Students' Support Material-Class-XII (Maths)

FOREWORD
The students’ support material is a product of an in-house academic

exercise undertaken by our subject teachers under the supervision of subject
expert.
The material has been developed keeping in mind latest CBSE curriculum
and question paper design. Care has been taken to include only those items that
are relevant considering the needs of the students for final examination.
The material consists of lessons in capsule form, mind maps, key points,
question bank of very short, short and long answer type questions, case study
based questions only with model sample papers. It covers all essential
components that are required for effective revision of the subject.
I hope this material will prove to be a good tool for quick revision and will
serve the purpose of enhancing students’ confidence level to help them perform
better.
BEST OF LUCK
Dr. Shiharan Bose
DEPUTY COMMISSIONER
KVS, RO, BHUBANESWAR
CHIEF PATRON
Dr. Siharan Bose
(Deputy Commissioner, KVS(RO), Bhubaneswar Region)
PATRONS
Mr. A Jyothy Kumar
(Assistant Commissioner, KVS(RO), Bhubaneswar Region)
CO-ORDINATOR
Shri. D. P Sharma
(Principal, K V Khurda Road)
MODERATED & VERIFIED BY

Mr. A. K. Mishra,
PGT (Math), K V Khurda Road
Content Contributors
Sl No Name CHAPTER Area of Contribution
Preparation of MIND MAP & CONCEPT NOTE, MCQ and
1 Mr.Gayadhar Panda Relations and Functions ARQ type questions
Preparation of concept note or formulae/processes at a
glance,Preparation of VSA typeminimum 20 questions,
2 Mrs PAYEL ROY Relations and Functions SA type minimum 20 questions and minimum 5 source
based/case based question
3 Smt. Nibedita Behera Inverse Trigonometric Functions ARQ type questions
Preparation of VSA, SA, LA and Source based/case
4 Mr MANOJ KUMAR Inverse Trigonometric Functions based questions.
Smt.Sasmita Mishra Preparation of MIND MAP & CONCEPT NOTE, MCQ and
5 Matrices ARQ type questions
6 Matrices based questions.
Ms. Anjana Mahto
7 Mr RAJESH KUMAR SHARMA Determinants ARQ type questions
8 MR AJAY KUMAR NAYAK Determinants based questions.
9 Sh. Bibekananda Mishra Continuity and Differentiability ARQ type questions
10 MR SUCHARITA PUROHIT Continuity and Differentiability based questions.
11 MR P.JAYADURGA Applications of Derivatives ARQ type questions
12 MR NIRANJAN KHUNTIA Applications of Derivatives based questions.
13 MR.ASIT KUMAR MISHRA Integrals ARQ type questions
14 MR A.K.MISHRA Integrals based questions.
15 Mr Sarbeswar Sahoo Applications of the Integrals ARQ type questions
16 MR SANANDA BHOI Applications of the Integrals based questions.
17 Ms K.Bharati Differential Equations ARQ type questions
18 Mr Meghanada Behera Differential Equations based questions.
19 Mr ASUTOSH Vectors ARQ type questions
20 SH. DEBASHIS SAMAL Vectors based questions.
21 Mr. AJAY KUMAR SINGH Three - dimensional Geometry ARQ type questions
Preparation of concept note or formulae/processes at a
glance,Preparation of VSA typeminimum 20 questions,
22 Mr B T NAIDU Three - dimensional Geometry SA type minimum 20 questions and minimum 5 source
based/case based question
23 MR. B. N. SAHOO Probability ARQ type questions
24 MR.TRINATH KUMAR SWAIN Probability based questions.
25 Mr IQRAR AHMAD Linear Programming ARQ type questions
26 Mr GOPAL SINGH Linear Programming based questions.
1. RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
1. MIND MAP
LEVEL- 1 MCQ
1. A relation R in a set A is called _______, if (a1, a2) ∈ R implies (a2, a1) ∈ R, for all a1, a2 ∈ A.
(a) symmetric (b) transitive (c) equivalence (d) non-symmetric
2. The maximum number of equivalence relations on the set A = {1, 2, 3} are
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 5
3. If set A contains 5 elements and the set B contains 6 elements, then the number of one-one and
onto mappings from A to B is
(a) 720 (b) 120 (c) 0 (d) none of these
4. Let f : [2, ∞) → R be the function defined by f(x) = x 2 – 4x + 5, then the range of f is
(a) R (b) [1, ∞) (c) [4, ∞) (d) [5, ∞)
5. Let f : R → R be defined by f(x) = 1/x ∀ x ∈ R. Then f is
(a) one-one (b) onto (c) bijective (d) f is not defined
LEVEL- 2 MCQ
1.The smallest integer function f(x) = [x] is
(a) One-one (b) Many-one (c) Both (a) & (b) (d) None of these
2.The number of bijective functions from set A to itself when A contains 106 elements is
(a) 106 (b) (106)2 (c) 106! (d) 2106
3.If f : R → R and g : R → R defined by f(x) = 2x + 3 and g(x) = x2 + 7, then the value of x for which
f(g(x)) = 25 is
(a) ±1 (b) ±2 (c) ±3 (d) ±4
4.Let f(x)=x−1x+1, then f(f(x)) is

(a) 1x (b) −1x (c) 1x+1 (d) 1x−1
5.If f(x) = 3x+25x−3 then (fof)(x) is

(a) x (b) –x (c) f(x) (d) -f(x)
LEVEL- 3 MCQ
1.Let f : N → R : f(x) = (2x−1)2 and g : Q → R : g(x) = x + 2 be two functions. Then, (gof) (32) is
(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 72 (d) None of these
2.If f(x) = 1−1x, then f(f(1x))

(a) 1x (b) 11+x (c) xx−1 (d) 1x−1
3.If A = (1, 2, 3}, B = {6, 7, 8} is a function such that f(x) = x + 5 then what type of a function is f?
(a) Many-one onto (b) Constant function (c) one-one onto (d) into
4.Let function R → R is defined as f(x) = 2x³ – 1, then ‘f’ is

(a) 2x³ + 1 (b) (2x)³ + 1 (c) (1 – 2x)³ (d) (1+x2)1/3
5.If f(x) + 2f (1 – x) = x² + 2 ∀ x ∈ R, then f(x) =

(a) x² – 2 (b) 1 (c) 13 (x – 2)² (d) None of these
VERY SHORT ANSWERS
1. Check whether the relation R on the set N of natural numbers given by 𝑅 =

{(𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑏𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎} is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
2. Let W denotes the set of words in English dictionary. Define the relation R by
(𝑥,
𝑅 { 𝑦): 𝑥, 𝑦𝑊 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 }. Show that this
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛
relation R is reflexive and symmetric but not transitive.
3. An equivalence relation R in the set A divides it into equivalence class 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , 𝐴3 .
Find (i)𝐴1 ∪ 𝐴2 ∪ 𝐴3 (ii)𝐴1 ∩ 𝐴2 ∩ 𝐴3 .
4. Let R be a relation defined on the set of natural numbers N as 𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈
𝑁, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 11}. Verify whether R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
5. If 𝐹 = {(1,2), (2,4), (3, 𝑘)(4, 𝑘)} is a one –to-one function from set A to A , where
𝐴 = {1,2,3,4} then find the value of k, also find the number of bijections can defined
from A to A.
SHORT ANSWERS
1. Check whether the relation R defined on the set A={1,2,3,4} as R={(a,b):b=a+1} is
transitive. Justify your answer.
2. If the relation R on the set 𝐴 = {𝑥: 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 12} given by 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑎 = 𝑏} is
an equivalence relation. Find the set of all elements related to 1.
𝑥
3. Show that the function 𝑓: 𝑅 − 1{−1} → 𝑅 − {1}𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+1 is one-one
and onto.
4. Check if the relation R on the set 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4,5,6} defined by
𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑥} is (i) symmetric (ii) transitive.
5. Check if the relation R in the set N of Natural numbers given by 𝑅 =
{(𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏}
6. Check if the relation R in the set of R of real numbers defined as 𝑅 =
{(𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑎 < 𝑏}} is (i) symmetric (ii) transitive.
𝑥
7. Show that the function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 +1
, ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 is neither
one-one nor onto.
8. Let R be the relation in the set Z of integers given by 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): 2 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑎 −
𝑏}. Show that the relation R is transitive. Write the equivalence class[0].
9. Show that the function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 + 7 is a bijection.
−4 4 4𝑥+3
10. 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓: 𝑅 { 3 } → 𝑅 {3} 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥_3
. Show that f is a bijective function.
LONG ANSWERS
1. Show that the relation on the set 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑍: 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 12} 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑅 =
{(𝑎, 𝑏): |𝑎 − 𝑏| 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 4} is an equivalence relation. Find all elements
related to 1, equivalence class [0]
2. Prove that the relation R in the set Z of integers defined as 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): |𝑎 −
𝑏| 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 2} is an equivalence relation. Write the equivalence class [0]
3. Let N be the set of natural numbers and R be the relation on NXN defined by (a,b) R
(c,d) if only ad=bc for all a,b,c,d ∈ N. Show that R is an equivalence relation.
4. Let 𝐴 = {1,2,3, … … . . ,9} and R be relation on 𝐴 × 𝐴 defined as (a,b) R (c,d) if and
only a+d= b+c . Prove that R is an equivalence relation also obtain the equivalence
class [(2,5)]
5. Let R be the relation on 𝑁 × 𝑁 defined by (a,b) R (c,d) if and only if ad(b+c)=bc(a+d).
Prove that R is an equivalence relation.
6. Show that the relation R defined on the set 𝑁 × 𝑁 defined as (a,b) R (c,d) if and only
𝑎2 + 𝑑 2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 is an equivalence relation.
𝑥 + 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
7. Show that 𝑓: 𝑁 > 𝑁, 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑓(𝑥) = { is a bijection.
𝑥 − 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
8. Show that the function 𝑓: 𝑁 > 𝑁, 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 is one to one but
not onto.
2𝑥+3
9. Let 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−3
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐴 = 𝑅 −
{3} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 𝑅 − {2} . Is the function f one-one onto?
10. Let , 𝑓: 𝑅+ → [−9, 𝛼) be a function defined as :𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 9. Show that
𝑓(𝑥) is bijective.
CASE BASED QUESTIONS
1. During a Swachh Bharat Abhiyan organizing committee wanted collect and segregate
Metal, paper, glass, batteries, organic and plastic waste. In the set of all participants
a relation R defined as
R={(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒}
Based on the information given above answer the following questions:
(a) Check whether R is an Equivalence relation in the set of all participants.

(b) In how many groups the participants are divided on the basis of their waste
collection assume that there are participants to collect all type of waste?
(c) State whether the waste collected from different groups are segregated or not?
2. A physical education teacher asked the class teacher to form four teams with 12
members each out of the 48 students for a Kabaddi match. The class teacher asked
to the students to form teams in such way that, “ two students are in the same team
if difference of their roll numbers is divisible by 4”
(a) Is it possible to form the teams by the method adopted by the class teacher?
(b) Which roll numbers are members of the team in which roll no. 5 belongs?
(c) If R is a relation defined in the set of roll nos as
𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 4} Show that R is an
equivalence relation.
3. Farmers plant saplings along straight lines parallel to each other as in figure. Let us
assume that saplings are planted along the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 and parallel to it. Let L be
the set of all lines on the field.
(a) 𝑅1 be a relation defined on L as 𝑅1 = {(𝑙1 , 𝑙2 ): 𝑙1 ∥ 𝑙2 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑙1 , 𝑙2 ∈ 𝐿 }, check
whether 𝑅1 is an equivalence relation or not.
(b) Which of the following line is related the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 as per definition of the
relation 𝑅1
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 5 = 0, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5, 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 10, 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1
(c) Let 𝑅2 be a relation defined on L as 𝑅2 = {(𝑙1 , 𝑙2 ): 𝑙1 ⊥ 𝑙2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑙1 , 𝑙2 ∈ 𝐿}, then
check whether 𝑅2 is equivalence or not.
(d) Check the function 𝑓: 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1 is bijective or not.
(e) Write the range of the function 𝑓(𝑥) defined in (d)
4. In a master chef competition final round, three chefs were selected and judges
assigned three dishes 𝐷 = {𝐷1 , 𝐷2 , 𝐷3 } to the participants 𝑃 = {𝑃1 , 𝑃2 , 𝑃3 } and asked
them to prepare dishes as per the following rules.
Rule A: Everybody has to prepare exactly one dish
Rule B: No two participant is allowed to prepare same dish
Rule C: All the dish must be prepared in the competition
Answer the following questions in the context of functions
(a) In how many ways all participant can choose a Dish as per rule A ?
(b) In how many ways everybody can choose a dish to prepare as per rule B? Justify
your answer.
(c) In how many ways all participants can prepare exactly one dish as per rule C?
Justify your answer.
2. INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
TRIGONOMETRIC DOMAIN RANGE

FUNCTIONS
Sin R [ -1,1]
Cos R [ -1,1]
𝜋
Tan R − { x: x =(2n +1) ,n ∈ Z } R
2
Cot R − { x: x = n𝜋 ,n ∈ Z } R
𝜋
Sec R − { x: x =(2n +1) ,n ∈ Z } R – (-1,1)
2
cosec R − { x: x = n𝜋,n ∈ Z } R – (-1,1)
INVERSE DOMAIN RANGE

TRIGONOMETRIC (PRINCIPAL
FUNCTIONS VALUE BRANCH)
𝜋 𝜋
sin−1 𝑥 [ -1,1] [- , ]
2 2
cos−1 𝑥 [ -1,1] [ 0, 𝜋 ]
𝜋 𝜋
tan−1 𝑥 R (- , )
2 2
cot −1 𝑥 R ( 0, 𝜋 )
𝜋
sec −1 𝑥 R – (-1,1) [ 0, 𝜋 ] - { }
2
𝜋 𝜋
cosec −1 𝑥 R – (-1,1) [- , ] - {0}
2 2
1. KEY NOTES / CONCEPT NOTE:

1
sin−1 𝑥 is entirely different from (sin x)-1. But (sin x)-1 is equal to sin 𝑥.
1
Hence sin−1 𝑥 ≠ (sin x)-1 =
sin 𝑥
2. WORKING RULES :
Algorithm to find the principal value :
STEP 1 : First draw a trigonometric circle and mark the quadrant in which the angle
may lie.
STEP 2: Select anti-clockwise direction for 1st and 2nd quadrants and clockwise
direction for 3rd and 4th quadrants.
STEP 3: Find the angles in the first rotation.
STEP 4 : Select the numerically least angle among the two values. The angle thus
found will be the principal value.
STEP 5 : In case of two angles with positive and negative sign qualify for least angle ,
then angle with positive sign will be the principal value.
OR
Range Positive Negative
𝜋 𝜋
sin−1 𝑥 [- , ] 𝜃 -𝜃
2 2
cos−1 𝑥 [ 0, 𝜋 ] 𝜃 𝜋− 𝜃
𝜋 𝜋
tan−1 𝑥 (- , ) 𝜃 -𝜃
2 2
3. QUESTIONS:
3.1: LEVEL 1
√3
1. Find the principal value of sin−1 ( 2
).
−1
2. Find the principal value of cos −1 ( ).
2
−1 𝜋
3. Find the principal value of tan (cos 2 ).
3𝜋
4. Find the principal value of sec −1 (2 sin 4 ).
−1
5. Find the principal value of cot (−1).
2𝜋
6. Find the principal value of sin−1 ( sin 3
).
7. Find the domain of cos −1 (2𝑥 − 1).
3.2: LEVEL 2 (MCQ TYPE)
1. Domain of sec −1 𝑥 is
a) R – (-1,1)
b) R
c) [-1,1]
d)R –(0,1)
2. Range of cos −1 𝑥 is
a) [0,𝜋/2]
b)[ - 𝜋/2, 𝜋/2]
c) [𝜋/2,3𝜋/2]
d) [0, 𝜋]
1 1
3. The principal value of cos −1 (2) + 2 sin−1 ( ) + 4 tan−1(1/√3) is
2
𝜋
a)
3
𝜋
b)
6
4𝜋
c)
3
3𝜋
d) 4
33𝜋
4. The value of sin−1( cos 5
) is
a)3 𝜋/5
b)-7 𝜋/5
c) 𝜋/10
d) – 𝜋/10
5. What is the value of sec2(tan-12) ?

a)1
b)4
c)5
d)3
1 √5
6. The value of tan [ cos −1 ( ) ] is
2 3
3+√5
a) 2
3−√5
b) 2
−3+√5
c) 2
−3−√5
d) 2
7. What is the domain of the function cos −1 (2x-3) ?

a)[-1,1]
b)(1,2)
c)(-1,1)
d)[1,2]
√3
8. What is the principal value of tan-1[2 sin (2 cos−1 2
) ]
𝜋
a) 3
𝜋
b) 6
−𝜋
c) 3
−𝜋
d)
6
3.3: LEVEL-3 ASSERTION AND REASON BASED MCQs
In the following questions, A statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of

Reason(R). Mark the correct choice as
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(C) A is true but R is false
(D) A is false and R is true
2𝜋 2𝜋
1. Assertion(A) : sin−1( sin )=
3 3
Reason(R): sin−1( sin 𝜃) = 𝜃, if 𝜃 ∈[- 𝜋/2, 𝜋/2]
2. Assertion(A) : Range of tan-1 x is (- 𝜋/2, 𝜋/2)
Reason(R) : Domain of tan-1 x is R.
3. Assertion(A) : Principal value of sin−1 (1/√2) is 𝜋/4.
Reason(R): Principal value of cot −1 ( -1/√3) is 𝜋/3.
4. Assertion(A) : Range of cot-1 x is (0, 𝜋)

Reason(R) : Domain of tan-1 x is R.
5. Assertion(A) : Principal value of cos-1 (1) is 𝜋.
Reason(R) : Value of cos 0° is 1.
3.4: LEVEL -4 CASE BASED QUESTIONS
Case study 1.In the school Project Sheetal was asked to construct a triangle and
name it as ABC. Two angles A and B were given to be equal to tan-1 ½ and tan-11/3
respectively.
Q.1. Find the value of sin A .

Q.2.If B = cos −1x, then find x.
Q.3. If A = sin−1x; then find the value of x.
Q.4. Find the measurement of angle C.
Case study 2. The Government of India is planning to fix a hoarding board at the face of a
building on the road of a busy market for awareness on COVID-19 protocol. Ram, Robert
and Rahim are the three engineers who are working on this project. “A”is considered to be a
person viewing the hoarding board 20 metres away from the building, standing at the edge
of a pathway nearby. Ram, Robert and Rahim suggested to the firm to place the hoarding
board at three different locations namely C,D and E. “C” is at a height of 10 metres from the
ground level. For the viewer A, the angle of elevation of “D” is double the angle of elevation
of “C”. The angle of elevation of “E” is triple the angle of elevation of “C” for the same
viewer. Look at the figure given and based on the above information answer the following.
E
10 m
A’ 5m A 20 m B
a) Determine ∠CAB in terms of tan-1.

b) Determine ∠DAB in terms of tan-1.
c) Determine ∠EAB in terms of tan-1.
d) A’ is another viewer standing on the same line of observation across the road. If
the width of the road is 5 metres , then find the difference between ∠CAB &
∠CA’B.
e) Find domain and range of tan -1 x.
Q1. The principal value (𝑥 ) is

−𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋
(a) [ 2 , 2 ]- {0} (b) [0 ,π] –{2 } (c) (0,𝜋) (𝑑) (
2
, 2)
41𝜋
Q2. The value of (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ))
5
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 −𝜋
(a) (b) 10 (c) 10 (d)
5 10
Q3. The domain of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 2𝑥 is

−1 1
(a) [0,1] (b) [-1,1] (c) [ 2 , 2] (d) [-2, 2]
Q4. The principal value (−1 ) is

−𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 −𝜋
(a) (b) 4 (c) (d)
4 4 3
Q5. The value of cos-1 (√3/2) + cos-1 (-1/2)

𝜋 −𝜋 5𝜋
(a) 2
(b) 6
(c) 0 (d) 6
Q6. The value of (1 ) - (−√2) 𝑖𝑠

𝜋 −𝜋 3𝜋
(a) (b) (c) (d) 0
2 2 2
𝜋 −√3
Q7. The value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 3 − ( ) ) is
2
√3 −√3 1
(a) (b) (c) 0 (d)
2 2 2
Q8. The domain of the function y = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (–x2) is

(a) [0, 1] (b) (0, 1) (c) [–1, 1] (d) f
1
Q9. The equation 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
√3
(a) no solution (b) unique solution
(c) infinite number of solutions (d) two solutions
−2
Q10. The value of ( )
√3
5𝜋 −𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋
(a) 6
(b) 6
(c) 3
(d) 6
Answers: 1. b 2. c 3. c 4.a 5.d 6. b 7. a 8. c 9. b 10. a

ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS
In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason
(R). Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
𝜋 𝜋
Q1. Assertion (A):If 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑦 = 2
then the value of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑦 = 2
𝜋
Reason (R). 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 = 2
−1 −𝜋
Q2. Assertion (A): The value of 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 is 6
√3
−1 −𝜋 𝜋
Reason (R): The domain of the function 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 is [ 2 , 2 ]
−1 1
Q3. Assertion (A): The domain of the function 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 2𝑥 is [ 2 , 2]
−1 2𝜋
Reason (R): 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( 2 ) = 3
Q4. Assertion (A): The domain of the function 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 3𝑥 is (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞)
−1 2 𝜋
Reason (R): 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( 3) = 3
√
−1 1
Q5. . Assertion (A): The domain of the function 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 3𝑥 is (−∞, 3
] ∪ [3 , ∞)
−𝜋
Reason (R): 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (−1) =
4
Answers: 1. a 2. c 3. a 4. d 5. b
L2
Q1.Find the value of √3 - (−2)
𝜋 −√3
Q2.Find the value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 3 − ( ) )
2
5𝜋
Q3. Find the value of (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 3 ) )
13𝜋
Q4. Find the value of (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ))
6
−9𝜋
Q5. Find the value of (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 4
))
13𝜋
Q6.Find the value of (𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ))
7
−7𝜋
Q7. Find the value of (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 5
))
𝑦
Q8. Find the value of sec( ( ) )
2
3
Q9. Solve sin2((4)) + cot 2((√3))
−5
Q10. Find the value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2 ( ) )
12
−𝜋 √3 −𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 √𝑦 2 +4 39
Answers: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
3 2 3 3 4 7 10 2 16
−120
169
L3.
Q1. Find the values of x which satisfy the equation

sin-1 x + sin-1 (1 – x) = cos -1 x.
1−𝑥 1
Q2. Solve for x tan-1[1+𝑥] =
2
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 , 𝑥 > 0
𝜋
Q3. Solve the equation sin -16x + sin -1 6√3 x =2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
Q4. Write tan-1[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ] in the simplest form.
√1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 +√1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥 𝜋
Q5. Prove that cot -1[ ] = 2 , 𝑥 ∈ (0 , 4 )
√1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 −√1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
1 1 1 𝜋
Answers: 1. x=0, 2 2. 3. ± 12
4. 4 - x
√3
3. MATRICES
MCQ:
2𝑥 + 𝑦 4𝑥 7 7𝑦 − 13
Q1. If [ ] =[ ] then the value of x+y is
5𝑥 − 7 4𝑥 𝑦 𝑥+6
(a) x=3,y=1 (b) x=2,y=3 (c) x=2,y=4, (d) x=3,y=3
0 1
Q2 If A=[ ] , then A2 is
1 0
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
(a) [ ] (b) [ ] (c) [ ] (d) [ ]
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
Q3. If A is a matrix of order mxn and B is a matrix such that AB’
andB’A are both defined , then the order of matrix is
(a) mxm (b) nxn (c) nxm (d) mxn
Q4. If A is a square matrix such that A2 =I then (A-I)3+(A-I)3-7A is

equal to
(a) A (b) I-A (c) I+A (d) 3A
Q5 If A and B are symmetric Matrices of same order, then (AB’-BA’)

is a
(a)skew symmetric matrix (b).Null Matrix (c)Symmetric Matrix

(d)None of these.
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE:
LEVEL-1
𝒊+𝟐𝒋
1) Construct a 2x2 matrix A= [ 𝒂𝒊𝒋 ] where 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝟑
𝒙−𝒚 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
2) Find the value of x and y , if ( )=( )
𝒙 𝟓 𝟑 𝟓
𝒂 𝒃 𝒂 𝒃
3) Compute : [ ]+:[ ]
−𝒃 𝒂 𝒃 𝒂
4) Write the total number of possible matrices of order 3x3 with each entry 2 or 1.
5) If a matrix has 18 elements, what are the possible orders it can have ?What , if it
has 5 elements?
LEVEL-2
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶
6)If A= [ ] , then verify that 𝑨′ A =I
−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶
𝟑 −𝟒
7)If A=[ ] , write 𝑨−𝟏
𝟏 −𝟏
𝟏 𝟎
8) If A =[ ] , then find 𝑨𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟑 𝒚 𝟎 𝟓 𝟔
9) Find the value of x-y, if 2 [ ] +[ ]=[ ]
𝟏 𝒙 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟖
𝒙+𝒚 𝟕 𝟐 𝟕
10)If [ ]= [ ] , then find x.y
𝟗 𝒙−𝒚 𝟗 𝟒
LEVEL-3
11)If A is a symmetric matrix, then write the type of matrix 𝑨𝟑
𝟎 𝟑 𝟎 𝟒𝒂
12)If A = ( ) and KA= ( ) , find the values of k and a.
𝟐 −𝟓 −𝟖 𝟓𝒃
𝟓 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎
13) If A =[ ] 𝒂𝒏𝒅 I =[ ] , find k so that 𝑨𝟐 = 7A + kI
−𝟏 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏
14) If A and B are two matrices such that AB=B and BA=A find 𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐
15)Assume X,Z are matrices of order 2 x n , 2 x p. n=p, then write the order of 7X-
5Z .
LEVEL-4
16) If A is a square matrix such that 𝑨𝟐 = A, then write the value of 7A-(𝑰 +
𝑨)𝟑 where I is an identity matrix
17)Suppose P and Q are two different matrices of order 3xn and nxp,then find the
order of the matrix PxQ.
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 −𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
18)Simplify cos𝜽 [ ] + sin𝜽 [ ]
−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶
19)If A=[ ] , then A+ 𝑨′ = I, then find the value of 𝜶.
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶
20) If A and B are symmetric matrices, prove that AB- BA is a skew symmetric
matrix .
SHORT ANSWER TYPE

LEVEL-1
𝟑 𝟓
1)Express as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix :[ ]
𝟏 −𝟏
𝟒 𝟐
2) If A =[ ] , show that (A-2I)(A-3I)=O
−𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 −𝟐
3) Find the cofactors of all the elements of [ ]
𝟒 𝟑
𝟐 𝟎 𝟏
4) If A =⟦𝟐 𝟏 𝟑⟧ , then find ( 𝑨𝟐 – 5A)
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟎
LEVEL-2
𝒙𝟐 𝒙 −𝟐
6) Solve the matrix equation [ 𝟐 ] - 𝟑 [𝟐𝒚] = [ ]
𝒚 𝟗
𝟏 𝟓
7)For the matrix A=[ ] , verify that (A + 𝑨′ ) is a symmetric matrix.
𝟔 𝟕
𝟒 𝟐
8) If A= [ ] , show that (A-2I)(A-3I)=O
−𝟏 𝟏
9)Show that𝑨′ 𝑨′ and A𝑨′ are both symmetric matrices for any matrix A.
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 −𝟕 −𝟖 −𝟗
10) Find matrix X so that X ( )=( )
𝟒 𝟓 𝟔 𝟐 𝟒 𝟔
LEVEL-3
𝟑 𝟏
11) If A = [ ] , show that 𝑨𝟐 – 5A + 7I = O. Hence , find 𝑨−𝟏
−𝟏 𝟐
𝟕 𝟎 𝟑 𝟎
12) Find X and Y, if X + Y= [ ] and X-Y=[ ]
𝟐 𝟓 𝟎 𝟑
𝟑 −𝟐 𝟏 𝟎
13) ) If A=[ ] and I =[ ] , find k so that 𝑨𝟐 =KA – 2I
𝟒 −𝟐 𝟎 𝟏
𝟏 𝟐
14)If A=[ ] , f(x) = 𝒙𝟐 - 2x-3 , show that f(A) = O
𝟐 𝟏
𝟏 𝟎
15)If[𝒙 𝟏] [ ] = 0 ,then find the value of x.
−𝟐 𝟎
LEVEL-4
16) Find the value of 𝑨𝟐 , where A is a 2x2 matrix whose elements are given by
𝟏𝐢𝐟 𝐢 ≠ 𝐣
𝒂𝒊𝒋 ={
𝟎𝒊𝒇 𝒊 ≠ 𝒋
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
17) If A= ( 𝟐 𝟏 𝒙 ) is a matrix satisfying A𝑨′ =9I,find x
−𝟐 𝟐 −𝟏
𝟑 −𝟒
18) A=[ ], find the matrix B such that AB=I
−𝟏 𝟐
𝒙 𝒚
19)If A=[ ] is such that 𝑨𝟐 = I, then find the value of 2-𝒙𝟐 -yz
𝒛 −𝒙
20)If A and B are symmetric matrices of the same order, then show that AB is
symmetric if and only if A and B commute , that is AB=BA.
LONG ANSWER TYPE
LEVEL-1
𝟒 𝟐 −𝟏
1) Express the matrix A =⟦𝟑 𝟓 𝟕 ⟧ as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric
𝟏 −𝟐 𝟏
matrix.
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝟎
2) If F(x)=⟦ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟎⟧ , show that F(x)F(y)=F(x+y)
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
3)If A =⟦𝟑 −𝟐 𝟏⟧ , then show that 𝑨𝟑 -23 A -40 I = O
𝟒 𝟐 𝟏
𝜶
𝟎 −𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟐
4) If A=[ 𝜶 ] and I is the identity matrix of order 2 ,show that I + A = (I – A)
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟐 𝟎
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶
[ ]
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶
𝟐 𝟎 𝟏
5)Let f(x)= 𝒙𝟐 - 5x + 6 . Find f(A), if A = [𝟐 𝟏 𝟑]
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟎
LEVEL-2
𝟎 𝟐𝒚 𝒛
6) Find the values of x , y, z if the matrix A =[𝒙 𝒚 −𝒛] satisfy the equation 𝑨′ A=I
𝒙 −𝒚 𝒛
𝟏 𝟐 𝟎 𝟎
7) For what values of x :[𝟏 𝟐 𝟏] [ 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 ] [𝟐 ] = O ?
𝟏 𝟎 𝟐 𝒙
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 −𝟕 −𝟖 −𝟗
8) Find the matrix X so that X [ ]= [ ]
𝟒 𝟓 𝟔 𝟐 𝟒 𝟔
𝟖 𝟎 𝟐 −𝟐
9) If A = [𝟒 −𝟐] and B =[ 𝟒 𝟐 ] then find the matrix X of order 3 x2 such that 2A +
𝟑 𝟔 −𝟓 𝟏
3X =5B
10) Use matrix multiplication to divide 30,000 rupees in two parts such that the total
annual interest at 9% on the first part and 11% on the second part amounts 3060 rupees.
LEVEL-3
𝟐
11) Prove that the product of matrices [ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽]and
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽
𝟐
[ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜶 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶]is the null matrix , when 𝜽 and ∅ differ by an odd multiple of 𝝅
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜶 𝟐
12) If A is a square matrix such that 𝑨𝟐 =I, then find the simplified value of(A-I )𝟑 + (A+I
)𝟑 − 𝟕𝑨.
13) If A = [𝟑 𝟓] , B=[𝟕 𝟑] ,then find a non- zero matrix C such that AC=BC
𝟏 𝟎 −𝟑
14)If A=[𝟐 𝟏 𝟑 ] , then verify that 𝑨𝟐 +A=A(A+I),where I is the identity matrix.
𝟎 𝟏 𝟏
𝟐 𝟎 𝟏
15)If A=[𝟐 𝟏 𝟑]
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟎
,find𝑨𝟐 -5A +4I and hence find a matrix X such that 𝑨𝟐 -5A+4I +X=O
CASE STUDY
I)Two schools P and Q want to award their selected students on the values of Tolerance,
Kindness and Leadership.The school P wants to award Rs x each, Rs y each and Rs z each
for three respective values to 3, 2 and 1 students respectively with total award money of
Rs 2200.School Q wants to spend Rs 3100 To award its 4,1 and 3 students on the
respective values.If the total amount of award for one prize on each value is Rs 1200,using
matrices,find the following
1)Find the award money for Tolerance
2)Find the award money for Leadership
3)Find the award money for Kindness
4)If a matrix A is both symmetric and skew- symmetric then write the type of matrix A.
II)A trust fund has Rs 35000 that must be invested in two different types of bonds,say X
and Y.The first bond pays 10% interest p.a.which will be given to an old age home and
second one pays 8%interest. per annum which will be given to Women Welfare
Association.Let A be a 1 x 2 matrix and B be a 2 x 1 matrix representing the investment
and interest rate on each bond respectively.
Based on the above information,answer the following questions:
1)If Rs15000 is invested in bond X,then find the total amount of interest receieved on both
bonds.
2) IF the trust fund obtains an annual total interest of Rs 3200 then find the investment in
two bonds.
3)If the amount of interest given to old age home is Rs 500, then find the amount of
investment in bond Y.
III) Two farmers Ravi and Ramu cultivate only three varieties of pulsesnamely Urad
,Massor andMung.The sale of these varieties of pulses by both the farmers in the month
of September and October are given by the following matrices A and B
September sales(in Rs)

Urad Masoor Mung
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑹𝒂𝒗𝒊

A[ ]
𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑹𝒂𝒎𝒖
October sales
Urad Masoor Mung
𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑹𝒂𝒗𝒊

A[ ]
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑹𝒂𝒎𝒖
1) Find the combined sales of Masoor in September and October for Ramu.
2) Find the combined sales of Mung in September and October for Ravi.
3) Which variety of pulses has the highest selling value in the month of September for
Ramu?
ARQ
0 1
Q1. ASSERTION[A]: [
1 0
] is an identity matrix.
1 ; 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 = 𝑗
REASON[R]:A matrix A=(aij) is an identity matrix if aij = {
0 ; 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗
(i ) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(ii) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(iii) A is true and R is false.
(iv) A is false and R is true.
𝑥 3 −3 3
Q2. ASSERTION[A]: If [ ]= [ ] then x=-3
3 𝑥 3 −3
REASON[R]:the solution of x2 – 9 =0 is x=-3
Q3. ASSERTION[A]:For a non-singular matrix A ; (𝐴′)−1 = (𝐴−1 ) ‘
REASON[R]: (kA)’=kA’ and (AdjA)’ =( AdjA’)
1
Q4. ASSERTION[A]: Matrix A = [2] is a column matrix.
3
REASON[R]:A matrix of order mx1 is a column matrix.
Q5. ASSERTION[A]: If A and B are two square matrices then(A+B)2 = A2+B2+2AB
REASON[R]:If A and B are two square matrices then AB=BA
4. DETERMINANTS
.MIND
𝑎11 𝑎12 MAP:
𝑎13
|𝐴|=|𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 |
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
𝑎 𝑎 =
A unique number (real or Complex) |𝐴|=|𝑎11 𝑎12 | =
can be associated to every square 21 22 𝑎11 (𝑎22 𝑎33− 𝑎23 𝑎32)
𝑎11 𝑎12− 𝑎12 𝑎21 − 𝑎12 (𝑎21 𝑎33− 𝑎31 𝑎23)
matrix A=[𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] of Order m, is
+ 𝑎13 (𝑎21 𝑎32− 𝑎31 𝑎22
calleddeterminants of matrix A. It is
denoted by detA or |𝐴|
Determinants of square Matrix

Of Order 2
Of Order 3
DETERMINANTS
Minor adjoint of matrix

Let A=[𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] be a square matrix of
order n and matrix 𝐴𝑖𝑗 be the
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 cofactor of 𝑎𝑖𝑗 in the determinant
If |𝐴| 𝑎
= | 21 𝑎22 𝑎23 |, Then the
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 of A. Then, the adjoint of A is
𝑎22 𝑎23 Cofactor defined as transpose of the
Minor of 𝑎11 = |𝑎 |,
32 𝑎33 cofactor matrix and it is denoted
𝑎21 𝑎23 by adjA
Minor of 𝑎12 = |𝑎 𝑎33 | and so on.
31
Example
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13

If A = [ 21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ] then
𝑎
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
If Minor is multiplied by (−1)𝑖+𝑗 , then
𝐴11 𝐴12 𝐴13
we obtain the co-factor of 𝑎𝑖𝑗 . It is
adj A = |𝐴21 𝐴22 𝐴23 |
denoted by 𝐴𝑖𝑗 = (−1)𝑖+𝑗 𝑀𝑖𝑗 𝐴31 𝐴32 𝐴33
Where 𝐴𝑖𝑗 ′𝑠 are cofactor of A
∴ 𝑐𝑜 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎11= (−1)𝑖+𝑗 𝑀11
𝑎22 𝑎23
𝐴11 = (−1)1+1 [𝑎 𝑎33 ]
32
Let A be a non singular (i.e|𝐴| ≠ 0) be a

square matrix. Then a square matrix B such
that AB=BA=I is called inverse of A and it is
denoted by 𝐴−1
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
∴ 𝐴−1 =
|𝐴|
Singular Matrix
If A is square
matrix and
|𝐴| = 0. Then
Inverse of Matrices A is known as If A is square matrix
Non-singular Matrix and |𝐴| ≠ 0. Then A is
known as non-
singular Matrix
DETERMINANTS
APPLICATION OF
DETERMINANTS
Consistency and inconsistency of

System of linear equation.
Area of triangle Solution of system of linear equations
Let the system of linear

Let the vertices of a A System of
equation in two variable be
equations is
triangle ABC are 𝑎1 x+𝑏1y = 𝑐1 and
A(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), B(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) and consistent if it
𝑎2 x+𝑏2y = 𝑐2 It is written in
C(𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ). Then in the 𝑎 𝑏1 𝑥 has one or
matrix form [ 1 ][ ] =
form of determinants 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑦 more solutions
𝑐1 while it is
area of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = [𝑐 ] Or AX=B Where
2 inconsistent if
𝑥1 𝑦1 1
1 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑥
|𝑥 𝑦2 1| A=[ ] , 𝑋 = [𝑦 ] , 𝐵 = it has no
2 2 𝑎2 𝑏2
𝑥3 𝑦3 1 𝑐1 solution.
[𝑐 ] If |𝐴| ≠ 0 then 𝐴−1
2
exist
KEY NOTES/Concept Note (Oneliner

∴𝑋 ):
= 𝐴−1 𝐵 (𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑀𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑)
Determinant is the numerical value of the square matrix. So, to every square matrix A = [aij] of
order n,
we can associate a number (real or complex) called determinant of the square matrix A. It is
denoted by det A or |A|.
Sum of product of elements of any row ( or column) with their corresponding cofactor is
equal to
the value of determinants. ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝐴𝑖𝑗 = |𝐴|
Solution of system of linear equations:1. If|𝐴| ≠ 0, then solution of system of linear

equations is Consistent and it has unique solution. (Solution find by Matrix Method)
2. If |𝐴| = 0, then we calculate (adjA)B
(a) If (adjA)B≠ 𝑂, then solution does not exist and the system of equation is called
consistent.
(b) If (adjA)B= O, then system may be either consistent or inconsistent according as the
system
haveeither infinitely many solutions or no solution.
Working Rules/Heuristics (Ifany):for solving system of linear equations in two

variables (same employed in three variable)[ MATRIX METHOD]
Let the system of linear equation in two variable be 𝑎1 x+𝑏1y = 𝑐1 and 𝑎2 x+𝑏2y = 𝑐2
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑥 𝑐1
It is written in matrix form [ ] [𝑦] = [𝑐 ]
𝑎2 𝑏2 2
Or
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑥 𝑐1
Where A=[ ] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] , 𝐵 = [𝑐 ]
𝑎2 𝑏2 2
If |𝐴| ≠ 0 then 𝐴−1 exist
∴ 𝑿 = 𝑨−𝟏 𝑩 (𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒅)
 Area of a triangle whose vertices are (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) and (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) is

1 𝑥1 𝑦1 1
∆= |𝑥2 𝑦2 1|
2 𝑥 𝑦 1
3 3
𝑥1 𝑦1 1
1
 Condition for collinear of three points ∆= 2 |𝑥2 𝑦2 1| = 0
𝑥3 𝑦3 1
 Singular of a square matrix A, if |𝐴| =0
 Non –singular matrix: a square matrix A is said to be non-singular if |𝐴| ≠ 0
 Minors: minor of an element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 of a determinant is the determinant obtained by ith row
and jth column in which element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 is denoted by 𝑀𝑖𝑗
 Cofactors : 𝐶𝑖𝑗 = (−1)𝑖+𝑗 𝑀𝑖𝑗
 Adjoint of a matrix: transpose of cofactor matrix
 Properties of adjoint of square matrix
i. 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴𝑇 ) = (𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)𝑇
ii. 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴𝐵) = (𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐵)(𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)
iii. |𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴|=|𝐴|𝑛−1, where n is the order of the matrix
2
iv. |𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)| = |𝐴|(𝑛−1) , where n is the order of the matrix
v. 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴) = |𝐴|𝑛−2 𝐴
 Inverse of a matrix : if A is a non zero square matrix of order n,then there exists a matrix
B of same order such that AB=BA=I, then matrix B is called inverse of A
1
 𝐴−1 = |𝐴| ( 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)
 Properties of inverse of matrix:
i. (𝐴−1 )−1 = 𝐴
ii. (𝐴𝐵)−1 = 𝐵 −1 𝐴−1
iii. (𝐴𝑇 )−1 = (𝐴−1 )𝑇
iv. 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴−1 ) = (𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)−1
 Solution of system of linear equations by using matrix method:
AX=B
Case-I: if |𝐴| ≠ 0 , then the system is consistent and has unique solution , which is
given by 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
Case-II : if |𝐴| = 0 and (𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)𝐵 ≠ 0, then the system is inconsistent and has no
solution
Case-III : if |𝐴| = 0 and (𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)𝐵 = 0, then the system has infinitely many solutions
or no solution.
Questions MCQ & ARQ Type
Level-1 (MCQ)
2 4
1. Evaluate |
−1 2
|
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 8 (d) None
3 −1 −2
2. Evaluate | 0 0 −1|
3 −5 0
(a) - 16 (b) 12 (c) - 12 (d) 16
2 4 2𝑥 4
3. Find x , if |
5 1
|=|
6 𝑥
|
(a) 3 (b)√3 (c) ±3 (d) ±√3
2𝑥 + 5 3
4. Find x, if |
5𝑥 + 2 9
|=0
(a) -13 (b)13 (c) 17 (d) −17
2 −3
5. Find 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 for 𝐴 = [
1 −4
]
2 −3 2 3 4 3 −4 3
(a)[ ](b) [ ] (c)[ ] (d) [ ]
1 −4 −1 −4 −1 −2 −1 2
3 m
6. if = 3 , find the value of m.
4 m
(a) −3 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 2
Assertion and Reason based Questions

In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of
Reason (R). Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not a correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
1 2
7. Assertion (A) :If A = [ ]then |𝐴|= -11
5 −1
𝑎11 𝑎12
Reason (R) :If A = [𝑎 𝑎
], then |𝐴| = 𝑎11 𝑎12− 𝑎12 𝑎21 .
21 22
8. Let A be a 2 x 2 matrix.
Assertion (A) :adj(adjA)=A
Reason (R) :|𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| = |𝐴|
Level-2
5−𝑥 𝑥+1
1. For what value of x, the following matrix is singular [ ]?
2 4
(𝑎)2 (b) 3 (c) -3 (d) 4
2. If A is a matrix of order 3 x 3 has determinants 5 .what is the value of |3𝐴| ?
(𝑎)15 (b) 45 (c) 135 (d) 405

3 1
3. 𝑖𝑓𝐴 = [ ] Then 𝐴−1 is
−5 4
1 4 −1 1 4 −1 1 4 −1 1 4 −1
(a) [ ](b) [ ] (c) [ ] (d) [ ]
17 −5 3 7 −5 3 17 5 3 7 5 −3
𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑
4. Evaluate | |
−𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏
(𝑎) 0 (b) 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑑 2 (c)𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 𝑑 2 (d) None
2 3 2
5. |𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 | + 3 = 0.Then the value of x is
4 9 1
(𝑎)3 (b) 0 (c) -1 (d) 1

6. The area of triangle with vertices (-3,0), (3,0) and (0,k) is 9 Sq. units. Then, the
value of k is
(𝑎)3 (b) 9 (c) -9 (d) 6

(e) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(f) Both A and R are true but R is not a correct explanation of A
(g) A is true but R is false
(h) A is false but R is true
2𝑥 5 6 −2
7. Assertion (A) : If | |=| | 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑥 = ±6
8 𝑥 7 3
Reason (R) : If A and B are matrices of order 3 and |𝐴| = 4 and |𝐵| = 6, then |2𝐴𝐵| =
192
8. Assertion (A): The equation of the line joining A(1,3) and B(0,0) is given by y = 3x.
Reason (R) :The area oftriangle with vertices (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) and (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ). Then in the
𝑥1 𝑦1 1
1
form of determinants ∆ = 2 |𝑥2 𝑦2 1|
𝑥3 𝑦3 1
Level-3
1. If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that │ adj A │= 64, Find │A │, │𝐴𝑇 │and
|𝐴−1 |
1 1 1
(a) 8,8, 8 (b) −8,−8,8 (c) 16, -16, (d) ±8, ±8,
16 ±8
2. If A is a square matrix of order 3, such that A(adjA)=10I, then │ adj A │is equal to
(a) 1 (b) 10 (c) 100 (d) 101
3 𝑦 3 2
3. Let | |=| |.The the number of all possible pair of value of x and y, if x and y are
𝑥 1 4 1
Natural No.
(a)1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
4. If A is a 3 x 3 non-singular matrix such that A𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 and B = 𝐴−1 𝐴𝑇 , then B𝐵 𝑇 is
(a) B (b) 𝐵 −1 (c) I (d) A

log 3 512 log 4 3
5. The value of determinants| | is equal to
log 3 8 log 4 9
(a)9/2 (b) 15/2 (c) 13/2 (d) None
6. If A, B are non-singular matrices of same order, then (𝐴𝐵 −1 )−1 IS equal to
(a) 𝐴−1 B (b) 𝐴−1 𝐵 −1 (c) B𝐴−1 (d) AB

7. Assertion (A) : If A is 3 x 3 non singular matrix, then |𝐴−1 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| = |𝐴|.

Reason (R) : If A and B both are invertible matrices such that B is inverse of A, then
AB=BA=I
1 1 −2
8. Assertion (A) : if A =[2 1 −3], then |𝐴| =0
5 4 −9
Reason (R) :|𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| = |𝐴|𝑛−1 , where n is order of matrix.
Level-4
3 0 −1
1. If A = [2 3 0 ] , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛|𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)| is
0 4 1
(a)1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
200 50 50 40
2. Let A = [ ] and B = [ ], then |𝐴𝐵| is equal to
10 2 2 3
(a)460 (b) 2000 (c) 3000 (d) -7000
3. If A is a square matrix of Order 3 such that 𝐴2 = 2𝐴, Then find the value of |𝐴|.
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 0 or 8 (d) 8
𝑥 0 0
4. If x, y, z are non zero real numbers, then the inverse of matrix A =[0 𝑦 0] is
0 0 𝑧
𝑥 −1 0 0 𝑥 −1 0 0 𝑥 0 0 1 0 0
1 1
(𝑎) [ 0 𝑦 −1 0 ] (b)xyz[ 0 𝑦 −1 0 ] (c) [0 𝑦 0](d) [0 1 0]
𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑥𝑦𝑧
0 0 𝑧 −1 0 0 𝑧 −1 0 0 𝑧 0 0 1
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1
5. Let A = [−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ], where 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋
−1 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1
(a) Det(A)=0 (b) Det(A)∈ (2, ∞) (c) Det(A)∈ (2,4)(d) Det(A)∈ [2,4]
1 1 1
6. The Maximum value of A = [ 1 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1] is, (𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟)
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1 1
1 √3 3√ 3
(a) (b) (c)√2 (d)
2 2 4

1 3 𝜆+2
7. Assertion (A) : If the matrix A =[2 4 8 ] is singular, then 𝜆 = 4.
3 5 10
Reason (R) : If A is a singular matrix, then |𝐴| = 0
2 3 1
8. Assertion (A) : If A =[ ] and 𝐴−1 = 𝑘𝐴, then k =
5 −2 9
1
Reason (R) :|𝐴−1 | = |𝐴|
Case Based Questions

Attempt any four sub-parts from each question.
Each sub-part carries 1 mark

I. Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the
same:
Manjit wants to donate a rectangular plot of land for a school in his village. When he was
asked to give dimensions of the plot, he told that if its length is decreased by 50m and
breadth is increased by 50m, then its area will remain same, but if length is decreased by
10m and breadth is decreased by 20m, then its area will decrease by 5300𝑚2 .
Q.1 The equation in terms of X and Y are
Q.2 Write the matrix equation is representing the given information.
Q.3 The value of x (length of rectangular field) is
Q.4The value of y (breadth of rectangular field) is
Q.5 How much is the area of rectangular field?
II. Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
The management committee of a residential colony decided to award some of its members (say x)
for honesty, some (say y) for helping others and some others (say z)for supervising the workers to
kept the colony neat and clean. The sum of all the awardees is 12. Three times the sum of awardees
for cooperation and supervision added to two times the number of awardees for honesty is 33. The
sum of the number of awardees for honesty and supervision is twice the number of awardees for
helping.
Q.1 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 =?
Q.2 Find the value of𝑥 − 2𝑦 =?
Q.3 The value of z is ?
Q.4 The value of 𝑥 + 2𝑦 =?
Q.5 The value of 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 5𝑧 =?

III. Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
Two schools KVS and NVS want to award their selected students on the value of sincerity,
truthfulness and helpfulness. KVS wants to award Rs x each, Rs y each and Rs Z each for the three
respective values to 3,2 and 1 students respectively with a total award money of Rs 1600. NVS wants
to spend Rs 2300 to award its 4,1 and 3 students on the respective values (by giving the same
amount to the three values as before). The total amount of the award for one prize on each is Rs
900.
Q.1 Find the value of 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 =?
Q.2 Find the value of4𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 =?
Q.3 The value of y is ?
Q.4 The value of 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 =?
Q.5Find the value of𝑦 − 𝑥 =?
LEVEL-4.1
1 4 3
1. The value of determinants |9 −1 4| is ____
5 0 2
( a ) 21 ( b ) 166 ( c) 64 ( d ) none of these (ans: a)
2 −3 5
2. If 𝐴𝑖𝑗 is the cofactor of the element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 of the determinant |6 0 4 |, then the
1 5 −7
value of 𝑎32 𝐴32 is
( a ) 100 ( b ) 225 ( c ) 110 ( d ) 150 ( ans: c)
2 4 2𝑥 4
3. If | |=| | , then possible value(s) of 𝑥 is/are_________
5 1 6 𝑥
( a ) 3 ( b ) √3 ( c ) −√3 ( d ) ±√3 ( ans d)
4. If A is a matrix of order 3 and |𝐴|=5, then |𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴| is equal to ___
( a ) 5 ( b ) 25 ( c ) 125 ( d ) none of these ( ans b)
5. If the area of a triangle with vertices (−3,0), (3,0)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0, 𝑘) is 9 sq. units, then the
value of 𝑘 is ___________
( a ) 9 ( b ) 3 ( c ) 6 ( d ) 12 ( ans b)
2 3 −1
6. If matrix [ 𝑥 + 4 −1 2 ] is a singular matrix, then the value of 𝑥 is ______
3𝑥 + 1 2 −1
3 3 4 8
(a)− (b) (c) (d) ( ans: a )
16 16 13 10
7. If A is a matrix of order 3 with |𝐴| = 3, then |𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)| is ___________
( a ) 9 ( b ) 16 ( c ) 32 ( d ) 81 ( ans d)
8. If A is a matrix of order 3 × 3 such that |𝐴| = 5, then|𝐴 (𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)| is equal to _____
1
( a ) 25 ( b ) 125 ( c ) 5 (d ) 125 ( ans: b)
9. Determinant of a matrix A is 6, then |𝐴𝑇 | is ______
1
(a)0 ( b ) 36 ( c ) 6 (d) ( ans: c)
6
10. If A is a matrix of order 3 × 3 such that |𝐴|=4 and B is another matrix of same order
such that 𝐵 = 𝐴3 , then |𝐵| is equal to ________
( a ) 64 ( b ) 16 ( c ) 256 ( d ) 1024 ( ans: a )
11. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix of order 3 , then |𝐴| is _______
( a ) 27 ( b ) 3 ( c ) 1 ( d ) 0 ( ans: d)
12. If A is a square matrix of order 3 , then |𝑘𝐴| is equal to ____
( a ) 𝑘 3 |𝐴| ( b ) 𝑘|𝐴| ( c ) 𝑘 2 |𝐴| ( d ) 3𝑘|𝐴| ( ans : a)
13. If the points (3,2), (𝑥, 2)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (8,8) are collinear, the value of 𝑥 is ______
(a)2 (b)3 (c)4 (d)5 ( ans: b)
1 2 𝑥
14. If [1 1 1 ] is singular, then the value of 𝑥 is _______
2 1 −1
( a ) 1 ( b ) 2 ( c ) 3 ( d ) 4 ( ans: d)
15. For a square matrix A in matrix equation AX=B, then which one of the following is
correct
( a ) if |𝐴| ≠ 0 , there exists unique solution
( b ) if |𝐴| = 0 and (𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)𝐵 ≠ 0, there exists no solution
( c ) if |𝐴| = 0 and (𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)𝐵 = 0, then system may or may not be consistant
( d ) all the above ( ans : d)
2 3
16. If 𝐴 = [ ], then 𝐴−1 is ________
3 4
2 3 −2 −3 4 −3 −4 3
(a)[ ] (b)[ ] (c) [ ] (d) [ ] ( ans : d)
3 4 3 4 −3 2 3 −2
2 −1
17. If 𝐴 = [ ], then Adj A is ________
4 3
2 3 3 1 2 −1 2 −1
(a)[ ] (b)[ ] (c)[ ] (d)[ ] ( ans: b)
−1 4 −4 2 3 4 4 3
18. If A is a square matrix such that 𝐴2 = 𝐼, then 𝐴−1 is equal to _____
( a ) A ( b ) 2A ( c) O ( d) none of these ( ans: a)
6 𝑥
19. The value of 𝑥 for which the matrix 𝐴 = [ ] is singular_______
12 4
( a ) −1 ( b ) 2 ( c ) −2 ( d ) 0 ( ans: b)
𝑥 𝑥−2
20. The value of the determinant | | is ________
𝑥+2 𝑥
( a ) 2 ( b) 3 (c ) −4 ( d ) 4 ( ans: d)
LEVEL-4.2
ASSERTION & REASON
In the following questions, a statement of Assertion(A) is followed by a statement of
Reason ( R ) . Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
( a ) both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
( b ) both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A
( c ) A true but R is false
( d ) A false but R is true
21. Assertion (A) if A is a 3 × 3 non-singular matrix, then |𝐴−1 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴| = |𝐴|
Reason(R) if A and B both are invertible matrices such that B is inverse of A, then
AB=BA=I. ( ans: b)
2𝑥 5 6 −2
22. Assertion (A) if | |=| | , then 𝑥 = ±6
8 𝑥 7 3
Reason(R) if A and B are matrices of order 3 and |𝐴| = 4 , |𝐵| = 6 , then
|2𝐴𝐵| = 192 ( ans: b)
1 1 −2
23. Assertion (A) if 𝐴 = [2 1 −3] , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 |𝐴| = 0
5 4 −9
Reason(R)|𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴| = [𝐴]𝑛−1, where n is the order of the matrix ( ans: b)
2 1
24. Assertion (A) The matrix [ ] is singular.
4 2
Reason(R)A square matrix A is said to be singular , if |𝐴| = 0 ( ans : a)
25. Assertion (A) The system of equations 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5.and 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3 has unique
solution and 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 = 1
Reason(R)The system of equations 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 has unique solution, if |𝐴| ≠ 0 ( ans: a)
26. Assertion (A)The points (𝑎, 𝑏 + 𝑐), (𝑏, 𝑐 + 𝑎)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑐, 𝑎 + 𝑏) are collinear.
Reason(R) Area of the triangle with three collinear points is zero. ( ans: a)
27. Assertion (A)if M is a skew- symmetric matrix of order 3, then |𝑀| = 0
Reason(R) Determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix is zero ( ans: a)
28. Assertion (A)if every element of a order 3 determinant of value D is multiplied by 4,
then the value of new determinant is 64D
Reason(R) if k is a scalar and A is a matrix of order n, then |𝑘𝐴| = 𝑘 𝑛 |𝐴| ( ans : a)
29. Assertion (A)𝐴( 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴) = 𝐼
Reason(R)|𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴| = |𝐴|𝑛−1 ( ans: d)
12 𝑥
30. Assertion (A)the matrix 𝐴 = [ ] is singular if x=4
6 2
Reason(R)if a matrix A is singular , then |𝐴| = 0 ( ans: a)
LEVEL -4.3
31. Using determinants find the value(s) of 𝑘 so that the points ( 𝑘, 2 − 2𝑘), ( −𝑘 +
1
1, 2𝑘) and (−4 − 𝑘, 6 − 2𝑘) are collinear. ( ans: −1, 2 )
3 7 6 8
32. If 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [ ] , verify that (𝐴𝐵)−1 = 𝐵 −1 𝐴−1
2 5 7 9
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
33. If 𝐴 = [ ] is such that 𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴−1, then find 𝜃 (ans: 𝜃 be any real
− sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
number)
2 3 1 −2 −6 5
34. If 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [ ] , then find A𝑑𝑗( 𝐴𝐵) ( ans : [ ])
4 −1 −3 1 −2 −10
2 3 1
35. If 𝐴 = [ ] be such that 𝐴−1 = 𝑘𝐴, then find the value of 𝑘 ( ans: 𝑘 = − 19 )
5 −2
𝑥 2
36. If 𝐴 = | | and |𝐴|3 = 125, then find 𝑥 ( ans: ±3 )
2 𝑥
2 3 2
37. If |𝑥 𝑥 𝑥| + 3 = 0, then find the value of 𝑥 ( ans: −1)
4 9 1
38. If A and B are matrices of order 3 and |𝐴| = 2 , |𝐵| = 5, then find the value of |3𝐴𝐵|
( ans: 270 )
39. If A is a matrix of order 3 , with |𝐴| = 9. Find the value of |2 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴| ( ans: 648)
40. Find the equation of the line passing through points (1,3) and (0,0) using
determinant.
( ans: 𝑦 = 3𝑥)
LEVEL-4.4
41. Solve the following system of equations by using matrix method when 𝑥 ≠ 0, 𝑦 ≠ 0
and 𝑧 ≠ 0.
2 3 3 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 1
𝑥
− 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 10, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥
− 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 13 (ans: 2 , 3 , 5)
42. The sum of three numbers is 6. Twice the third number when added to the first
number gives 7. On adding the sum of the second and third numbers to thrice the
first number, we get 12. Find the numbers using matrix method (ans: 3,1,2)
1 −1 0 2 2 −4
43. If 𝐴 = [2 3 4] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [−4 2 −4], find AB. Use this to solve the system
0 1 2 2 −1 5
of equations 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 3, 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 17 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 7 ( ans: 2, −1,4 )
5 0 4 1 3 3 −2 19 −27
−1 −1
44. Given 𝐴 = [2 3 2] , 𝐵 = [1 4 3] compute (𝐴𝐵) ( ans: [−2 18 −25]
1 2 1 1 3 4 −3 29 −42
1 0 2
45. If 𝐴 = [0 2 1] and 𝐴3 − 6𝐴2 + 7𝐴 + 𝑘𝐼 = 0 , find the value of 𝑘 . ( ans: k=2)
2 0 3
1 3 2
46. If = [2 0 −1] , then show that 𝐴3 − 4𝐴2 − 3𝐴 + 11 𝐼 = 0. Hence find 𝐴−1( ans :
1 2 3
−2 5 3
1
[ 7 −1 −5] )
11
−4 −1 6
0 1 1
𝐴2 −3𝐼
47. Find 𝐴−1 , if 𝐴 = [1 0 1] and show that 𝐴−1 = 2 ( ans: 𝐴−1 =
1 1 0
−1 1 1
1
2
[ 1 −1 1 ] )
1 1 −1
1 −1 1
48. If 𝐴 = [2 1 −3], find 𝐴−1 and hence solve the system of linear equations
1 1 1
9 2 7
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4 , −𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2 ( ans: 5 , 5 , 5 )
1 −1 2 −2 0 1
49. Use the product [0 2 −3] [ 9 2 −3] to solve the system of equations
3 −2 4 6 1 −2
𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1, 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 2 ( ans: 0, 5, 3)
50. Solve the following system of equations:
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 8, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 4 ( ans: 1, 2 , 3)
51. Area of a triangle whose vertices are Area of a triangle whose vertices are (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ),
(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) and (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) is
1 𝑥1 𝑦1 1
∆= |𝑥2 𝑦2 1|
2 𝑥 𝑦 1
3 3
Since area is a positive quantity ,so we always take the absolute value of the
determinant ∆. Also , the area of the triangle formed by three collinear points is
zero.
Based on the above information , answer the following questions
i. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (−2, ,6), (3, −6)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (1,5) .
(ans 15.5 sq units)
ii. If the points (2, −3), (𝑘, −1)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0,4) are collinear , then find the value of
40
4𝑘. (ans 7
)
iii. If the area of a triangle with vertices (1,3), (0,0)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑘, 0) is 3 sq. units, then
find the value of 𝑘. ( ans ± 2)
iv. Using determinants find the equation of the line joining the points (1,2) and
(3,6) ( ans 2𝑥 = 𝑦)
52. Two schools A and B want to award their selected students on the values of Honesty,
Hard work and Punctuality. The school A wants to award Rs, 𝑥 each, Rs. 𝑦 each and
Rs. 𝑧 each for the three respective values to its 3,2 and 1 students respectively with a
total award money of Rs. 2200. School B wants to spend Rs. 3100 to award its 4,1
and 3 students on the respective values( by giving the same award money to the
three values as school A) . The total amount of award for one prize on each value is
Rs. 1200.
Using the concept of matrices and determinants, answer the following questions.
i. What is the award money for Honesty? ( ans: Rs. 300 )
ii. What is the award money for hard work? ( ans: Rs. 400 )
iii. What is the award money for punctuality? ( ans : Rs. 500 )
iv. If a matrix P is both symmetric and skew-symmetric , then |𝑃| is equal to
_______ ( ans : 0 )
53. Two trusts A and B receive Rs. 70000 and Rs. 55000respectively from central
government to award prize to persons of a district in three different fields
agriculture, education and social service. Trust A awarded 10,5 and 15 persons in the
field of agriculture, education and social service respectively while trust B awarded
15,10 and 5 persons in the field of agriculture, education and social service
respectively. The cost of all the prizes together amounts to Rs. 6000.
Based on the given information answer the following questions:
i. If 𝑥 , 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 are the amounts of each prize respectively and CX=D is the
matrix form of the given information, then find adjoint of C ( ans
125 5 10
[175 −10 −5] )
25 5 −5
ii. Using inverse of matrix C , find the values 𝑥 , 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 ( ans: 2000,
1000,3000)
5. CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY
1. MIND MAP
Continuous Function:A real valued function f(x) is said Discontinuous Function:If f is

to be continuous at a point x = c in the domain of f(x) not continuous at c, we say f is
if lim𝑥→𝐶 𝑓(𝑥) = f(c). discontinuous at c and c is
called a point of discontinuity
A real function f is said to be continuous if it is continuous of f.
at every point in the domain of f.
* If the left hand limit, right hand limit and the value of
Algebra of continuous
the function at x = c exist and equal to each other, then f functions
is said to be continuous at x = c. Suppose f and g be two real
functions continuous at a real
number c. Then
(1) f + g is continuous at x = c.
(2) f – g is continuous at x = c.
(3) f .g is continuous at x = c.
(4) f/g is continuous at x = c,
provided g(c) ≠ 0.
DIFFERENTIABLE FUNCTION CONTINUITY
We say that a function f is AND

differentiable at a point c in its
𝑓(𝑐+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑐)
domain if both limℎ→0
ℎ
DIFFERENTIABILITY
𝑓(𝑐−ℎ)−𝑓(𝑐)
and limℎ→0 are finite
−ℎ
DIFFERENTIABILITY IN AN INTERVAL IMPORTANT FORMULAE:

𝑑 1 𝑑 1
1. (sin−1 𝑥) = 2. (cos −1 𝑥) = −
A function is saidto be differentiable in 𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2
𝑑 1 𝑑 1
an interval [a, b] if it is differentiable at 3. (tan−1 𝑥) = 4. (cot −1 𝑥) = −
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2
𝑑 1 𝑑 1
every point of [a, b]. 5. (sec −1 𝑥) = 6. (cosec −1 𝑥) = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 −1
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
7. (𝑐) = 0,c= constant 8. (𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑐 (𝑓(𝑥))
Similarly, a function is said to be 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 (𝑢)−𝑢 (𝑣)
differentiable in an interval (a, b) if it is 9. (𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 (𝑣) + 𝑣 (𝑢) 10. ( )= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2
differentiable at every point of (a, b). 𝑑 1 𝑑
11. (log 𝑥) = 12. (𝑎 𝑥 ) = 𝑎 𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑎, 𝑎 > 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2. KEY NOTES
 CONTINUITY: Suppose f is a real function on a subset of the real numbers and let c
be a point in the domain of f. Then f is continuous at c if lim f x   f c  or
x c
lim f c  h   f c   lim f c  h 
h 0 h 0
Note: Polynomial function is continuous everywhere.

f(x) = |𝑥 − 𝑐| is continuous at x = c but not differentiable there.
𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥]is continuous when 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 − 𝑍
 DIFFERENTIABILITY: Suppose f is a real function on a subset of the real numbers and
𝑓(𝑐+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑐)
let c be a point in the domain of f. Then f is differentiable at c if limℎ→0
ℎ
′ 𝑑𝑓
exists finitely and derivative of f at c is denoted by 𝑓 (𝑐)or𝑑𝑥 ]
𝑥=𝑐
 Sum, difference, product and quotient of continuous functions are continuous i.e. if f
and g are continuous functions, then
(i) (𝑓 ± 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)is continuous.
(ii) (𝑓. 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥)is continuous.
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
(iii) ( ) (𝑥) = , where g(x) ≠ 0 is continuous.
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥)
 Every differentiable function is continuous but the converse is not true.
𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
 Chain rule is rule to differentiate composite functions. If f = v (u(x)),then 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑢 . 𝑑𝑥
 Important Formulae:
𝑑 𝑛 𝑑 1
(𝑥 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 (sin−1 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 1
(𝑎 ) = 𝑎 𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑎, 𝑎 > 0 (cos−1 𝑥) = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 1
(𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 (tan−1 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
𝑑 1
(log 𝑒 𝑥) = , 𝑥 > 0 𝑑 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 (cot −1 𝑥) = −
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
𝑑 𝑑 1
(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 (sec −1 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1
𝑑 𝑑 1
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 (cosec −1 𝑥) = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1
𝑑 𝑑
(𝑐) = 0,c= constant
(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 (𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑐 (𝑓(𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 (𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 (𝑣) + 𝑣 (𝑢)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑢 𝑣
𝑑 𝑑
(𝑢)−𝑢 (𝑣)
(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ( )= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
,𝑣 ≠0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2
3. WORKING RULE:
 Continuity of a function at a point:

If the left-hand limit, right-hand limit and the value of the function at x = c exist and
are equal to each other, then the function is continuous.
Step-1: Determine the value of the function f at x = c, i.e. f(c).
Step-2: Check the existence of the limit
i.e., Determine lim𝑥→𝑐 − 𝑓(𝑥) ,lim𝑥→𝑐 + 𝑓(𝑥)& check whether lim𝑥→𝑐 − 𝑓(𝑥) =
lim𝑥→𝑐 + 𝑓(𝑥)
Step-3: Check whether lim𝑥→𝑐 − 𝑓(𝑥) = lim𝑥→𝑐 + 𝑓(𝑥) = f(c)
If the above statement is true then f is continuous otherwise it is discontinuous.
 Logarithmic Differentiation
Logarithmic differentiation is a powerful technique to differentiate functions of the
form
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑢(𝑥)𝑣(𝑥) , here both f(x) and g(x) should be positive.
Let y = 𝑢(𝑥)𝑣(𝑥)
 ฀log y = v(x) log u(x)
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we have
1 𝑑𝑦 1 ′
= 𝑣(𝑥) 𝑢 (𝑥) + log 𝑢(𝑥)𝑣 ′ (𝑥)
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑢(𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 1
So, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 {𝑣(𝑥) 𝑢(𝑥) 𝑢′ (𝑥) + log 𝑢(𝑥)𝑣 ′ (𝑥)}
 Derivatives of Functions in Parametric Form

Let 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑡), 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑡) be two functions with parameter ‘t’.
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑔′ (𝑡)
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 , provided 𝑑𝑡 ≠ 0 or 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑓 ′ (𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
 Derivatives of Function with respect to another function:

Derivative of f(x) with respect to g(x) is
𝑑𝑓
𝑑𝑓 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑔
= 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑔 = 𝑔′ (𝑥)
, provided 𝑔′ (𝑥) ≠ 0
𝑑𝑥
QUESTIONS (MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION AND ASSERTION-REASON QUESTION)

4.1 (LEVEL-1)
𝑘𝑥 2 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 2
1. If the function 𝑓(𝑥) = { is continuous at x = 2, then the value of k is
3, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 2
4 3
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 4
𝑘𝑥 + 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 5
2. If the function 𝑓(𝑥) = { is continuous at x = 5, then the value of k is
3𝑥 − 5, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 5
9 5 9 5
(a) 5
(b) 9
(c)− 5 (d) − 9
3. The function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 given by 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 − 2| is
(a) continuous as well as differentiable at x = 2
(b) not continuous but differentiable at x = 2
(c) continuous but not differentiable at x = 2
(d) neither continuous nor differentiable at x = 2
4. If (𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 , then 𝑓 ′ (1) is equal to
𝜋 1 𝜋 1 1 𝜋 𝜋
(a) + (b) − (c) − (d) + 1
4 2 4 2 2 4 4
𝑑𝑦
5. If 𝑦 = 𝑎(1 + cos 𝑡) and𝑥 = 𝑎(𝑡 − sin 𝑡), then =
𝑑𝑥
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
(a) tan (b) −tan (c)cot (d) −cot
2 2 2 2
2 𝑑2 𝑦
6. If 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡 and 𝑦 = 2𝑎𝑡, then =
𝑑𝑥 2
−1 1 −1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2𝑎𝑡 3 2𝑎𝑡 2 2𝑎𝑡 2 𝑡
7. ASSERTION-REASON QUESTION
In the following question, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of

Assertion (A): The constant function f(x) = k continuous

1
Reason (R) : The function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
is continuous at every point in its domain.
4.2(LEVEL-2)
𝑎𝑥 + 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 3
8. If the function 𝑓(𝑥) = { is continuous at x = 3, then the relation
𝑏𝑥 + 3, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 3
between a and b is
2 2 2 1
(a) a + b = 3
(b) a = b + (c) b = a + (d) a = b -
3 3 3
 sin x
  cos x, x  0
9. The function f  x    x is

2, x0
(a) continuous at x = 0 (b) discontinuous at x = 0
(c) continuous everywhere (d) discontinuous everywhere.
10. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥], where [x] denotes the greatest integer function, f is continuous at
(a) 7 (b) - 4 (c) 0 (d) 2.5
11. The derivative of log(cos 𝑒 𝑥 ) with respect to x is
(a) 𝑒 𝑥 tan 𝑒 𝑥 (b) − 𝑒 𝑥 tan 𝑒 𝑥 (c)𝑒 𝑥 cot 𝑒 𝑥 (d) −𝑒 𝑥 cot 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
12. If 𝑥 = √𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 and 𝑦 = √𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 , then𝑑𝑥 =
−1 −1
𝑥 𝑦 𝑦
(a) 0 (b) − 𝑦 (c) 𝑥 (d) − 𝑥

𝑥 + 2, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 1
Assertion (A): The function 𝑓(𝑥) = { is continuous at x = 1
𝑥 − 2, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 1
Reason (R) :The function f(x) is continuous at x = 1 if lim𝑥→1 𝑓(𝑥) = f(1).
4.3 (LEVEL-3)
𝑥 2 −4
14. Given functions f(x) = 𝑥−2
and g(x) = x + 2, x ∊ R. Then which of the following is correct?
(a) f is continuous at x = 2, g is continuous at x = 2
(b) f is continuous at x = 2, g is not continuous at x = 2
(c) f is not continuous at x = 2, g is continuous at x = 2
(d) f is not continuous at x = 2, g is not continuous at x = 2
sin 5𝑥
+ cos 𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 0
15. For what value of ‘k’ is the function 𝑓(𝑥) = { 3𝑥 is continuous
𝑘, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
at x = 0?
(a)1 (b) 5/3 (c) 8/3 (d) 0
16. The derivative of 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑥 2 ) with respect to𝑥 2 is
(a) 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥 2 ) (b) sin 2𝑥 2 (c) 2 sin 𝑥 2 (d) 2x 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥 2 )
17. Let𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥|3, when x < 0, 𝑓′′(𝑥)=
(a) does not exist (b) 6x (c) 3x2 (d) - 6x

𝑑𝑦
18. If 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 √1 − 𝑥 2 , ( −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1), then 𝑑𝑥 =
2 −2
(a) √1−𝑥 2 (b) √1−𝑥 2 (c) 0 (d) does not exist.

Assertion (A): The greatest integer function 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥]is not differentiable at x = 4.
Reason (R) : The function f(x)= [x] is discontinuous at x = 4.
4.4(LEVEL-4)
1
20. Number of points at which 𝑓(𝑥) = log|𝑥|
is discontinuous =
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) 4
𝑘 cos 𝑥 𝜋
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 2
21. For what value of ‘k’ the function 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝜋−2𝑥 𝜋 is continuous
3, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 =
2
𝜋
at x = ?
2
(a)3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
𝑓(𝑎+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑎)
22. If limℎ→0 exists finitely, then the value of lim𝑥→𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) is equal to
ℎ
(a) 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) (b) 𝑓(𝑎) (c) 0 (d) 2 𝑓 ′ (𝑎)
23. If 𝑓(1) = 4, 𝑓 ′ (1) = 2, then the value of the derivative of log(𝑓(𝑒 𝑥 )) with respect to x
at x = 0 is
(a) 1 (b) ½ (c) 2 (d) -2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
24. If 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥 , then 𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑑𝑥 =
(a) 4𝑦 (b) -4 𝑦 (c) 2 𝑦 (d) – 2 𝑦

𝑘𝑥 2 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 2
Assertion (A):The value of the constant ‘k’ so that f(x) = { continuous at x
3, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 2
4
= 2 is k = 3
Reason (R) :A function f(x) is continuous at a point x= a of its domain iflim𝑥→𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) = f(a).
4.5(LEVEL-5)
1− cos 4𝑥
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 0
26. For what value of ‘p’ is the function 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥2 continuous
𝑝, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
at x =0 ?
(a) 0 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 1/8
𝑢(𝑥)
27. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 { 𝑣(𝑥) } , 𝑢(1) = 𝑣(1)and 𝑢′ (1) = 𝑣 ′ (1) = 2, then the value of 𝑓 ′ (1) is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) - 1 (d) e
𝜋 3𝜋 𝑑𝑦
28. If 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
and 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (sin 𝑥), then 𝑑𝑥 is equal to
(a) −1 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) −2
𝑑𝑦
29. If 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑒 (𝑥−𝑦) , then 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑦(𝑥+1) 𝑥(𝑥−1) 𝑦(𝑥+1) 𝑦(𝑥−1)

(a) 𝑥(𝑦+1) (b) 𝑦(𝑦−1) (c)𝑥(𝑦−1) (d) 𝑥(𝑦−1)
𝑑𝑦
30. If 𝑥√1 + 𝑦 + 𝑦√1 + 𝑥 = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 − 1 < 𝑥 < 1, then 𝑑𝑥 is
−1 1 −1 1
(a) (1+𝑥)2 (b) (1+𝑥)2 (c)(1−𝑥)2 (d) (1−𝑥)2

𝜋 1 3𝜋 1
Assertion (A):If 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥|, then 𝑓 ′ (4 ) = − and 𝑓 ′ ( ) =
√2 4 √2
𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤
2
Reason (R) :𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥| = { 𝜋
− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 <𝑥≤𝜋
2
ANSWER
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
d a c a d a b b a d
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
b d d c c b d c c b
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
d b b c d c a a d a
31
a
VSA(TWO MARKS QUESTIONS)
LEVEL-I
1. Let f(x) =𝑥|𝑥|, for all x∈ R. Discuss the derivability of f(x) at x = 0 .
2. Examine whether the function f given by f (x) = 𝑥 2 is continuous at x = 0.
3. Discuss the continuity of the modulus function .
4. Discuss the continuity of the greatest integer function at integer points .
𝑑𝑦
5. Find :𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 √cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
6. Find :𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 √1+𝑥 2
2𝑥 + 3 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 2
7. Examine the continuity of the function f(x)={
2𝑥 − 3 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 2
8. Differentiate cos 𝑥 3 .sin2(𝑥 5 )w.r.t 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑥+cos−1 𝑥
9. Find 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑦 = 2sin
10. Find the relationship between a and b so that the function f defined by
ax  1, if x  3
f x   
bx  3 if x  3
is continuous at𝑥 = 3 .
LEVEL : 2
𝑑𝑦
11. If (x2 + y2)2 = xy, then find .
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3 + 3 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 0
12. Show that the function f given by f (x) = is not continuous at x=0 .
1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
13. Determine the value of the constant ‘k ‘ so that the function 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑘𝑥
,𝑥 < 0
{ |𝑥|
3 ,𝑥 > 0
𝑑𝑦
14. 𝐼𝑓 𝑒 𝑦 (𝑥 + 1) = 1, 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑑𝑥
= −𝑒 𝑦 .
𝑑𝑦 √1−𝑦2
15. 𝐼𝑓 𝑦√1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥√1 − 𝑦 2 = 1, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 = − √1−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
d2y dy
 5  6y  0
16. If y  3e  2e , prove that dx
2x 3x 2
dx
LEVEL 3
𝑑𝑦
17. Find of the function:-𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
18. Find 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎(𝜃 − sin 𝜃) , 𝑦 = 𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃).
𝑑𝑥
dy cos 2 a  y 

19. If cos y  x cosa  y  with cos a  1 ,prove that dx sin a
3𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 1
20. If the function 𝑓(𝑥) = { 11 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 1 is continuous at x = 1,find the value of a
5𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑏 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 1
and b.
𝑘(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥), 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 0
21. For what value of 𝑘 is the function defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = { continuous
4𝑥 + 1 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 0
at x  0 ?
LEVEL -4
dy 1

22. If x 1  y  y 1  x  0 ,for, -1< x <1 , Prove that dx 1  x 2
𝑑𝑦
23. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 +𝑥 𝑎 +𝑥 𝑥 +𝑎𝑎
𝜋
24. Determine the value of k for which the following function is continuous at x= 2 :
𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝜋
𝜋−2𝑥
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 2
f(x)={ 𝜋
3, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 =
2
𝑑𝑦
25. Find 𝑑𝑥 where 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃.
26. Find the value of a and b, such that the functions defined by
5 , x≤2
f(x)={ ax + b , 2 < 𝑥 < 10 is a continuous function.
21 , x ≥ 10
LONG ANSWER [3 MARKS]
LEVEL:1
𝑥𝑥……..∞
1. Differentiate 𝑥 𝑥
1
|𝑥|Sin 𝑥>0
2. Check the continuity of the function , f(x) = { x at x=0 .
0 , 𝑖𝑓𝑥 ≤ 0
dy y
3. If 𝑥 = √𝑎 sin and 𝑦 = √𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠
−1 𝑡 −1 𝑡
then prove that dx = − x
2𝑥
4. Differentiate 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (1+𝑥2 ), -1 < x < 1.
𝜋
𝑎 sin { 2 (𝑥 + 1)} , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 0
5. Find the value of a, so that 𝑓(𝑥) = { tan 𝑥−sin 𝑥
is continuous at x = 0.
𝑥3
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 0
√1−𝑥 2
6. Differentiate 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 𝑥
) with respect to 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (2𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 ), x ≠ 0.
𝑑2 𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑦
7. If y = 𝑥 𝑥 , prove that 𝑑𝑥 2 − ( ) − = 0.
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
LEVEL:2
8. Discuss for continuity of the function at x = 0

𝑆𝑖𝑛 3𝑥
tan 2𝑥
𝑖𝑓𝑥 < 0
3
f(x) = 𝑖𝑓𝑥 = 0
2
𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1+3𝑥)
{ 𝑒 2𝑥 −1
𝑖𝑓𝑥 > 0
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
9. If 𝑦 = sin(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) , −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 , 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 .
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
10. If 𝑦 = sin−1 𝑥, show that (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0.
𝑑2 𝑦
11. 𝐼𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎(cos 𝑡 + 𝑡 sin 𝑡)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑎(sin 𝑡 − 𝑡 cos 𝑡) ,find𝑑𝑥 2 .
𝑑2 𝑦 −𝑏 4
12. 4. 𝐼𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃,y = b sin 𝜃 ,then prove that 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑎2 𝑏3 .
𝑑𝑦
13. Find 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = (log 𝑥) 𝑥 + 𝑥 log 𝑥 .
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
14. If 𝑒 𝑦 (x+1)=1 , then show that 𝑑𝑥 2
=(𝑑𝑥 ) .
LEVEL :3
𝑡 𝑑2 𝑦
14. If 𝑥 = 𝑎(cos 𝑡 + log tan 2) , y = 𝑎 sin 𝑡 . 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 .
𝑑𝑥 2
1 x  1  x  2 
15. Differentiate ‘f’ with respect to x, where f(x) = tan 1    tan  
1 x   1  2x 
𝑑𝑦 𝑡
16. Find , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 (cos 𝑡 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 tan ) , 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝑡
𝑑𝑥 2

1
2
17. If y  tan x ,show that x 2
 1 y2  2 x x 2  1y1  2
2
2 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
18. If 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + (cos 𝑥) 𝑥 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 .
𝑑𝑥
LEVEL : 4
𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝑡
18.Find :𝑥= ,y=
𝑑𝑥 √cos 2𝑡 √cos 2𝑡
1 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
19.If x=tan(𝑎logy), then show that (1+𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 2 +(2x-a)𝑑𝑥 =0
𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
, 𝑥<0 𝑥3
20.Find a, b, c if 𝑓(𝑥) given by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 , 𝑥 = 0 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0.
√𝑥+𝑐𝑥 2 −√𝑥 , 𝑥 > 0
{ 𝑐𝑥 2/3
1 x  1  x  2 
21.Differentiate ‘f’ with respect to x, where f(x) = tan 1    tan  
1 x   1  2x 
𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
sin(𝑎+𝑥)𝑥 , −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 0
22. Find the value of 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 for which the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 ,𝑥 = 0 is
𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 −1 ,𝑥 > 0
{2 𝑏𝑥
continuous at 𝑥 = 0.
LONG ANSWER [4 MARKS]
LEVEL-1
𝑑𝑦
1.If ex+ ey= ex+y, prove that 𝑑𝑥
.
𝑑𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
2.𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 prove that 𝑑𝑥 = (1+𝑥)2 .
𝑑2 𝑦 cos 𝑥
3. If y = tanx + secx, prove that𝑑𝑥 2 = (1+sin 𝑥)2 .
cos 𝑥+sin 𝑥
3. Differentiate cos −1 ( )
√2
𝑑𝑦 1−𝑦 2
4. If √1 − 𝑥 2 + √1 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑦), 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 = √1−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
5.If𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑚+𝑛 , 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =0.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
LEVEL-2
𝑑𝑦 −𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
6. If x = ecos2tand y = esin2t, prove that 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
7 If 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑡 , 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) −𝑥 + 𝑝2 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑚 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
8. If 𝑦 = (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1) , 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 (𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0.
2𝑥+1 3𝑥
9. Differentiate sin−1 1+36𝑥
.
√1+𝑥2 −1
10. Differentiate tan−1 𝑥
with respect to x.
LEVEL-3
𝜋
𝑎 sin { (𝑥 + 1)} , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 0
11. Find the value of a, so that 𝑓(𝑥) = { tan 2𝑥−sin 𝑥 is continuous at x = 0.
𝑥 3 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 0
√1−𝑥 2
12. Differentiate 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) with respect to 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (2𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 ), x ≠ 0.
𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑦
13. If y = 𝑥 𝑥 , prove that 𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑦 (𝑑𝑥 ) − 𝑥 = 0.
√𝟏−𝒙𝟐
14.Differentiate 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( ) with respect to 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝟐𝒙√𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ), x ≠ 𝟎.
𝒙
2𝑥 + 3, 𝑖𝑓 − 3 ≤ 𝑥 < −2
15. Examine the differentiability of the function f defined by f(x)={ 𝑥 + 1, 𝑖𝑓 − 2 ≤ 𝑥 < 0
𝑥 + 2, 𝑖𝑓 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
LEVEL -4
( x  3)( x 2  4)
16. Differentiate with respect to x.
3x 2  4 x  5
 1  dy x 1
17. If y  log  x   , prove that  .
 x dx 2 x( x  1)
𝑑2 𝑦
18. If 𝑥 = 𝑎(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃) , 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 sin 𝑡 . 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑥 2
.
19. Differentiate 𝑦 = [log(𝑥 + √1 + 𝑥 2 )2
prove that (1+𝑥 )𝑦2 + 𝑥𝑦1 = 2. 2
20. Differentiate the function :-y= x  sin x  .

sin x cos x

Sumit has adoubt in the contiuity and differentiability problem , but due to covid-19 ,he is unable to
meet with his teachers or friends.So he decided to ask his doubt to his friends Sunita&Vikram with
the help of video call .Sunita said that the given function is continuous for all real numbers and
𝑥 2 −9
Vikram said that the function is not continuous at x=3. The given function is 𝑓(𝑥) = :
𝑥−3
(i) Whose answer is correct ? Justify.
𝑑𝑦
(ii) Find 𝑑𝑥 .
(iii) Find f’(3)
(iv) Find the second derivative of f(x) with respect to x.
(v) Find the value of f’’(2) .
2. A potter made a mud vessel ,wheref(x) is height of the pot and f(x)=|𝑥 − 3| + ||𝑥 − 2 ||.
(i) When x>4 what will be the height in terms of x ?
(ii) Will the slope vary with value o f x ?

𝑑𝑦
(iii) What is𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 3?
(iv) If the potter is trying to make a pot using the function f(x)=[x] ,will he get a pot or not ?
Justify.
6. APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
MIND MAP:
Let f be a function defined on given interval, f is A function f is said to be

twice differentiable at C. Then
(i) x= C is a point of local maxima If f' (C)=0
and f" (C) <0 , f(C) is local maxima of f. (i ) increa sin g on (a, b) if x1  x2 in (a, b)
(ii) x=C is a point of local minima iff' (C)=0
and f" (C)>0.f(C) is local minima of f.  f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )  x1 , x2  (a, b)
(iii) The test fails if f' (C)=0 and f" (C)=0
and
(ii ) decrea sin g on (a, b) if x1  x2 in (a, b)
TEST
2ND DERIVATIVE
 f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )  x1 , x2  (a, b)
A point C in the domain

of f at which either f(C)=0 or is
not differentiable is called a
critical point of f
If f 1 ( x)  0  x  (a, b) then f is increa sin g in (a, b)

1ST
If f 1 ( x)  0  x  (a, b) then f is decrea sin g in (a, b)
MAXIMA &
MINIMA INCREASING &
DECREASING
FUNCTION
Let f be continuous at a critical point C in

open interval. Then
(i) if f'(x ) >0 at every point left of C and

f'(x) <0 at every point right of C, then 'C' is
a point of local maxima.
(ii) If f'(x) <0 at every point left of C and APPLICATION

f'(x) >0 at every point right of C, then 'C' is
a point of local minima. OF
KEY NOTES/Concept Note (One liner):
(iii) If f(x) does not change sign as 'x' DERIVATIVES
 dy 
1. Rate of change of Quantities :  dx  Represents the rate of change of y w.r.t x
  x  x1
of a function y = f(x) at x= x1
2. Marginal Cost : Marginal cost represents the instantaneous rate of change of total
cost per unit quantity at any level of output.
If C(x) represents cost of producing ‘x’ units of quantity, then the Marginal cost (MC)
d C ( x)
is given by MC 
dx
3. Marginal Revenue: Marginal revenue represents the instantaneous rate of change of
total revenue with respect to total no. of units sold at any instant.
If R(x) represents total revenue obtained by selling ‘x’ units of quantity, then the
d R ( x)
Marginal Revenue (MR) is given by MR 
dx
4. Increasing and Decreasing Functions: Let (a,b) be an open interval in the
domain of a real valued function. Then the function f is said to be
(i) increa sin g on (a, b) if x1  x2 in (a, b)
 f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )  x1 , x2  (a, b)
and
(ii ) decrea sin g on (a, b) if x1  x2 in (a, b)
 f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )  x1 , x2  (a, b)
In other words If f 1 ( x)  0  x  (a, b) then f is increa sin g in (a, b)
If f 1 ( x)  0  x  (a, b) then f is decrea sin g in (a, b)
Monotonic function : A function which is either increasing or decreasing in a given interval I
, is called as monotonic function
5. Stationary Point. : The points at which a function changes its nature , from increasing
to decreasing or vice versa , are called Stationary points. These are also called as
turning points.
6. Critical points : A point c in the domain of a function f at which either f 1 ( x) = 0 or f is
not differentiable is called a critical point of f.
7. Local Maxima and Local Minima: Let be a real function and let be an interior point in
the domain of f is said to have a
(i) local maximum value at the point c if there exist an open interval containing c
such that f( c) > f(x) for every x in that interval. Here f (c) , is called the local
maximum value of f(x) at the point x = c.
(ii) local minimum value at the point c if there exist an open interval containing c
such that f( c) < f(x) for every x in that interval. Here f (c) , is called the local
minimum value of f(x) at the point x = c.
8. (i) Maxima and Minima occur alternately.
(ii)Every monotonic function assumes its maximum or minimum value at the end
points
of the domain under consideration of function.
(iii) The maximum or minimum value of a function f(x) occurs at a point x=c
where f 1 ( x) =0 or f is not defined.
Working Rules/Heuristics (If any):
Working rule for finding Absolute maxima & Absolute minima in closed
Interval
Step-I : Find all critical points of function f in the given interval i.e. find all the
points in the interval where f 1 ( x) =0.
Step-II : Find the value of the function at all these critical points and end points of the
interval.
Step-III : The largest and smallest value obtained in step –II are the absolute maximum and
absolute minimum values of the function in the given interval.
Level-1 (MCQ)
1 The function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be strictly decreasing if

.
(A) 𝑓′(𝑥)> 0 (B) 𝑓′(𝑥) ≥ 0 (C) 𝑓′(𝑥)< 0 (D) 𝑓′(𝑥) ≤ 0
2 The function given by f (x) = 3x + 17 is
(A)strictly increasing on R. (B)strictly decreasing on R.
(C)Neither increasing nor decreasing on R. (D)decreasing on R.
3 The function given by f (x) = e2x is

.
(A)strictly increasing on R. (B)strictly decreasing on R.
(C)Neither increasing nor decreasing on R. (D)decreasing on R.
4 The intervals in which the function f given by f(x) = 2x2 – 3x is strictly increasing is
3 3 3 3
(A)( , ∞) (B)[ , ∞) (C)(−∞, ) (D)(−∞, ]
4 4 4 4
5 The logarithmic function f(x) = log x is
(A)strictlydecreasing on (0, ∞). (B)strictly increasing on (0, ∞).
(C)increasingon (0, ∞). (D) Neither increasing nor decreasing on (0, ∞).
6 Which of the following functions is strictly decreasing on (0, 𝜋)?

2
(A) cos x (B) cos 2x (C) cos 3x (D) tan x

In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement
of Reason (R). Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
Assertion (A) : The function f(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 6x – 100 is strictly increasing on R
Reason (R) : A strictly increasing functions is an injective function.
(A) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is correct explanation of Assertion.
(B) Assertion and Reason both are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(C) Assertion is true, Reason is false.
(D) Assertion is false, Reason is true.
2 Assertion (A) : The function f(x) = log x is defined for all x ∈ (0, ∞)
Reason (R) : If 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 then f(x) is strictly decreasing function.
(B) Assertion and Reason both are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
Level-2 (MCQ)
1 The interval in which y = x2 e–x is increasing is

.
(A) (– ∞, ∞) (B) (– 2, 0) (C) (2, ∞) (D) (0, 2)(D) (0, 2)
2 The function f given by f(x) = log sin x is strictly increasing on(0, 𝜋)

2
𝜋 𝜋
(A)is increasing on(0, 2 ) (B)is decreasing on(0, 2 )
𝜋 𝜋
(C)is strictly decreasing on(0, 2 ) (D) is strictly increasing on(0, 2 )
3 The least value of a such that the function f given by f(x) = x2 + ax + 1 is strictly increasing on
. (1, 2) is
(A)2 (B) -2 (C) 4 (D)-4
4 Find the intervals in which the following functions are strictly decreasing
x2 + 2x -5
(a) (-∞, 1) (b) (-∞, -1) (c) (-∞, -11) (d) none of these
5 .The critical points for the function f(x) = x3 – 2x2 + x+1 are
(a) 1, 1/3 (b) 1,0 (c) 2,1 (d) 4,3
6 Find the interval in which the function given by f(x) = sin3x ,xє [0, 𝜋] is increasing
2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(a) [0, ) (b) [0, ) (c) [0, ) (d) none of these
4 36 6

In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason
1 Assertion (A) : f(x) = a(x + sin x) is an increasing function if a ∈( 0, )

Reason (R) :The given function f(x) is increasing only if a ∈ ( 0, )
(B) Assertion and Reason both are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of
Assertion.
2 Assertion (A): The absolute maximum value of the function
𝑓 = (𝑥 − 1)2 + 3 𝑖𝑛 [−3, 1] is 19
Reason(R): The absolute value of function exists only on critical point of a function in I.
(B) Assertion and Reason both are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of
Assertion.
Level-3 (MCQ)
1 A function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is said to have a local maximum value if

.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
A) 𝑑𝑥 = 0 &𝑑𝑥 2 = 0 B) 𝑑𝑥 = 0 &𝑑𝑥 2 > 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
C) 𝑑𝑥 = 0 & 2 < 0 D) 𝑑𝑥 = 0 &𝑑𝑥 2 ≤ 0
𝑑𝑥
2 The sign of 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) changes from positive to negative as x increases through x = a then
A) 𝑥 = 𝑎 is a point of local minimum B) 𝑥 = 𝑎 is a point of local maximum
C) 𝑥 = 𝑎 is a point of inflection D) None of these
3 The sign of 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) changes from negative to positive as x increases through x = a then
.
A) 𝑥 = 𝑎 is a point of local minimum B) 𝑥 = 𝑎 is a point of local maximum
C) 𝑥 = 𝑎 is a point of inflection D) None of these
4 Maximum value of sin x. cos x is
1 1
A) B) C) √2 D) 2√2
2 4
5 The function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 −3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 4, has
A) two points of local maximum B) two points of local minimum
C) one maxima and one minimum D) neither maximum nor minimum
6 5𝜋
At x = 6
, f(x) = 2 sin 3x + 3 cos 3x has a
A) maxima B) minima C) zero D) neither a maximum nor a minimum

1 Lets consider the function f(x) = 4𝑥 2 + 1

𝑥
1 1
Assertion (A) : f(x) is increasing on ( - ∞ , − 2 ) U ( 2 , ∞ )
Reason (R ) Critical points are - ½ , ½ .
A)Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true but R is false
D)A is false and R is true
2 Assertion : If two positive numbers are such that sum is 16 and sum of their cubes
is minimum, then the numbers are 8 and 8.
Reason : Let 𝑓 be twice differentiable at x = c such that 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0 and 𝑓 " (𝑐) > 0
then 𝑓 has a local minima and f ( c ) is the local minimum value of 𝑓.
D)A is false and R is true
Level-4 (MCQ)
1 f(x) = 𝑥 𝑥 has a stationery point at x =

.
1
A) 𝑒 B) 𝑒 C) 1 D) √𝑒
2 1−𝑥+𝑥 2
For all real values of x, the minimum value of 1+𝑥+𝑥 2
1
A) 0 B) 1 C) 3 D)
3
3 1 𝑥
The maximum value of (𝑥) is
.
1
1 𝑒
A) 𝑒 B) 𝑒 𝑒 C) 𝑒 𝑒 D) ( )
𝑒
4 The maximum and minimum values of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 in the interval [ 0, 2𝜋 ] are
A) 2𝜋 , 0 B) 0, 2𝜋 C) 0, 0 D) None of these
5 Two numbers whose sum is 24 and whose product is as large as possible. Then the two
numbers are
A) 16, 8 B) 12 , 12 C) 10, 14 D) 11, 13
6 The function f(x) = 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 has
A) local minimum at x = 0 only B) local maximum at x = 2 only

C) both A and B D) None of these

1 Let 𝑎 , 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅 such that the function f given by 𝑓(𝑥) = ln |x| + 𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 , 𝑥 ≠ 0 has extreme
values at 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = − 2.
Assertion : f has a local maximum at x = −1 and at x = 2
1 1
Reason: 𝑎 = and 𝑏 = −
2 4
D) A is false and R is true

2 Assertion : The minimum value of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 17 is 1
Reason : If 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0 and 𝑓 " (𝑐) > 0 then 𝑓 has a local minimum.
D) A is false and R is true
CASE/SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS
1 An open box is to be made out of a piece of cardboard measuring 24 cm x 24 cm by cutting of

equal squares from the corners
and turning up the sides.
Based on this information answer all the

following Questions.
(i) Find the volume V(x) of the open box ?
𝑑𝑉
(ii) Determine the value of
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑉
(iii) Determine the value of
𝑑𝑥 2
(iv) For what value of the height, the volume of the open box is maximum ?
(v) what are the criteria for which the volume is minimum ?
VERY SHORT ANSWER
Level-1
1) Find the interval in which the function 𝑓 is given by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 is strictly increasing .
2) 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 3)2 decreases for which values of 𝑥 .
3) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑥 .
4) Find the rate of change the area of a circle with respect to its radius r at r=6 cm.
5) The total revenue in rupees received from the sale of 𝑥 units of a product is given by
𝑅(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 36𝑥 + 5. Find the marginal revenue, when 𝑥 = 15.
Level-2
1) If 𝑥 is real,find the minimum value of 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 17.
2) In a sphere of radius 𝑟, a right circular cone of height ℎ having maximum curved surface
area is inscribed. Find the expression for the square of curved surface of cone .
3) Find the number of values of 𝑥 where the function 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 + cos(√2𝑥) attains its
maximum.
𝑏
4) Find the least value of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + (𝑎 > 0, 𝑏 > 0, 𝑥 > 0 ).
𝑥
5) Find the global minimum value of (𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 6 .
Level-3
1) The function f(x)=4x+3,x Є R is an increasing function. State true or false

𝜋
2) The function f(x)=log(cos X) is increasing function for [0, ]. State true or false.
2
3) Show that function y=4x-9 is increasing for all x Є R

𝜋
4) Show that the function given by f(x)=sin x is strictly decreasing in ( 2 ,𝜋)
3
5) Show that the function y=𝑥+7 is strictly decreasing for x Є R (x≠0)
Level-4
𝜋
1) Show that the function f(x)=log |cos x| is strictly decreasing in (0, 2 )
2) Prove that the function given by f(x)=𝑥 3 -3𝑥 2 +3x-100 is increasing in R
3) Find the maximum and minimum values, If any, of the function given by g(x)=𝑥 3 +1
4)Find the Maximum and Minimum values, If any, of the function given by f(x)=|sin 4x+3|
5) Prove that the function f(x)=𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 +x+1 does not have a maxima or minima
6) Given the function f(x)= 𝑥 𝑥 ,x>0, Find the stationary point for the function f
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
Level-1
1) An edge of a variable cube is increasing at the rate of 5 cm per second . How fast is the
volume of the cube is increasing when the side is 15 cm ?
2) If the radius of circle increasing at the rate of 0.5 cm/s , then find the rate of increase of
circumference.
3) If 𝑥 and 𝑦 are the sides of two squares such that 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 , then find the rate of change
of the area of second square with respect to the area of first square .
4) The volume of a cube is increasing at the rate of 9 𝑐𝑚3 /𝑠 . How fast is its surface area
increasing when the length of an edge is 10 cm ?
3
5) Find the intervals in which the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 − 45𝑥 2 + 51 is
2
a) strictly increasing b) strictly decreasing
Level-2
1) Find the intervals in which (𝑥) = sin 3𝑥 − cos 3𝑥 , 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋 , is strictly decreasing.
4
2) Find the intervals in which the function 𝑓(𝑥) = −3 log(1 + 𝑥) + 4 log(2 + 𝑥) − is
2+𝑥
strictly increasing or strictly decreasing.
𝜋 𝜋
3) Prove that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 4𝑥 is strictly decreasing on ( − , 3 ).
3
𝜋
4) Prove that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + √3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 has the maximum value at 𝑥 = 6
.
5) Show that the function 𝑓 defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)𝑒 𝑥 + 1 is an increasing function for
all 𝑥 > 0 .
Level-3
1) For the curve y=5x-2𝑥 3 , if x increases at the rate of 2 units/s, then how fast is the slope of
curve changing when x=3 ?
2)Find the instantaneous rate of change at x=1 for the function f(x)=𝑥/𝑒 𝑥 +11
3)Prove that the function f(x)=𝑥 3 -3𝑥 2 +3x+107 is increasing in R
4) Show that f(x)=(x-1)𝑒 𝑥 +1 is an inceasing function for x>0
5) Find the least value of a such that that function f(x)=𝑥 2 +ax+1 is strictly increasing on [1,2]
Level-4
1) Find the intervals in which the function f given by f(x)=x-sin x in [0,2π] is increasing or
decreasing
2) For what values of k the function f(x)=𝑥 2 -kx+5 is increasing in (2,4)
3) Find the interval for which the function f(x)=𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 is increasing
4) The absolute maximum value of y=𝑥 3 -3x+2 in 0 ≤ x≤ 2 𝑖𝑠
5) If at x =1 the function f(x)=𝑥 4 -62𝑥 2 +ax+9 attains its maximum value on the interval [0,2].
Find the value of a.
6) Show that y=𝑒 𝑥 has no local maxima or local minima
7) Find the maximum and minimum values if any of the function given by f(x)=− (𝑥 −
1)2 +10
8) Find the maximum and minimum values if any of the function given by f(x)= sin 2x+5
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
Level-1
1) Find the dimensions of the rectangle of perimeter 36 cm which will sweep out a volume
as large as possible , when revolved about one side. Also , find the maximum volume.
2) Show that a right circular cylinder of the given volume open at the top has minimum total
surface area , provided that the height is equal to the radius of the base .
3) The volume of a sphere is increasing at the rate of 3 cubic centimeter per second . Find
the rate of increase of its surface area , when the radius is 2 cm.
4) Find the local maxima and local minima , of the function
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, 0 < 𝑥 < 2𝜋 . Also find the local maximum and local minimum values.
5) Find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum values of the function 𝑓 given by
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 , 𝑥𝜖[0, 𝜋] .
Level-2
1) Determine the intervals in which the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 3 + 22𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 + 21 is

strictly increasing or strictly decreasing .
𝑥
2) A manufacturer can sell 𝑥 items at a price of Rs (5 − 100) each. The cost price of 𝑥 items
𝑥
is Rs (5 + 500) . Find the number of items he should sell to earn maximum profit .
3) A wire of length 34m is to be cut into two pieces. One of pieces is to be made into a
square and the other into a rectangle whole length is twice its breadth . What should be the
lengths of the two pieces , so that the combined area of the square and the rectangle is
maximum .
4) Show that the rectangle of maximum perimeter which can be inscribed in a circle of
radius r is the square of the side r√2 .
5) Show that the rectangle of maximum area that can be inscribed in a circle is a square.
Level-3
1) Show that a right circular cylinder which is open at the top, And has a given surface area,
will have the greatest volume if its height is equal to the radius of its base
2) Show that all the rectangles of given area the square has the smallest perimeter
3) Find the largest possible area of a right angled Triangle whose hypotenuse is 5 cm long
4) The sum of surface areas of a sphere and cube is given. Show that sum of their volumes
is least, The diameter of sphere is equal to the edge of a cube
5) A square piece of tin of side 18cm is to be made into a box without top by cutting a
square from each corner and folding up the flaps to form a box. What should be the side of
the square to be cut off so that the volume of the box is maximum? Also, find the maximum
volume.
Level-4
1) A wire of length 36cm is cut into two pieces. One of the pieces is turned in the form of a
square and the other in the form of an equilateral triangle. Find the length of each piece so
that the sum of the areas of the two be minimum
2)Show that the surface area of a closed cuboid with a square base and given volume is
minimum, When it is a cube
3) Find two positive numbers whose sum is 16 and sum of whose cubes is minimum
4)The length x of a rectangle is decreasing at the rate of 2 cm/s and the width y is increasing
as the rate of 2cm/s when x=12cm and y=5cm. Find the rate of change of (a) perimeter (b)
area of the rectangle
5)Show that of all rectangles inscribed in a given fixed circle, the square has the maximum
area
CASE BASED QUESTION
CS The shape of a toy is given as ƒ(𝑥) = 6(2𝑥4 − 𝑥2). To

1 make the toy beautiful 2 sticks which are
perpendicular to each other were placed at a point
(2,3), above the toy.
i Which value from the following may be abscissa of critical point?

ii Find the second order derivative of the function at x = 5.
iii At which of the following intervals will f(x) be increasing?
Iv At which of the following intervals will f(x) be decreasing ?
7. INTEGRATION
1. MIND MAP
Integration by substitution: Integration using partial Integration by parts :

fractions :
The method of evaluating To integrate the product of two
integrals of a function by 1. Partial fraction can be function ,we useIntegration by
suitable substitution : used in case of proper parts
Cos 𝑥
rational fraction .
Ex:∫ Cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ Sin 𝑥 dx If u(1st function) and v (2nd
𝑥+1
Ex: ∫ dx function)are function of x then ,
(𝑥+2)(𝑥+3)
Taking , t = Sinx dx
∫ 𝑢𝑣 dx = u∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 -
2.If improper then by long 𝑑𝑢
=> dt = cos x dx ∫{𝑑𝑥 . ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥} 𝑑𝑥
division method it can be
𝑑𝑡 reduced to proper function
=∫ 𝑡
= log | t| + c We choose 1st function
𝑥 2 −1 according to ward “ILATE”
= log | sin x | + c Ex :∫
(𝑥+2)(𝑥+3)
𝑑𝑥 =
5𝑥+7
∫{1 − (𝑥+2)(𝑥+3}dx
INDEFINITE INTEGRAL:
I. Methods of integrations .
(a) Integration by substitution
(b) Integration using partial fractions
(c) Integration by parts
INTEGRATION
DEFINITE INTEGRAL
Let f be a Continuous function defined on the

closed interval [a ,b] and F be an antiderivative of f .
b
 f xdx  F x  F b  F a 

b
a
a
Where ‘a ‘is called the lower limit and ’ b’ is the upper

limit
2.CONCEPTS NOTE
F x   f x , Then we write  f  x dx  F  x   c . These integrals are called

d
I.
dx
indefinite integrals; C is called a constant of integration.

II. Some properties of indefinite integrals
(a) The process of differentiation and integration are inverse of each other,
f x dx  f x  and  f x dx  f x   C , where C is any arbitrary

d
dx 
'
constant
(b) Two indefinite integrals with the same derivatives lead to the same family of
curves and so they are equivalent. So it f and g are two functions such that
f x dx  g  x dx .Then  f x dx and  g x dx are equivalent.

d d
dx  dx 
(c) The integral of the sum of two functions equal the sum of the integrals of the
functionsi.e.,   f x   g x dx   f x dx   g x dx
(d) A constant factor may be written either before or after the integrals
sign i.e.,  af x dx  a  f x dx , where a is a constant.
III. Methods of integrations .
(a) Integration by substitution
(b) Integration using partial fractions
(c) Integration by parts
IV. Definite integrals –
Fundamental theorem of integral Calculus – Let f be a Continuous function
defined on the closed interval [a ,b] and F be an antiderivative of f .
 f xdx  F x  F b  F a 

b
a
a
3. Working Rule :
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
I. Integral of the form ∫ 𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄or∫ or ∫ √𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄
√𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏2
Step-1: Write , 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = a{(𝑥 + 2𝑎)2 +( 𝑎 − 4𝑎2 )}
𝑏
Step-II: Put 𝑡 = 𝑥 + 2𝑎 so that dt = dx
Step -III: Use the integral formulae
𝒑𝒙+𝒒 𝒑𝒙+𝒒
II. Integral of the form ∫ 𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄dx or∫ dx
√ 𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄
Step-I: The numerator px+q is written in the form
𝑑
px+q = A𝑑𝑥 ( 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 ) +B ….(i)
Step-II: Obtained value of A and B by equating the co-efficient of equation (i)
Step -III: Use the process of substitution and 3.I for integration
IMPORTANT INTEGRATION FORMULAE
A. INDEFINITE INTEGRAL:
x n 1 dx 1 xa
*   C, if x > a
 x dx  c
n log
*
n 1 x a
2 2
2a xa
*  1.dx  x  c dx 1 ax
*  log  C, if x > a
a x
2 2
2a ax
1
*  2 x c dx 1 ax
x *  log  C,
a x
2 2
2a ax
1
* dx  c +log x if x > a
x
dx 1 x 1 x
*  e x dx  e x  c *  tan 1  C,   cot 1  C`
x2  a2 a a a a
ax 1 x x
*  a dx 
x
c * dx  sin 1  c = - cos-1  C`
log a a2  x2 a a
*  sin xdx   cos x  c
dx
*  log | x  x 2  a 2 | C
*  sin xdx   cos x  c a x2 2
dx
*  cos xdx  sin x  c *  log | x  x 2  a 2 | C
x a2 2
*  sec 2 x dx  tan x  c *
x 2 a2
 x  a dx  x  a  log x  x 2  a 2  C
2 2 2
*  cos ec 2 x dx   cot x  c 2 2
*  sec x. tan x dx  sec x  c

x 2 a2
 x 2  a 2 dx  x  a 2  log x  x 2  a 2  C
*  cos ecx. cot x dx   cos ecx  c 2 2
 tan x dx   log cos x  c  log sec x  c *

x 2 a2 x
*  cot x dx = log | sin x | + C  a 2  x 2 dx 
2
a  x 2  sin 1  C
2 a
*  sec x dx  log | sec x  tan x |  C *  f1 (x)  f 2 (x)  ..........f n (x)dx

 x  =  f1 ( x )dx   f 2 ( x )dx  ..........   f n ( x )dx
=log tan     C
2 4
*   f ( x ) dx    f ( x ) dx  C
*  cosec x dx  log | cosec x - cot x |  C
*  u.v dx  u. v .dx    v.dx  du

dx
.dx
b
*  f ( x ) dx = F(b) – F(a),
a
where F(x) =  f(x) dx
B. Some properties of Definite Integrals.
b b
P0 :  f  x dx   f t dt
a a
b a
p1 :  f  x dx    f  x dx,
a b
a
In particular  f x dx  0
a
b c b
P2 :  f  x dx   f  x dx   f x dx.
a a c
b b
P3 :  f  x dx   f a  b  x dx.
a a
a a
P4 :  f  x dx   f a  x dx.
0 0
2a a a
P5 :  f  x dx   f  x dx   f 2a  x dx.
0 0 0
 a
2 f  x dx, if f 2a  x   f x 
f  x dx   
2a
P6 :  0
0 
 0, if f 2a  x    f  x .
a a
P7 : (i )  f  x dx  2  f  x dx
a 0
If f is a even function i.e., f  x  f x
a
(ii )  f x dx  0 If f is aodd function i.e., f  x   f x
a
QUESTIONS (MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION AND ASSERTION-REASON QUESTION)

4.1 .(LEVEL-1)
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
Q1. ∫ 1−𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1+cot 𝑥 1 1−cot 𝑥 1+cot 𝑥

a) 2
𝑙𝑜𝑔 1−cot 𝑥+c b) 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1+cot 𝑥+c c) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1−cot 𝑥+c d) None of these
Q2. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥(1 − cot 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
a. 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑐 b) 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑐 c) 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑐 d) 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐

Q3.∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
a. cot (𝑒 𝑥 ) b. tan (𝑒 𝑥 ) c. – cot (𝑒 𝑥 ) d. None of these
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (log 𝑥)
Q4. ∫
𝑥
𝑑𝑥
a. log (log x)+c b.- tan (log x)+c c. cot (log x)+c d. tan (log x)+c
𝑥
Q5. ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑥
1 1 1
a. - 2 b. 2 c. - 2 d. None of these
2𝑒 𝑥 2𝑒 𝑥 𝑒𝑥
ASSERTION-REASON QUESTIONS

1
Q.6.Assertion (A):∫ 𝑥 dx = log| x| + c
𝑑 1
Reason (R) :𝑑𝑥 (logx ) = 𝑥
1
Q.7. Assertion (A):∫−1(𝑥 3 + 𝑥 5 ) dx = 0
𝑎
Reason (R) :∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
4.2.(LEVEL-2)
𝜋
Q8.∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 2
a. b. c. 1 d. None of these
2 3
𝜋
Q9. ∫02 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
a. b. c. d. None of these
3 2 4
1 2+𝑥
Q10. ∫−1 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [2−𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
a. 1 b. -1 c. 2 d.0
2
Q11. ∫−1 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, when 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 + 1| + |𝑥| + |𝑥 − 1|.
19 19 2
a. b. - c. d. None of these
2 2 19
1 𝑒𝑥
Q12.∫0 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑒 2𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
a. tan−1 𝑒 + 4 b. tan−1 𝑒 − 4 c. tan−1 𝑒 − 2 d. None of these

Q.13.Assertion (A):∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ) dx = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 +c
Reason (R) :∫ 𝑒 𝑥 { 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) }dx = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) +c
4.3.(LEVEL-3)
𝑑𝑥
Q14.∫
√𝑥+𝑥
a. log |1 + √𝑥| + 𝑐 b.log |1 − √𝑥| + 𝑐 c. 2 log |1 + √𝑥| + 𝑐 d. None of these
𝑥2
Q15. ∫ 𝑥 2 −4𝑥+3 𝑑𝑥
5 𝑥−3 5 𝑥−3
a. 𝑥 + 2𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3| + 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥−1| + 𝑐 b. 𝑥 + 2𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3| − 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥−1| + 𝑐
5 𝑥−3 5 𝑥−3
c. 2𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3| + 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥−1| + 𝑐 d. 𝑥 + 2𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3| + 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥−1| + 𝑐
1
Q16. ∫ {Log(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) + (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2 } 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
a. 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥| − log 𝑥 + 𝑐 b. 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥| + log 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥
c. 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥| − log 𝑥 + 𝑐 d. None of these
𝑑𝑥
Q17. ∫ .
√𝑥+𝑎+√𝑥+𝑏
3 3 3 3
2 2
a. [(𝑥 + 𝑎)2 + (𝑥 + 𝑏)2 ] + 𝑐 b. .3(𝑎−𝑏) [(𝑥 + 𝑎)2 − (𝑥 + 𝑏)2 ] + 𝑐
3(𝑎−𝑏)
3 3
2
c.3(𝑏−𝑎) [(𝑥 + 𝑎)2 − (𝑥 + 𝑏)2 ] + 𝑐 d. None of these
Cos 𝑥
Q18. ∫ 𝑑𝑥.
cos(𝑥−𝑎)
a. (𝑥 + 𝑎)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎 + [𝑙𝑜𝑔|cos(𝑥 − 𝑎)|]𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 + 𝑐 b. (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎 − [𝑙𝑜𝑔|cos(𝑥 − 𝑎)|]𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 +
𝑐
c. (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎 + [𝑙𝑜𝑔|cos(𝑥 − 𝑎)|]𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 + 𝑐 d. None of these

𝜋/2 𝜋/2
19.Assertion (A):∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 dx = ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 dx = 𝜋 /4
𝑎 𝑎
Reason (R) :∫0 𝑓(𝑥) dx = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥) dx
4.4.(LEVEL-4)
𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥
Q20. ∫02
𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
a. 0 b..3 c. . 2 d. . 4
𝑎 𝑎−𝑥
Q21. ∫−𝑎 √𝑎+𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
a. 𝑎𝜋 b. 𝜋 c. − 𝑎𝜋 d. None of these
𝜋
𝑑𝑥
Q22. ∫𝜋3 .
1+√𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
6
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
a. . b. c. . 6 d. None of these
2 12
𝜋
Q23. ∫−𝜋(𝑠𝑖𝑛−93 𝑥 + 𝑥 295 ) 𝑑𝑥
a. 1 b. -1 c. 0 d. None of these
2
Q24. ∫0 |𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3| 𝑑𝑥
a. 2 b. -2 c. -4 d. 4

1
25. Assertion (A):∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 (𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥| + ) dx = 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥| +c
3𝑥
Reason (R) :∫ 𝑒 𝑥 { 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) }dx = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)+c
LEVEL-I
𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐logx
1. ∫ dx
𝒙
−𝟏 𝒙
𝒆𝐬𝐢𝐧
2. ∫ dx
√𝟏−𝒙𝟐
𝟏+𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
3. Evaluate : ∫ 𝒆𝒙 ( 𝟏+𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 ) dx
4. Evaluate : ∫ √𝟏 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 dx
LEVEL-2
I=ʃ55 55 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥 𝑥
1. Evaluate
2. Evaluate I= ʃsin(log x)dx
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
3. Evaluate I= ʃ(𝑎+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
4. Evaluate I=ʃ√𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥
5. Evaluate I=ʃ
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥
dx
2+3 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥
I=ʃ𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+√3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥
6. Evaluate
I=ʃ𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
7.Evaluate
8. Evaluate I=ʃ sin−1 √𝑎+𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥
9. Evaluate I=ʃx (tan-1x)2dx
1
10. Evaluate I=ʃ 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
11. EvaluateI=ʃ 1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥,

√1+𝑥2
12. Evaluate I=ʃ(𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥,

𝑥2
13. Evaluate I = ʃ√𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
I=ʃ3+𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
14. Evaluate
15. Evaluate I= ʃ√sin(𝑥−𝛼) 𝑑𝑥

sin(𝑥+𝛼)
−
16. Evaluate I= ʃ
√𝑥 2 +1[log(𝑥 2 +1)−2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥]
𝑑𝑥,
𝑥4
1
17. Find ∫ [log(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) + ] 𝑑𝑥
(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2
18. Find∫[√cot 𝑥 + √𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥

𝜋
𝑥
19.Evaluate ∫02 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
20. Evaluate ∫02 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3
21. Evaluate ∫−1
2 │𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑥│𝑑𝑥
1 log(1+𝑥)
22. Evaluate ∫0 1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
4
21. Evaluate ∫1 (|𝑥 − 1| + |𝑥 − 2| + |𝑥 − 3|)𝑑𝑥
𝑎 1−𝑎𝑥+𝑥 2
22. Evaluate ∫0 cot −1 ( 𝑎
) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑥
23. Evaluate ∫0 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥+𝑏2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
24.. Evaluate ∫04 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥+4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8. APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS
1. MIND MAP:
Area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = Area bounded by the curve𝑥 =

𝑓 (𝑥),𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠and the lines𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑔(𝑦), 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and the lines𝑦 = 𝑐
and𝑥 = 𝑏(𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑏 > 𝑎) is and 𝑦 = 𝑑(𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑑 > 𝑐) is
𝑏 𝑏
𝐴 = ∫𝑎 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥. 𝑑 𝑑
𝐴 = ∫𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫𝑐 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦
APPLICATION
OF
INTEGRALS
If the position of the curve under If some portion of the curve is

consideration is below the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 , above x-axis and some isbelow
then sincef (x) < 0 from 𝑥 = 𝑎 to the x-axis,then the areabounded
𝑥 = 𝑏 , the area bounded by the by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥), 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
curve 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥) , 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and the and the lines𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 is
lines𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 come out to be givenby
negative. In this case, the A=|A1|+A2
numericalvalue of the area is taken. 𝑐 𝑏
2. KEY NOTES:
𝑏
Area (𝐴) = |∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥| = |∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥| + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Area under simple curve 𝑎 𝑐
(i) Area bounded by the curve𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥), 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and

the lines𝑥 = 𝑎 and𝑥 = 𝑏(𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑏 > 𝑎) is given by :
𝒃 𝒃
𝑨 = ∫𝒂 𝒚𝒅𝒙 = ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙.
(ii) Area bounded by the curve𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦), 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and the lines𝑦 = 𝑐 and𝑦 = 𝑑(𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑑 >
𝑐) is given by :
𝒅 𝒅
𝑨 = ∫ 𝒙𝒅𝒚 = ∫ 𝒈(𝒚)𝒅𝒚
𝒄 𝒄
(iii) If the position of the curve under consideration is

below the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, then since𝑓 (𝑥) < 0 from 𝑥 = 𝑎 to
𝑥 = 𝑏, the area bounded by the curve𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥),
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠and the lines𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 come out to be
negative. In this case, the numericalvalue of the area is
taken and is given by :
𝒃
𝑨 = |∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙|
𝒂
(iv) If some portion of the curve is above x-axis and some isbelow the x-axis,then the
areabounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥), 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and
the lines𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 is givenby :
𝒄 𝒃
A = |A1| + A2. =|∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙| + ∫𝒄 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
4. WORKING RULE:
Steps to find the area under the curve:

Step-1: From the given equation 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), identify
the type of the curve.
Step-2: Draw the correct figure as per the given equation as given below.
Sl. Equation of the curve Correct Figure
Nature of Curve
No.
1. 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 Straight Line
2. 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 Parabola
3. 𝑦 2 = −4𝑎𝑥 Parabola
4. 𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦 Parabola
5. 𝑥 2 = −4𝑎𝑦 Parabola
6. 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟2 Circle
7. 𝑦 = √16 − 𝑥 2 Semi Circle
7. (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 Circle

𝑥2 𝑦2
8. + =1 Ellipse
𝑎2 𝑏 2
𝑥2 𝑦2
9. + =1 Ellipse
𝑏 2 𝑎2
𝑥2 𝑦2
10. − =1 Hyperbola
𝑎2 𝑏 2
Step-3: Shade the correct portion of the figure whose area is to be calculated.
Step-4: Represent the area using definite integral with correct limit.
Step-5: Evaluate the definite integral to find required area.
Note: No area is negative. Therefore, after evaluating integral, if any area comes out as
negative then its numerical value is taken.
𝒃 𝒃
For ex: If 𝑨 = ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙is negative then the required area is|𝑨| = |∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙|
QUESTIONS (MCQ AND ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS)
LEVEL-1
Q1. The area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and the line𝑦 = 2is …sq. units.
4√2 8√2 2√2
(a) 4√2 (b) 3
(c) 3
(d) 3
Q2. Area bounded by the line 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2 and the co-ordinate axes is -------- sq.units.
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
Q3. The area enclosed by the circle x2 + y2 = 4 is –----
(a) 16π sq. units (b) 4π sq. units (c) 8π sq. units (d) 4π2 sq. units
Q4. 𝑥2 𝑦2
The area enclosed by the ellipse 25 + 16 = 1 is equal to ---- square units
(a) 25π (b) 16𝜋 (c)20𝜋 (d) 400𝜋
Q5. Area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑥 = 2𝑦 + 3, the y-axis and between 𝑦 = – 1 and
𝑦 = 1 is ----- square units
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 2 (d) 8
LEVEL-2
Q6. Area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 between 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 2𝜋 is ----
(a) 1 sq. units (b) 2 sq. units (c) 3 sq. units (d) 4 sq. units
Q7. Area under the given curve𝑦 = 𝑥4and the lines𝑥 = 1, 𝑥 = 4 and 𝑥-axis is --- sq. units.
(a) 204.4 (b) 24.4 (c) 204.6 (d) 24.8
Q8. The area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = |𝑥|, the 𝑥-axis and between 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 1 is ---
(a) 4 sq. units (b) 3 sq. units (c) 2 sq. units (d) 1 sq. unit
𝑎
Q9. The area of a minor segment of the circle x2 + y2 = 𝑎2 cut by the line 𝑥 = 2 is ---- sq.units.
𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑎2
(a)12(4 𝜋 - 3√3) (b) 4
(4 𝜋 - 3) (c) 12(3 𝜋 - 4) (d) None of these
Q10. The area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 .the 𝑥 −axis and the ordinates 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 2is …
3 9 15 13
(a) 4sq. units (b) sq. units (c) 4 sq. units (d) 4 sq. units
4
LEVEL-3
Q11. The area enclosed by the ellipse 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑏 2 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 𝑥 2 is equal to ---- square units
(a) 𝜋2 𝑎𝑏 (b) 𝜋𝑎𝑏 (c)𝜋𝑎2 𝑏 (d) 𝜋𝑎𝑏 2
Q12. The area enclosed by the curve𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 + 1 = 0and line 𝑦 = 2is ---- square units
2 4
(a) 3 (3√3 − 1) (b) 4√3 (c) 3 (3√3 − 1) (d) 2√3
Q13. The area of the circle 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 8𝑥 lying above 𝑥-axis is --- sq. units.
(a) 32 π (b) 16 π (c) 8 π (d) 4 π
Q14. Area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑦 = √𝑥 and lines 𝑥 = 1 and𝑥 = 3 is --- sq. units.
2 2 4
(a) (3√3 − 1) (b) 3 (3√3 − 1) (c) 3 (√3 − 1) (d) 3 (3√3 − 1)
Q15. Area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥, 𝑦-axis and the line 𝑦 = 3 is ----
9 9 9
(a) 4 sq. units (b) 3
sq. units (c) 2
sq. units (d) 2 sq. units
LEVEL-4
Q16. The area of the circle 𝑥2 + 𝑦2−4𝑦= 0 lying in 1st quadrant and between lines 𝑦 = 2 and
𝑦 = 3is --- sq. units.
√3 𝜋 √3 𝜋 √3 𝜋
(a) 2
+6 (b) 2
+ 12 (c) 2
+3 (d) None of these
Q17. Area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑦 = √49 − 𝑥 2 and the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 is----
49
(a) 7𝜋 sq units (b) 𝜋 sq units (c) 49𝜋 sq units (d) 14𝜋 sq units
2
Q18. If 𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋, then the area enclosed by the curve and 𝑥-axis is---
(a) 92 sq. units (b) 8 sq. units (c) 4 sq. units (d) 12 sq. units
Q19. Area of theregion bounded by the curves 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡 2 and 𝑦 = 2𝑎𝑡 between the ordinates
corresponding to 𝑡 = 1 and 𝑡 = 2 is ---- sq. units.

56 28 14
(a) 3 𝑎2 (b) 𝑎2 (c) 𝑎2 (d) None of these
3 3
Q20. Area enclosed by the curve 𝑥 = 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡, 𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 is ---- sq. units.
3
(a) 2 π (b) 6 π (c) 3 π (d) 2 π
Assertion-Reason Based Questions:
Q1. Assertion(A): The area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 , the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and the lines𝑥 = 1and
𝑥 = 5 is 24 sq. units.
Reason(R):The area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and the lines𝑥 = 𝑎and
𝑏
𝑥 = 𝑏 is given by ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.

64
Q2. Assertion(A): The area bounded by the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 and its latus rectum is 3
sq unit.
64
Reason(R):The area bounded by the parabola 𝑥 2 = 4𝑦 and its latus rectum is sq unit.
3
Q3 Assertion(A):The area bounded by the line𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 5, 𝑥 = 1and 𝑥 = 4 is 5.5 sq. units.
Reason(R):If the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) lies below 𝑥 – 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, then the area bounded by the
𝑏
curve𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠and lines 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 is given by |∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥|
Q4. Assertion(A):Area enclosed between the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = 3 is same as the area
bounded between𝑥 = 𝑦 2 and 𝑥 = 3.
Reason(R):∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑦)𝑑𝑦.
Q5. 𝑥2 𝑦2
Assertion(A):The area enclosed by the ellipse 9
+ 4
= 1 is 36𝜋 𝑠𝑞 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.
𝑥2 𝑦2 4𝑏 𝑎
Reason(R): The area enclosed by the ellipse𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1 𝑖𝑠
𝑎
∫0 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:

2
1. Find the region included between the parabola x = y , the line y = x+2 and the x - axis.
2. Find the area of the region included between the parabola 4y = 3 x2 and the line 3x – 2y+12 = 0
3. Find the area of the region {(x, y): x2 + y2 ≤ 4, x + y ≥ 2}
4. Using the method of integration, find the area of the region bounded by the lines
3x- 2y + 1 = 0, 2x + 3y – 21= 0 and x - 5y +9 = 0

9. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL General solutions of

EQUATIONS differential equations
Formation of differential Homogeneous

equations with constants Order and degree Variable separable equations
method 𝑦
F(X,Y)=𝑥 𝑛 𝑔 ( )
𝑥
Linear differential equations
Linear differential equations

Linear differential equations:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Type: 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 Type: + 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑄
𝑑𝑦
It is the order of the highest order
It is defined if the differential equation is a
1. MIND MAP derivative occurring in
polynomial equation in its derivatives, and is defined
differential equation e.g: the
as the highest power (positive integer only) of the
order of
𝑑𝑦 highest order derivative. E.g: the degree of
= 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
An equation involving derivatives of 𝑑2𝑦 ( 2) + = 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒.
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 +
the dependent variable w.r.t 𝑑𝑥 2
independent variable (variables) is 𝑥 = 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑤𝑜. Order and degree (if defined) of a differential
called a differential equations. If equation are always positive integers.
there is only one independent
variable, then we call it as an
ordinary DE. Order of a
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 differential equation Degree of a
e.g: 2 +( )=0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 differential
equation
Definition
Solution of a differential
DIFFERENTIAL equations
Homogeneous
differential equations EQUATIONS
A function which satisfies the given differential

equation is called its solution. The solution
A differential equation which can be expressed in the which contains as many arbitrary constants as
form the order of the differential equation is called
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑜𝑟 = a general solution and the solution free from
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑎𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 arbitrary constants is called particular solution.
Function of degree zero is called a homogeneous
differential equation. e.g: 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑦′′ − 𝑦′ = 0,
e.g: (𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥
Since 𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 ′′ = 𝑒 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 ′ =
𝑑𝑦
To solve this, we substitute 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =𝑣+ 𝑒𝑥 − 𝑒𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑥
𝑑𝑥 The order of a differential equation
representing a family of curves is same as
Linear the number of arbitrary constants
differential present in the equation corresponding to
equations the family of curves.
e.g: Let the family of curves be y=mx,
The differential equation of the form m=constants, then, y’=m
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 are 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑦′𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥⇒𝑥 −𝑦 =0
constants or functions of ‘x’ only is called a 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
first order linear differential equation. Its
solution is given as
Variable separable
𝑦𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥
method
∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= ∫ 𝑄. 𝑒 + 𝑐. 𝑒. 𝑔:
𝑑𝑥
+ 3𝑦 = 2𝑥
It is used to solve such an equation in which variables can

ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
be separated completely.
𝑦𝑒 ∫ 3𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑥. 𝑒 ∫ 3𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑦𝑒 3𝑥 e.g: 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠
𝑑𝑥
=
𝑑𝑦
;
2. KEY NOTES 𝑥 𝑦
= 2 ∫ 𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 integrating both sides

𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐 ⇒ = 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑦, 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
𝑦
Differential Equation: An equation involving independent variable, dependent variable,
derivatives of dependent variable with respect to independent variable and constant is called
a differential equation.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
e.g: 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 +4=0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
We shall prefer to use the following notations for derivatives:
𝑑𝑦 ′
𝑑2 𝑦 ′′
𝑑3𝑦
= 𝑦 , 2 = 𝑦 , 3 = 𝑦′′′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
For derivatives of higher order, it is inconvenient to use so many dashes as super suffix
𝑑𝑛 𝑦
therefore, we use the notation 𝑦𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑛
Order of a Differential Equation: Order of a differential equation is defined as the order

of the highest order derivative of the dependent variable with respect to the
independent variable involved in the given differential equation.
Note: Order of the differential equation, cannot be more than the number of arbitrary
constants in the equation.
Degree of a Differential Equation: The highest exponent of the highest order derivative
is called the degree of a differential equation provided exponent of each derivative
and the unknown variable appearing in the differential equation is a non-negative
integer.
Note
(i) Order and degree (if defined) of a differential equation are always positive
integers.
(ii) The differential equation is a polynomial equation in derivatives.
(iii) If the given differential equation is not a polynomial equation in its derivatives,
then its degree is not defined.
Solution of the Differential Equation

A function of the form y = Φ(x) + C, which satisfies given differential equation, is
called the solution of the differential equation.
General solution: The solution which contains as many arbitrary constants as the
order of the differential equation, is called the general solution of the differential
equation, i.e. if the solution of a differential equation of order n contains n arbitrary
constants, then it is the general solution
𝑑2 𝑦
e.g; 𝑦 = 𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝛽𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 +𝑦=0
𝑑𝑥 2
Particular solution: A solution obtained by giving particular values to arbitrary

constants in the general solution of a differential equation, is called the particular
solution.
𝑑2 𝑦
e.g: 𝑦 = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 +
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑦=0
Methods of Solving First Order and First Degree Differential Equation
𝑑𝑦
Variable separable form: Suppose a differential equation is 𝑑𝑥 = F(x, y). Here, we
separate the variables and then integrate both sides to get the general solution, i.e.
𝑑𝑦
above equation may be written as = h(x).k(y)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Then, by separating the variables, we get = h(x) dx.
𝐾(𝑦)
Now, integrate above equation and get the general solution as K(y) = H(x) + C
1
Here, K(y) and H(x) are the anti-derivatives of and h(x), respectively and C is the
𝐾(𝑌)
arbitrary constant.
𝑑𝑦 𝑓(𝑥,𝑦)
Homogeneous differential equation: A differential equation = is said to be
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥,𝑦)
homogeneous, if f(x, y) and g(x, y) are homogeneous functions of same degree, i.e.
it may be written as
To check that given differential equation is homogeneous or not, we write differential

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
equation as 𝑑𝑥 = F(x, y) or 𝑑𝑥 = F(x, y) and replace x by λx, y by λy to write F(x, y) = λ
F(x, y).
Here, if power of λ is zero, then differential equation is homogeneous, otherwise not.
Solution of homogeneous differential equation: To solve homogeneous differential

equation, we put
y = vx
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = v + x 𝑑𝑥
in Eq. (i) to reduce it into variable separable form. Then, solve it and lastly put v
= yx to get required solution.
𝑑𝑦
Note: If the homogeneous differential equation is in the form of 𝑑𝑥
= F(x, y), where
F(x, y) is homogeneous function of degree zero, then we make substitution xy = v,
i.e. x = vy and we proceed further to find the general solution as mentioned above.
𝑑𝑦
Linear differential equation: General form of linear differential equation is 𝑑𝑥 + Py = Q
…(i)
where, P and Q are functions of x or constants.
𝑑𝑦
or 𝑑𝑥 + P’x = Q’ …(ii)
where, P’ and Q’ are functions of y or constants.
Then, solution of Eq. (i) is given by the equation
y × IF = ∫(Q × IF) dx + C
where, IF = Integrating factor and IF = e∫Pdx
Also, solution of Eq. (ii) is given by the equation
x × IF = ∫ (Q’ × IF) dy + C
where, IF = Integrating factor and IF = e∫P’dy
3. Questions (MULTIPLE TYPE QUESTION AND ASSERTION – REASON
QUESTION)
Level – 1
1.
2.
3. The general solution of the differential equation 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑖𝑠
(a) xy=C (b) 𝑥 = 𝐶 2 𝑦 (c) 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑥 (𝑑) 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3
4. The sum of order and degree of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 2 + 3 (𝑑𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 4
5.
6. ASSERTION – REASON QUESTION
Level – 2
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
7. . Degree of the differential equation
𝒅𝒙𝟐
+ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒅𝒙) = 𝟎 𝒊𝒔
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) not defined
𝒅𝒚
8. Integrating factor of the differential equation = 𝒙 + 𝒚 𝒊𝒔
𝒅𝒙
(a) -1 (b) 1 (c) 𝒆−𝒙 (𝒅)𝒆−𝒚
9.
10.
𝑑𝑦 2 −𝑦
11. The general solution of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑖𝑠
2 −𝑦 2 2 2 +𝑌
(a) 𝑒 𝑥 =𝐶 (𝑏)𝑒 −𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝐶 (𝑐)𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶 (𝑑)𝑒 𝑥 =𝐶
12.ASSERTION – REASON QUESTION
Level – 3
13.
14.
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 3 −𝑦 𝑛
15.The value of ‘n’ for which the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2𝑦−𝑦2𝑥 𝑖𝑠 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑖𝑠
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1
16.
𝑑𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 2
17.The degree of the differential equation (1 + 𝑑𝑥 ) = (𝑑𝑥 ) is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
Level – 4
19.
20.
21.Integrating factor for the solution of the differential equation (𝑥 − 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑖𝑠
1
(a) (𝑏) log 𝑦 (𝑐) 𝑦 (𝑑)𝑦 2
𝑦
22.
2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
23.The degree of the differential equation ( ) - ( ) = y3 ,, is
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
(a) ½ (b) 2 (c ) 3 (d ) none of these

𝑑𝑦 𝑥2
Assertion: The solution of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑖𝑠 log(1 + 𝑦) = 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑐
Reason: The above equation can be solved by using variable separable method.
(A) Both Assertion and reason are true and reason is correct explanation of assertion.
(B) Assertion and reason both are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(C) Assertion is true, reason is false.
(D) Assertion is false, reason is true.
Level – 5
25. The integrating factor of the differential equation

𝒅𝒙
(𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 ) + 𝒚𝒙 = 𝒂𝒚 (−𝟏 < 𝑦 < 1) 𝒊𝒔
𝒅𝒚
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(a) 𝟐 (𝒃) 𝟐 (𝒄)
𝒚 −𝟏 𝟐
(𝒅) 𝟐
√𝒚 −𝟏 𝟏−𝒚 √𝟏−𝒚
26.
27.
28.If p and q are the degree and order of the differential equation
2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑3 𝑦
( ) + 3 + = 4, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 2𝑝 − 3𝑞 𝑖𝑠
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3
(a) 7 (b) -7 (c) 3 (d) -3
29.𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

(a) 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑦 ′′ = 1 (𝑏)𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 ′′ = 1 (𝑐)𝑒 𝑥 (𝑦′)2 = 1 (𝑑)𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑦′)2 = 1

(A) Both Assertion and reason are true and reason is correct explanation of assertion.
(B) Assertion and reason both are true but reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
(C) Assertion is true, reason is false.
(D) Assertion is false, reason is true.
Answers
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(a) (d) (c) (b) (b) (a) (d) (d) (d) (b)
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
(c) (c) (d) (d) (b) (a) (c) (b) (c) (b)
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
(c) (a) (b) (a) (d) (c) (c) (b) (b) (b)
Q1 .Write the order and degree of the differential equation.
𝑑2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
x( ) + y( )4 + x3 = 0 .
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2.Form the differential equation of family of straight lines y= mx ,where m is the arbitrary
constant.
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
3.Write the integrating factor of : 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 =x2 .
𝑑𝑦
4.Show that the differential equation : ( x- y )𝑑𝑥 = x +2y is homogeneous .
5.Which of the following equations are linear differential equation of first order in x ?
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(i)𝑑𝑦 − = 3y3 – 5y + 1 (ii) cosy 𝑑𝑦 – 2x siny = cos3y (iii) ( 1+ y2 )dx = (𝑦 – 2x) dy
𝑦
𝑑𝑥
(iv) x2 𝑑𝑦 + 2x3y = 3y2 – 2.
𝑑𝑦
1.order 2 ,degree 2 (2) y = x 𝑑𝑥 (3) IF = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = x (4) (5) (i) ,(ii) ,(iii)
LEVEL II
1.Find the differential equation representing the curve y = cx + c2 .

𝑑𝑦 5
2.Write the order and degree of the differential equation : 3x + 𝑑𝑦 = y3 .
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑦𝑑𝑥−𝑥𝑑𝑦
3.What is the general solution of the differential equation : 𝑦
=0 ?
𝑑𝑦
4.Write the integrating factor of :
𝑑𝑥
+ 2y tanx = sinx .
𝑑𝑦
5.Solve the differential equation : + y = cosx – sinx .
𝑑𝑥
VSA , LEVEL –II

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1. y = x +( )2 2.order 1 degree 2 3. y =cx 4. IF . 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2x 5. y𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 cosx +c
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
LEVEL III
𝑒−2√𝑧 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
1.Find the integrating factor of ( − ) = 1.
√𝑥 √𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2.Write the order and degree of y = x + 2 √1 + ( )2 .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3.Form the differential equation representing the family of curves given by ( x – a )2 + 2y2 =
a2 ,where a is an arbitrary constant .
𝑑𝑦
4.Find the general solution of the differential equation : 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = x2 .
5.Find the differential equation of all parabolas having their axis of symmetry as the x-axis .
VSA LEVEL-III
𝑑𝑦 2𝑦 2 −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
1.𝑒 2√𝑥 2. Order 1 , degree 2 3. 𝑑𝑥
= 4𝑥𝑦
4. y = x log 𝑥 2 – 2x +c 5. 𝑦 2 = 2xy 𝑑𝑥
LEVEL IV
1.Solve: xy dy = ( y+ 5 )dx , given that y(5) = 0.
2.Write the integrating factor of ( 1+y2 )dx – ( 𝑦 – x ) dy = 0 .
3.What is the number of arbitrary constants in the general solution of :
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
( 1 + x2 ) (𝑑𝑥 2 )3 + y (𝑑𝑥 )4 = 3√𝑥 ?
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
4.Write the order and degree of : √1 − (𝑑𝑥 )2 = ( a 𝑑𝑥 2 )1/3 .
𝑑𝑦
5.Solve : √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + y = 𝑒 −2√𝑥 , x > 0 .
VSA LEVEL –IV
1. y – 5 log I y+5 I = log cx 2. 𝐼𝐹 𝑒 𝑦 3. 2 4. order 2 , degree 2 5. y 𝑒 2√𝑥 = 2√𝑥 +c
SA
LEVEL –I
𝑑𝑦 1
1. If x √1 + 𝑦 + y √1 + 𝑥 = 0 , x ≠ y , then prove that 𝑑𝑥 = − (1+𝑥)2 .
2. Solve: ( x- y ) ( dx + dy ) = dx – dy , y(0) = − 1 .
𝑑𝑦
3. Solve : ( 1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + y = 𝑒𝑥 .
𝑑𝑦 𝜋
4. Find 𝑑𝑥 at x =1 , y =
4
,if 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑦 + cos xy = k .
5. Find the equation of the curve passing through ( 0,0 ) whose differential equation is
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒 𝑥 sinx .
𝑑𝑥
SA LEVEL –I
𝑒 2𝑥 𝜋 𝑒𝑥
2. Log |𝑥 − 𝑦| = x + y + 1 3. y𝑒𝑥 = 2
+c 4. 4(√2−1)
5. C = ½ , y = 2
( sinx – cosx )
+1/2 .
Level II
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1. Show that y = sin(sinx) is a solution of differential equation (𝑑𝑥 2 ) + tanx 𝑑𝑥 + y 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
=0.
𝐴
2. Find the differential equation representing the family of curves V = 𝑟 + B ,where A
and B are arbitrary constants .
𝑑𝑦
3. Solve the differential equation : √1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + xy 𝑑𝑥 = 0 .
𝑦
𝑑𝑦
4. Find the particular solution of : x 𝑒 𝑥 – 𝑦 + x𝑑𝑥 = 0 , y (e ) = 0 .
𝑑𝑦
5. Solve : 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2 + xy .
SA LEVEL II
𝑑2 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 1 √1+𝑥2 −1
2. r 𝑑2 𝑟 + 2 𝑑𝑟 = 0 3. √1 + 𝑦 2 = − √1 + 𝑥 2 − 2 log | | + C 4. y = − x log (log
√1+𝑥2 +1
1 𝑥+√2𝑦
|𝑥| 5. log |𝑥− √2𝑦| − log|𝑥| = C
2√2
LEVEL III
1.Which of the following is a homogeneous differential equation ?
(i) 𝑦 2 dx + ( 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 ) dy = 0 (ii) (xy)dx – ( 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )dy = 0 .
(iii) (𝑥 3 + 2𝑦 2 ) dx + 2xy dy = 0 (iv) ( 4x+ 6y +5 ) dy – ( 3y + 2x + 4) dx = 0.
𝑥 𝑥
2. Solve : y 𝑒 𝑦 dx = (x 𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) dy , y ≠ 0 .
𝑑𝑦
3..Solve : 𝑑𝑥 + 2y = sinx .
LEVEL IV
𝑑𝑦
1.Solve : x
𝑑𝑥
− y = 𝑥2 . Ans y= 𝑥 2 + cx
2.Write the general solution of : 𝑒 𝑥 dy + ( y𝑒 𝑥 + 2x )dx = 0. Ans y𝑒 𝑥 = −x2+ C

𝑑𝑦 4𝑥 𝑥 1
3.Solve : 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 +1 y = − (𝑥 2 +1)3
Ans. y (𝑥 2 + 1)2 = C − 2 (𝑥 )2
𝑑𝑦
4. x log x 𝑑𝑥
+ y = 2 logx Ans y logx = (logx)2 + C
𝜋
5.Find the equation of the curve passing through the point ( 0 ,4 )whose differential
equation is sinx cosy dx + cosx siny dy = 0 Ans √2 cosx cosy = 1
LA LEVEL I
1.Find the general solution of 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 tany dx + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 tanx dy =0 Ans tanx tany =c
2.Form the differential equation of family of ellipses having foci on y-axis and cetre at
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
origin . Ans xy 𝑑𝑥 2
+ x (𝑑𝑥 )2 – y 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
3.Solve 2xy – 𝑦 2 – 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0 , y = 2 , x = 1 . Ans y = 1−𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐼 𝑋𝐼 ,( x≠ 0 , ±𝑒)
𝑑𝑦
4.Find the particular solution of ( x+1 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑒 −𝑦 − 1 , given that y = o , when x =0 .
2𝑥+1
Ans y = log| 𝑥+1 | , x ≠ -1
𝑑𝑦 𝑥+𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
5.Find the particular solution of 𝑑𝑥
=− , given that y =1 , when x = 0
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑥2
Ans C = 1 , y(1+sinx) = − +1 .
2
LA LEVEL II
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
1.Find the general solution of differential equation : x 𝑑𝑥 = y (logy – logx +1 ) Ans log(𝑥 )
= xC
𝑑𝑦 𝜋
2.Solve x 𝑑𝑥 + y = x cosx + sinx ,given that y=1 ,x= 2 . Ans C= 0 , y = sinx .
3.The volume of a spherical balloon being inflated changes at a constant rate. If initially
its radius is 3 units and after 3 seconds it is 6 units .Find the radius of balloon after t
seconds .
1
Ans. r = [9 (7𝑡 + 3)]3 .
𝑑𝑦 1
4.Solve : (sinx) 𝑑𝑥 + (cosx ) y = cos x 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 x Ans . y sinx = 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 + C
5.( 1+ 𝑒 2𝑥 )dy + ( 1+ 𝑦 2 ) 𝑒 𝑥 dx = 0 Ans 𝑦 + (𝑒 𝑥 ) = C

LA LEVEL III
1.Prove that 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 = C ( 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 is the general solution of the differential equation
(𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑦 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 , where C is the parameter .

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥
2.Solve : ( 1+ 𝑒 𝑦 ) dx + 𝑒 𝑦 ( 1 − ) dy = 0 Ans. x + y 𝑒 𝑦 = cy
𝑦
3.The population of a village increases continuously at the rate proportional to the

number of its inhabitants present at any time . If the population of the village was 20000
in 1999 and 25000 in the year 2004 ,what will be the population of the village in 2009?
Ans 31250
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
4.Find the particular solution of the differential equation x 𝑑𝑥 = y – x tan(𝑥 ) ,given that y
𝜋 1 1
= 4 at x=1 . Ans C = ,y=x( )
√2 √2𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Q5.Find the particular solution of :
𝑑𝑥
= 1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 , given that y=1 when x=0.
𝜋 𝑥3 𝜋
Ans C = , The particular solution is 𝑦 = x + + .
4 3 4
LA LEVEL IV
1
1.Solve the differential equation : ( 1+ x2 ) dy + 2xy dx = cots dx , x≠ 0 Ans y = 1+𝑥 2 ( log
|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥| + C )
𝑑𝑦 2
2.Find the particular solution of : x( 𝑥 2 − 1 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 1 ; y =0 ,when x =2 . Ans C = log
√3
1 2
and the particular solution is y = 2 log |𝑥 2 − 1| − log |𝑥| + log
√3
𝑑𝑦
3.Solve the differential equation :√1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + xy𝑑𝑥 = 0
1 √1+𝑥2 −1
Ans √1 + 𝑦 2 = − √1 + 𝑥 2 − 2 log | |+C
√1+𝑥2 +1
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
4.x cos (𝑥 )dy = ( y cos ( 𝑥 ) + x ) dx Ans Sin ( 𝑥 ) = log |𝑥| + C
.
10. VECTOR ALGEBRA
MIND MAP:
Properties of Vector Addition Important Properties

(i) a + b = b + a (commutativity) (i) |λ a| = |λ| |a|
(ii) a + (b + c)= (a + b)+ c (associativity) (ii) λ O = O
(iii) a+ O = a (additive identity) (iii) m (-a) = – ma = – (m a)
(iv) a + (— a) = 0 (additive inverse) (iv) (-m) (-a) = m a
(v) (k1 + k2) a = k1 a + k2a (multiplication by (v) m (n a) = mn a = n(m a)
scalars) (vi) (m + n)a = m a+ n a
(vii) m (a+b) = m a + m b
(vi) k(a + b) = k a + k b (multiplication by
scalars)
(vii) |a+ b| ≤ |a| + |b| and |a – b| ≥ |a| – |b|
Section Formula Points to be Remembered
Let A and B be two points with position vectors a and b, (i) (a + b) . (a – b) = |a|2 – |b|2
respectively and OP= r. (ii) |a + b|2 = |a|2 + |b|2 + 2 (a . b)
(i) Let P be a point dividing AB internally in the ratio m : (iii) |a – b|2 = |a|2 + |b|2 – 2 (a . b)
n. Then, (iv) If |a + b| = |a| + |b|, then a is parallel to
r=mb+na/m+n b.
Also, (m + n) OP = m OB + n OA
(ii) The position vector of the mid-point of a and b is a +
b / 2.
(iii) Let P be a point dividing AB externally in the ratio m
: n. Then,
r=mb+na/m+n
Projection and Component of a Vector Area of a Triangle and Parallelogram
Projection of a on b = a . b / |a|
Projection of b on a = a .b / |a| (a) The vector area of a ΔABC is equal to 1 / 2
|AB x AC| or 1 / 2 |BC x BA| or 1 / 2 |CB x
CA|.
(d) The area of a parallelogram with adjacent
sides a and b is |a x b|.
2. KEY NOTES/Concept Note (One liner):
A vector has direction and magnitude both.

Magnitude of a vector a is denoted by |a| or a.
Types of Vectors
(i) Zero or Null Vector A vector whose initial and terminal points are coincident is called zero
or null vector. It is denoted by 0.
(ii) Unit Vector A vector whose magnitude is unity is called a unit vector which is denoted by
nˆ
(iii) Free Vectors If the initial point of a vector is not specified, then it is said to be a free
vector
(iv) Negative of a Vector A vector having the same magnitude as that of a given vector a and
the direction opposite to that of a is called the negative of a and it is denoted by —a.
(v) Collinear or Parallel Vectors Vectors having the same or parallel supports are called
collinear vectors.
(vi) Coinitial Vectors Vectors having same initial point are called coinitial vectors.
(vii) Coplanar Vectors A system of vectors is said to be coplanar, if their supports are
parallel to the same plane. Otherwise they are called non-coplanar vectors.
Addition of Vectors
Let a and b be any two vectors. From the terminal point of a, vector b is drawn. Then, the
vector from the initial point O of a to the terminal point B of b is called the sum of vectors a
and b and is denoted by a + b. This is called the triangle law of addition of vectors.
Parallelogram Law
Let a and b be any two vectors. From the initial point of a, vector b is drawn and
parallelogram OACB is completed with OA and OB as adjacent sides. The vector OC is
defined as the sum of a and b. This is called the parallelogram law of addition of vectors.
The sum of two vectors is also called their resultant and the process of addition as
composition.
Properties of Vector Addition

(i) a + b = b + a (commutativity)
(ii) a + (b + c)= (a + b)+ c (associativity)
(iii) a+ O = a (additive identity)
(iv) a + (— a) = 0 (additive inverse)

(v) (k1 + k2) a = k1 a + k2a (multiplication by scalars)
(vi) k(a + b) = k a + k b (multiplication by scalars)
(vii) |a+ b| ≤ |a| + |b| and |a – b| ≥ |a| – |b|
Difference (Subtraction) of Vectors

If a and b be any two vectors, then their difference a – b is defined as a + (- b).
Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar

Let a be a given vector and λ be a scalar. Then, the product of the vector a by the scalar λ is
λ a and is called the multiplication of vector by the scalar.
Important Properties
(i) |λ a| = |λ| |a|
(ii) λ O = O
(iii) m (-a) = – ma = – (m a)
(iv) (-m) (-a) = m a
(v) m (n a) = mn a = n(m a)
(vi) (m + n)a = m a+ n a
(vii) m (a+b) = m a + m b
Vector Equation of Joining by Two Points

Let P1 (x1, y1, z1) and P2 (x2, y2, z2) are any two points, then the vector joining P1 and P2 is the
vector P1 P2.
The component vectors of P and Q are
OP1 = x1i + y1j + z1k

and OP2 = x2i + y2j + z2k
P1 P2 = OP2–OP1
P1 P2 = (x2i + y2j + z2k) – (x1i + y1j + z1k)
= (x2 – x1) i + (y2 – y1) j + (z2 – z1) k
Magnitude of P1 P2
P1 P2 = √(x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2 + (z2 – z1)2

Position Vector of a Point
The position vector of a point P with respect to a fixed point, say O, is the vector OP. The
fixed point is called the origin.
Let PQ be any vector. We have PQ = PO + OQ = — OP + OQ = OQ — OP = Position vector of

Q — Position vector of P.
i.e., PQ = PV of Q — PV of P
Collinear Vectors
Vectors a and b are collinear, if a = λb, for some non-zero scalar λ.
Collinear Points
Let A, B, C be any three points.
Points A, B, C are collinear <=> AB, BC are collinear vectors.
<=> AB = λBC for some non-zero scalar λ
Section Formula
Let A and B be two points with position vectors a and b, respectively and OP= r.
(i) Let P be a point dividing AB internally in the ratio m : n. Then,
r=mb+na/m+n
Also, (m + n) OP = m OB + n OA
(ii) The position vector of the mid-point of a and b is a + b / 2.
(iii) Let P be a point dividing AB externally in the ratio m : n. Then,
r=mb+na/m+n
Scalar Product of Two Vectors

If a and b are two non-zero vectors, then the scalar or dot product of a and b is denoted by a . b
and is defined as a . b = |a| |b| cos θ, where θ is the angle between the two vectors and 0 < θ <
π.
(i) The angle between two vectors a and b is defined as the smaller angle θ between them,
when they are drawn with the same initial point.
Usually, we take 0 < θ < π.Angle between two like vectors is O and angle between two unlike
vectors is π .
(ii) If either a or b is the null vector, then scalar product of the vector is zero.
(iii) If a and b are two unit vectors, then a . b = cos θ.
(iv) The scalar product is commutative
i.e., a . b= b . a
(v) If i , j and k are mutually perpendicular unit vectors i , j and k, then
i . i = j . j = k . k =1
and i . j = j . k = k . i = 0
(vi) The scalar product of vectors is distributive over vector addition.
(a) a .(b + c) = a . b + a . c (left distributive)

(b) (b + c) .a = b . a + c .a (right distributive)
Note Length of a vector as a scalar product
If a be any vector, then the scalar product
a . a = |a| |a| cosθ ⇒ |a|2 = a2 ⇒ a = |a|
Condition of perpendicularity a . b = 0 <=> a ⊥ b, a and b being non-zero vectors.
Points to be Remembered
(i) (a + b) . (a – b) = |a|2 – |b|2
(ii) |a + b|2 = |a|2 + |b|2 + 2 (a . b)
(iii) |a – b|2 = |a|2 + |b|2 – 2 (a . b)
(iv) If |a + b| = |a| + |b|, then a is parallel to b.
v) Angle between Two Vectors If θ is angle between two non-zero vectors, a, b, then we
have
a . b = |a| |b| cos θ
cos θ = a . b / |a| |b|
If a = a1i + a2j + a3k and b = b1i + b2j + b3k

Then, the angle θ between a and b is given by
cos θ = a . b / |a| |b| = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3 / √a12 + a22 + a32 √b12 + b22 + b32
Projection and Component of a Vector

Projection of a on b = a . b / |a|
Projection of b on a = a .b / |a|
Vector or Cross Product of Two Vectors

The vector product of the vectors a and b is denoted by a x b and it is defined as
a x b = (|a| |b| sin θ) n = ab sin θ n …..(i)
where, a = |a|, b= |b|, θ is the angle between the vectors a and b and n is a unit vector
which is perpendicular to both a and b, such that a, b and n form a right-handed triad of
vectors.
Important Points to be Remembered

(i) Let a = a1i + a2j + a3k and b = b1i + b2j + b3k
(ii) If a = b or if a is parallel to b, then sin θ = 0 and so a x b = 0.
(iii) The direction of a x b is regarded positive, if the rotation from a to b appears to be anti-
clockwise.
(iv) a x b is perpendicular to the plane, which contains both a and b. Thus, the unit vector
perpendicular to both a and b or to the plane containing is given by n = a x b / |a x b| = a x b
/ ab sin θ
(v) Vector product of two parallel or collinear vectors is zero.
(vi) If a x b = 0, then a = O or b = 0 or a and b are parallel on collinear.
xii) Area of a Triangle and Parallelogram
(a) The vector area of a ΔABC is equal to 1 / 2 |AB x AC| or 1 / 2 |BC x BA| or 1 / 2 |CB x
CA|.
(d) The area of a parallelogram with adjacent sides a and b is |a x b|.

4.1: Level-1
Q1 The position vector of the point (1, 2, 0) is:
(a) i + j +k (b) i + 2j + k (C) i + 2j (d) 2j + k
Q2 The magnitude of the vector 6i + 2j + 3k is equal to:
A. 5 B. 1 C. 7 D. 12
Q3 A point from a vector starts is called ____ and where it ends is called its ____.
A. terminal point, endpoint . B. initial point, terminal point
C. origin, endpoint D. initial point, endpoint
What is the value of x and y, if 2i + 3j = xi + yj
Q4
A. 4, 9 B. 3, 2 C. 2, 3 D. 0, 0
Q5 The scalar product of 5i + j – 3k and 3i – 4j + 7k is:
A. 15 B. -15 C. 10 D. -10
Q6 Write the value of (𝑖̂ × 𝑗̂). 𝑘̂ +𝑖̂. 𝑗̂
(a) 0 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) -1
4.2: Level-2
Q7 The scalar components of the vector 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ with initial point A (2,1) and terminal point B(-5,7) are-
------
(a) 7, 6 (b) -7 , 6 (c) 7, -6 (d) -7 , -6
Q8 If 𝑎 is non-zero vector of magnitude 𝑎 and 𝜆 is a non-zero scalar, For what value of 𝜆 , 𝜆𝑎 is unit
vector
(a) 1/a (b) a (c) 2/a (d) 1
Q9 If ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑎| = 1, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑏| = 2 and |𝑎 × 𝑏⃗|=√3 find the angle between two vectors?
𝜋 𝝅 𝜋
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
4 𝟑 6
Q10 What is Projection of 𝑎 = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂+𝑘̂ on 𝑏⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂+2𝑘̂ is
(a) 1/3 (b) 2/3 (c) 3/2 (d) 1/2
Q11 If |𝑎|= √3 , |𝑏⃗|=2 and angle between 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ is 600 , then 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ is
(a)√3 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) none of these
Q12 In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of
(c) A is true but R is false. (d) A is false but R is true
a  3iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ , the unit vector in the direction of a is

1
ASSERTION (3iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ)
14
REASON-Zero or Null Vector A vector whose initial and terminal points are coincident is called zero
or null vector. It is denoted by 0
4.3: Level-3
Q13 The value of λ so that the vectors 7 iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ and 2iˆ  5 ˆj  2kˆ are perpendicular to each other is
(a) 6 (b) 4 (c) -4 (d) none of these
Q14 The value of (𝑎 − 𝑏⃗) × (𝑎 + 𝑏⃗) is

(a) (ax𝑏⃗) (b) 2(ax𝑏⃗) (c) 4(ax𝑏⃗) (d) 2(ax𝑏⃗)
Q15 If vectors 𝑎 = 2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ , 𝑏⃗ = −𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and 𝑐 = 3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ are such that 𝑎 + 𝜆𝑏⃗ is
perpendicular to 𝑐, then the value of λ.

(a) 8 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 9
Q16 The area of the parallelogram, whose diagonals are ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑1 = 5𝑖̂and ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑2 = 2𝑗̂ is------
(a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 3
Q17
 i  2 j  k and 4i  9 j  2k are perpendicular to each other when 𝜆 is –
(a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 3
4.4: Level-4
  
Q18 If a  iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ and b  3iˆ  ˆj  5kˆ ,find a unit vector in the direction of a  b.
 2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ  2iˆ  ˆj  4kˆ  2iˆ  ˆj  4kˆ 2iˆ  ˆj  4kˆ
(a) 21 (b) 31 (c) 21 (d) 21
Q19 If |𝑎|= √3, |𝑏⃗|=2 and angle between 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ is 600 , then find 𝑎 . 𝑏⃗
(a) √7 (b) √3 (c) √5 (d) none of these
Q20 Find the angle between a⃗ and b ⃗ such that |a⃗|= 2 , |b ⃗ |=√3 and ⃗a × b⃗ = î + ĵ + k̂.
(a) 𝜃 = 𝜋/4 (b) 𝜃 = 𝜋/3 (c) 𝜃 = 𝜋/6 (d) 𝜃 = 𝜋/2
Q21 If a  iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ and b  iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ , Find the unit vector in the direction of 5a  3b
̂
2𝑖̂−𝑗̂+7𝑘 ̂
2𝑖̂−𝑗̂+𝑘 ̂
𝑖̂−𝑗̂+7𝑘 ̂
2𝑖̂−𝑗̂+7𝑘
(a) b) c) d)
√55 √54 √54 √54
Q22 ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS
In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of
ASSERTION- the value of 𝑝 if (1 𝑖̂−6 𝑗̂+7 𝑘̂) ×( 𝑖̂+3 𝑗̂+𝑝 𝑘̂)=0
REASON- Scalar Product of Two Vectors is null vector then vectors are perpendicular
Q23 Find the magnitude of vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏 having same magnitude such that angle between them is
60° and their scalar product is 1/2
(a) 1 (b) ½ (c) 2 (d) 3
Q24 Find 𝑎 vector in the direction of vector 5𝑖̂−𝑗̂+2𝑘̂ which has magnitude 5 units
(a) 5/√30 (5𝑖̂−𝑗̂+2𝑘̂) (b) 3/√30 (5𝑖̂−𝑗̂+2𝑘̂) 2/√50 (5𝑖̂−𝑗̂+2𝑘̂) 5/√40 (5𝑖̂−𝑗̂+2𝑘̂)
Q25 Write the value of 𝑝 for which, 𝑎 =3𝑖̂+2𝑗̂+9𝑘̂ and 𝑏 =𝑖̂+𝑝𝑗̂+3𝑘̂ are parallel vectors.
(a) 2/3 (b) 3/2 (c) 5/3 (d) 1/2
ANSWERS
Q1 C Q16 A
Q2 C Q17 B
Q3 B Q18 C
Q4 C Q19 B
Q5 D Q20 C
Q6 C Q21 D
Q7 B Q22 A
Q8 A Q23 A
Q9 B Q24 A
Q10 A Q25 A
Q11 A
Q12 C
Q13 C
Q14 D
Q15 A
SECTION – A (1 MARK)
LEVEL-1
1. Find the direction cosines of the vector joining the points 𝐴 (1, 2, −3) and 𝐵(−1, − 2, 1)
directedfrom B to A.
2. Find the magnitude of each of the two vectors𝑎 andb ⃗ , having the same magnitude such that
0 9
the angle between them is60 and their scalar product is2 .
3. Find the projection of 𝑎 = 2î − ĵ + k̂ on b

⃗ = î − 2ĵ + k̂
4. Find|𝑥| , if for a unit vector𝑎, (𝑥 − 𝑎). (𝑥 + 𝑎) = 15
⃗ where𝑎 = −𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and b

5. Find a unit vector in the direction of𝑎 + b ⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ .
LEVEL-2
6. If |𝑎| = 13, |𝑏⃗| = 5 and 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ = 60, then find |𝑎 × 𝑏⃗|
7. For what values of 𝜇, the vectors 𝑎 = 2 𝑖̂+𝜇𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 2 𝑗̂ + 3 𝑘̂ are perpendicular to

each other?
8. Find the direction cosines of the vector𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂.
9. Find the value of ‘p’ for which vectors 3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 9𝑘̂ and 𝑖̂ − 2𝑝𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ are parallel.
10. Write the coordinates of the point which is the reflection of the point(α, β, γ) in the XZ – plane.
LEVEL-3
⃗⃗⃗ +
11. Find the position vector of the point which divides the join of the points with position vectors𝑎
⃗⃗ and𝑎
3b ⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗b⃗ internally in the rati𝑜1 ∶ 3.
12. Find the vector in the direction of the vector 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ that has magnitude 9.
⃗⃗⃗⃗1 = 5𝑖̂and𝑑 2 = 2𝑗̂.

13. Find the area of the parallelogram, whose diagonals are𝑑
14.Find area of the triangle with two of it’s sides𝑎 = 3𝑖̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗= -3𝑗̂
15.Find projection of vector 2𝑖̂ on 5𝑗̂

LEVEL-4
16.Find a vector of magnitude 10 units in the direction of the vector 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂.
17.Find a vector perpendicular to the vectors 𝑎 = 2î − ĵ + k̂ on b

⃗ = î − 2ĵ + k̂
18.Find the value of l𝑎̂x𝑏̂l2+(𝑎̂.𝑏̂)2
19. Find area of the ∆𝑂𝐴𝐵 with position vectors of A(1,2,3) and B(3,-1,2)
20. Find the value of a where 𝑎 = 2î − ĵ + k̂is perpendicular tob

⃗ = 𝑎î − 2ĵ + k̂
SECTION – B (2 MARKS)
LEVEL-1
1.Find the value of𝑎 + b, if the point(2, 𝑎, 3) , (3, −5, 𝑏)an𝑑(−1, 11, 9) are collinear.
2.Find a unit vector perpendicular to the plane of the triangle ABC, where the coordinates of
its
vertices are A (3, −1, 2), B (1, −1, −3) and C (4, −3, 1).
3.The scalar product of the vector 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ with a unit vector along the sum of the
vectors
𝑏⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ and𝑐 = 𝜆𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ is equal to one. Find the value of𝜆.
4.Show that the direction cosines of avector equally inclined tothe axesOX,OY and OZare
1 1 1
, , .
√3 √3 √3
5.If 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 = 0 and |𝑎| = 3 , |𝑏⃗| = 5 and |𝑐| = 7, show that the angle between 𝑎 and ⃗b
𝜋
is3 .
LEVEL-2
6.Find a unit vector perpendicular to each of the vectors (𝑎 + 𝑏⃗) and (𝑎 − 𝑏⃗) , where
𝑎 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂and b
⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂. .
2 2
7.If|⃗⃗⃗𝑎 × 𝑏⃗| + |⃗⃗⃗𝑎 . ⃗⃗⃗b| = 400 and|⃗⃗⃗𝑎| = 5, then write the value of|⃗⃗⃗b| .
8.The two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are 2î − 4ĵ + 5 ̂k and î − 2 ĵ − 3k̂. Find the unit
vector parallel to one of its diagonals. Also, find its area.
9.If ⃗⃗⃗𝑎and⃗⃗⃗b are two unit vectors inclined to x- axis at angles450 and1350 respectively, then
find the value of|𝑎 + 𝑏⃗|.
10. If |𝑎| = 3 , |𝑏⃗| = 5 and 𝑎̂.𝑏̂ = 15/2 then find angle between the vectors .
LEVEL-3
̂
11. Find (𝑎 +3𝑏⃗). (2 𝑎-𝑏⃗), if 𝑎 = i+j+2k and 𝑏⃗ = 3i+2)-k
12. Find the angles which the vector makes -𝑖̂ - 𝑗̂+√2 𝑘̂ co-ordinate axes.
13. If 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ are the position vectors of the points (1,-1), (-2,m) find the value of m for
which
they are collinear.
14. Find the unit vector perpendicular to both the vectors i +2j-2k and -i+ 2j+2k.
15. If the sum of two-unit vectors is a unit vector, then find the magnitude of their
difference .
LEVEL-4
16. If 𝑎 = 5i+mj-3k and 𝑏⃗⃗⃗ =i-3j-5k such that 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ and 𝑎-𝑖̂ -𝑏⃗ are perpendicular to each other
then find the value of ‘m’ .
17. If 𝑎,⃗⃗𝑏 and 𝑐 are three vectors of equal magnitude and angle between each pair of
vectors is
π/3 such that I𝑎+𝑏⃗+𝑐l =√6 , then find the value of l𝑎l .
18. If l𝑎+𝑏⃗ l = 60 and l𝑎 − 𝑏⃗ l =540 and l𝑏⃗ l = 46,then find the value of l𝑎 l
19. If a =2 and b = 1 and 𝑎.𝑏⃗= 1,then the value of (3𝑎 - 5𝑏⃗). (2𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ )
20. If 𝑑 = 2𝑖̂+3𝑗̂-5𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = m𝑖̂ + n𝑗̂ + 12𝑘̂ and 𝑑 x 𝑏⃗ = 0, then find the value of (m,n)
SECTION – C (3 MARKS)
LEVEL-1
1.If 𝑎 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ , find a vector 𝑐 such that𝑎 × c = ⃗band𝑎. c = 3.
2.Show that the four points A, B, C and D with position vectors4𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ , −𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ ,
3𝑖̂ + 9𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ and 4 ( −𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) respectively are coplanar.
3.Find the value of 𝜆 if the points A(−1, 4, −3),B(3, 𝜆, −5),C(−3, 8, −5)and D(−3, 2,1)are
coplanar.
4.If 𝑎 , 𝑏⃗ and 𝑐 are three vectors such that |𝑎| = 1 , |𝑏⃗| = 4 , |𝑐 | = 2 and 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 =0,
then
find the value of 𝜇 , if 𝜇 = 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ + 𝑏⃗. 𝑐 + 𝑐 . 𝑎
5. If 𝑎 , 𝑏⃗ and 𝑐 are three vectors such that |𝑎| = 3 , |𝑏⃗| = 4 and |𝑐| = 5 and each one of
them
is perpendicular to the sum of other two, find |𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 |
LEVEL-2
6.Show that the points A, B, C with position vectors 2 î − ĵ + k̂ ,î − 3 ĵ − 5 k̂ and
3 î − 4 ĵ − 4 k̂ respectively, are the vertices of a right- angled triangle. Hence find the area
of
the triangle.
7.The magnitude of the vector product of the vector 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ with a unit vector along the
sum
of the vectors 2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ and 𝑐 = 𝜆 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ is equal to √2 .Find the value of 𝜆.
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 4 𝑗̂ + 2 𝑘̂ , b
8.Let 𝑎 ⃗⃗ = 3 𝑖̂ − 2 𝑗̂ + 7 𝑘̂andc⃗⃗ = 2 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 4 𝑘̂ . Find a vector ⃗⃗⃗
d which is
perpendicular to both 𝑎 ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ andb, and ⃗⃗c . d = 15.
⃗⃗⃗ = 2 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 2 𝑘̂ and ⃗b = 7 𝑖̂ + 2 𝑗̂ − 3 𝑘̂, then express ⃗b in the form of ⃗b = b

9.If 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 + b
⃗⃗⃗⃗2 ,
where b ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 is parallel to 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗
b2 is perpendicular to ⃗⃗⃗
𝑎.
10.If 𝑎 , 𝑏⃗ and 𝑐 are three vectors such that |𝑎| = 1 , |𝑏⃗| = 4 , |𝑐| = 2 and 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 =0,
then
find the angle between the vectors 𝑎 ⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ andb,
LEVEL-3
11. If 𝑎 , 𝑏⃗ and 𝑐 are three vectors such that 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 = 0 then show that ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑋𝑏⃗ = 𝑏⃗𝑋𝑐 =
𝑐𝑋𝑎
12. let 𝑎, 𝑏⃗ and 𝑐 be three vectors such that and l 𝑎 l = 3, l 𝑏⃗ l = 4 & l𝑐 l = 5 and each one of
them
being perpendicular to the sum of the other two, then find |𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 |
13.Show that the points A (1, -2, -8) B (5, 0, -2) and C (11, 3, 7) are collinear, also find the
ratio
in which B divides AC
14. Find the area of the ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 with vertices A (1, 1, 2) B (2, 3, 4) and C (1, 5,5)
15. Find the direction ratios and the direction cosines of the Vector 2𝑖̂-7𝑗̂-3𝑘̂
LEVEL-4
16.Let 𝑎, 𝑏⃗ and 𝑐 be three unit vectors such that 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ = 𝑐. 𝑎 and angle between 𝑏⃗ and 𝑐 is
𝜋
,
6
⃗⃗⃗ x𝑐).
prove that ⃗⃗⃗𝑎 = ±2(𝑏
17. Consider two points P and Q with vectors ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃= 33𝑎⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
2𝑏-26 and 𝑂𝑄⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗. Find the
position vector of a point R which divides the line joining P and Q in the ratio 2:1,
(i) internally, and (ii) externally.
18.How many possible unit vectors are perpendicular to the vectors 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ = 2 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 2 𝑘̂ and
⃗ = 7 𝑖̂ + 2 𝑗̂ − 3 𝑘̂ .
b
19. If ⃗⃗⃗𝑎and⃗⃗b are two vectors such that l 𝑎 +⃗⃗⃗bl = l𝑎 l . then prove that 2𝑎 +⃗⃗⃗b is
perpendicular
to 𝑏⃗ .
𝑎 = 2 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 2 𝑘̂
20.Find components of a unit vector which is perpendicular to the vectors ⃗⃗⃗
and b⃗ = 7 𝑖̂ + 2 𝑗̂ − 3 𝑘̂,
CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS
𝐴𝐵 3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ ,
1.A farmer has a triangular land for agriculture. The sides are denoted by ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ −𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ and 𝐶𝐴
𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ −2𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ .
Using the information given above, answer the

following:
(i) findthe value of BCA in ABC .
(ii) what sort oftriangle ABC is .
(iii)find the value of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝐴
(iv)find the area of ABC.
(v)Let a perpendicular is drawn from C on the side AB such that it meets AB at D. Then find
length of this perpendicular CD
2.A girl walks 4 km towards west, then 3 km in a direction 300 east of north and then she
stops.The situation has been depicted in the diagram as shown below, assuming that the girl
starts her walk from O.
In the diagram, ON represents positive y-axis and North direction, OE represents positive x-
axis and East direction. Similarly, OW is representing negative x-axis and West direction,
whereas OS represents negative y-axis and South direction.
Let OA =4 km, AB =3 km.
Using the information given above, answer the following:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ?
(i) What is the vector 𝑂𝐴
(ii)What is the position vector of point B?
(iii)What is the vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 ?
(iv)What is the value of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ?
𝐴𝐵 × 𝑂𝐴
(v)What is the ar.∆ (OAB)?
3.
Solar panel have to be installed carefully. So that tilt of the roof, and the direction to sun,
produce the largest possible electric power in the solar panel. A surveyor uses his
instrument to determine the coordinate of the four corners of a roof where Solar panels are
to be mounted. In the picture, suppose the points are labelled counter clockwise from the
roof corner nearest to the camera in units of meters A(6,8,4), B(21,8,4), C(21,16,10) and
D(6,16,10).
Based on the above information, answer the following questions.
l. What are the components to the two-edge vector defined by AB
ll. Write a unit vector in the direction of vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and 𝐴𝐷
III. What are the magnitudes of vectors 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗ perpendicular to both ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

IV. Write the vector 𝑁 𝐴𝐵 and⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 .
V. The sun located along the unit vector (2/7)𝑖̂-(6/7)𝑗̂ + (3/7)𝑘̂ , the flow of solar energy is
given
by the vector 𝐹 =910𝑆. What scalar product of 𝐹 and⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑁
11. THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
● Distance formula: Distance between two points A(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) and B (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 )is
AB=√(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )2

● Section formula: Coordinates of a point P, which divides the line segment joining two
given points A(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) and B(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) in the ratio m:n
𝑚𝑥2 +𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦2 +𝑛𝑦1 𝑚𝑧2 +𝑛𝑧1
(i) internally, is P( , , ),
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
The Coordinates of a point Q divides the line segment joining two given points in the
ratio m:n
𝑚𝑥2 −𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦2 −𝑛𝑦1 𝑚𝑧2 −𝑛𝑧1
(ii) Externally are Q( 𝑚−𝑛
, 𝑚−𝑛
, 𝑚−𝑛
)
𝑥2 +𝑥1 𝑦2 +𝑦1 𝑧2 +𝑧1
(iii) Coordinates of mid-point of AB are R( , , )
2 2 2
● Direction cosines of a line :

(i)The direction of a line OP is determined by the angles 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 which makes with OX,
OY,OZ respectively. These angles are called the direction angles and their cosines are
called the direction cosines.
(ii)Direction cosines of a line are denoted by l, m, n; l =𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 ,m=𝛽, 𝑛 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛾
(iii)Sum of the squares of direction cosines of a line is always 1.
l2+m2+n2=1 i.e cos2𝛼 + cos2𝛽 +cos2𝛾 =1
● Direction ratio of a line :(i) Numbers proportional to the direction cosines of a line
𝑙 𝑚
are called direction ratios of a line .If a ,b ,c, are,direction ratios of a line, then𝑎 = 𝑏
=
𝑛
.
𝑐
(ii) If a ,b ,c, are , direction ratios of a line , then the direction cosines are
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
± , ± √𝑎2 ± √𝑎2
√𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐2 +𝑏 2 +𝑐 2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) Direction ratio of a line AB passing through the points A(x1,y1,z1)and B (x2,y2,z2)
are 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 , 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 , 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
● STRAIGHT LINE:. (i) Vector equation of a Line passing through a point 𝑎 and along the
direction 𝑏⃗, 𝑟=𝑎 + 𝜇𝑏⃗,

𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1
(ii)Cartesian equation of a Line : 𝑎
= 𝑏
= 𝑐
,where (x1,y1,z1)is the given point
and its direction ratios are( a,b,c).

(i) Vector equation of a Line passing through two points, with position vectors
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑖𝑠 ⃗⃗𝑟=𝑎 + 𝜇(𝑏⃗ - 𝑎 )
𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1

(ii) Cartesian equation of a Line:𝑥 =𝑦 =𝑧 , two points are (x1,y1) and
2 −𝑥1 2 −𝑦1 2 −𝑧1
(x2,y2).
● ANGLE between two lines

(i) Vector equations: 𝑟=𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 and 𝑟=𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗1 + 𝜆𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗2 ,
⃗⃗⃗⃗2 + 𝜇𝑏
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1 𝑥−𝑥2 𝑦−𝑦2 𝑧−𝑧2

(ii) Cartesian equations: If lines are 𝑎1
= 𝑏1
= 𝑐1
, 𝑎2
= 𝑏2
= 𝑐2
⃗⃗⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏1 𝑏2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 =
⃗⃗⃗⃗ |. |𝑏2
|𝑏1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
(iii) If two lines are perpendicular, then 𝑏⃗1. 𝑏⃗2 = 0, i.e. 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 = 0
iv) If two lines are parallel, then 𝑏⃗1 = 𝑡 𝑏⃗2 , where t is a scalar. OR 𝑏⃗1 × 𝑏⃗2 =⃗⃗⃗0, OR
𝑎1 𝑏 𝑐
𝑎2
= 𝑏1 = 𝑐1
2 2
(v)If 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 angle between two lines with direction cosines, l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2
then
𝑙 𝑚 𝑛
(a) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = l1l2+m1m2+n1n2 (b). if the lines are parallel, then 𝑙1 = 𝑚1 = 𝑛1
2 2 2
(c) If the lines are perpendicular, then l1l2+m1m2+n1n2=0
● (a)Shortest distance between two skew- lines:
(i)Vector equations: 𝑟=𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 , and::𝑟=𝑎

⃗⃗⃗⃗1 + 𝜆𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗2,
⃗⃗⃗⃗2 + 𝜇𝑏
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ).(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ −𝑎1
(𝑎2 𝑏1×𝑏2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
d=| |.
|⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏1×𝑏2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
If shortest distance is zero, then lines intersect and line intersects in space if they are
coplanar. Hence if above lines are coplanar
If (𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎1 ). (𝑏
⃗⃗⃗⃗2 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏2 ) = 0
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1 𝑥−𝑥2 𝑦−𝑦2 𝑧−𝑧2
(ii) Cartesian equations: 𝑎1
= 𝑏1
= 𝑐1
, 𝑎2
= 𝑏2
= 𝑐2
● If shortest distance is zero, then lines intersect and line intersects in space if they are
coplanar.
● Shortest distance between two parallel lines: If two lines are parallel, then they are
coplanar.
Let the lines be : ⃗⃗𝑟=𝑎 ⃗ , and: 𝑟=𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗1 + 𝜆𝑏 ⃗,
⃗⃗⃗⃗2 + 𝜇𝑏
⃗ × (𝑎
𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗2 −𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗1 )
D=| ⃗|
|
|𝑏
QUESTIONS
LEVEL:1-
1.The distance of the point (2,5,7) from the x-axis is:
(a)2 (𝑏) √74 (c) √29 (d)√53
1 1 1
2. 𝐼𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 , , , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑘 𝑖𝑠:
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘
1 1
(a) (𝑏) ± (𝑐)1 (𝑑) ± √3
√2 √3
3. Direction cosines of a line which makes equal angles with the coordinate axes are:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(a)± ( , , ) (b)±(3 , 3 , 3) (𝑐) ( , , ) (𝑑) ± (1,1,1)
√3 √3 √3 √3 √3 √3
4. Direction cosines of the line passing through the points (-2,4,-5) and (1,2,3)are:
3 8 2 3 −2 8 −3 −2 −8 −3 8 2
(a) , , (b) , , (c) , , (d) , ,
√77 √77 √77 √77 √77 √77 √77 √77 √77 √77 √77 √77
5.If a line makes angles 900,1350,450 with the x,y and z-axis respectively, its direction
cosines are:
1 1 −1 −1 −1 1 1 −1
(a) , 0, , (𝑏)0, , , (𝑐)0, , (𝑑)0, ,
√2 √2 √2 √2 √2 √2 √2 √2
LEVEL-2
6.The co-ordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point (2,5,7)on the
x-axis are given by:
(a)(2,0,0) (b) (0,5,0) (c) (0,0,7) (d) (0,5,7)
7. The equations of x-axis in space are :
(a)x=0,y=0 (b) x=0,z=0 (c) x=0 (d) y=0,z=0

𝑥−2 𝑦−3 4−𝑧 𝑥−1 𝑦−4 𝑧−5
8. The lines = = and = = are mutually perpendicular, if the
1 1 𝑘 𝑘 2 −2
value of k is:
2 −2
(a)3(b) 3 (c)-2 (d)2
𝑥+2 2𝑦−5
9. The direction ratios of the line :
2
= −3
, 𝑧 = 2 are
(a)1,1,5 (b) 4,-6,0 (c) 2,1,3 (d) 4,6,0
10. The cartesian equation of the line 𝑟 = (2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂) + 𝜆(𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ ) is:
𝑥−2 𝑦−1 𝑧 𝑥−2 𝑦−1 𝑧
(a) = = (b) = =
1 1 4 1 −1 4
𝑥+2 𝑦+1 𝑧 𝑥−2 𝑦−1 𝑧

(c) 1
= 1
=2 (d) 1
= −1
=4
LEVEL-3
11.The distance of the point (a,b,c) from the y-axis is:
(a)b (b) √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 (c)√𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 (d)√𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
12.If a line makes angles α,β,γ with the positive directions of the coordinates axes, then the
value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛾 is:
(a)1 (b)3 (c)2 (d) -1
13. If the directions cosines of a line are k,k,k then:

1
(a) k>0 (b)0<k<1 (c)k=1 (d)k= ±
√3
𝑥+1 𝑦+5 𝑧−1 1−𝑥 2−𝑦 1+𝑧

14. If the angle between the lines : 3
= −2
= 3
and 2
= 1
= −1
is given by
𝑎
cos 𝜃 = 𝑏√33 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 (a+b) is equal to:
(a)5 (b)7 (c)2 (d) 9

𝑦−3 𝑦−2 𝑧−1
15. The straight line 3
= 1
= 0
is:
(a) parallel to y-axis (b)perpendicular to z-axis
(c)parallel to x-axis (d) parallel to z-axis
LEVEL-4
1−𝑥 7𝑦−14 5𝑧−10 7−7𝑥 𝑦−5 6−𝑧
16.If the lines = = and = = are perpendicular to each other
3 2𝑝 11 3𝑝 1 5
then value of p is:
1
(a)7 (b)-7 (c)7 (d)49
17.A line makes angles α,β,γ with x-axis,y-axis and z-axis respectively then cos 2𝛼 +
cos 2𝛽 + cos 2𝛾 is equal to:
(a)1 (b)2 (c)-2 (d)-1
18. P is a point on the line segment joining the points (3,5,-1) and (6,3,-2).If y-coordinate of
point P is 2,then its x-coordinate will be:
17 15
(a)2 (b) 3 (c)-5 (d) 2
19.The x-coordinate of a point on the line joining the points P(2,2,1)and Q(5,1,-2) is 4,then
its z-coordinate is
(a)1 (b) -1 (c)2 (d)3

20. Two lines x=ay+b,z=cy+d and x=Ay+B ,z=Cy+D are perpendicular to each other,if
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 𝑐
(a) + 𝐶 = 1 (b) + = −1 (c)aA+cC=1 (d)aA+cC=-1
𝐴 𝐴 𝐶
In the following questions, a statement of assertion(A)is followed by a statement of

Reason(R). Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.

21.Assertion(A):The acute angle between the line 𝑟 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ + 𝜆(𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂)and

π
x-axis is
4
Reason( R ): The acute angle θ between the lines 𝑟 = 𝑥1 𝑖̂ + 𝑦1 𝑗̂ + 𝑧1 𝑘̂ + 𝜆(𝑎1 𝑖̂ +

𝑏1 𝑗̂ + 𝑐1 𝑘̂) and 𝑟 = 𝑥2 𝑖̂ + 𝑦2 𝑗̂ + 𝑧2 𝑘̂ + 𝜆(𝑎2 𝑖̂ + 𝑏2 𝑗̂ + 𝑐2 𝑘̂ ) is given by
𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2
cos 𝜃 = || ||
2 2
√𝑎1 2 + 𝑏1 + 𝑐1 2 √𝑎2 2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐2 2
22.Assertion(A): Distance of the point (α,β,γ) from y-axis is √𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2
Reason (R) : Distance between two points (x1,y1,z1) and (x2,y2,z2) is given by
√(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2 + (𝑧1 − 𝑧2 )2
ANSWERS:
QNO. ANSWER QNO. ANSWER

1 b 12 c
2 d 13 d
3 a 14 d
4 b 15 b
5 c 16 a
6 a 17 d
7 d 18 d
8 b 19 b
9 b 20 d
10 d 21 a
11 c 22 d
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Find the direction cosines of the line passing through the two points (1,– 2, 4) and
(– 1, 1, – 2).
2. Find the direction cosines of x, y and z-axis.
3. If a line makes angles 90o, 135 o , 45 o with the x, y and z axes respectively, find its
direction cosines
4. Find the length of the perpendicular drawn from the point (4, –7, 3) on the y-axis.
5. Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point (2, –3, 4) on
the y-axis.
6. Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point (–2, 8, 7) on
the XZ-plane.
7. Find the vector and Cartesian equations for the line passing through the points
(1, 2, –1) and (2, 1, 1).
8. Find the vector equation of a line passing through the point (2, 3, 2) and parallel to the
̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘)
line ⃗⃗𝑟 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘 + 𝜆(2𝑖̂ ̂
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Find the shortest distance between the lines 𝑟 = (𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 𝑘) + 𝜆(𝑖 − 𝑗 + 𝑘) 𝑎𝑛𝑑

𝑟 = (2𝑖 − 𝑗 − 𝑘) + 𝜇(2𝑖 + 𝑗 + 2𝑘)
𝑥−3 𝑦−5 𝑧−7 𝑥+1
2. Find the shortest distance between the following lines : 1
= −2
= 1
and 7
=
𝑦+1 𝑧+1
−6
= 1
3. Find the equation of a line parallel to 𝑟 = (𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 3𝑘) + 𝜆(2𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 4𝑘) and

passing through 2i+4j+5k. Also find the S.D. between these lines.
4. Find the equation of the line passing through (1, –1, 1) and perpendicular to the lines
joining the points(4, 3, 2), (1, –1, 0) and (1, 2, –1), (2, 2, 1).
5. Find the coordinate of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point A(1,8,4) to
the line segments joining B(0,-1,3) and (2,-3,-1).
𝑥+2 2𝑦+3 3𝑧+4
6. Find the image of a point (1,6,3) in the line 3
=
4
=
5
7. Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point (1,2,-4) and
𝑥−8 𝑦+19 𝑧−10 𝑥−15 𝑦−29 𝑧−5
perpendicular to the two lines = = and = = .
3 −16 7 3 8 −5
8. Show that the lines 𝑟 =(-3 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂)+µ(-3 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂) and 𝑟 =(-𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂)+τ (-𝑖̂ +
2𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂) are coplanar.
12. LINEAR PROGRAMMING PROBLEMS
KEY NOTES:-
• The line ax+by=0 (constant term missing) always passes through (0,0),(-b,a)
and (b,-a).
• For slack inequalities (≤,≥) draw bold and continuous line.
• For slack inequalities (<,>) draw broken or dotted line.
• For ax+by+c ≥0 ,if c>0 then the half plane determined by the given inequality
will contain the convenient point (0,0).
• For ax+by+c ≥0 ,if c<0 then the half plane determined by the given inequality
will contain the convenient point (0,0).
• For ax+by+c ≤ 0 ,if c<0 then the half plane determined by the given inequality
will contain the convenient point (preferably (0,0)).
• For ax+by+c ≤0 ,if c>0 then the half plane determined by the given inequality
will not contain the convenient point (preferably (0,0)).
• For ax+by ≥0 ,if a>0 then the half plane determined by the given inequality is
towards the positive direction of x-axis.
• For ax+by ≥0 ,if a<0 then the half plane determined by the given inequality is
towards the negative direction of x-axis.
• For ax+by ≤ 0 ,if a>0 then the half plane determined by the given inequality is
towards the negative direction of x-axis.
• For ax+by ≤ 0 ,if a<0 then the half plane determined by the given inequality is
towards the positive direction of x-axis.
MIND MAP
MCQs Questions with Answers
Q.1: Region represented by x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 is:

A. first quadrant
B. second quadrant
C. third quadrant
D. fourth quadrant
Answer: A. first quadrant
Explanation: All the positive values of x and y will lie in the first quadrant.
Q.2: The objective function of a linear programming problem is:
A. a constraint
B. function to be optimised
C. A relation between the variables
D. None of these
Answer: B. function to be optimised
Q.3: The linear inequalities or equations or restrictions on the variables of a
linear programming problem are called:
A. a constraint
B. Decision variables
C. Objective function
D. None of the above
Answer: A. a constraint
Q.4: A set of values of decision variables that satisfies the linear constraints
and non-negativity conditions of an L.P.P. is called its:
A. Unbounded solution
B. Optimum solution
C. Feasible solution
D. None of these
Answer: C. Feasible solution
Q.5: The maximum value of Z = 3x + 4y subjected to constraints x + y ≤ 4, x ≥ 0
and y ≥ 0 is:
A. 12
B. 14
C. 16
D. None of the above
Answer: C. 16
Explanation: The feasible region determined by the constraints, x + y ≤ 4, x ≥ 0, y ≥
0, is given below
O (0, 0), A (4, 0), and B (0, 4) are the corner points of the feasible region. The values
of Z at these points are given below:
Corner point Z = 3x + 4y
O (0, 0) 0
A (4, 0) 12
B (0, 4) 16
Hence, the maximum value of Z is 16 at point B (0, 4)
Q.6: The minimum value of Z = 3x + 5y subjected to constraints x + 3y ≥ 3, x + y
≥ 2, x, y ≥ 0 is:
A. 5
B. 7
C. 10
D. 11
Answer: B. 7
Explanation: The feasible region determined by the system of constraints, x + 3y ≥ 3,
x + y ≥ 2, and x, y ≥ 0 is given below
It can be seen that the feasible region is unbounded.

The corner points of the feasible region are A (3, 0), B (3 / 2, 1 / 2) and C (0, 2)
The values of Z at these corner points are given below
Corner point Z = 3x + 5y
A (3, 0) 9
B (3 / 2, 1 / 2) 7 Smallest
C (0, 2) 10
7 may or may not be the minimum value of Z because the feasible region is
unbounded
For this purpose, we draw the graph of the inequality, 3x + 5y < 7 and check the
resulting half-plane have common points with the feasible region or not. Hence, it
can be seen that the feasible region has no common point with 3x + 5y < 7.
Thus, the minimum value of Z is 7 at point B (3/2, 1/2).
Q.7: Maximize Z = 3x + 5y, subject to constraints: x + 4y ≤ 24, 3x + y ≤ 21, x + y
≤ 9, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
A. 20 at (1, 0)
B. 30 at (0, 6)
C. 37 at (4, 5)
D. 33 at (6, 3)
Answer: C. 37 at (4, 5)
Explanation: Find the maximum value of Z = 3x + 5y referring to the explanation of
Q.5.
Q.8: The point which does not lie in the half-plane 2x + 3y -12 < 0 is:
A. (2,1)
B. (1,2)
C. (-2,3)
D. (2,3)
Answer: D. (2,3)
Explanation: By putting the value of point (2,3) in 2x + 3y – 12, we get;
2(2) + 3(3) – 12
= 4 + 9 – 12
= 13 – 12
= 1 which is greater than 0.
Q.9: The optimal value of the objective function is attained at the points:
A. on X-axis
B. on Y-axis
C. corner points of the feasible region
D. none of these
Answer: C. corner points of the feasible region
Explanation: Any point in the feasible region that gives the optimal value (maximum
or minimum) of the objective function is called an optimal solution.
Q.10: Which of the following is a type of Linear programming problem?
A. Manufacturing problem
B. Diet problem
C. Transportation problems
D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
ASSERTION AND REASONING TYPE QUESTIONS
OBJECTIVE:
1. In LPP, if the objective function Z = ax + by has the same maximum value on two
corner points of the feasible region, then the number of points of which Z MAX occurs
is
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) infinite
2. The optimal value of the objective function is attained at the points:
(a) given by intersection of inequation with y-axis only (b) given by intersection of
inequation with x-axis only (c) given by corner points of the feasible region (d)
none of these
3. The corner points of the feasible region for a LPP are P (0, 5), Q(1,5), R(4,2) and
S(12,0). The minimum value of the objective function Z = 2x + 5y is at the point
(a) P (b) Q (c) R (d) S
4. The feasible region for an LPP is shown below: Let Z = 22x + 18y be the objective
Function. Maximum of Z occurs at (a) O(0,0) (b) A2(16,0) (c ) P(8,12) (d) B1(0,20)
5. Thefeasible region for an LPP is
shown below: Let Z = 20x + 10y be
the objective Function. Minimum of Z
occurs at
(a) A3(15,0)
(b) A1(40,0)
(c) Q (4,18)
(d) P(6,12)
6. The feasible region for an LPP is

shown below: Let Z = 30x - 30y +1800
be the objective function. Minimum of
Z occurs at
(a) A2(15,0)
(b) P(15,15)
(c ) Q(10,20)
(d) B3(0,20)
SHORT ANSWER:
7. Minimize: Z = -3x + 4y
Subject to: x + 2y ≤ 8, 3x + 2y ≤ 12, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
8. Minimize and Maximize: Z = 5x+ 10y
Subject to: x + 2y ≤ 120, x + y ≥ 60, x – 2y ≥ 0, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
9. Minimize: Z = x + 2y
Subject to: 2x + y ≥ 3, x + 2y ≥ 6, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
10. Maximize: Z = 1000x+ 600y Subject to: x + 2y ≤ 200, x ≥ 20, y – 4x ≥ 0, x ≥
0, y ≥ 0
11. Minimize: Z = 3x+ 9y
Subject to: x + 3y ≤ 60, x + y ≥ 10, x ≤ y, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
CASE STUDY:
12. A company produces soft drink that has a contract which requires that a minimum
of 80 units of the chemical A and 60 units of the chemical B to go into each bottle of
the drink. The chemicals are available in a prepared mix from two different
suppliers. Supplier S has a mix of 4 units of A and 2 units of B that costs Rs 10, the
supplier T has a mix of 1 unit of A and 1 unit of B that costs Rs 4. Suppose x units of
mix are purchased from supplier S and y units are purchased from supplier T.
On the basis of this information, answer the following questions:
(i) What is the total cost of purchase from both the suppliers, represent this in
equation form.
(ii) Write the minimum requirement of chemical A in equation form.
(iii) Write the minimum requirement of chemical B in equation form.
(iv) How many mixes from S and T should the company purchase to honour
contract requirement and yet minimize cost?
(v) What will be the cost of purchase if 25 units are purchased from A and 25
units are purchased from B.
13. A manufacturer has three machines I, II and III installed in his factory. Machines I
and II are capable of being operated for at most 12 hours whereas machine III must
be operated for at least 5 hours a day. She produces only two items M and N each
requiring the use of all the three machines. Let x and y be the number items of M
and N respectively. The number of hours required for purchasing 1 unit of each of M
and N on the three machines are given in the following table:
Numbers of hours required on
Items machine
I II III
M 1 2 1
N 2 1 1.25
She makes a profit of Rs 600 and Rs 400 on the items M and N respectively. On the basis of
this information answer the following questions:
(i) Write the mathematical formulation of the given problem to maximize profit on
production?
(ii) Write the constraints on machine I in mathematical form.
(iii) Write the constraints on machine II in mathematical form:
(iv) How many of each item should she produce so as to maximize her profit assuming that
she can sell all the items that she produced?
(v) What will be the maximum profit ?
14.Aeroplane is an important invention for three reasons. It shortens travel time, is more
comfortable and facilities the transport of heavy cargo. An aeroplane can carry a maximum
of 200 passengers. A profit of Rs 400 is made on each executive class ticket and a profit of Rs
300 is made on each economy class ticket. The airlines reserves at least 20 seats for
executive class. However at least 4 times as many passengers prefer to travel by economy
class than by executive class.
(i) If x tickets of executive class and y tickets of economy class be sold, then Write the
constraints of the given condition.
(ii) Are given pair (x ≤ 40 and x ≥20 )of constraints correct?

(iii) If profit earned by airlines is represented by Z, then find the value of Z in terms of
variables. (iv) Airlines are interested to
maximize the profit. For this to happen the value of x and y i.e. number of executive
class ticket and economy class ticket to be sold should be respectively. (v) What is the
maximum profit earned by airlines ?
Answer key
1. d 2. c 3. c 4. c 5. d 6.
d
7. -12 8. 300, 600 9. 6 10. 136000 11. 60
12(i)Z = 10x + 4y 12(ii)4x + y ≥ 80 12(iii)2 x + y ≥ 60 12(iv)x = 10, y = 40 12(v)350
13(i)Z = 600x + 13(ii)x + 2 y ≤ 12 13(iii)2 x + y ≤ 12 13(iv)x = 4, y = 4 13(v)4000
400y
14(i)x + y ≤ 200 14(ii)Correct 14(iii)Z = 400x + 14(iv)) 40, 160 14(v)Rs
300y 64000
13. PROBABILITY
1. MIND MAP
Conditional
Probability
Binomial Multiplication
Distribution Rule
Probability
Total
Independent Probability &
Events Bayes
Theorem
Random
Variable &
Probability
distribution
2. KEY NOTES/Concept Note(One liner):
𝑃(𝐸∩𝐹)
 Conditional Probability: 𝑃(𝐸/𝐹) = ,P(F)≠ 0
𝑃(𝐹)
 Multiplication Theorem: 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹) = 𝑃(𝐸). 𝑃(𝐹/𝐸)
 If E and F are independent events then 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹) = 𝑃(𝐸). 𝑃(𝐹) and vice versa
 Bayes Theorem: If E1,E2andE3 are three events of the sample space S and
E1∪ E2∪ E3 = S &E1,E2andE3 are pairwise disjoint sets. A is any event of nonzero
probability.
𝑃(𝐸1 )𝑃(𝐴/𝐸1 )
Then 𝑃(𝐸1 /𝐴) = 𝑃(𝐸
1 )𝑃(𝐴/𝐸1 )+𝑃(𝐸2 )𝑃(𝐴/𝐸2 )+𝑃(𝐸3 )𝑃(𝐴/𝐸3 )
 Probability Distribution: The probability distribution of a random variable X is the

system of numbers
X : x1 x2 x3 ... xn
P(X) : p1 p2 p3 … pn
Where, pi> 0, ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑝𝑖 = 1, 𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑛
 Mean of a random variable X i.e. E(X) = 𝜇 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 𝑝𝑖 , 𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑛
4.1: LEVEL-1
1 A die is thrown two times and the sum of the scores appearing on the die is observed to
be a multiple of 4. Then the conditional probability that the score 4 has appeared at
least once is:
1
a) 3
1
b)
9
1
c)
4
1
d)
8
2 If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are such events that 𝑃(𝐴) > 0 and 𝑃(𝐵) ≠ 1, then 𝑃(𝐴′ /𝐵 ′ ) equals.
1−P(A∪B)
a) ′)P(B
b) 𝑃(𝐴′ )/𝑃(𝐵 ′ )
c) 1 − 𝑃(𝐴/𝐵)
d) 1 − 𝑃(𝐴′ /𝐵)
3 If P(A) = 0.4, P(B) = 0.8 and P(B ∣ A) = 0.6, then P(A ∪ B) is equal to
a) 0.48
b) 0.96
c) 0.3
d) 0.24
4 Let A and B be independent events with P(A) = 0.3 and P(B) = 0.4. Find P(B ∣ A).
a) 0.5
b) 0.4
c) 0.2
d) 0.3
5 For two mutually exclusive events A and B, P(A) = 0.2 and P(𝐴‾ ∩ 𝐵) = 0.3. What is
P(A ∣ (A ∪ B)) equal to?
2
a) 7
2
b) 5
2
c) 3
1
d) 2
6 If at least one child in a family with 3 children is a boy then the probability that exactly 2
of the children are boys, is:
3
a) 8
1
b) 3
4
c) 7
3
d)
7
7 Two integers are selected at random from the set {1,2, … .11}. Given that the sum of
selected numbers is even, the conditional probability that both the numbers are even is
2
a) 5
7
b) 10
1
c) 2
3
d) 5
8 If A and B are two events and 𝐴 ≠ 𝜙, 𝐵 ≠ 𝜙, then

𝐴 𝐵
a) 𝑃 (𝐵) 𝑃 ( ) = 1
𝐴
𝐴 𝑃(𝐴)
b) 𝑃 (𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐵)
𝐴 𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵)
c) 𝑃 ( ) =
𝐵 𝑃(𝐵)
𝐴
d) 𝑃 ( ) = 𝑃(𝐴) ⋅ 𝑃(𝐵)
𝐵
5
9 Assertion (A): If A and B are two mutually exclusive events with 𝑃(𝐴‾) = and P(B) =
6
1 𝐴 1
3
. Then P ( ‾ ) is equal to .
𝐵 4
𝐴
Reason (R): If A and B are two events such that P(A) = 0.2, P(B) = 0.6 and P (𝐵‾) =
𝐴
0.2then the valueof P (𝐵‾) is 0.2.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but 𝑅 is true.
10 Assertion (A): Consider the experiment of drawing a card from a deck of 52 playing
cards, in which the elementary events are assumed to be equally likely. If E and F
denote the events the card drawn is a spade and the card drawn is an ace respectively,
1 1
then P(E ∣ F) = 4 and P(F ∣ E) = .
3
Reason (R): E and F are two events such that the probability of occurrence of one of
them is not affected by occurrence of the other. Such events are called
independent events.
c) 𝐴 is true but 𝑅 is false d) A is false but 𝑅 is true.
4.2: LEVEL-2
1 If the probability for A to fail in an examination is 0.2 and that for B is 0.3, then the
probability that either A fails or B fails is
a) none of these
b) 0.44
c) 0.5
d) 0.06
2 A pot contains 5 red and 2 green balls. At random a ball is drawn from this pot. If a
drawn ball is green then put a red ball in the pot and if a drawn ball is red, then put a
green ball in the pot, while the drawn ball is not replaced in the pot. Now we draw
another ball randomly, the probability of the second ball to be red is
21
a) 49
32
b) 49
27
c) 49
26
d)
49
3 There are four machines and it is known that exactly two of them are faulty. They are
tested, one by one, in a random order till both the faulty machines are identified. Then,
the probability that only two tests are needed, is
1
a) 4
1
b) 6
1
c) 3
1
d) 2
4 Two cards are drawn from a well shuffled deck of 52 playing cards with replacement.
The probability, that both cards are queens, is
1 1
a) ×
13 13
1 4
b)
13
×
51
1 1
c) 13 +
13
1 1
d) ×
13 17
5 I alternately toss a fair coin and a fair die, until I, either toss head or throw the face two.
If I toss the coin first, the probability that I throw the face two before I toss head, is:
5
a)
12
1
b) 7
7
c) 12
5
d) 7
6 A taxi was involved in a hit-and-run accident at night. There are two taxi companies in
the city, namely Black Taxis and White Taxis. It is known that 85% of the taxis in the city
are Black and 15% are White. There was a witness to the accident and according to the
witness, the taxi involved in the accident was White. Further investigation of the
reliability of the witness showed that, the witness was able to identify correctly the
colour of a taxi, 80% of the time. The probability that the taxi involved was Black, is:
12
a) 29
17
b) 29
15
c) 29
14
d) 29
7 A box contains 3 orange balls, 3 green balls and 2 blue balls. Three balls are drawn at
random from the box without replacement. The probability of drawing 2 green balls
and one blue ball is
1
a) 28
3
b) 28
167
c) 168
2
d) 21
8 Two cards are drawn successively with replacement from a pack of 52 cards. The
probability of drawing two aces is
4
a) 663
1
b) 221
1
c)
169
1
d) 2652
9 A man P speaks truth with probability 𝑝 and another man Q speaks truth with
probability 2𝑝.
1
Assertion (A): If 𝑃 and 𝑄 contradict each other with probability 2, then there are two
values of 𝑝.
Reason (R): A quadratic equation with real coefficients has two real roots.
c) A is true but 𝑅 is false.
̅)
(A∩B A A+B
10 Assertion (A): 𝑃 ( ) = P( )+P( )
C C C
‾
⃗ ) = P(A) − P(A ∩ B)𝑃 ((𝐴∩𝐵)) = 𝑃 (𝐴) − 𝑃 (𝐴+𝐵)
Reason (R): P(A ∩ 𝐵 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶
c) 𝐴 is true but 𝑅 is false.
4.3: LEVEL-3
1 For any two independent events E1 and E2 . 𝑃{(𝐸1 ∪ 𝐸2 ) ∩ (𝐸‾1 ∩ 𝐸‾2 )} is:
1
a) ≥ 2
b) None of these
1
c) > 4
1
d) < 4
2
2 Let A and B be two events such that the probability that exactly one of them occurs is
5
1
and the probability that A or B occurs is 2, then the probability of both of them occur
together is:
a) 0.10
b) 0.20
c) 0.02
d) 0.01
3 India play two matches each with West Indies and Australia. In any match the
probabilities of India getting 0,1 and 2 points are 0.45,0.05 and 0.50 respectively.
Assuming that the outcomes are independent, the probability of India getting at least 7
points is
a) 0.0875
b) 0.1125
c) none of these
1
d)
16
4 If E and F are independent, then which one of the following is right?

a) 𝑃(𝐸 ∣ 𝐹) = 𝑃(𝐸 ′ ), 𝑃(𝐹) ≠ 0𝐸 ′ is complementof E
b) 𝑃(𝐸 ∣ 𝐹) = 𝑃(𝐸), 𝑃(𝐹) ≠ 0
c) 𝑃(𝐸 ∣ 𝐹) = 𝑃(𝐹), 𝑃(𝐹) ≠ 0
d) 𝑃(𝐸 ∣ 𝐹) = 𝑃(𝐸 ′ 𝑈𝐹)𝐸 ′ is complement of 𝐸
5 A six-faced fair dice is thrown until 1 comes, then the probability that 1 comes in even
no. of trials is:
5
a)
6
5
b)
11
6
c) 11
1
d)
6
6 A box contains 3 white and 2 black balls. Two balls are drawn at random one after the
other. If the balls are not replaced, what is the probability that both the balls are black?
a) None of these
2
b) 5
1
c) 5
1
d) 10
7 There are 4 machines and it is known that exactly 2 of them are faulty. They are tested,
one by one, in a random order till both the faulty machines are identified. Then the
probability that only 2 tests are needed is:
1
a) 3
1
b) 4
1
c) 6
1
d) 2
5 1 1
8 If A and B are two events such that 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 6 , 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 3 and 𝑃(𝐵‾ ) = 2, then
the events A and B are
a) None of these
b) Independent
c) Dependent
d) Mutually exclusive
1 1
9 Two men hit at a target with probabilities 2 and 3, respectively. What is the probability
that exactly one of them hits the target?
1
a) 6
1
b) 2
1
c) 3
2
d) 3
10 Let A and B be two independent events.
2
Assertion (A): If P(A) = 0.3 and P(A ∪ 𝐵‾ ) = 0.8, then P(B) is 7
Reason (R): P(𝐸‾ ) = 1 − P(E), where E is any event.
c) 𝐴 is true but 𝑅 is false.
d) 𝐴 is false but 𝑅 is true.
4.4: LEVEL-4
4 1
1 A signal which can be green or red with probability 5 and respectively, is received by
5
station A and then transmitted to station B. The probability of each station receiving
3
the signal correctly is . If the signal received at station B is green, then the probability
4
that the original signal green is
9
a) 20
3
b) 5
6
c) 7
20
d) 23
2 One percent of the population suffers from a certain disease. There is a blood test for
this disease, and it is 99% accurate, in other words, the probability that it gives the
correct answer is 0.99, regardless of whether the person is sick or healthy. A person
takes the blood test, and the result says that he has the disease. The probability that he
actually has the disease is:
a) 25%
b) 75%
c) 0.99%
d) 50%
3 3 cards are given, one of them is red on both sides, one is blue on both sides and one is
blue on one side and red on the other side. One of them is chosen randomly and put on
the table. It shows red colour on the upper side. The chance of the other side of the
card being red is:
3
a) 4
2
b) 3
1
c) 3
1
d) 2
4 There are three coins. One is a two headed coin (having head on both faces), another is
a biased coin that comes up heads 75% of the time and third is an unbiased coin. One
of the three coins is chosen at random and tossed, it shows heads, what is the
probability that it was the two headed coin?
4
a) 9
5
b) 9
1
c) 9
2
d)
9
5 If A and B are two events such that A ⊂ B and P(B) ≠ 0, then which of the following is
correct?
a) None of these
b) P(A ∣ B) ≥ P(A)
P(B)
c) P(A ∣ B) =
P(A)
d) P(A ∣ B) < 𝑃(𝐴)
6 A box 𝐀 contains 2 white, 3 red, and 2 black balls. Another box 𝐁 contains 4 white, 2
red, and 3 black balls. If two balls are drawn at random, without replacement, from a
randomly selected box and one ball turns out to be white while the other ball turns out
to be red, then the probability that both balls are drawn from box 𝐁 is:
9
a) 32
9
b)
16
7
c)
16
7
d)
8
7 A speaks truth in 75% cases and B speaks truth in 80% cases. Probability that they
contradict each other in a statement, is
2
a) 5
13
b) 20
7
c) 20
3
d) 5
8 A speaks the truth in 70% cases and B in 80% cases. The probability that they will
contradict each other in describing a single event is:
a) 0.56
b) 0.4
c) 0.42
d) 0.38
9 An insurance company insured 2000 scooter drivers, 4000 car drivers and 6000 truck
drivers. The probabilities of an accident involving a scooter driver, car driver, and truck
driver are 0.01,0.03, and 0.15, respectively. One of the insured persons meets with an
accident. The probability that the person is a scooter driver, is
1
a) 52
19
b) 52
15
c)
52
3
d) 52
10 A box of oranges is inspected by examining three randomly selected oranges drawn

without replacement. If all the three oranges are good, the box is approved for sale,
otherwise, it is rejected. Find the probability that a box containing 15 oranges out of
which 12 are good and 3 are bad ones will be approved for sale.
44
a) 91
49
b) 91
47
c) 91
41
d) 91
Answer Key CLASS XII Mathematics Study Material on Probability
Q.No. ANSWERS LEVEL-1 MARKS

1 B 1
2 A 1
3 B 1
4 B 1
5 B 1
6 D 1
7 A 1
8 C 1
9 B 1
10 A 1
1 B 1
2 B 1
3 B 1
4 A 1
5 B 1
6 B 1
7 B 1
8 C 1
9 C 1
10 D 1
1 D 1
2 A 1
3 A 1
4 B 1
5 B 1
6 D 1
7 A 1
8 B 1
9 B 1
10 A 1
1 D 1
2 D 1
3 B 1
4 A 1
5 A 1
6 C 1
7 C 1
8 D 1
9 A 1
10 A 1
Probability
Level – 1
VSA
1. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. Find the probability of getting a doublet.
2. A card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting
an ace card.
3
3. Let E and F be the events with 𝑃(𝐸) = ,
5
3 1
𝑃(𝐹) = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹) = . Find whether the events are independent or not.
10 5
events are independent or not.
4. Two cards are drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards one-by-one without
replacement.
What is the probability of getting first card red and second card jack?
7 9 4 𝐴′
5. If 𝑃(𝐴) = , 𝑃(𝐵) = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑃 ( )
13 13 13 𝐵
SA
1. A die has two faces each with number 1, three faces each with number 2 and one
face with number 3. If die is rolled one, then determine probability of not getting 3.
𝐵
2. If 𝑃(𝐴) = 0. 𝐴, 𝑃(𝐵) = 0.8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃 ( ) = 0.6, then find 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵).
𝐴
3. A coin is tossed 4 times. Find the mean of the probability distribution of the number
of tails.
4. A bag contains 1 red and 3 white balls. Find the probability distribution of the
number of red balls, if 2 balls are drawn at random from the bag one-by-one without
replacement.
1
5. If A and B are two events such that P(A)= 2,
1 𝐴 1
𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃 ( ) − , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵 ′ )
3 𝐵 4
LA
1. Bag I contains 3 red and 4 black balls and bag II contains 5 red and 6 black balls. One
ball is drawn at random from one of the bags and is found to be red. Find the
probability that it was drawn from bag II.
2. A man is known to speak truth 3 out of 3 times. He throws a die and reports that it is
a six. Find the probability that it is actually a six.
3. If a machine is correctly setup, It produces 90% acceptable items. If it is incorrectly
setup, it produces only 40% acceptable items. Past experience shows that 80% of the
setups are correctly done. If after a certain setup, the machine produces 2
acceptable items, then find the probability that machine is correctly setup.
4. There are three coins. One is a two tailed coin (having tail on both faces) another is a
biased coin that comes up heads 60% of the times and third is an unbiased coin. One
of the three coins is chosen at random and tossed and it shown tail. What is the
probability that it is a two tailed coin?
5. Suppose 5% of men and 0.25% of women have grey hair. Agrey haired person is
selected at random. What is the probability of this person being male? (assume that
these are equal number of males and females)
Case Based
1. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below.
There are two antiaircraft guns, named as A and B. The probabilities that the shell
fired from them hits an airplane are 0.3 and 0.2 respectively. Both of them fired one
shell at an airplane at the same time.
(i) What is the probability that the shell fired from exactly one of them hit the
plane ?
(ii) If it is known that the shell fired from exactly one of them hit the plane, then
what is the probability that it was fired from B?
Two friends A and B are playing a game in which they throw a pair of coins
alternatively and decided who gets heads first will win the game. If A starts the
game, answer the following questions.
(i) What is the probability that A throws two heads in a particular throw of pair
of coins ?
(ii) What is the probability that B do not throw two heads on a particular throw
of pair of coins ?
(iii) What is the probability that A wins the game ?
OR
(iii) If instead of A, the game was started by B, then what is the probability that A
wins the game ?
Competitive exams are considered an egalitarian way to select worthy applicants
without risking influence peddling, bias or other concerns. Self motivated and hard
worker candidates find these exams very simpler. To clear a prestigious competitive
exam to got admission in a world reputed college, a student has 75% chances of
passing in at least one subject out of three subjects A, B and C, 50% chances of
passing in at least two subjects and 40% chances of passing in exactly two subjects.
(i) Find the value of P(A ∪ B ∪ C).
(ii) Find the value of P(A ∩ B ∩ C).
(iii) What is the probability that student is not able to clear any of the three
subjects A, B and C?
OR
(iii) What is the value of P(A) + P(B) + P(C)?
In a set of 10 coins, 2 coins are with heads on both tossed five times.
(i) Find the probability that the selected coin has head on both sides.
(ii) Find the probability of obtaining a head on all the 5 outcomes when an unfair
coin is tossed.
OR
(ii) Find the probability of obtaining 5 consecutive heads when a fair coin is
tossed.
(iii) If all the 5 times, result was heads, find the probability that the selected coin
had head on both sides.
A building contractor under taken a building construction job. The probability that
there will be a construction worker’s strike is 0.65. If there is a strike and still
construction work will be completed on time, the probability is 0.32. The
construction work will be completed on time in absence of any strike has the
probability 0.80.
(i) What is the probability that there will be no strike?
OR
(i) What is the probability that the construction job will be completed in time?
(ii) What is the probability that there is a strike and the construction job is
completed in time?
(iii) If the construction job is completed on time, what is the probability of no
strike?
Probability
Level – 2
VSA
of tails.
3
3. Let E and F be the events with 𝑃(𝐸) = 5,
3 1
𝑃(𝐹) = 10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹) = 5. Find whether the events are independent or not.
replacement.
7 9 4 𝐴′
5. If 𝑃(𝐴) = 13 , 𝑃(𝐵) = 13 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 13 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑃 ( 𝐵 )
SA
an ace card.
𝐵
3. If 𝑃(𝐴) = 0. 𝐴, 𝑃(𝐵) = 0.8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃 (𝐴) = 0.6, then find 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵).
replacement.
1
1 𝐴 1
3 𝐵 4
LA
1. A letter is known to have come either from LONDON or CLIFTON. On the envelope
just two consecutive letters ON are visible. What is the probability that the letter has
come from (i) LONDON (ii) CLIFTON ?
2. A class has 15 students whose ages are 14, 17, 15, 14, 21, 17, 19, 20, 16, 18, 20, 17,
16, 19 and 20 years. One student is selected in such a manner that each has the
same chance of being of chosen and the age X of the selected student is recorded.
What is the probability distribution of the random variable X? Find mean of X.
Case Based
A problem in mathematics was given to three students A, B and C. The following
observation were made. The probability that the problem is solved is 1. The
4
probability that the problem is solved by more than 1 person is 7 and that the
1
problem is solved by more than 2 is 7.
(i) Find the probability that exactly 2 out of 3 solves the problem.
(ii) Find the probability that exactly 1 out of 3 solved that problem.
of coins ?
of pair of coins ?
OR
wins the game ?
OR
coin is tossed.
OR
tossed.
A building contractor under taken a building construction job. The probability that
there will be a construction worker’s strike is 0.65. If there is a strike and still
probability 0.80.
OR
completed in time?
strike?
Probability
Level – 3
VSA
an ace card.
3
3 1
𝑃(𝐹) = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹) = . Find whether the events are independent or not.
10 5
replacement.
7 9 4 𝐴′
5. If 𝑃(𝐴) = , 𝑃(𝐵) = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑃 ( )
13 13 13 𝐵
SA
𝐵
of tails.
replacement.
1
1 𝐴 1
3 𝐵 4
LA
2. A man is known to speak truth 3 out of 3 times. He throws a die and reports that it is
a six. Find the probability that it is actually a six.
Case Based
There are two antiaircraft guns, named as A and B. The probabilities that the shell
fired from them hits an airplane are 0.3 and 0.2 respectively. Both of them fired one
shell at an airplane at the same time.
(i) What is the probability that the shell fired from exactly one of them hit the
plane ?
(ii) If it is known that the shell fired from exactly one of them hit the plane, then
what is the probability that it was fired from B?
of coins ?
of pair of coins ?
OR
wins the game ?
OR
coin is tossed.
OR
tossed.
An automobile company manufactures scooters at two plants located at Pune and
Gurugram. Company manufactured two types of scooters. One is standard and other
is premium quality model.
Production in two plants is shown in the following table given below.
A scooter is chosen at random and is found to be of standard model.
(i) What is the probability that the selected scooter is produced in Pune plant?
OR
(i) What is the probability that the selected scooter is produced in Gurugram
plant?
(ii) What is the total probability of choosing a scooter of Standard model?
(iii) If the selected scooter is of standard model, then what is the probability that
it is from Pune plant?
Probability
Level – 4
VSA
𝐵
3
3 1
𝑃(𝐹) = 10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹) = 5. Find whether the events are independent or not.
replacement.
7 9 4 𝐴′
5. If 𝑃(𝐴) = 13 , 𝑃(𝐵) = 13 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 13 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑃 ( 𝐵 )
SA
1
1 𝐴 1
𝑃(𝐵) − 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃 (𝐵) − 4 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵 ′ )
𝐵
replacement.
1
1 𝐴 1
3 𝐵 4
LA
2. A class has 15 students whose ages are 14, 17, 15, 14, 21, 17, 19, 20, 16, 18, 20, 17,
16, 19 and 20 years. One student is selected in such a manner that each has the
same chance of being of chosen and the age X of the selected student is recorded.
What is the probability distribution of the random variable X? Find mean of X.
Case Based
An automobile company manufactures scooters at two plants located at Pune and
Gurugram. Company manufactured two types of scooters. One is standard and other
is premium quality model.
Production in two plants is shown in the following table given below.
A scooter is chosen at random and is found to be of standard model.
(i) What is the probability that the selected scooter is produced in Pune plant?
OR
(i) What is the probability that the selected scooter is produced in Gurugram
plant?
(ii) What is the total probability of choosing a scooter of Standard model?
(iii) If the selected scooter is of standard model, then what is the probability that
it is from Pune plant?
of coins ?
of pair of coins ?
OR
wins the game ?
OR
(ii) What is the value of P(A) + P(B) + P(C)?
coin is tossed.
OR
tossed.
A building contractor under took a building construction job. The probability that
there will be a construction workers strike is 0.65. If there is a strike and still
probability 0.80.
OR
completed in time?
strike?

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FOREWORD

The students’ support material is a product of an in-house academic

Dr. Shiharan Bose

MODERATED & VERIFIED BY

4.Let f(x)=x−1x+1, then f(f(x)) is

5.If f(x) = 3x+25x−3 then (fof)(x) is

2.If f(x) = 1−1x, then f(f(1x))

4.Let function R → R is defined as f(x) = 2x³ – 1, then ‘f’ is

5.If f(x) + 2f (1 – x) = x² + 2 ∀ x ∈ R, then f(x) =

1. Check whether the relation R on the set N of natural numbers given by 𝑅 =

CASE BASED QUESTIONS

Based on the information given above answer the following questions:

(a) Check whether R is an Equivalence relation in the set of all participants.

Based on the information given above answer the following questions:

TRIGONOMETRIC DOMAIN RANGE

cosec R − { x: x = n𝜋,n ∈ Z } R – (-1,1)

INVERSE DOMAIN RANGE

1. KEY NOTES / CONCEPT NOTE:

3.2: LEVEL 2 (MCQ TYPE)

5. What is the value of sec2(tan-12) ?

7. What is the domain of the function cos −1 (2x-3) ?

3.3: LEVEL-3 ASSERTION AND REASON BASED MCQs

In the following questions, A statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of

(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

Reason(R): Principal value of cot −1 ( -1/√3) is 𝜋/3.

4. Assertion(A) : Range of cot-1 x is (0, 𝜋)

3.4: LEVEL -4 CASE BASED QUESTIONS

Q.1. Find the value of sin A .

a) Determine ∠CAB in terms of tan-1.

Q1. The principal value (𝑥 ) is

Q3. The domain of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 2𝑥 is

Q4. The principal value (−1 ) is

Q5. The value of cos-1 (√3/2) + cos-1 (-1/2)

Q6. The value of (1 ) - (−√2) 𝑖𝑠

Q8. The domain of the function y = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (–x2) is

Answers: 1. b 2. c 3. c 4.a 5.d 6. b 7. a 8. c 9. b 10. a

Q1.Find the value of √3 - (−2)

Q1. Find the values of x which satisfy the equation

(a) mxm (b) nxn (c) nxm (d) mxn

Q4. If A is a square matrix such that A2 =I then (A-I)3+(A-I)3-7A is

(a) A (b) I-A (c) I+A (d) 3A

Q5 If A and B are symmetric Matrices of same order, then (AB’-BA’)

(a)skew symmetric matrix (b).Null Matrix (c)Symmetric Matrix

SHORT ANSWER TYPE

1)Find the award money for Tolerance

2)Find the award money for Leadership

3)Find the award money for Kindness

Based on the above information,answer the following questions:

September sales(in Rs)

𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑹𝒂𝒗𝒊

Urad Masoor Mung

𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑹𝒂𝒗𝒊

Determinants of square Matrix

Minor adjoint of matrix

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13

Let A be a non singular (i.e|𝐴| ≠ 0) be a

Consistency and inconsistency of

Area of triangle Solution of system of linear equations

Let the system of linear

KEY NOTES/Concept Note (Oneliner

Solution of system of linear equations:1. If|𝐴| ≠ 0, then solution of system of linear

Working Rules/Heuristics (Ifany):for solving system of linear equations in two

If |𝐴| ≠ 0 then 𝐴−1 exist

∴ 𝑿 = 𝑨−𝟏 𝑩 (𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒅)

Students' Support Material-Class-XII (Maths)

Students' Support Material-Class-XII (Maths)