = 4 = 90

and

as well as the Exprefllon which denotes the Re

fiftance that the Vcffcl

Oblique Courfc.

29.

The Length
fuppofcd

= Oj

of Water r=

e,

meets with in fuch an

of the Body
its

Breadth

AB

being always

= i and the Draught

we have found (fee 35 Book II.)

p and 4 expreiled by this

the Relation between

'Eqodity.

Z '

and

if

the Velocity of the

Veflel in thcDircc-

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0
1

CottJIruQion

and Profirties of

Veffeb*

19S

tbn F X be fuppofcd = % we lhall have the CHAP.

Forc&of the Rcfiftance (fee 3S Book IL) ex- -^^y,
prcflcd by

which

mud

be equal to the adling Force, fince

the Motion of the Vefiel

is

to render thefe Formulas

Pradicc,

we

ihall

uniform.

more

In, order

applicable to

add two Tables which in-

dicate for every five Degrees of the Obliquity

of the

Sails

or the Angles

AF

Values of the Lcc-way or the Angles

as

well as the Value of the

the

A F X n: ^,

Formula

'

Sin. 4.

which

ferycs to fliew the Force

of the Refift-

we.

TABLE

Digitized by

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fais^^ufiiott

and Pr^fifs of

TABLE
Which Jbsws
thefivm
iiquity

the

Ve^eif.

J.

AFX

LeC'Way

(p

for each of

Principal Spocies of Vejfeh vjbon tbeOtt^

of tbeSaiU 9ribijbifUhS^%hgwm

Specks

Angle

a =: 4^

AFS=t,
1

>

^8

14

11

40

'

25

6: 5

24

10

25

6/;

11

54

41

59
14.

II

II

12

45

li;

12

12

12

10

40

*o

33

IJ

lU

AW

35

17

26

14: 30

II

:57

30

9 -43

15:52

13

21

43

17

31

14

29

20

24: 17

19

42

16

20

15

27

44

22

39

18

51

10

3^

57

27

13

22

50

42

37

36:

30

5*

ft

Digitized by

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Ccnfiruffuiff

and Prppmies of

TABLE L
the Lee-way AFX

Which Jhews

Veffels,

195

CHAP.

(pfcr each of

$lHfvenPrmeipAtSpmesefVcjily wbenikeObUquity of the Sails orAtJugle

Angle

AFSzzn isgiven.

Species

AFS=j,

^^

= 6*

<z
j

90"

2*;

0
3(/

2:

9'

52'

I*: 27'

iQ

57

80

3^33

38

75

42

'

5S

23

70

5-7

22

47

19

65-

5:4*

4?:

57

4^ 17

45

29

4545

II

5: 14

4 37

5:44

31

55'

7-4

50

44

6:37

45

26

40-

11

isr*

10

II

^3

52

29

9:27

13

9:

10

31

20

13:48

11

50

15

15

56

13

=44

19

26

16

36

6:49

-37

la lis

15

7-:

zs

10,

46

*3i 9

10

0 '.09

^:34
7

8:

13

18

9- 4

11; 57

10:32

14,:

38

12

20

20

18

55
I

03

Digitized by

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Cuffhm^oit ami Pnftrtia of Vejfeh,

199

TABLE

CHAP,
IV.

Whichfiem the

IL

VOu ef ^^ill

feven Principd Species of

for each cf the

Veffel^

UguUjf of ihe Sailsy or the Angle

Angle

..

wien

== 4 f

0,0466

0,0 2

0,0728

0,0464

0,0 a li

0,0741

0,0470

0,0314

0,0741

80

0,0477

0,0220

0.0766

o.o^8 0

0.0228

'^J" ft/

0,0781

0,0502

0,0339

60

0*0820

0OC24

0,02<4

55

0,0864

0,0^-0

0,0373

0,0918

0,0585

0,0398

0,0972

0,0628

0,1059

o,o6SS

0,0468

35

0,1109

0,0753

0,0515

30

0,1314

0,0863

0,0593

45

J-

Ot-

Species.

AFS=i.
y

the

A FS^n is given.

0,0426
1

*5

0,1468

0,09(^5

0,0704

20

0, 1 800

0,1209

0,0842

0,2269

0,1535

0,1080

0,2 124

0,1515

0,4493

0,264a

0,3004

0,4602

Digitized by

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199

ConfiruQm and Properties of Vepts.

TA

B L E

IV.
*

Sin,

Whieb fiews

<f

for eacboftbe

the Valui of

fcven principal Species of

iiquity

CHAP.

II.

Fejfel,

of the Sails or the Angle

Species

wben

h^S^n

the

Ohm

is given-

41

azL sh

AF3=ii

0,0219

0,0100

0,0X20>

0,0092

0,6219

0,0 i 61

0,0122

0,0094
0,0095

80

0,622 I

0,0162

0,0123

75

0,0220

0,0165

0,0124

0,0090

70

0,0233

0,0170

0,0127

0,0097

0,0239

0,0174

0,0131

0,0I0|

0,0250

0,0182

OtOi37

0,0X06

0,0191

0,0145

0,0113

0,0207

0,0155

0,012 X

60
55

0,0202

0,0281

45

0,0298

0,022 X

0,0167

0,0x29^

40

0,0332

0,0244

0,0184

0,0142.

35

0,0367

0^0273

0,0203

0,0159
0,0182

30

0,0424

0,0311

0,0236

.0,6499

0,0374

0,0264

0,0207t

0,0605

0,0447

0,0340

0,0269.

15

0,0780

0,65*82

0,0444

-a;o34S

lO

0,1124

0,0845

0,0647

0,0508

0,2012

o,i5'5

0,1209

o,096gi

MO

Olfflniffiim

aHd Properties cf Feftb.

S 30.

By means of

Tabks wc are able

two

thcfc

ttf

determine the Courfe of a Ship for every OfcK

liquity

A Szzn

Species of Vcflcl

of Us Saik^

when

the

the Aft Part of the Sails

Table

aind for each

V F ads upon

SB s:

For the

and

of E^xpreflloa
*^

ilippt^

A s%

lecond will give

tlic

wftich

Sin

we

Va*

th!c

ihall now^

^f

therefore sf the

Veffel be denoted

firft

or the Angts

will indicate the Lcewa|y,

A F X = ^,
Jiie

Wind

Vekfckp of

tte^

RciyteAffC will

b^r 1/,

4^ 4
TIate

XL

Now

Fig*

j^tion of the true

is

let

the Rip;ht Line

fuppoftd

Wind,

VF

reprefent the Di-

the Velocity of which

aild'the Obliquity of Inciv

r,

dentCj or the Angle

VF

6;

it

will

then

tkc appare;pc Wind bf>

be Bcft neceifary to
l^'Rq)e heretofore g^y^v but 0nce this Refearch might be embarraffing, we fhjll here hy

down

Mediod mi^ch more

Ibppofed the Line

the Dh-cduon

3?
t%

tjie

F ir

fimplc.

^; lit

X of the Veflel,
T FtZ* be drawn

then if
Sail

B>

the

Pt)rtion

pcrpertdicu^

V and,
T and x Zj

and (from the Foiop

^c, let ftU the Per^cnc^icula|rs,V

Having,

us t^ke upo)i

the

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tot

mkPPr^pMiii f Fifik^

Gaifjtruahtf

the Line

T F will reprefent

Wind

a Difcdlon perpendteolar to that of

ID

FZ

the Sail, and the Line

mhaich the S^il

Hence

rficedeft

follows

it

the fame

ceived the dired

the Velocity with

as if

it

was

at Reft,

in:

and

re-

Adbn of

the Wind with a VeN<>w bfcaufe the Angle

Angle S F a;
9, wc

= T F FZ4

locity

SFV

and the

G,

ij

have

(hall

FT

=: r

Sin. 6,

and

FZ ziv

Sin.

17

+9

md conftquehdy- the VekNsity of the M^nd

in

S>itc5ion perpendieidfar to tha? of the Sri)

wiK

be

ch af:

diic^ fnooir the Wind

the Sul wiU be ftnick

tliat

Manner

the Velocity of the

e({uaP to

Sin. 9

Siti.

-f

^.

Therefore by fuppofing the Surface of the Sails

/* = ^%

(See 25.) the Force of the

will be expreilcd

Sin.

Boo

Sin.

>i

<P

which being equaL to the Reiiilance

rhis

V*

Wind

by

will give

Equation*
-^tf

#i

--il.

from whence we

Sin. 6

boo

+^

Sin.

find
Sill,

V 000 .aes

fVm^
.

+Sisk. n

or

+ (p.iy^

kj

jd by

Google

C0i^uSicn and Pr9pcr$ies ofyUm

tot*

CHAP*

.^Sia

'

c:

This Ezpreifion

>/6oo *ais

will cherefim give the true

which the Veflel

locity with

Ve-

run in

will

iis

F X.

Coujfe

But

fincc

wc

are unable to diftinguilh the

Wind when a

true

Veflel

is

apparent

Wind known

Waf, and

under

as all our Obfervations then only

makes

the

to us, or that which,

immediately cntefs into the xpreflion for the

ading Force: the ReduAion

we have
in part

Veffel

become

may be

Manner.

ufelefs,

For

if

the Line

denote the Velocity

0,

the

which

and the Velocity of the

determined in a

much more

Y ~

eafy

now
apparent Wind,

of the

whole Angle of Incidence

therefoi^e

given in the preceding Article, will

VFS

ading Force of the

fhould

is

Wind

fuppofed
will

then

be expreded by
I

*. Sin.

800
which being made
JELl

fl

4g
equal

to the

^aes^ we iliall ftom

Reiiftance

thence determine

the Velocity of the Veflel or

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(^(fifit^ and Pf^pmiis 9f

600

2oj

Vijfdsl

e s

For Example fuppofe a Veflbl of die 5th Species

where a
^ by and the Depth of Water
IP

= -i ^, then a 0
Sum

alio that the

f*

will

fiom the

AAion or
the Ob-

finally let

AFS

Table we

fuppofe

of the Sails in

or rather a

of the Sails

liquity

be =: ^ 3

z=

50""

=:

then

have the Leewvf

,zz6'*:2y\
from
and
Second
the
f
ift

'

Sin.

Sin.

ihall

J =1

O,

OZOJ

>f^

Let us now fuppofe the apparent Velocity of

Wind
and the Angle of Incidenot

the

=1

then the Velocity of the Veflel will be

cxpreiTed by

= f .Sin.

J:

or

=^

Sin. e

Vil = 0,4396. ^

Sin.

fl

ao;

Thus

if the Obliquity

30*' the

o,2 198

Veflel

parent

of the

Wind

V F S was'

Velocity of the VefTcl would be

r,

and therefore the Velocity of the

would be nearly the

Wind

fifth

Part of fte ap-

c.

Digitized by

IV>

If

compare

F, with the Courfe of the Vcffel

is

at

firft

evident that the Angle

be greater than the Angle S

But

if >e confider

the

becomes

lefs

and

Pointt beyond which this

increafe.

know

Sum

It. is

Sum

of

-}-

leafl fince

the

Wind
Wind

iir

de^

certain

impoitaift to

Sails,,

where the

S F X will be
to the* ObUquity of

or the Aogjie
giving-

VFS
can

to

begins again to

my

therefere

fiiall fee

ip^

lefs

the Difpofition of the

the

the

is

V F muft
X =z + ^,

Table wc

firft

that the Suiti of the C9d^ Angles

fcending,

Wind
F X, k

Difcfbion of the

tkc*

the

leaft

ad upon

ilill

Value

the Sail^

have the Cafe where the Angle

in

which

we

(hall

V F X wiU

be

the leaft ; and- herefore in this Cafe the Courie

of

tlife

VefTel

FX

of the WiiidF

will apploacK the

Diredion

ne^r as pofitble, or rather

ta Windward as much
The Veflel is then faid to gd Cldfe
Hauled, and we regard this Quality of lying
ncartfe Wind as- viHy. c^Hent Pit)pert/ in

the Veflel will advance

as poffible

Vcffels

of

it diepefids

yefli^,

principally

upon the

and We' have sdready

in PH>)>ofitioii as'the'Eength

the Breadth, the better

it is

Specie's

reikiarked, thai

of a VeflH

eifceedi^

calculated co Ply t6

Windward, or to go Clofe Hauled.

Theiefoie
in

Digitized by

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in order to elpcidate

M^^Jff FC Aidl hcic

this

cm ap^
*

^ TABLE

AFX

tbi^ngjes
(p

for

when thdr Sum

SF

zz.

each

KVS^n^ md

Species

+f

of

Veffel^

is $be Uafi

Species or

AFS=; Af X

VcffcL

=3 *
^ = 3i^
=4

45

33

39

29

24

i8

27

26

29

i6

iS

24

12

22

14

54

*4

ao

54

lo

Th^fe lafl;
will

6 ^

that

37

Aofi^es

4
S

F ^ being

by

increaTed

of the Obliquity pf the Wind V F S

9,
(hew under wljat Apgle each Species of

Vefici

is

capable of going Clofe Hauled.

we muft not take

tQo/maU, fincc the Wind could

it is

3/

26

zi

4.

a-^ ^

42*:

30'

41

II

SFX

obvious

But

the Angle 6
not then

ad

Vppn th^e Sails^i becaufe of their Curvatore %

and for ^his Rea&n it feems diat we cannot

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20^

C0fltru&in mid Prcper^es cfVeJels.

CBAF.

diminilh the Angle 0 beyond one Point, or

JV*

II

by fuppofing the Angle

Tiiercfoi'e

15'.

\Szz

15V we fliaU have the Angle

of Gofe Hauling y F Xt as will be feen in the
II*

follQwing.Table,

A TA B LE fi^i^ thi J^ks ^Cbfi HaOtf

V FjX for each

Spcies ofVeJfih

Angle

Species of

VFX of

Clofe Hauling.

Vcffcl.

44-54

,37-44
'.

~ fV

27

33

29

'

From whence we
Species

35

:.

fee that

a Veffcl of the

laft

6 ^ would be capable of lying

wtthia three Points of the

Wind

nearly.

S 33.

But

Sails

in thefe Courfes as the Obliquity

would be very

fo foall that

we

great, or the

Angle

could fcarce carry

it

of the

AFS

into Executioo>

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CoifiniSim -ant Propirtiis of Vejfel$i

cution, becaufe of the Curvatoie of the Sails
it is

iii

general

to the Angle S

but to take

it

that the

Angle

iinall.

For to

fliU

add the

more advantageous not

X=

its

facilitate

this

CHAP*
JY*

kait .Value,

fome Degrees greater

A F S may not

to give

in order

be fo extremely

Choice we ihaU

folioviiog Table.

A TABLE

. kj

i^L-j L-y

Google

TA

CHAP,

LE

HI.

IV.
the Sails

AFS zzw.mpti

9mm

Spidej f VejjtL

Angle

AFS =

>

Species of YeOel.

ii.

^^

= 3t^f^ = 4^|^=44-^
1

'

0' 90':

0'

90*:

0'

90-:

0'

90*.

90*:

is

^^95

35 S8

40 87:59

80

86:31 85

II

84: 14 83 :3J

75

82

58

81

40

80

27

70

79

19

77

25

76:

75

30 73

24 71 :54

70

48

60

71 :4i

69

19

67

'

39

66

25

55

67

50 65

15

63

25

62

50

64

61

II

59

"

5744

45

60

12

57

55-

53

*6

40

30

4^

75: 7

26

50:55 49

"

52

26 49

30 46

30

49243 45

as

46

43 42

44

17

45

5^

43*- 6

41

'3

31

39

29

37

39-4* 36

2o 33^48

42 :44 37

10

42

39 33-51

30

56

13

32

50 29

26

47-37 41: 5

.35

5*

31

36

57

37

>

57

15

79

53

35

87

Digitized by

Co

C9ifiru&kn imd Properties of Veffilsl

TABLE
'

of the

CHA]

+ (pfcr

SFX^iz v
Sails A F S

Sbtwhi- theAi^ks
liguity

ill.

c-c^ 0^-

in the

IV*

^evm

^eies of VeJfeL
Angle.

Species of VcflfeL

AFS=D
90':

87

9 86

52

86

80

83

82

38

82

19

75

55 78

23

77

57

70

74

22

73-47

73

19

^5

69:57 69

17

68

45

66

65

29

SB
50

56

90**:

37

0'

90'*:

37

64

45

04

11

00

14

59

37

55

44 55:

51

15

45

52

13

50:31

40

47-52 46 49 45

35

43

30

39

25

35

20

37 42

29

41

27 38

13

37

31

34:

59

34

33:

29:

31

50 30

18

28

44

26

57

25-32

10

26

46 24

38

22

55

28

20 23

25

From

Digitized by

Google

Conjirufnon and Properties oj

2XO

CHAP.
IV

From

we

hence

we

y =:

ejfels.

fee that

by taking the Angle

the An^le of Clofe

fhall lofe

Hauling a few Minutes only

in tlie firft Species,

and but two Degrees in that of the laft ; which

Difference Would not be fenfible m Pradice.
Mr. Elder being iafofmed timr fUs fbhrie
compleUe de

Manuuvre

ConflniSfion et de la

la

de Vaijfeaux was Tranilating into Engiiih, has

taken the trouble of cooimunieating the following Elucidations and necelTary Additions to that

Work, which
not occur to

at the

Time

oi Publication did

hinf.

In fearchihg the Proportion between thje^ Angle

of the Obliquity of the Courfe

ading Force

Tang.

this Equality,

^,

and

tiiac

2 h

Tang.^?,

'

which by fuppofing-jj- z: Tang*

and

into

Tang, a

Tang

being propofed to

it

the Dtfierence

-X

zz Tang. 9*,

what Cale

iind in

of the Angtes

be

will

changed

of the

found ( 35* Book II)

and

tp

will

become the greateft; we lee this will happen

when 2 Sin. 2 4 Sin. 2 ^, or 2 Sin, 4 Cof.
.

:r Sin,

CoC

ft*

By combining

tion with that propofed, or

Tang.

we

fiiall

Tang, a

this
,

Equa^

Tang.

obtain the following

one.
Cof.-.Sin.(p*

2Sin.,CQna.Sin^.^.Cof.9+S'"'**Cof.f*-<

which agrees perfeOty with tberquation of the

fourcii

DigitizecHsy^[Iafigk

Confhu^iou and Properties of VeJjtU.

fcwth Degree, ftwfrd^t 31 Book

tioft

of which appeared more

II.

2xt

the Solu-

difficult at firft

chaPv

V icw

IV.

than it really is, a she follo#iKg liiveftigaiioft wHl

evifice.

For Sin. ^*

i$

aad Gf.4>*
. Cof.

Sii^.

by

Cof. 2 9*

a./,

= 4" Sin. 2

^. Got ^

alia

Sin. 2

<b.

fubftituting thcfc for their refpeftive Values

lc ftail

rUcSIJ^

Sift.

Ime this Equation^

Cf.*

which

+ i+Cotaf\sin.ii*~2

will be

Sin. 2

Sin. 2 ^

=a

reduced to

Cof.2^' 2Col;29Xof.2<^2Sm;i.Sin.2f+r:ro
an*l>yputting2^

= ^and2 = j3theEquacioa

more commodioufly exprefled by

Cof.5*~2Cofcf .Cot jj a^.Mii>.?+ 1 o
In order to refelve this Equation we fliall fuppofc
will be

it

to be cornpoled

Cof.

Cot

of thefc two following Ones

C+

jMT .

+ =: o,

Sin.
Sin.

^ 4.

and

cv

from whence by multiplying them together wc

iravc

Cot(:*~, .$in.^*+7+^\Cof.^+i.^^Z^
or rather

-Cot

e;*

+ Hl^l'.Cot {;+ ^

Sin, t^J^nn'^m^
wc may compare this Equation
which we Inm to rdblve, it tsncodlary
.

^ 0.

In order that

with tha
tcr

multiply the propofed Ec^uauua by i

-f

from whence wc fliall have

1+

Digitized by

CmtkuShnmiiPr^ks^V^ib.

212

. I + .Sin.p. Sui.(;4.i +* =t ^
i+iS^Xof.^;*2 .^4^^Cof.?XoC
Hence by comparing the homologous Terms
wc fhall have thde Equities

14-2

and

thcrefoie

'

from the

11* I

=i+

i+^r!

Cof.

p^

.^IIl:^

which may
r+Jl'.

Sin.

= +2
I

ftiil

P* p

for

m*

our Equation ^11 be

orTHh^ ! ^

be changed into

i+Jit*

5ii^ = t+aV

CoCp

Now by fubftituting ^

and Second we obtain

Firft

this

= fA.i+2i*

bccaufe Cof.p

.from which Equation wc have Sin. P

and

!1

Sin.

1::^

Sin.

= iSinJ

Pi

Sin^pTf confequently

Pt

^Sin. p zz/^.i+a]

Cof.

and

pT

Sto.pT

y Sm- P t
r

'

Let us now fuppofe that wc had fought the

Sin. p i then
was
Angle y fuch that Sin.

m will

be

Sin.

Vi
.

==^

o
Sm.
y

V*

and from thence we obtain

Cof.

Sin.

Digitized by

Google

Cof.

<3

- ILi

Si":.

C"-P

Cof.

Cof.

Sin,

Sin.

C 4-

Sin.

this

Manner

y . Cof.

O,

and

Cof.?+Tang.y.Sin.5-3|=^^^
04-y

Sin

CdC f^Tang. y

Sin.

Sin.y

C-gCT^^^ = o, or rather

Cot C- y = aiT^XSo.

Time

furnifli

+y

+ y -Sin.y.Cof.y

at the

fame

real Values for the Angle ^, fincc

would then follow, that

four real

Sin.f3

''"'^

but as thefc two Equations cannot

it

.
J.*

be exprcffcd in

^f^F,

Sin.y

S~

hence our two Equations

will

therefore

Sin.p_

= +

213

and Prcperfies of Veffeb.

Ceiifiru^iaH

Values

it is

Angle might have

this

therefore neceflary to exa-

mine which of theie two Equations will give two

Values for the Angle ^ with rcfped to the

real

Firft,

evident, that

IS

it

than Sin.

Sin.

Cof.

f^^i

Cof. y

is

Sin.

*at

will furnifli real

it

Values, becaiile the Sin. y

Cof. y,

greater, than Sin.

But

(3.

greater

is

to fay, that the

is

as

Cof,

we have

fup-

= Sin. the Cof. p will be

=yY_Sin.y** = Cof. y V i+Sin.y^+i)in.y*,
confequently the Sin. y P = Sin. y Cof. p
pofed Sin.

(3,

Sin.

Cof.

y,

will be

equal to
Sin.

Digrtized by

Google

1 14

CfftjfirH^hff

and frspmUs ef Veff^s^

CHAP. Sin.y,CoC^. Vi+Siay*+Sin.y* Sin.y*

k

but

is evicktit,

V +*

that

+ Sin. y

Stn,

*,

greater than

is

t/i 4-Sin.y+Siri, y*i hence

Sin.

it

follows that

Col. y will be greater than

Sin.y Cof.y.

Sin.y*,

or rather Sin, y Co y greater than Sin.y

p.
Thus we src very well aflured, that the Firft of
.

our Equations

will alwaiyjs give real Values^

and

that the other will only furnifli lODaginary ones.

Now

there only remaios to

by means of

F^or this

tw^

find

Vjilijcs

the Equation

fwpofe

Jetjusfiifiiore

&0.y.Cof.'y

^
y ^ or rather 1^
^zzt^-y* nd
y ^^1

that

-i-

()

2
.

+ y y, 9

of pur

Prob^

:s

turns, are reduced to find

two Afigks y and ^ the

found from the i^quatipn
;;=^5in.

<f

Qperauans upon which ^he Solu

Thus aU
tion

ftUgm

C wiU be =; Jlilf, and

coofeguently ^

therefoiff

ibenceit

i(

Sin.

firft

Sin.

Sia.

of which

is

Sin

2 <Tjsiid4ie
fecond

Digitized Jajci^ik^il

?f 5

anJntfUoM imd Pnffr4iu of y^^is.

jpr having found

two Angles the two

ih^ie

=^

Values qf $ would be ^

CH AP-

y
P
^[~c^'
Sin,

fccopd from the Equation Col.

and

I^'

real

'

i^'

the Value of 9 is determined it will

the
be very caiy to deduce the Angle 4 from
Tang, f % or
Equatiao Tang. Tang. 4
But it is not even
rather 2 Sin. 2 1 1:^ :n. 2

When

Bicccffary to

have recourfe to thcfc two Equa-

tk)ns, fince

by means of them wc obtain

liqM^l^y Sin. t

is

follows

^*

Tang. 4,

ip*

Cof.
Sin.

^.

01

Shi

'

^^ofl

Cof.

^in.

Sin.

Co

2 Sin.

Sifi.

Sin.

24

4*.
.

Cof. 4* will be

Cof.

^l
^

=:

2a.

2ft

theretore

fit

= 4 ^in.

a Cof. m

4eqpC9ltlf

(p*

^^^^

>

^l

-r*

4^

Sin*^*=
Sin.

#t

aii4

^he Cof,

^mf^

= Tang, m
= Cot. Cot. 4'
Cof. Cof.
wiU be =
^ ^

Tag. ^
Cot,

4 4'

Sifi.

of vbicb

flicmftratidii

thtt

irorn

^^^^^^^

_^

Cot

>>n

-4

whence we obtain

24 + 2-^^ 24Co2ft 24=Sin.2

or 2 Sin 2

4 ~ S^'^' * *

but becaufe Sin. 2

^Sin, a

44

* S'"' * 4-

2 Sin. 2 4

follows that 2 Sin.

P4

Cof. 2

124

24 =Sin. 2
.

(Z)

wiU

Digitized by

ii^

CHAP,

CoHfrumon and

Properties of Veffels.

4 4. from
Equation wc
have 4 4' =
4 4 _ = 360
from

will be

Sin. 2

this

fhall

rather

2 ^,

Equality wcfind4'=-i-.

Second

Although

is

(^'j

= 90^

the

or

firft

and from the

,^Zr^.

the Solution of the propofed Pro-

blem be very fimpie,

abridged in

laft

(p',

all

may be

it

ftili

confiderabiy

Cafps where the Fradion

very fmall, that

is

to fay,

when

the

Angle

very fmall, for in this Cafe the kaft Value of

the Angle 9, which wc have denoted by
will
is

becQme nearly equal to-L

and the correlpond-

z
ing Value of
find

4.'

= 2.

from whence we

9= y

fli,

50*^

4.

snaking the Application of

y*

thefe Rules to the Values

which may be

and-^zs

/hall

of the Fraftion

in ufe for the various

Veffel, the following

Kinds of

Table has been calculated.

A TABLE

Conftruaim and Propertits of Veffds,

%tf

A TABLE fiiwing

chap.

the greatift Diferegee between the Obliquity of the atimg Force

F

A Y

IV*

'=.\^andthe Angle of LuwiVfh'^^zz^^ and

alfo ikeAKisie

make

mtb

SFXzz

+p

F X,

the Courfe

wbicb tbiSaUs

for each S^ectes

efVeffel.

Ansle

Frafllon

Ancle

Diffprpnr p

AFX=f. AFY=:a.

77*: 14

30

47^

28'

4a' 2 3a'

40

41

20

49

40

II

55

39

28

50

77

SO

48

27

57

77

46

49

27

78

50

3>4

26

21

78

17

51

56

3S

35

25

37

78

32

52

55

37

24

55

78

46

53

51

36

37

24

75

.0

54

45

35

'

15

3>8

23

38

79

'4

55

36

34

24

39

as

79

27

5^

24

33

3^

4o

.22

29

79

39

57

32

50

57

79

51

57

54

32

21

26

80

5^

37

31

23

20

56

80

15

59

*9

30

41

4ii

4f3

Digitized by

CpifirMfHm

m4 fnpmtkt ^ Veffthi

A TAiLE fi)6Wtng the gnat

eft

Biffemtee^en

AFY
A F X =: f

tween the Mliquity of the acting Force

A= 4'

-^^^

Idiwtt;

min^ iktJngkSFK = n 4-9

Sails make

wUh tie
F K^/or each Species

with the Courja

cfVeffiL

ra<5l:ioii|

Aa^

A^

Difference

Apgte

4>*

M
AS

80

50

i1

6^

36

29

24

47

li

28

49

45

28

1$

29

27

41

Po

57

4^

fii

25

52

27

26

^3

26

37

55

26

Bi

44

64

22

25

38

64

50

5*7

59: 58-

ta

5*4

iff

61

52

25

la

44

I82

16

24

44

^2

42

24

18

23

53

23

2a

if

$2

66
23

66

Digitized by

CcnfiruU'm and Progenies dJ V^df^

A TABLE fiewing the great

eft

Difference he-

fween Jbe Obliquity of the a^ing Force

7^

tbe4t(gk of Leew^

4'

Sails

make with theCourJe

<

CHAP.

A jp Y

A FX = ^;

I^*
'

^ which the

-f-

f X,/tfr mb Species

n n f>

'

FX

find alfo the Angle

^ij

A%lc

-^

3"-

55'
1

15

6,3

ao

43

?f

5?

21

41

21

19

21

37

ij

67

39

68

21

68

69

15

44

J4

50

82

51

14

36

82

14

22

<S

57

2>

67

<

6,4

14

6.5

13

6,6

83

5^

83

15

69

19

20

41

'3

43

8j

20

^9

37

20

23

6,7

13

31

83

a6

55

20

6fi

13

19

83

31

70

la

19

6^9

^3

83

37

70

30

19-30

7P

12

56

7Q

46

19

14
It

Digitized by

Google

2ZO

CaifiruSHott

CHAP,
IV.

It

is

n := 90

and

Fropmm of

proper to remark

that

Feisls*

the

Angle

denotes the Obliquity of the Saik

and that the foregoing Table may be confidered

as a

Supplement

and

in %

32 of

to thofe given in 37,

this

It will be therefore cafy to conftnift

of

this

Book IL

Book.

by means

Table, one which exprefles the Angles

of Clofe Hauling; for we have only to add

juft found II^ 15', in
to the Angle ^
order to have the Angle of Clofe Hauling,

11

fuppofing the Obliquity of the

one Point ; and

Hauling

in general die

Wind

to be

Angle of Clofe

for each Species of VelTci will be found

by adding to the Obliquity of the Wind the

Angle n
f whofe Values are exhibited vi

our Table,

CHAP,

Digitized by

Google

Conftru^M and

Properties

of Viffds.

CHAP*
V.

CHAP.
Upon

V.

the greateft Velocity of VeJfeUy their Courfc

andtbe Diri&ioBof tbeW^ndMnggtven*

s 34.

WE

propofe to give in this Chapter the

of

Refolution

mentioned,

Navigator

in

the

which the

Problem
greateft

before-

Art of a

conlifts,

^he Courfc of a

and the Dire 51 ion of

Vejfel

the JVtnd being given^ to find the Bifpofition both

as

9f the

Vejfel it elf

that

may run upon

ft

weU

as the SaUs^ in eritr

the propofed Ceurfe

with the

greateft Velocity pojfible.

We
Wind

fliall
is

here fuppofe that the apparent Plate H;

given, fince die Obfervations

made on

^*S7

board a Veflel will only (hew us the apparent

Wind.

Let

the apparent

therefore

BF

be the Diredion of

Wind, and its Velocity

X to

= r;

al{b

fuppofe the Line

of the

Theie two Diredions being

given,

the

Veifei.
let

reprcfent the Courfc

us denote the Angle

Letter S which

is

therefore

/or the unknown Quantities which

VF
by
known; and
it is

nc-

ceflaiy

Digitized by

Google

Csn^ruSieii and hr&pertks

CUav^

<ff

Vifftb.

ceflary to determine, fuppofc the Obliquity ot

^'

the Sails

AFS

=r n

from whence wc

find

by

the firft Table of the fretfedfifg Chapter the Lee-

way of

the Veffel, or the Angle

AFX =

(p-,

Angle of Incidence of the Wind

:r wHl br
^
1 ~(p, fh

therefore the

V F5
.

we

thcleKJrracnts

Ftave alreaiy

of the Veikl

locity

= ^^

(fee

Sin. 9

y/^^

fotmd the Ve-

31.)

600. a

~,
e s

where the Letter / expreifes the Quantitf

&m.

(p*

Sin.

becaufe

n.

=:

90

is

it

the Value of the Angle

remember

Angles and

that the

requhed

to

to

rc-

find

when the ExprciHon

will be the greateft pofllblc

to

confecjuently

^|,;

our Froblcm^

folvc

^*

Col.

Sin.

where

it is

neceilary

Relation between ibe

q^is esqpreffed

bf

35-

By

tieafing the

Aeve

Expreflioti cccOfdi'ng

common Methods for dctcrmimng the

Majcima and Mimm wc find this final Equaii^

to the

2
Tan*
Tang. ^

Tang,
^ I Tang, 9 2 Tang,
r

4.

(p

Tang, n . Tang. ^
-Jfron)

Digitized

Conftru^ion and Properties of yejjibi

from whence
and $

required to demc the Angles

pofokd Angle ^ But &nce this

it is

foF eadi

tj

911 jGiA fjrfSngff it

will be better to reverfe the Qucftion)

fearch the

Angle i

for all the

In Efica having difpofed

and to

Anglea n and p.

all diefe

Vabca

in

a Table fimilar to that in the preceding Chapter^

it wiU bt eafy ta leverfi: chtf Queftion aleoond
the
Angle
Time, ityi fo afTign ftr
Angles

and ^, which

will

be the Solution of

aur Probkm.

Digitized by

Google

ConfiruUim mid PrpfeHiiS if Vejelsi

a24

CHAP.

A XA B L E

which /hews for each Angle

AFS

andfor each of the Seven Species ofVeffeli

^ emfrebeaded heime
she jkgle y F
the Dire^ion of the Wind V F, andibe Cmnffe
ii

X=

'

4ff

the yejel

Angle

Species

0'

60

Veflel.

a
loO

170
172

of

3 ^

180;

So

1:

13 170

33 163

158

40 150

151

144

149

i8o':

50 175

'-41

24 162

4 lOI

57

147

40 140

140

5 130

4 132

21 131

50

43

53 124

45

120

20 117: 25 115

40

III

35

loi

28

30

90

32

175

23 154

10 108

Ovr

59 100

128

18
:

0'

^=4i*

12 168

46 134-

A,h

136

as
30

F X.

iz

^2

5 122

35

<

37
5/

10

10 106': 19 105

4>

::

19
i

98 :29

96

41

95

87

85

50

84:136

74: 24

73- 18

34

158

^4: 55

62

^5

50

17

48

JO

33

ao

32

.16

19

16.

;:

37

61

13

38

47-38

21

-45

15

60

16

461
31

'9

15: 37
46J

A TABLE

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(Uti^uHfoH and

A TAB L
=:
ihe

n,

Pr^iks if

V F X

Jncrls

Uuiieen the

A F S GItAF*

which Jbewsfor each Af^k

andfor each of the Seven

22$

Feffek.

Species

of Vejfel^
comprehended he

$y

Dire Elion of the Wind

F, and tbi

FX.

Courfe df the Fe/el

ni //
r.,,

Angle

.V'.

Species ofVciTeL

a.

80

- .f '

174

33

^74

167

3S

167

iff6

,:

33

45

51

138

'5*^

i73'

159

44

49

13

'J

55

145^

^6

^ 1^3^
129

i^y'tWj
X2Q

82

45

44

49 I $0

36^

22

1^0,:

18

la't

56 lai^i 15

104

83

3*

39

10

30,

4'

S3

Sit

:..

30
-

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226

When
we have

Wind

upon the

tion to

a Veflel Kas

fiift

it,

leait

Communication of Mo-

the Diredion of the Wind will appear

to change, although in efied

We

been at lUft and

regulated the Difpofition for the true

mult therefore

it

remains the fame.

at the fame Tin^e change the

DiQiofition conformable to Che Ruterwhicfa

we

have juft given, in Proportion as tkd Diivftion of

the

Wind

tlje fame ManW\nd ha4 aftually changed. But as

Velocity which the Wind is capable of

appears to vary, and in

ner aa if the
the

communicating to the VeiTel

i

the whole'
fhoft

Change tMsf

:Time

-arid

is

fQon acquired,

mad^

be'

n very

in'

readSy

theirefbr^ We^ fhall

kA0W:>^hether the Difpofition, which

we have

given, tp tb^ Vefie| and to .the

.are con-

formable to our Rules or not?

Cafe

we m^Y

caifily

jSfuls,

An|

in the latter

do every thing which

is

put it is proper to obfenre, that in

is tc^
attCafoa where iftefiMnii.oic^J^
quired, a fmall Deviation from the Rules pre-

neceflarjr.

fcribed will produce

little

or no

EffcA, fo that a Navigator

Chan^

may b^

in the

always very

when the Difpofition which he

made does not diifer conBderably from

well fetrsfied

I^Uilei^

Sf^en,

and

thfsrejfbre svc

trouble ourfelves with the

(haU

difference

has

the

longer

between

the true and apparent Wind..

$37-

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C9^rumoH and Properties of

*

"

'

Irt

* 37order rolhw a K&vigato^ in what Mariner

A&jf

he muft ufc die Table which we have juft given,

a Veffd which be*

yt^ ilmllgtve an.Exalnple for

4i

longs to the Species

we fliall fupWind V F, with

^*

pofc that the Dircdion of the

FX

the Coqrfe

rnakcs an Angle

Table

will

which the Veiiel muft foUow,

WXtii

(hew us that

it is

38^ 57'

neceflary to

then ouf

make

the

Plate IL

A F S =: 6o^
taWe of the preceding Chapter will,

bbiiquity of the Sails pr the Angle

Btit the

firft

in this Cafe, give us the Leeway

A FX =

K=

and therefore the Angle S F

whence we find the Angle VFS
r= 72"

poied in

tt'*An^

AF

Si'

Wind

inay fall

VeflTel

KSbxkk F

m mxh

aliTo

Is

run upon

the Leeway

muft be fuch

then
the

AFX =

25,

Velocity

itfelf

aftign
this

ffi^'-gfeatcft

Oafe be communicated to
fitftri

Table oF the preceding Chafer

:

Sin. (p

y^ue 9^ the <pW^Qa Jg^T^

Isau

6^^

We

iltfj''Vd!M*rftr^c^tovV bnly to drfiw

^

^aia

propoled

the gr&fl^Va6cify pdffibl^i

Wttth^^ill in

IgfiWta

dif-

the Sails under an

upon

it

will

that the' Veffel

Sa^

muft be

^t their Ohiiquityy or
Wky-be = C^i and after.

VF S =

Angl^

a Manner

wards the Diredion of the

that the

32', confequently the Sails

ftlch

6': 2 5',

25% from
=:
.jj

66"*

0^2

the
thfe

'

=!:4^:.^>p*50.i
d

then

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^28

^.

/*

zr

j^*

to

=<

."Sifl.-

t>y

VeM^y

ft: : 31'

ail

72**:

city

Fcct

.,in

Veflel wQiAi

32'= OjjiSr J

Therefore

the Sail with

Scc^Mid,

may. be

will acquire

if

the

Wind

a Velocity of 30

.yMocity,.,^f ; .U^^

ijhe

bc9 fct ii

4.5cwd,V,C../7.
*

>

Wc

or

ibree iejpcbs Qfxl^, Velo^

of die Wind.

ihould ftrikc

wc

'L

whiph jt appears that the Veflcl

fooieiiiinffjinfire^chan

i and

t^ic

of MlP VeOcl

v y/-

.Sin.

of

fof the Surface

fliaU find thq

toting

....

to find in

:ftrprifed

pur

laft

V F X=H?* Yaluef
jMinlfi} kisfy^i^m^.^

Waten. -Table Jhewing the Angles

^*

much Jefi.;tiia{i

the

the Angle of Clofc Hawing-

by

tftkipg.

Mh^ Angle

For Ea^ampk,

if

p:/59. this

r: 3 ^, thf Angle # := f
: 19', although
that
fuch
a
Veflel wouid not
feen
have bi^fpre

lie ftcaror

53"
v^niQi

(*^ Wind,fh^
but

5x'y

an

this Surprife

Ang^J F.X

w31 very/ ux>n

wh^o we confider the Conditions under

to have Pitace

for taking the

thel-ecway^FX
5

'

s=

Angle S
will

be

FA

^ 4**

in
57^^

and

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Coi^m&iM and ProfenUs 9f

and
47*

Angle

therefore the

VFS

zr

i6'

SFXzzn-f^s:

19' ^ill leave

the Value 9

Negative fl^ws that the

Sail

^i'

for the

28',

of the Angle 6

fedk (incc the Sine

our Expreflion
*,

will

rirely

ftrike the

Cafe

And in.f
U Negative,

Hkewife give a Negative

which, although

fmm or M^mtm

V>

Angle

fo that in this

the Veflel would have Stern- way.

CHAP.

which being

Wind muft

on the oppofite Side,

Velocity

219

which being Aibthifibed from cho Angle

37',

Vifds.

it

may be a Maxi*

iot that Courfe, rouft be en*

from

excluded

our

In

Refearches.

general whenever the Table gives for the

Angle

VFXsii^lc^s VahiethanSFX =:a f

fuch Value maft be rejeded as ablblutely im^
pofllble,

fince the

WindVFS

Angle of Incidence of the

(p would then be-

= 6 = ^ n -r

come Negadve.
appears that the

From
leafl:

mitted for the Angle

'#=

this

Circumftance

V FX

^9 or when the

=: ^ are thofe where

An^eO

b in which

Cafe the Veflel would remain at Reft.

We (hall

therefore (hew thefe true Limits of the

y P X :=

it

Values which can be ad

for each Species

f
following Tabic.

Angle

of VelTel in the

A TABLE

Got)gle

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430
^*

A TAB l-t

Praties

oflmf^for

VeHj^

cf

the 4ngUji t, n

SFA: n 4FX.

$pedeb

37
8'

37^

30'

26

^1

39

54

44

*4

45t

ao

a?

18

24

10

7. ?

ti

"

54

r'

,
i

'

* 39

wkr
of

rnaking

.(^^5

t'

to rparor N^vigafiors^^e. Trouble

.

Calculations

we ihaU

here

y^L

HacH

S^ifA

each

will contain the

<tf

tor

each ^ particular

add particular Tables

This

given Angles

V F X,

com-

prifed between the Diredion of the Winc}^

the Courfe of the V^flel.

leaft

fioir

fiK^^qtmn

We

ai^

begin by the

Value of this Angle, when theVeflel

will

remain entirely at Reft, and from thence we

fliali

increafe fucceflively

HTfap

Second

will

unco 180 Degrees:

fliew ihe Obliquity

*

of the
Sails,

Digitized by

Google

or

Sails,

the

AFS

Angle

the Third

r= n

will denote the Leeway, or the Angle

^1 and

the fourth

Sam of the

two

Column

CHAP,

Af X

will indicate the

Angles or S

FX

zr n -f
which being taken from the Angle S wiU leave
laft

the Angle of Incidence of the

Angle

VFS=:9 =

in the fifth

Column

we ihali add

Wind, or the

^
n

exprefled

Finally in the fixth

Column

the Values of the i^ormuia.

Sin.

Cof. D

which are taken from the fecond Table of the

preceding Chapter, and whereof we

Need

ihall

have

in order to iind the Velocity of the Vciiei

itielf.

0.4

TABLE L

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Cet0rH^/t 4d Propmks

T A

B L E

afVtfftls.

1.

'

Shiwitg ibtgreatifi Vihcity of a Fefii^ and tbe mofi adwrn^

$4^6us Metbed of Setting tbi Saibt tbe Direffim of tbe
t^ind

VF

and Courfe

Species of Vejfel

where

VFX

being givsn^ for

the Jirji

= 3
SFX VFS
^

Sm. Y

29**; 30'

42:

3/

o^

0^

33

0,2269

20

38

0,1800

31

53

0,1468

90 ; 32 30 ;o 19:43 49 143 40:49

0,1314

50:17

0 27

44

42

44

20 :o 24

17

44

'

17

?43 46

43

15

78:36 25 :o

a*

0,1109

37

0,1059

60:

0,0972

26

52

26 49

33

5^

'

33

54

15

i3t

60

12

14

64

50 67

II

4i

151 :3 65 ;o 10

30 75

loi

28 35 :o

17

111

10 40

16

120

20

45-0

128

43 50 :o

136

46 55:0 12
48 60

J44

158

40 70

165

17a
178

64

42

0,0918

50 68

56

0,0864

30 76;

0,0781

71 :4i

79

21

0,0766

58

82

35

0,0751

85 :43

0,0741

79

33 75 -o

7:58

82

13 80 :q

6:

?6: 31

53 85 :o

45 35 89

180; 0

;o

31

[90

0,0820

J9

19

73

18

0,0738

0 90: 0

0^0741

35 89

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Con/lru^im and PrepertUs of V^eU.

TABLE

%%%

n.

Oeimng thgruH^ Ktidiy of a V^ei^ md tke.

admln^
t^9H$ Mabod of SHHng the SM^ ik^l^iffim ff the
Wind V F and Courft F X being givtn^ for the fecond
.

Species of Fejfel

where a

vf:^ AFS AFX.

0

i
/

II*:4

z:^

^.

'
.

SFX VFS
8'

_ Sin. ^
Sin*

.It
4' .37*:

26-:

p:

48:38 5: 0 22 39 37-39 IP : 59

o>535

0 19 : 42 39544

M-55

P>I2Q9r

0 17 :3i 42:31

33

a;

P>P965

6a 137 to
75

58 25

87:34 30: 0 15-52 :45-5? 41 :42

98
108

0 14 ;30

29 35

10 4O! Q 13

4S

53

12

12

57: 12 6p

53 50: 0 11

II

61

1$

65

9:19 69

244 60:

149

24

73

77

13
70.:

30

16

134: 4 55: 0 IP

163

117 125 45: 0

"5

.49

24

0,0863

59

54:54

0,068$.

13

Oip62jB

II

64 42
:

0*0585

15

68 :49

o,055P

19

72 :25

0,0524

24 75-49

o,05Q3

78:58

0,0489

^5

40 81 :40 81

44

0,0477

8jj:u 85:

o^P470

IP

0^464

p: p 9P: P 9P: P

P9O466

<

17P

12 80:

176

50

l8p; p 90: P

II

49

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Prop.^tiu of V^ls,

CenfiruSUon

^^4

TABLE
Shewing the greateft
tageous

'

Wind

Method of Setting the Saiby the Dire^lion of the

and the Cpurfe F
being given, for fhe third
of Veffel where 4 zz 4 h.

VF

Species

nr.

a VeffeU and the moft advan^

Velocity of

VFX AFS AFX SFX VF S

+
"

(p

<p

"iM

*F

oin.
Sin.

33': 39'

5<

47 ^38

23- 45

33': 39'

18

33

5'

'

0:

13

47

0,1080

24

53

0,0842

61^: 13

20

20

16

14': '29

13

II

36

20

:
*

74 :24 25
85':

9^
106

50 30
41

35

19

40

'

39

29

34

55

0,0704

43

'

42

44

o>593

5/

46

57 49

44

0,05 1

io

55

50

55

55

24

0,0468

10

55

60

33

0,0426

12

59

12

64

53

0,0398

25

63

25

68

56

0,0373'

39

67

39

72

26

0,0354"

54

75

46

0,0339

:
1

"5-35

45

124: 5 50

'

*
1

132

21

55

140

60

147 240

65

54 71

154

57

70

78: 52

0,0328^

27

81

37

0,0320

14

84

45

0,0314

59

87: 42

0,0311^

0,0312^

76

162

4 75

80

27

i6i

59

80

:.
1

^75:41 85

0"

14

59

84

180

90

-<^

0 90

^0

90

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Ooi^ru&m m^i Propertiu

TA

BL E

Shiprir^ tieffe^JlFihgifyi

rfa

MhM^ Seiih^

tagmu
Wind V F and

Courfe

Spiciei of yeffel

where 4

IV.

ytffd^

tbi

s^5

of VtffJfi

0Mi ibi mfi ttiimh

Smh^

X being
^ 4ih.

tie DireffiM pf thi

given^ for the fourth

VFX AFS AFX SFX VFS

9

31

r10

Sin.

24

-4* Ok
a rr

ID

JiS!"

4'

29

26

53

0,1124

30

5^

t6i

0,0780

0^0^05

0 19

26

<J

46: 56 '55 0

13

18 25:

12

36 30:

0 11

60: 16 20
73

33-4^

ft6

x8

3;;: 15

36:

412 3 43*33

3^

35: 0

10

4 45: 4

o^499

0,0424

95:
105

114

0,0367

40

II

49

"

55

50

0,0332

45

8:26

53

26 60

53

0,0298

5*>-

7-44 57-44 65:

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4 69: 6

00262

<

122
131

10 555 0

6a

66

25 72

32

0*0250

70

48

75

49

0,0239

75'

78

52

0,0233

81

138; 57 60: 0
146

53

37 651
70

25

It

80: 0

0 90: 0

161:

168

42

79

42

29

0,6226

33

83

33 84:38

0,6^21

30 87

30 87

30

oo2r9

0 90

0 90

0,0219

-180:

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aj6

Cimfiru&ieH and. Properties

TABLE
Wkn^ng tie greatefi

J^elocity

of a

efV^f^.

V.
and

Vejfel,

the mofl

aL

vantagcous Method of Setting the Sails^ the Dire^ton

of the

mnd V F Oftd Cetirfs-F X being given^ far

of Vejfel where a = $k

the

ffth

Species

'

VFX AFS lAFX SFX VFS

i

Sin.

c?*

1 8*:

27'

20

29

0'.:.o'

40

4.

44

0 16

IP

46 20

'46

o,po45

9 13

as

44 20

39

39 <>9447

r
i

59

'

2b

1 1

10

50 31

50 ay

31

3i>

31

39

27-

44

27 43

3;^

51

27 25

9374

+1

<>

<

14^

0,0311

0*01 J ^

W:
113

.a

12 5^

56

5^;

0,0244

5^

47'

13
37-

10 0,022 X

65: 19 0,0207
-

18 55: .0
8 fio:

138:

5 ^5
16

j|o

33 75

3 61

29 65

15 0,0191

3 69

29 72: 39 0,0182

4 57 631:57 75: 54

22 74

0,0174

22 78: 54 0,0370

55 78:55 81

3S 0,0165

38

174

3
1

83:

0,01^62

84:

>

9 87i 9 87! ^4

0 90: Q

o| 9q:

33 85

o>qi($i

0 90: 0

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Conftrun'm ^nd PropertUs of Veffeb.

.TABLE
Shewing the great eft

Method of

vantageous
.

Velocity of

Wind

fion of the

VF

137

VI.

and the mft ad*

Vejfel,

Setting the Sails

cTfd Courfe

ibe ^Jtxtb Species of Veffel where a zz

the Direc*

being given for

h.

V FX A FS AFX SFX VFSI

'

Sin.*
;

Sin.

24": 12'

54' 16": 18' 24*: 12'

30-49

38 24

38

I I

0,0647

57 '9

O5O444

46:

4 ^5

57 26

59.

3 20

0 10

j8 3Sl- 18 28^: 45

25

io:

'9

34

030264

83:

1
:

13 38

'3

29 42

29

44

48

93-48 35

'

22 0

49 46

29 56: 33 0,0184

12

41 45

15 51

J5

26 0,0167

121

15 50:

'5

'

44 55

31 0,0155

129

39 55

14 60

J 32.- 31

60

4' 45 64

45 72

46 0,0137

145

65:

'

'7 69

'7 75

59 0,0 1 3 1

70:

47 73

47 78: 57 0,0127

160: 5 75:

23 78: 23 81

38 82

38 84: 35 0,0123

>74: 13 85:

52 86

52 87: 21 0,0122

0,

0 90

103
1

167

13

80

180: 0 90:

19 0,0202

1-'

44

14 69: 25 0I0145

0 90:

42 0,0124

9f0129

Conftru^ion and PropertUs of VejfeU*

'238

ABLE

Shewing tie greateft

Velocity

VII.

of a

vantageous Method of Setting the

the

V F and

Wind

Courfe

and

the moft ad-

Sails^ the

Dire ion of

Vtffel^

feventh Species of Vejfel where a

being given^ for the

:r.

<

b.

y F X A F S AFX SFX

<P

10'

22: 14'

15"

10

0 12

55 22

55

:
r

0,0508

41

45-44^ ^5

20

58:36

2 )0

29

70 25 25

37

'

13 45

34 51

50 0,0159

59 56

'

57 0,0142

37 0,0129

4t 0,01 it

1
1

S2

29

93-^4
102

56

112:

3.0

J.

33

12 0,0346

3^ 0,0269

24 0,0207
i

7 ''13

37

16 0,0182

'6

.^t 34 41

d ^'^:59 45

31 61

31 50

55

120

129

(J*
-4^

0'

0- :

4' ^2*: 14'

J?,
,

Sin.

oin

44 50

10 55

'

37 59

37

4:11 64

46 68

65

>

33 o,y>iij
i

137:

60

144:49
152

19 70

'

72

'

46 76

i 0,0101
'0

79

159-44 75

57 77

166:55 80

19 82

b,tyi66

5^

0,0097

57 81 47 0,009 ^
-

73- 56
.18a:

0 90

19 84

37 86: 37

0 9a

8/
9<j

^ ^

:3 0,0095
'0,6694
:

d 0,0092

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QQitdrnSlion

r.

CHAP%

.40-

V.

VFX

Thesefore whenever the given Angle

eso

and Proper itc^ of V^tb.

found either to correfpond exactly, or

is

to be nearly equal to t)iofc exhibited in the fore-

going Tables,
and

we may

then give tb the Angles

the Values which are there affigned,

(p

VFS

becauie a Imali Difference in the. Angle

ft

But

would not e0edr the greateft Velocity.

if this

irotn thole

Angk

\xi

^ fhouid deviate confiderably

the Tables,

will not

it

we

be

difficult

to take fpme juft

l)i4ean; thts

by an Example.

Suppofe the VefTcl to be of

the

fifth Species,

VFX =

Angle

by taking a
and

or a zz

94**

(hall explain

and the propofcd

^ =r 90*

Mean between

then

it

the Angles 83*

33% pzz^ and s = 0,^628

put 4

Fig*

evident

is

38^ found in the fifth Table,

pj^^^ jjj

41'

we may
hence

it

we direft the Veflel with

refpeft to the Courfe F X, in fuch a Manner that
the Leeway or the Angle
may become

will

be

neceffary that

AFX

= 8*

Angle

be

and the

Ssuls Mtrft

be

A F S may become
41% and therefoce

33* i tten S
the

V F S z: & will be r: 49%

-irivantageous Difpofition.

.tf ChQ V^fl^

ilfelf

to difpofed that the

i''

which will be the nioR;

But

if

the Veloci^

b$ required, we have

660
wbctfs

FX Will

Angle of incidencft

wg9iB&^ the

e s

wMe Smface

of

tfa^

Sails,

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.140

JCBAT.

CmfiruSlion and Properties of Vejfelj.

'

Salls^
let

which we

fhall

fuppofe to be

us alio fuppole the Depth of the Body

= 5 j we

then becaufe 4

it

Sin. 49

0,2853;^,

appears that the Velocity of the

Vefltl will be to that of the

100: ThQS

^ ^h^^

ae

'

by which

have

Z-',

'

and therefore

V =:

(hall

ezz^b^

if

Wind

die Velocity of the

as

28 1 to

Wind was

30 Feet in a Second, that of the Vcffel would

be 81- Fecc This will therefore be the greate(t
Velocity which this Vei&i could acquire under
the prefcribed CIrcumftances.

CHAP.

CHAP.
VI.

T T AYING

XX

VL

4K

already feea- that a Veflfel

may

run fuch a Courfe as to make with the

Diredion of the

Wind

an Angle more

acute, we*ieadily conceive the Poffibility

or,

le6

of Di-

rcding the Courfe of a Veflel in fuch a Mafljier

that

it

may

to Windward*.

tfym whence

at laft arrive at a Plaqe dire&Iy

For fuppole
tiie

1^

be the Place

YeiTel- departs,

and

that

the

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the

Wind

blcws in the Dirtdkm

V F,

then

if

chap.

Windward, be the Place

bound to, it is evident that it

lituat^d ifhmedktelf tb

which, the Vellel

is

would be imponible
Courfe

to arrive there by the diredb

but fof

thfe

Purpofe

it

will be'firft

necefTary to run in an oblique Di red ion

fof Ex-^

tmpk, toward* the Right in the Dkedion F X,

wMcb may be e:ieeuted by an iivfiflite Number
of Ways according as the Angle V F X is more
or

leiii

great

and we have ihewn the Diipoli*

&X1S tieoe^ry

to jfudce the

VeOelrun with the

greaccft Velocity pofTiblc in

this

Then

being arrived at

X We

ficion

of tke Veflel mid

^ upon

in order that the Veflel

Courle

Hit other Tack,

may now

run towards

the Lcft^ under the fanie Obliquity

whh reifpeft
this

Courfe

Teftl

ifiay

before

as

ta the Wind, and the Direaion of

the Direction
iliay agai#'

FX/

change the Difpo^

F X'

FV

cRai^

will be equally

now

inclined to

bein^^ arrived at

upon the Courfe X'

rurt

X' we

the Difpofitiott, fo that

the"
ft'ril

dually incHned to the Diredkion of the Wind

FitMH' whence weifae that by (uch Management
the TelM

may

pofed, by

making one or more Traverfes

at laft arrive at the Place proas Cir-

made by
called Plying to Windward,

cuoiftaneeBtnay recfirire; Such a Courfe

Tfavcrfe Sailing,

is

by which Mariners
of

2t

thejr

Wind

arc'

able to avail themfelves

even diredly contrary to the Coude

wil& to Steer.

We propofe in this Chapter

to
R

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Cof^uSm and Fropirlits

CHAP,
VJ.

of ycjjtbm

to fcarch the ncccfikry Difpofitions, in order that

may

a Veffel

Windward,

run from

in the fliorteft

F'

to

Time

diredly to

poHlble.

S 4a.

may

It

at

firft

be thought that

proper to eftabiifh the Angle

but

as Imallas

had ibme way

provided the Veilel

poiTible,

through the Water

would be

it

VFX

to con-

it is neceffiiry

we diminiih
Limits marked in

Cder, that the more

Angle and

this

the fevtn laft

approach the
Tables of die preceding Chapter, the leis will
the Velociry of theVcflelbe; by wliich it ap-

pears evidently advantageous

Angle,

in order to obtain

the Vefiel, and that

ward

is

flie

to .increafe, this

a greater Velocity

may advance

as quick as poiUble.

After

this

obvious, that to efied our Purpofe

be nece/Tary
fuch,

to take the

Angle

not only the Velocity

tliat

for

WindRemark

to

it will

VFX

zz

v which

will

be communicated to the Veflel, but aUb that

fhould
which will refult for the Direftion F

become
being

the

=v

greatcft

Cof.

r, it

This Velocity

pofTiblc.

will

be necei&ry to

fearch.

the Difpofition when the Value of this Ex

prelllon

Cof. i will be the greateft poilible.

43*

Having
$^

eftabliflied the four

Angles

>j,

^, 0 and

whofe Significations have thready been fo often

explained^

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tof^tuQion and Properties of

24 j

VeffeU.

the Velociqr of the VelTcl has been

cxplaiocd,

found

= ci. Sin. e. v/^IZI = f ^ sm. c

.

600. aes

It

therefore

is

necefTary

ihould be a

multiplied by the Cof.

by omitting the knownFadtor

is

evident that Sin, 6

Sin-

e- Cof;

ther

Angle
and
alfo

Maximum ;

it

S^^'

n^uft be a A4.x/-

<p

remark

neceflary to

tjiat

the

already determined by the

is

that the
cT

it is

Cof.

6o6.ae.oiTL(ff*

Expreflion,

cb.^

^-V^

Sin.

Here

this

that

v/I-lS^

Angle

6 being

=6+w+

fo that

Angle
known, we have

we have

here but

two indeterminate Angles and C, therefore we

muft find thefe two Angles n and 6 fuch that the
above- Expreffion

For

fible.

this

may beome

Purpole

let

the greatcft pof-

us at

firil

fuppofe the

Angle n to be already known, in which Cafe the

Angle ^ will alfo be*a given Quantity, and therefore the

mm^

Formuk Sin.

Cor.

J"

muft be a Maxi-

becaufe the other Fai5tor -y/^

Sin.

juft Value.
this

has

its

(p

But we know by Trigonometry that

Produdt Sin.
Sin.

Cof.

is

4- Sin.

equal to

jw^,
there

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CHAP,

therefore fincc ^

= 4. ^ +

we

fi,

have

fhaii

hence the Sine of this

Aa^

ii

ahraily determined, and there

nuke

to

the Sine of the

now only remain*

Angle /
6 as great

as poOlble, which will evidently

4-

hap^

vheit

6 == 90*.

i 44-

After

Angle

this

we have

we only

Difcovery

which may

Hi

fatisfy

already -nlolved

fxiecedif^ Chapter

require

thi.

Pxobiem

in the

where we have afTigncd

each Angid S the three other Angl

and

order that the Velocity of the VeOel

therefore a very finipk Solution

quired Problem
particular

End

for

may be

greateft poflible for each propofed Courfe.

is

the

our Queftion, fmcc

in

the

Here

of the

re-

we have only to^ fearch in the

Tables, which we have given at the
}

of the preceding Chapter, the Cafe where

Sum

of the two Angles ^ 4^ 6 will give

and
then
we ihall have for each Species of
9P*
Veflel the juft Angle
this will determine
the Courfe F X, which the VelTei myft follow
the

in

Flymg

to Windward,

Thus, for the

Species of Veflel the Angle

64*

85" ZZ > which is

^ -ffollowing Angle i
78* : 36' gives

10*

fee

29' which is too great

that

67<>-i<,

it

is

.10

the

from whence we

necelTary to take the

We ihall thenh^e

firft

gives;

S5
too fmall, and
:

Angle

=^

the Anglefi = 22* -^t

aa^

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Onfit^mm

Mf Ptfiperiia <f Fefels.

icd the correfponding Angles

23**

(p

=r

2i*| andCHAP..*

confcquently for a Veflel of the

^J-,

245

firft

VI*

we aauil regulate the CouHe for Plying

Wiodward ki the foUoiriiig Maimer,

Species

I.

II.

III.

IV.
an

600

-V

we

3 ^

hence

AFS =f =:
VFS = e~
we

the Velocity

for

liie/ciQre

VFX = ^=674.,
A F S = n = 2i'-j-

chei

(hali

z2"-^.

fhall

have/

0,174,

have

313,2.^
Wind, or

Velocity againfl: th^

from whence wc

23'^, and

s =: 104*4, coole^uently becaulc

= V. Sin. 6 = ^

Cof.

^'^Z*

Cof.

fl'.y/

Sin.

find tkia Velocity

= 0,0083

c
e

where c denotes the Vdocitjr of the

V\^ind,

Bf the fame Means wc may cakolate for the

other Species of Veflel, by icarching the Angles

VFX =:>, AFSr:,f, A F X = SFX

5X +
and aifo the Velocity
and VF S =
.r,

9,

i^ainft thc'WIild' V

Cof. i

Sin. b,

wn-h
wUl

Digitized by

Onftru&m snd
will be

reduced to

Properties ef Vejfels.

f^orm

this

where

N exprelTes

By making

certain*

Decimal Fradbion:

the neceflaiy Calculations for each

we

Species of Veffci

Ihail

obuui

the following

Table.

A TABLE

Jhtwing the moft advantageous

Difpojition for Plying to

Species of

VFX AFS

Vcffcl.

Windward,

AFXi VFS

Fradion

n
t

65
=:

ii

=5

21*

22*t

0,0083

21

25

0,0114

26^

0,0142

28

0,0177

21

16

62

20i

6ii

20i:

12

^^

0,01 8 X

20i

loi

29i

0,0232

20i-

10

29t

0,0273

6oi

With refpcd

to

this

Table

it is

necefTary to

remark, that the Calculations are not

the greateft Predfion, becaufe in

made

PraAice

to

we

can never reckon upon one Degree, fo that a

greater Exadtnefs
befides,

it

would have been

ill-placed;

would have required very trouble^

fomc

Digitized b

Fropmia

QmJiruSiion and

fome

Thus

Calculations.

of ViffHs.

this

Table

247

will be

chap

verjr fufficient to dircdk us in Prafticc.

5 46.

By

we very

confidering this Table

ceive, that all the

to Windward

is

fbon per-

Art of a Navigator

i(i

Plying

tcduced to the two following

Rules.

Rule

I.

Regards the Angle

AFS

=:

n,

which

make with the Axe

and we iee that this

the Sails ought to

of the Veflcl;

Angle only

varies

from 2i'

to ZQ>*^i

Since therefore the Difference of half

Ways produce any

a Degree could no

Change

may

always dlfpofe the Sails in fuch a

Manner

ped

in the fie(ft a Navigator

that their Obliquity, with ref-

to the

Axe of the Vefiel, be about

21* or rather 20'-^-

Rule

11.

RefpcAs the Angle

*
.

VFS =

which the

Wind

This Angle

varies in

22*^-^ to 20**-^.

in general

ftrikes

fl

the

under
Sails

our Table from

Since theieiore VefTcIs

appertain to fome

Species between a

and

mean

= 6 ^,

a Navigator may always take a Mean

between thefe two Limits, which will
be nearly 26*, fo that having Set the

Sails

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CUAP^

Sails

FJ

accafding o the

nothing more

is

firft

Rule,

required thaa co-dired

pi^jg

the VcficI in fuch a

fig.

Wind may

Manner

that the

it

under an Angle

it

will b4i

p^>per to

obferve if the Veflel (hould

Moog ^^

ftrike

However

of 26*.

fome of th?

Species, this

firil

Angle

of 26" muft bediminiihed by fffom

Degrees;

but if the Veflel (bould

approach

fomc of the

the ime

Angle muft be

)y

fome Degrees

neccQary to

add,

laft

And

Species,

increafed

it

may be

no very bad

that

Effeft will happen in Pradice, even

Ihould a Deviation of one Degree or

fomc thing more from the Rule take

place

iiac^ in ail &^&ar(;hes

relate to
^

Iniall

Ma^amm

Deviation

is

or

which

Minmum a

not of any Conle-

But when th^e Kuies are

obierved, a Navigator may be alTured

quence.

that his VclTcl will run

as

quick

Ihould not

Angle

as

poffible,

know

AFX;

may however

the

to

Windward

although he

Leeway or

the

the true Value of which

eafily

ioand by ouc

Table.

It is ftiU

proper to remark th^ great Ad--

urtu^h

long Ve^la tovc over ihoic

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kt

For

ones*

Om

wiiilft

the ExpreffioncHAP*

remains the fame, VcffcU of the

Species will only advance to

VcJocity o,oo8j,

is

more cban

when

^<

firft

Windward with

of the laft
Species will run ac die Rate of
0,0273, which
three

Times

thofe

as great

fo that

of the fevcmh Species is capable

of advancing ti Wmdwant thrc^ Times
as quick 4^
Veffifl

aVcflWofthcfiA
47."
if infteid of Plying difsOly to
Windward
was required to advance in a DiredVion

it

which

ihould deviate a little from it

(for with rfpeft
to Dircaions which are very
diftant, Veffels
may run in a direft Courfe) the Method which

we have

before

made

us with a SolMtion of this Cafe.

iiiih

when tb^ Wind blows

and when it is required

F U, tiK^
kt us fuppofe as befiMie
where

an4

FX

let the

V,

Wi from ^
9^

Thus,

the Dirc^ion

F,

to

Plate

yil

*3-

the Angle

VF X =

eprelcnts the Courfc of the

Vcliel |

Angle undcc

the Sails be

in

advance againft the

Angle V F
being z= y .

Dircaioo

'

ufe of will as icadUy for*

flj

wUdi the Wind ftrikes

alto let

take a Space
equal to the Velocity of
the Vcffel

F y fee fim

th^n hpcaufe

the?

Apglp

p^^j^^
yF x =

^
it

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^^o

CHAF
Vt>

Conftrn&imi
that

it is requifitc

fliould

the Angles

is

Cof. i

be a Maximum,

Yalue
Sin. 0

md Pnpertiis $/ V^ds^

it

and ^ as already having

Cof, $

tb^t

neceflaiy

fl

from thence we

And

whentheSumof thefe

become a
ihall

nothing more

have

will

their juft

xpre(iioa

this

have the greateft V^aluc

lliould

foilible; which will happen

two Angles

y = Space F m

Therefore confiderinor

(J

right Angle,
^o"*

y.

then be required than

to fearch in our Tables the particular Caie

Sum of the two Angles ^ -f- 9

becomes equal to 90 -|- y j from thence we
fliall Hnd at the fame time both tl\e Angles
where the

and

But

^*

with,

it

as this Queftion

would

is

rarely to

be met

fuperBuous to employ any

more time upon

and

it,

wei lhall only

remark

we muft not reckon too much upon an

c-xadk Agreement between Experience and our
that

Determinations when the Vefiel

Windward.
in this
Sails,

Tlie Reafon

Wind

Cafe the

but alfo

is

is

Plying to

very evident, fincc

not onlv Strikes the

Ads upon

the whole Surface of

the VeiTcl, as well as the Mafts and Riggii^,

by which the Motion of the

much

obilruded

duced by the

Sails

fiderably altered,

the

Wind

is

Veflcl

may be

very

from whence, the Effect pro-

muft likewife be very con-

and that to much the more

mprc

violent

of the Sea will then

alio

becaufe the

as

Waves

concur to reurd the

yray of thcTcflcl

CHAP.

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ConftruBion and Progenies of Vejfds,

CHAP,

CHAP/
EstpUmatim refpcSing

VIL

VII.

the Jifferm

Species

of

Vejfd.

HEN

we

eftablilhed the different Spe-

cies of Veflel

wc were

Breadth

by the

different

Propor-

Length of the Body 4 and

tions between the

led thereto

its

by confidering the

Proportion between the Refiilance Qt the Fore^

Party and that of the greateft tranfverfe Sedion

when each

the Body,
in a dired

arc fuppoitd to be

Manner through

War, we have fuppofed

Mean

to Unity

it

which are

Ufe.

by which

in

is

an Harmonic

the

fae

may confider all Veflels

But wc fee evidently, that
founded upon a certain Law,

is

the Breadth of the

Middle

Party or Stem
tion

which

Proportion as

feems wc

Hypothecs

from

this

between the two extream Cafes, and

tween which

this

But havupon Ships

the Water.

ing confulted fome Experiments noade

of

of

moved

of a VefTel

Body

is

diminilhed

to the Extremity of the

fo that

Fore

whenever the Conftrac-

deviates

from

this

Law,

it

might well happen that the Refinance of the

Fore Part would become either greater or lels
than our Formula Confequcntly lince the dif:

ferent Destinations of Veffels require allb different;

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CHAP,
VII.

reot Configaraoons for the Fore Part,

we muft

not be furprifed when the Application of our

Formula often deviates from the Truth. It is

therefore to remedy thte Defed that we ihali
add here the following Explanations upon the
true

Char^i^er of the

At

different

of

Species

proper to remark, that in dircft

firft it is

Courfes an Error in our Formula would be of

no Confcquence,
is

a Matter of

fails either

feeing that in Narvigation

little

little

more Qfvn or

than our Rule indicates^ Aace

ways take the trouble

Velocity of the

Vdbcity
tion

be,

it

Wind,

either

nfx>re

quiclc

we do not

air-

to meafurc tht

or the Surface of the

in order to compare the a&ual

exadly

Sails

it

Import, whether a Vcffel

of the Veflcl with our Determina-

And

however great

will not

this Difference

may

have any InfiQenceiipon the Ma^

nagement of Vellels themielvef. But it b not

the fame in Oblique Courfes where a Knowv
ledge of the Leeway, whteh ntdees 9 vttf
fenttal

Part of the Art of conducing Vcflels

properly, depends principally on the Truth of

Mr

Formula: So that if k Aould deviate

the Truth h might occafion very

much ftom

difagreeable

Confequcnccs,

For having

fup*
piofed

Digitized by

Forct

FY

makes with

the

the VcHcl, and the Angle

the Courfe of

Vtm

tfce

proper EXiredion

FA,

FA

Direaion

AFX

F X makes

and which

of

^, which

with hs Fig.V*

the

is

Lee-

way of the Vefftij we have eftablifted con*

formaUe to our Hfpoehefis this Relacioii bo*
cwecH the two An^a ^ and q,i
Tang.

From whence

4=

Taog.

\vc fee that if this

Equality fhould

deviate njugh from the Truth,^, th^ Rules

whkh

wc have

might

prcfcribcd for oblique Courfcs

be producbivc of Errors iufficiently

able.
But it is principally upon this
that

we have

Equalitjr

eftablilhed the di^erent Species

Veflels, rattier than

tion

confidcr.

upon J

of

immediate Propor-

between the Length and Breadth of theBody.

Thus our

iirft

Species charaaerized by

muft a&ually contain

all

aiz 36

the VelTels, where this

Relation has place Tang,

= IL, Tang. 9*,

csr^ when the Propordoa between

azndi Ihould

In the ian^c

be

qiaite different

from a

Manner the true Charaatr f our lecond

exprefled

by 41

=^^

Species

comprehend

YcHels where we have Tang.^^*

all

chc

'Tang.

or

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t54

cbaFa
VII.
^

ConfttUOtoH

and Ptppenies of

Feffets.

or nearif Tang. 4
22. Taog. q> * whatever
the Proportkm between a and h (hould have %

and

it

It

is

the fame of ali the other Species*

thcrefbrefrom thence that

we muft judge

to which Specie each propofed Veflel appertains

But

in order to

Ihew

by an Example, let us

this

.fuppofe for any given Veifel this Proportion

0 have place. Tang.

wc

have only

with our CoefHclent

i=

>/ioo J or

Tang. (p%

50.

compare the Number 50

to

a ^

we

and

rather

=4

ihall

have

From

whence we fee that this Veifel muft be ranged

between our fourth Species exprefled by
3, and the fifth denoted by a rr 5 ^
41 z: 4
without regarding the actual Proportion be*

tween the Length and Breadth of the Body of

the VelfcL

50In order

to.

render this

Judgment

general, let

us fuppofe that for any propofed Vellei we have

found

this

Relation Tang.

and that we put

^ ^

wc have
Root

wc

Tang. 9* ^

from whence
*

y = V 2 N.

nearly

=:

ihall

Then
fuppofe

taking the Cube

i/TTT

=
and

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ConfiruEHm and PropetMiS ef Vi^tlt.

therefore have

and

we

from whence

n b

"=1

muft be related ta thofe

fee, that this Vefiel

of our Species which

arc cxprtlTcd by a

nb^

although the true Proportion between the Length

and Breadth of the Bod^ may be very different

from the given one. Moreover it will not be
of this Num*-

di^cult to difcover the Value

berN by

a very fimple Experiment: Suppole

the Sails

to

A B,

FS

be taken at Pleafure, then

in fuch a

Axe

be placed obliquely to the

under an Angle

Manner that

the

may

which

dire6):ing the Vefifei

Wind may

per*

fall

pendicular upon the Sails, in order to be the

a&ing Force F Y is alfd

which Cafe we have nothing

better aifured that the

perpendicular
to fear
fliall

and

in

We

from the Curvature of the

Sails

90"*

the

Veflel

then have the Angle

Situation,

in this

if

we

let

run through fome Space, and obferve exactly

the true Courfe F.

X, we

thefe

by
ber

and

two Angles

this

Experiment we

N =

ihall then

AFX

Leeway, or the Angle

(p

know

the

Hence

=: ^,

being determined

ihall

have the

and therefore may

Num*

'

ealily
'

determine the true Species to which

this

VeHei

muft be rdated.

be always

proper

Tang,

(p

make

to

Weather and

in a

However,

it

will,

thefe

Experiments

Calm

Sea>

in

good

order that

we

nay

CHAP, may

have nothing to apprehend from the Ag!

tation

Wfc*

of the

From good Models

cxa^y

in

Miniature which

as they are, very

prci'ent Vcficla

rc-

impor-

wpon cbe Rcfiftaace of Vef^

may be very ufefuUy oiade \ and which
fii much the more ncce&Ty, as the Theory

tant E3q>erinKiitt
fels
is

upon tUs

Sok^vft. is ftiU very dahOsBvOf as

But

have already remarked.

it

is

not

whole Vefiel emttdjr^

ttpieiene. the
fiifficient

to exprefs eitaftiy the Figure di the

Body, and

Dqpee of

in

particular ic& Surface even to a

policing i fince

ibae a greater or

producing a

Ms

fenfibie

Change

would

Vcffida.

vepreftnt ia iucfa it

It

Model
iliil

above the Water Line,^ but

Modd

in

obfepved

capable of

is

in the

tfaereibre

Parts oi the VcfTd, and

put into the Water

we \mtf

Smoothiiefe

of

load the

Model fhoul4
it wHl be

that the

nccefTary

Re^ance

be fuperfluom
all

ic6

the wxm&fi
all

which

is

to
fuch a Manner, that whenits

it is

neceilhry-

immerfed Part

may

icTpond exa&ly to <hat of the Vefiel itfdf.

readily

for this Purpofe

Goncdve that by making

fmall Bodies of different Figures

cor-

We-

ftiveral' fiich

wc might ob-

tain very important Concluiions for perfedling

the Conftrudlion of Veffels

fince the Experi^

ments

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tonfiru^ion and Properties of Vejfds.

ments which we might

eafily

257

make, would lead

us without any diificulty to a Difcovery of the

good or bad

chap.
Vn

Properties, which great Veilels exe-

cuted according to fuch Models ought to have

with Refpe^ to the Refiftance.

Properties ofVeflels, the
well eftablilhed that
fion to

As

Theory

we have no

for the other

already ib

is

furiher Occa-

have Recourfe to Experiments^

% 52.

make theie Experiments a

nn is required, in which thevpig^eiv.
Model may move freely through a fufEcient fi^- h
order

In

to

great Bafon II

Space.

Let us fuppofc

defirous of difcovering
fiich a fmall Vcflcl

P*ore

Part

in

therefore,

would

a direct

that

ejtpericnce

Courle by

AMNO

del which palTcs over a Pulley

are

which*

from the

its

Motioii

is

required

through the Water ; nothing more

than to faften a Thread

we

the Refiflance

to the

Mo*

without the

Bafon } to this we fufpend at the other End a

Weight P which by its Gravity will draw the
N. It is
imali VelTel through the Space A

neceflary to obferve that the Thread muil be fixed

to the Model in fuch a Manner, that during

its

Motion, the juft Portion of the Body may remain

immerfed

in the

Water, and that the Motion

is

made through a right Line A N in the Direction of the Axe B A which will be readily done
S
aftir

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Confiru&im and Properties cf Veffeb.

258

CHAP,
VJL

'

after fome Trials are aril madct

begins to move,
leratcd, but

it

its

Motion

this

be accc-

one that

will very foon acquire

Let us fuppofe

uniform.

When the Veilel

will at firft

to happen after pafBng through the Space

and that we mark

by the Line

arrived at this

means of
which

is

this

in the

Limit

M, we

requifite for

the

(hall

then

Bafon

it

muft reckon by

Number of

Seconds

to run through the Space

M N, and whenever we have obferved

we

A M,

then as foon as the Ve0el has

Pendulum

Place

is

uniform Motion

this

Time

be able to aflign the Refillance

which thisVeiTclwiU meet with in dke^t Courfes.

S 53-

For
then
fions

Purpolc we

this

Weight

will

now

muft

reduce the

firfk

Volume of Water equally heavy,

become an Extent of three Dimen-

to a

iuppofc r

to be a Plane Surface^

which would experience the fame Refiftance as

the Veflcl, by moving dircftly through the Water
wirh the fame Velocity

then r

will

expreis

we
v to denote the Velocity with

the abfolute Reliftance of the 'Veflel which

fcarch

alfo fuppofe

which the Veifci moves uniformly through the

Space

M N =:

and let the

Number of Se*
/
Then the

conds obferved be rfprefented by

and

Letters

whilft r

and

will exprefs

are

unknown

.*

known

Quantities,

ones*

Now

it

is

evident

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'

Co^JhitSkh imd Pr^erties of Vejfebi

evident the Refiftancc will be

259

r* which

chap.
"

miift therefore be equal to the Force P, hence

we have

this

Equation

_ p

V* .r*
hut

fince the

Motion

is

made with the Velodty

Time t we fliaU

through the Space i in the

haive

will

V/

J,

of V =:

theirf6re oui* Equation

become

=:

from whence wc

obtain the abfolute Redffcance

exprelfed'

by kno\?h <2i3UAdtie!k

By fuch

54*

Experiments made upon the Models

of Veffcls we may aUb discover the juft Propor^

rion between the two Angles -4. and (p, which wc
havejufl exprefled by this Formula

Tang, 4 = N Tang. \
Origin of this
We have only to confider the
.

{p

firft

Equality,

which was before derived from the

Pipportion between the Refinance of the Pore

Part and the

lateral Refiftance,

would experience
Direftioa of the

if th j

leflr

which the Ve0el

Motion was made

Axe of

St

the

Body

in the
:

For

having*

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CM/lntnien and Properties of VeffeU.

CHAP,
VIT.

having denoted the Refillance of the Fore Part by

by ; we

the Letter^, and the lateral Reiiftance

have found

Equality (fee 32. Book

this

Tang.

II.)

4-* Tang.(p*.

f
Bat the Experiment which we have

juft de**

fcribed already difcovers the abfolute Refiftancc

rlment in order to obtain the other abioluce

Refiftance

55*
For

this

Purpofe the Model muft again be put

by drawing

into the Bafon in fuch a Manner,* that

it

through the Space

M N,

the Direftion of the

Motion may remain. perpendicular

Axe A ; which mqr

be

of two Threads fattened

together at

And

to the great"'

done by means

A and B, and joined

at

the Vcflel

through the fame Space

eafily

is

again drawn

N =

<r

by the

fame Weight P.

Let us now fuppofe

that the

lateral Refiftancc

which we fearch

equal to

is

R*, and that the Motioa

N is made inf T SecondSi

that of a plane Surface

through the Space

then

we

Hiail jind, as in the

preceding Cafe,

J
This

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ConfiruBtM ahi Properties of

This Exprei&on

aSi

Vejfels,

will therefore give us the

Value

the Letter.
J

that of p being zz

from whence the Proportion

ildllZ.

between

?R = T_

thefe
*

wvw*v

^^^^^

...^

chap.
VIL

=:

hence this Proportion will lie as the Square of the

Times

MN

T and
19

N =

J""g'

is

Now

alfo

Tang. 9

therefore

and

during which the une Space

run through.

V' a

becaufe

X = Z:
f

Vefiels conflruAed

be

will

upon

^LUI

Model would
we have cxprefTed

this

appertain to the Species which

hy a zznb^ whatever may be the true Proportion between the Length and the Breadth b of
the Body.

Let us fuppole,

that

by an Experiment

T=

we

5 Seconds, and
:= 64 s
have
Seconds,
then
we
ihould
40

bad found the two Times /

and therefore n =: v^ aN=: 5,04. From whence

we fee that fuch a VefTel muft he ranged in our
fifth

by

Species a'=z^b nearly.

this

befell

Means

^ven

that

And it

is

we muft apply

in genera],

the Rules

fiv the oblique Courfes of

s a

Ve&

'SUP,

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PLEMENT

ON THB

ACTION

OARS.

OF

THE

Adion of Rowe being one of

the inoft laborious^

it

very unfortunate that only

is

withotil doiibt

one third of their

Exexcions can be employed to put a Vcflel in

Motioq,
ner

loft

wifaiifl:
;

the other two thirds are in a Man*

either

by

the Oars out of the

raifing

by moving t4em through the Air

in order to plunge them again into the Water
Watea:,' or

therefore

if

the

Number of Rowers
we can only recJion upon

whole

be fuppoied zz

n whole

continual Exertions are employed to

put the VeiTel

i^r^l i^l the

Vatcr with

in

Motion

Rowers

For although

their Oars,

ge^

and continue to repeat

tl^Hj Strokes together, it will neverih/skis

mitted to fuppofe that only

in

aft at once in finking the

be per-

^ n of the Rowers
f

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Sufplemnt.
continually aft to urge the Veflcl
lire

may

order that

in

regard the Motion of the V^ffel as Uni-

form, without being under the neceffity of giving

any attention to the alternate Accelerations and

Retardations to which
fides as the
is

Rowers

it is

Be-

in Effeft fubjeft,

are free Agents, their Aftion

not fufceptible of a more

exa<5i:

Determination,,

becaufe a Variety of fufficient Magnitude ntay

even enter into their Efibrts without

known

almolt

a
it

Let us
Rower
is

at prefent confider the

neceifary to remark,

the Efforts

being

Force which

capabk of employing

is

its

to themfelves.

at

firft

that iiowever great

may be which a Rower can

exert at

Reft, they mull fuller a dimioution in Propoi Lion

as they are obliged to

Members in Motion

put

their Bodies or their

and there

certain degree of Velocity

will

always be a

which they can never

furpafs

by which, means the more they ap-

proach

it

the

more

alfo will the

are able to employ become

As

entirely vaniih.

it is

Force which they

lefs,

and

here of the

will at lalt
laft

Impor-

tance to take intaCoofideration this Variability

in the

Force of the Rowers, which

their proper

Motion s we

vour to reduce

it

For this Purpofc

refults

from

lhall therefore endea-

to ibme fixed Petermination*

let

us fuppofc

S 4

F to

be the Force

which

264

Suppkmeni*

which a Rower

and

at Reft is capable

pf employin^^

be the greateft Velocity with which he

let c

can move

Members ar4 beyond which he is

leaft Obftacle It is now

his

incapable of ipoying the

required to aflign the Force with which this

Rower

covild

a^ when

he

obliged to

is

bimielf with a given Velocity =s

Formula ^hich
fuch,

that

taking

Force wiU become

niib

when k

the

= F,

Velocity =: o,

and niuft

their

the

entirely va,-

This diminution of Fore?

evidently caufcd

is

which the Rowers muft ufe in

own Per Ions ; and by which there remains

by the
ib

Force muft be

this

ext>refles

move

but th^

Efforts

much

leis for

chem

to apply to the Oars.

free

Agency

very

much influence them,

itfelf

or rather a Caprice
it

As
may

without doubt

is

impoliibie to comprize this Variability within

any Analytical EicprelHons % but it kiitai thac

we fhall not deviate much from the Truth, when
'

we compare

this

Cafe with the Force of a Cur-

Water whofe Vebcity is

f, and
which by ftiiking a Body at Reft will exert there
F/ Now if this Body is carried
a Force
lent of

according to the fame Diredion with a Velocity

lefs

than

pf the Current upon

we know
this

that the Force

Body

will

Acn

be

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F X

;p

that

we

force of
it is

from whence

it

j^fo

msLj ufe this Formula to cxprefs the

a

Rower

much

But

Caie propofed.

for the

will

exprefs an abfolute Force, as a

Vo*

here proper to oblerve that the Letter

not {q

items

Iqmc of Water whofe Weight

equal

is

to the

i ^nd
which wc make ufe of to cxprefs the Velocities, denote the Spaces run through in one

Force

in

Queilion

that the Letters c ai^d

if,

econd of Time ^ith thefe fame

Velocities,

Let us now confider, the Rower in AQa%

(iippole u to be the Velocity with which his
Body and principally his Arms are moved

and

then th^ Forc^ which he exerts Ufon the Qars

will

be cxpreftd hf

Therefore fince the

fuppofed

conftantly

this

FormuhFx

Number of

9,

in

Adtion

all

that only

ai^

the

-L.ii

t^tal

F X I'^

to

't

the

Rowm

one third are

SfXtSK

Forces which a6t upon the Oars

communicate Motion

of

Ji>l

in.

order to

the Veflel will

%nd

is

the

be

therefore the

Force which continually ads upon the

266

Supplement*
Veflel, this for the

Sake of Brevity we

=: i.

Ji

Ihaii dc

hence

note by the iuctter

.Fx

5.
Plate rv;

16*

P O Q^to

Suppofc the Line

fiipported at

the Part

reprefent an

Oar

O upon the Side of the VeiTel, and

O P within the

and the Part

Veflel be denoted

by ^,

without by q\ alfo fup-

pofing the Point

to be the Place where the

Force of the Rower

is

applied, and the Point

Q^the Center of the Oar Blade, with which the

Water is ftruck: Becauie the Point P of the

Oar

is

drawn by the Rower in the Dire&ion P R

the Line PR being perpen-

with a Velocity

OP

dicular to

Modon

Velociqr

the other Point Qjnriil receive

according to the Diredion

= Ifi,

the Line

Q^S

Q^S being in

with
lihe

toOQ^

Marnier perpenfficidar
the

Oar

fmcc

as a Streight Line, or as a

perted^ at the Point

we

regard

Leavtr fup-

%6:
Let us now confider
fel ttfelf^

which moves

a Vcjocity

then

the

Motion of the Vcf-

in the Direftion
it

is

wtdi

evident the Veffcl

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fame Rcfi dance from the

will experience

the

Water, which

would

upon

ating

ter

a Ay

it

fuficr at

with a Velocity

Reft by the

an oppofite DircfUo^

in

it

this

Coniideration

eoables us to regard {beVeiOcl as being effisdfctvely at

Red, and the Efibrcs of the Rowers as

employed

to pr^ferve the Vcffcl at Reft in a

Water whofc Velocity

ri^Qt

determine the Rt(|ftaflce

ttfelf,

Cur-

in order

fuppofc/* to be

a Pl^nc Surface, which being flruck in a diret

Manner by

Water would re; but

we know that the Force of this Refiftance will be
equal to the Weight of a Mais of Water wfaofe
the fame Current of

ceive a Shocic equal to the Refiftance fought

Vohime

zz

is

f*

where

denotes the

Height which a itcavy Body will fall in one

Sj^mid of Time, Let ms aUp fuppofe for Brevity this Force to be denoted by the Letter R,
then we ihall have

* 7'

Wc

(hall

now

Q^has a Motion
Velocity =;

*,

return to the

Q^r whofe Point

in the pire^jiQii

Q^S

th^n iince the Water

with

itlelf is

P
carried in the Dire&ion

t^t

we

fee

that the

4 A, ivitb a Velocity
Oar is i|Qt fbiick by
the

269

Supfkment.
the Water,

buc in ProponioA as

exceeds the Vclocicy

uc

prectfely the

'A, the Diffetence can never be verj

confidcrable

a LiCngth,

befidcs

we give

to tiie

Time of

that during the

through the Wat^* the Diredion

but

Velocit7

the Wacer*

QJS be not

fdthciugh the Direftion

fiunc as

v oi

ics

Oars fuch

their paffing

Q S will difler

from the Dircdtion of the Vcflcl

litdc

itfelf.

Wa

Confequently the Velocity with which the

ftruck by the O^rs will he

if

VL

i.

Suppoie now the Surface of the Blade or Ae

% and that

Extremity of each Oar to be

is ftruck by it in a perpendicular
Manner, or nearly fo ; dion the Force which

the Wat<r

will i;efuk therefioni will be equal

whofe Direaion

will

be the Right Line

nearly the fame as that of the

this

Formula

produced

of

will exprefs the

at the

all tbefe

fbppofe

QT^
and as

Force of one Rower

of the Oar, the

Al

'

(ball likewife for the

Sum

Fdrces will be equal to

JL

which we

Point

Motion

Q*

Where

it is

^
Sake of brevity
necclTary to ob-

fcrv^

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Ibrve, that

k*

denotes ibe Area 6f the Blade

corrcfponding to one Rower; for if two or more

would

were attached to the fame Oar, then

only exprefs the Half or a
;Sttrfacc

lefs

Part of the whole

of the Oar.
S

Here

9.-

we have

therefore

three Forces P, Q^,

and R, upon which depends the Solution of

our Problem, or rather the Dttermination of

theVelocky, which

by

the Veflel

to be attached to

be communicated to

will

Rowers which we fuppole

the n
it ;

and

we

iince

firft

confider*

the Veflel at Reft, the Nature of the

I^r

fufpcndcd at the Point O, will give us the true

Proportion between the Forces

whence we have P

two Forces

p = Q^.

and Q^; from

But iince thefe

are only applied to the Oar,

not conQder them as immediately

the

Body of the

thi:

Force which the

Vel!el

For

Point:

it is

principally

im-

iuftains that

mediately a^ts upon the VeiTei

ing therefore equal to the

we can-

admg upon

Force be-

this

Sum P

the

-f-

Point

OA

now, becaufe the Rowers by forcing or

will

be urged thereby

in a

drawing the Oars in the Dire^ion

port

their Bodies

= P,

refult

from

and by which the Veilel

urged backw^rd^.

fup-

and principally their Feet

againft the Veflel, there will

a Force

Diredion

Hence

it is

tl]cnce

will

be

ncceflary to take

away

mvf this Force

tbe Point

from

that

O r: P + Q^i
=

Force

be urged

in the

fince the

Motion of the

remain

form,

this

Q, by which

t<>

the Veflel will

Coofequently,

Vefifel is

fuppofed Uni-

Q^mud

ap{^icd

is

wtU then only

O A.

Diredion

Force

the Refiilance

wbkh

cheie

be precifely equal to

and therefore we have only

to relc^e thefe two Equations^

ift.

Q^.

2,

The

laft

Q^=

and 2dly.

R.

10.

of thcfe Equations

Q^n

R, by fub-

fttcuting their fuppofed Values will give us

JLn.il.
i.lii

iff

therefore

V.

V4%

^fv%
* ^

AffiOf for the lake of Brevity,

m s:

and

let

u$ fuppofe

then we ihall have

^;;,*if;r,orj
therefore our

orrathar

= ^^i

Equation will be 2if

= kii^

i^onfequently
^^^^

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Goog

-2

and

=V
9.

From whence we know

V aod u and

die

when
Number m

Moreover, bccaufe Q^rr

j>

and

=:

the two Vdo-.

are given.

R tl firfl EquatioOi;

I will bcconoe

we

iball obtain this

new Equation,

thetefore

From which we may

Veiiel

4g

Number

P=X.r=:!L:I.r;
^
M
p
by fubftituting for P and R their fiippoftd

VaiueS)

and

the Proportioa betweea

the two Parts of eachOir }

cities

=*

find the Velocity

the Force of the

we

i;

Ihali

if' .m

and the

their

Number

then have

of the

Rowers with

, their Velocity ,

being given, Unce

From hence we

ait able to refblve this veq^

important Qiieftion.
'

lyUk what ViUcity mufi the Rowers a& upon thi

Oars in oriir

For we fee chat

commnmtate the

to

Velocity pcjftbls to

greatefi

the Veffelf

this Ydocitx

would vanifh both

is the Cafe when u =^o, and likewife in the

It is therefore required to
Cafe when c

may obtam die

our Formula

in order that

fiad the Value of

Value

greaceft

wSL happen when =s

remarkabie that fince

r.

poOlble;^

which

Here

it is verjr

expreHts

the Force of one Rower, and u the Velocity

with which hea&s; theProduft

F r.

wiU

precilelf exprefi that which in

we

call the

Truth

Quantity of Adion

merits

this

that

the

to the

Cube Root of

proportional to the

Hence

our Attention

all

v communicated

Velocity

Mechanicks

VeiTd,

the Quantity

of Adbion of the Rowers, whlld the Letter

remains the fame.

Number

But

of Rowers,

fince

this

m alfo contains

Proportion will with-

out doubt be more complicated, as we

hereafter

take

However
'

IT,

it is

which

the

evident that

will give the

ihail fee

we muft

Quantity of

Digitized by

Action

f:,

and therefore the gieateft

Velocity which the VelTel cah acquire will

vjcprefied

Which by fubftitudng for n

will

l3N|

by

its

Value

become

^7
then having found

m^h.m-^i
Velocity each

this

be divided at the Point

in fuch a

Oar moft
Manner

that

OP Irt

r~*

which Cafe we may be aflurcd that the Oars

will

Wty

be difpofed in the

mod

advantageous

aiid will cotoimunicate to

Man*

the Veflcl the

greated Velocity poOlble.

13-

In order to apply theie Formulas to Prance,

we muft

Man

at

firft

reft

afTign to
is

F, or the Foroe which a

able to employ,

and we readily conceive

be (uppofcd greater than

this

ics

juH:

Value

Force ihould not

^e Rowera

can con.
tinuc

SuffUmM.

t24

By having

rccourfe to feme

appears that

we mult not aug-

tinuc to Exert.

Expcfjments

ment

it

Force beyond three quarters of a

this

Cubic Foot of Water,

or about

Pounds Averdupoizc.

Moreover,

the greateft Velocity which a

muft not furpafs fcven

Fe^et

fore the Value of if or

forty-eight
it

Mdn

feems that

can exert,

and a Half ^

c will becoine

there-

tw6 Feet

From hence we

and a Half,
whether

Boat,

Oars properly difpofed or

Rowers,

For

not.

drawhig the Oars

in

Water, move

Arms

their

if

its

the

through the

with a greater Velocity

thaa two Feet and a Half

very certain Rule that the
is

are able to judge

or any other VcfTel, has

in

a Second,

it is

Work oixht Rowers

not well arranged.

Experience has

of an
iurpafs

ufed

Half

alfo ihewn us, that the Blade

by one Man, ihould never

a Sqiiarc i uor,

Oars may not be too heavy

ia

order that the

Management

for the

of the Rowers. Putting therefore i6*

Numbei of Rowers n
and by fuppofing
to Le

n
"6

zz
the

2
JJ^

will

'

be

6
=

the

/*

Number of Rower

the Quantity

/* being^x:preffed

Digitized by

Google

fince the whole is

in Square Feet,
governed by the Quantity of the Refinance

preffed

denoted by

and

zz

the;

/*

wc

zz

ihall

then have

Moreover,

iSnce the

=
S

Height

d
6 Feet, the two Equations which contain

whole Solution of ovr Problem

will

come

and having found

the other Equation will

be

*I5Thefe Formulas arc now very fufficient to

Rowers,
calcalate a Table for any Number of
ihew both the Velocity of the Veffrl
of
or the Space run through in one Second
the
between
Proportion
Time, as well as the

which

will

two Parts of each 04r, within and without the

Veffel

firft

or rather the Value of

Column

Mrefent

in

the

following

Table

The
will

by
the Nunxber of Rowers, denoted

Dinitized by

Google

the Exprei&oo

tt

/%

where /*

Kefidance expreiTed
this

Purpofe we

cilcly the

ihall

Values of

and from thence

'

in

to

^ve

i,

is

the abfolutu

Square F^et^ and for

to the Letter

^ pi^&c. to 40,

2, 3, 4, 5,

100 by Intervals of Fives an^

Tens I fince having examined a Galley with two

Hundred and Sixty Rowers we have found tht
abfolute Refinance /* = ten Square Feet, fo
that the

fecond
Veflcl,

Numlxr

Column

The

of Rowers was 26

(hew the Velocity of the

or the Space run through in one Second ^
will

and the

third will expreis the

which

therefore

is

Column

3600

will fliew the juft

v1

Rate per Hour,

laftl^)

Value of

the fourtlf

^.

i
<

A TABLE

Digitized by

Google

fi

TABLE Jhewing

th$

Number of Rowers^

the Velocity of (he Veffely and the

Proportion

ketween the two Par$s of the Oar mtbin and

fvitbout the Ve'eL

^umber of

Rate

Proportiqi^

6218

2,383

846S

a.57^

10080

2,7x0

1425

2,824

355t

3*011

14446

3,091

Vclocirv

Ivowcrif

if

2,80D

>

7/

4.0I3

?/'

4,240

3.1^5

4449

16017

3>33

4,646

16725

3>29^

4,827

3i357

17998

34H

18586

3468

*&H5

3,520

5>466

1^679

3,568

5,6oS

20191

4.99?

14/'

3>^i7

A TABtE

A TABLE

fiewing the Number of Rowers,

$he Velocity of the Vejfel^

and the Proportion

titween the two Parts pf the Oar^ vritkin mid

without the VeJfeL

Number of
Kowers.

Velocity

Second.

Rate

Hour.

Proportion

OCL
0P

5.745

206$ X

5*876

21153

3*707

6,002

2i6o^

3.750

6,124

22048

379

6,a43

22474

6.358

22887

3.871

6,469

232^6

3.909

6.577

23676

3.94^

6,682

24054

6,784

24423

6,884

34752

28 /*

6,982

25135

4,0861

29/'

7.077

^5475

4,1 iS

7,170

25810

4,150

sir

7,262

26140

4,101

7.350

26458

4,21a

ao/*

26 /

32

4,017

Dig'itjzed

by

A TABLE

the

Number of kmers^

the Velocity of the Vejfety

and the Proportion

fiemng

hetween the tvk Parts of the Oar^ within and

mibont

the Vejfel

Second.

Rowers.

^tfr

Hour,

Of

33

34 /

/>43/

20773

4>*43

7 coo

JSJOSJ

4273

*V '9

4>3^*

30/

ay*'/

37 /

tt%g\

39 /

^9

/tin

'il

0^T

4359
A. Q&*f
4t3*7

0 5?

'5

AHA

8,OQ3

28811

444i

45/'

8,368

30127

4>5^9

50/'

8,708

3 '347

4,690

/
60

935

33563

4990S

9*874

355^6

5,106

'<>374

37347

^.28$.

10,834

39003

5452

11,261

40539

5,608

70/'

80/'

.100

5 16.

Hence w6 fee that Theory does not determine?

Thing upon the abfolute Length of the

ally

Oftfs ; but if we confider the Space through

which the Rowers move the Point P at one
Stroke, and fuppofe P R =: r, it is evident if

ihe Part

OP zzp

was equal to

R = r thea

the Oar at each Stroke would be nioted through

an Angle of 60 Degrees, by which Means at

End Of

the Comnnencemeiit and

the DireAion

Q^S

Water would be

the Stroke

of the Aftion ifpoa the

fo obiiquc

to the VelTel, that

there would refult a very fctiGble Dinatriotiom

Therefore fince

mated

at three

this

Space

Feet nearly,

P k may
it

is

be

efti-

ncceffary that

Oar O P be at leaft five

and thus the whole Length wHI now

the interior Part of the

or

fix Feett

be determined for each

Finally

it

is itili

Number of

Rowers.

neceiTary to remark^ that if

CircOmllances would allow us to give a greatei*

Surface to the Blade thaa half a (quare Footj
the Velocity of the Veflcl would be confidera-^

bly Kicreafed thereby

Tabic

inlcrted in the

of Berlin, Vol.

III.

as

may be

Memoirs of

Page 210, where

by a

icen

the
I

Academy
have fup-

pofed k* to be equal to three-fourths of a iquare

Fuot

and we may

alfa fee

that

the Propor*

tioa

Digitized by

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Supplement.
tion of the Parts

will

2S(

then become

Thefe Remarks appear to be abundantly

Icfs.'

fufR-

cient for every thing lyhich regttds the Adtion

of Oars, and the Motion which

munica^ed to the

will be

com;

VeiTel.

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