Lecture2

AdvancedMetalPlasticity
14.0Release

ANSYSMechanical
AdvancedNonlinearMaterials
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ChapterOverview
InthisLecture,theadvancedrateindependentnonlinearkinematichardening
optionofferedintheChaboche modelispresented.
Thisplasticitymodelusefulforsimulatingratchetingandshakedown.

Thefollowingtopicswillbecovered:
A. ReviewofLinearKinematicHardening
B. NonlinearKinematicHardening
C. TheChaboche Model
D. Definingthematerialinput
E. RatchetingandShakedown
F. DeterminingChaboche Coefficients

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A.ReviewofLinearKinematicHardening
Forlinearkinematichardening,theyieldsurfacetranslates asarigidbody
duringplasticflow.

Aninitiallyisotropicplasticbehaviorisnolongerisotropicafteryielding(kinematic
hardeningisaformofanisotropichardening)

Theelasticregionisequaltotwicetheinitialyieldstress.Thisiscalledthe
Bauschingereffect.
1

Subsequent
Yield Surface

'
y

Initial Yield
Surface

2
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...ReviewofLinearKinematicHardening
Theyieldcriterioncanthereforebeexpressedas:

3
s : s y 0
F
2
wheres isthedeviatoric stress,y istheuniaxial yieldstress,and isthe
backstress(locationofthecenteroftheyieldsurface).

Noteinthepreviousplotthatthecenteroftheyieldsurfacehastranslated

a.Hence,basedonthelocationa,theyieldinreversalisstill2sy.
Thebackstressislinearly relatedtoplasticstrainvia:

2
C pl
3
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...ReviewofLinearKinematicHardening
Bilinearkinematichardening(BKIN)isanexampleoflinearkinematic
hardening.

Asexplainedonthepreviousslide,thetermlinearreferstotherelationshipof
backstressandequivalentplasticstrain.

CanbeusedforcyclicloadingsinceitincludestheBauschingereffect(elastic
regionequaltotwicetheinitialyieldstress).
However,linearkinematichardeningisrecommendedforsituationswhere
thestrainlevelsarerelativelysmall(lessthan510%truestrain).

Becausethereisonlyoneplasticslope(tangentmodulus),thisisnotrepresentative
oftruemetalsasthehardeningisconstant.

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...ReviewofLinearKinematicHardening
Anoteonmultilinearkinematichardening:

MultilinearkinematichardeningisdifferentthanBKIN,anditusestheBesseling
(a.k.a.sublayeroroverlay)model.Itcharacterizesmultilinearbehaviorasaseriesof
elastoperfectlyplasticsubvolumes,eachofwhichyieldsatdifferentpoints,sono
backstressaisused.

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B.NonlinearKinematicHardening
Nonlinearkinematichardening issimilartolinearkinematichardeningexcept
forthefactthattheevolutionlawhasanonlinearterm(therecallterm
g{a}l):

2
i Ci pl i i
3

Wherepl isequivalentplasticstrainwhile isaccumulatedplasticstrain.

Theyieldcriterionisexpressedas:

3
s : s R 0
F
2
WhereR isaconstantdefiningtheyieldstress,similartolinearkinematic
hardening.
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...NonlinearKinematicHardening
Theyieldsurfacecanbedescribedgraphicallyasshownbelow:

Thecurrentyieldsurfaceshiftsinprincipalstressspace
Thereisalimitingyieldsurface,asexplainedinthenextslide.Inotherwords,the
behaviorapproachesperfectlyplastic,unlikelinearkinematichardening,whichdoes
notchangeslope.
1

Limiting Yield
Surface

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C/

Limiting
value of {

Current Yield
Surface
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...NonlinearKinematicHardening
Nonlinearkinematichardeninghasthefollowingcharacteristics:

Nonlinearkinematichardeningdoesnothavealinearrelationshipbetween
hardeningandplasticstrain.

Thenonlinearkinematichardeningtermisassociatedwiththetranslationofyield
surface.Anonzerovalueof resultsinalimitingvalueof. Thismeansthat,
unlikelinearkinematichardening,theyieldsurfacecannottranslateforeverin
principalstressspace.Thetranslationislimitedwithinaspecificregion.

TheconstantR (yieldstress),whichdescribesthesizeoftheelasticdomain,isadded
ontheresponse. Ifalimitingvalueof exists,thenalimitingyieldsurfacewillalso
exist.

Nonlinearkinematichardeningissuitableforlargestrainsandcyclicloading,asitcan
simulatetheBauschingereffect.Itcanmodelratchettingandshakedown(discussed
later).
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C.ChabocheModel
TheChabocheKinematicHardeningmodel isanexampleofnonlinear
kinematichardening.Asnotedpreviously,theyieldfunctionis

3
s : s R 0
F
2
1

Limiting Yield
Surface

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C/

Limiting
value of {

Current Yield
Surface

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...ChabocheModel
Thebackstressa isasuperpositionofuptofivekinematicmodels:
n

Where:

2 n
1 dCi
pl
i Ci i i
T i
Ci dT
3 i 1
i 1

n isthenumberofkinematicmodelstouse
isthebackstress(locationofthecenteroftheyieldsurface).
Ci isconstantthatisproportionaltohardeningmodulus
pl isequivalentplasticstrain
i israteofdecreaseofhardeningmodulus
lisaccumulatedplasticstrain.
Tistemperature

Notethatifn=1andg1=0,Chaboche willreducetoBilinearKinematic(nolimiting
valuefora1).
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...ChabocheModel
ThisfigurebreaksdowntheChabochemodelparametersandhowtheyare
relatedtoeachother:

nis3,thenumberofkinematicmodelscombinedtogether.
Ristheyieldstress(constantvalue)
+R

Values1 3 aretheback
stressescalculatedfromthe
previousequation.Constants
C1 C3 and1 3 are
associatedwiththesevalues.

R
=1 + 2+ 3
2
3
1

Rdescribestheyieldsurface
whereas describesthe
shiftingofthecenterofthe
yieldsurface.

Notethat3=0,sothereisno
limitingsurfacefor.
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R=160
C1=80000, 1=2000
C2=10000, 2=200
C3=2500, 3=0

D.Definingthematerialinput
TodefineaChabochemodel,fromtheEngineeringDataToolBox

ExpandthePlasticityfoldertoexposeChabocheKinematicHardening
RMBontheChabochemodelandchooseIncludeProperty

TheChaboche modelwillthenappearinthe
propertiesdialogueboxforusertoenter
appropriatevalues
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...Definingthematerialinput
UptofivekinematichardeningmodelscanbedefinedunderChabochevia
EngineeringdataGUI.

Ifmorethefivemodelsarenecessary,useTB,CHABandTBDATA,,inacommandobject
underthegeometrybranchfortheapplicablepart(s).

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...Definingthematerialinput
Aswiththeothermetalplasticitymodels,Chabochecanalsobedefinedwith
temperaturedependencepropertiesinatabularformat

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E.Ratchetting&Shakedown
Ratchetting occursunderanonsymmetric stresscontrolledloading
Thereisaprogressiveincreaseinstrainateachcycle.

Shakedownoccursunderanonsymmetric stresscontrolledloading
Thereisaprogressivestabilizationofstrainateachcycle.

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...Ratchetting&Shakedown
0.07

2000

Ratchetting

0.06

1500

0.05

1000

Stress (MPa)

Plastic strain

Ratchetting modeled
with Chaboche using:
n=1
R=980,
C1=224000
400

0.04
0.03
0.02

500

-500

0.01
-1000

0.00

-1500
0.00

10

0.01

0.02

Time

0.04

0.05

0.07

2000

Shakedown

Loading
Controlled Stress
Unsymmetry

1500

0.006

Stress (MPa)

1000

0.004

0.002

500

-500

-1000

0.000
0

Time
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0.06

Plastic strain

0.008

Plastic strain

0.03

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10

-1500
0.000

0.002

0.004

Plastic strain

0.006

Shakedown modeled with

Chaboche using:
n=2
R=980
0.008
C1=224000 ,
C2=20000
1=400,
2=0

...Ratchetting&Shakedown
ConsiderationsforRatchetting:
Ratchetingistheaccumulationofplasticstrainunderanunsymmetricstress

controlledcyclicloading.
Linearkinematicmodelscannotcaptureratchetting,asshownbelow
Bilinear Kinematic Hardening

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Multilinear Kinematic Hardening

...Ratchetting&Shakedown
ConsiderationsforRatchetting(contd):

Ontheotherhand,asinglenonlinearkinematicmodel (n=1)fortheChabochemodel
cancaptureratchetting,asshownbelow.
1500

Inthefigureontheleft,the
bluelinesindicatea
symmetricloading
sequence.Notethatno
ratchetting occurs,anditisa
stablecycle.

1000

500

-1.50E-03

-1.00E-03

-5.00E-04

0
0.00E+00

Unsym
5.00E-04

1.00E-03

-500

-1000

-1500

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1.50E-03

2.00E-03

2.50E-03

3.00E-03

Symm

Theredlinesindicatea
nonsymmetric loading
sequence.Becausethe
plasticslopesaredifferent
(duetovalueofback
stresses),plasticstrains
continuetoaccumulate.

...Ratchetting&Shakedown
ConsiderationsforRatchetting(contd):

Ratchettingoccursduetothefactthattheinitialslopeincompression(AB)is
differentfromtheslopeintension(CD).Sincetheloadingisunsymmetric,CDis
nearertothelimitingyieldsurface,soitsslopeismoreasymptotic.
D
C

A
B

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...Ratchetting&Shakedown
ConsiderationsforShakedown:

Shakedownissimilartoratchetting.However,insteadoftheplasticstrainsteadily
accumulatingundernonsymmetricloading,itcomestoastandstillinshakedown.

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...Ratchetting&Shakedown
ConsiderationsforShakedown(contd):
Onewaytomodelshakedowniswithatleasttwokinematicmodelsin
Chaboche (n=2).Oneofthetwoshouldhave=0.

Onekinematicmodelwillhavei0,whichwillprovidearatchettingeffect,asshown
previously.

Ontheotherhand,anothermodelwillhavei=0toprovideastabilizationeffect.
Recallthati=0isequivalenttobilinearkinematichardening,sothereisno
ratchetting.

Together,thetwomodelswillprovideratchettingwithstabilizationafteracertain
numberofcycles.Thisiscalledshakedown.

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...Ratchetting&Shakedown
Chaboche vs LinearKinematicHardening

Samemodelwithsamenonsymmetric cyclicload
Chaboche Results

Stress vs Strain

Plastic Strain (EPPL)

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KINH Results

F.DeterminingChaboche Parameters
MAPDLhasacurvefittingroutineforreadingincyclictestdataand
determiningChabocheparametersdirectly.
Chabochematerialparameters;k(yieldstrength),Ci (hardeningmodulus)and
(rateofdecreaseofhardening)canbederivedperproceduresoutlinedon1st
and4th referencesonlastslide.

Usingaseriesoftensioncompression,straincontrolledtests,symmetricallyloadedat
differentstrainamplitudes.

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...DeterminingChaboche Parameters
Foreachsetoftestdata:

pl

Determinek approximately
fromtheelasticdomain.kis
usuallyhalftheelastic
domain.
Determinetheplasticstrain
rangepl

Determinethestressrange
Plotting(/2k)against(
pl/2) toestimatethe
asymptoticvalue
correspondingtoC/
C/

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...DeterminingChaboche Parameters
Usinganappropriatehyperbolic
expression,fittheresultstosolveforC1
and1 inrelationto/2k.

pl
C1

tanh 1
k

1
2
2

Data from three

separate tests

Note: Curve fitting procedures often benefit from reasonable initial

values. Since C1 is the initial hardening modulus, the slope after the
yield stress can be taken as an estimate of C1 and through the relation
C1/1 determined in previous step, an initial value of 1 can be obtained.
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References
Lemaitre,J.andChaboche,J.L.,MechanicsofSolidMaterials,Cambridge
UniversityPress,1990.
Chaboche,J.L.,ConstitutiveEquationsforCyclicPlasticityandCyclic
Viscoplasticity,InternationalJournalofPlasticity,Vol.5,pp.247302,1989.
Chaboche,J.L.,OnSomeModificationsofKinematicHardeningtoImprovethe
DescriptionofRatchettingEffects,InternationalJournalofPlasticity,Vol.7,pp.
661678,1991.
ChabocheNonlinearKinematicHardeningModel,SheldonImaoka,Memo
NumberSTI0805A,May4,2008

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H.WorkshopExercise
PleaserefertoyourWorkshopSupplement:
Workshop2A:Chaboche

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