Tong Quan Vien Thong

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
TNG QUAN V VIN THNG

(Dng cho sinh vin h o to i hc t xa)
Lu hnh ni b
H NI - 2007
HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
TNG QUANG V VIN THNG

Bin son :
Ths. Nguyn Vn t
Ths. Nguyn Th Thu Hng
Ks. L S t
Ks. L Hi Chu
TNG QUAN V VIN THNG

M s : 411TQV260
Chu trch nhim bn tho
TRUNG TM O TO BU CHNH VIN THNG 1
(Ti liu ny c ban hnh theo Quyt nh s: /Q-TTT1 ngy
ca Gim c Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng)
LI NI U
Trong nhng nm qua, h tng vin thng pht trin nhanh v c cng ngh v cht
lng cung cp dch v. Vin thng tri qua mt qu trnh pht trin lu di vi nhiu bc
ngot trong pht trin cng ngh v pht trin mng li. Vit Nam cng nh cc nc trn th
gii, hin nay c rt nhiu nh khai thc vin thng khc nhau vi s a dng ca cng ngh v
cu hnh mng cng nh cc dch v cung cp.
c c ci nhn tng quan v vin thng ni chung, nm bt nhng kin thc c bn
v vin thng v cng nm trong chng trnh o to ca h i hc t xa ca Hc vin Cng
ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, cun ti liu Tng quan v vin thng c cc ging vin B
mn Mng Vin thng, Khoa Vin thng I bin son.
Ti liu gm 6 chng, trnh by nhng kin thc c bn v lch s pht trin ca vin
thng, cc dch v vin thng, cc k thut c bn v truyn dn v chuyn mch trong vin
thng cng vn bo hiu v ng b mng.
Chng 1- Gii thiu chung: chng ny cung cp cho hc vin cch nhn tng quan v
mng vin thng; qu trnh pht trin ca vin thng trong qu kh, hin ti v xu hng pht
trin trong tng lai cng nh cc khi nim c bn trong vin thng c cp gip ngi
c bc u hiu v vin thng ni chung v c s tip cn vi h thng vin thng phc
tp.
Chng 2- Dch v vin thng: chng ny cp n cc vn lin quan n dch v
vin thng nh khi nim, cch thc phn loi dch v vin thng, cc yu t nh hng n
cht lng dch v v cht lng mng, ng thi gii thiu v cc loi hnh dch v vin thng
c bn v cc dch v mi trn th gii v Vit Nam, nhu cu v xu hng pht trin dch v
vin thng.
Chng 3- Cc mng vin thng: chng ny gii thiu s hnh thnh v pht trin ca
cc mng vin thng: cc mng mng in thoi, cc loi mng v cng ngh mng truyn s
liu, mng my tnh, Internet. Chng ny cn gii thiu nhng khi nim cn bn v cc phn
t to nn mng vin thng, v quan im phn tng giao thc v cc phng thc chuyn giao
thng tin qua cc mng c bn.
Chng 4- Cc vn truyn dn v ghp knh. Chng 4 trnh by cc ni dung lin
quan n truyn dn; khi nim v ghp knh v cc k thut ghp knh c s dng trong
mng vin thng.
Chng 5- Cc vn v chuyn mch v nh tuyn. Chng ny trnh by cc khi
nim v chuyn mch knh, k thut chuyn mch thi gian v khng gian, s kt hp cc k
thut trong cc h thng chuyn mch; K thut chuyn mch gi, nhng khi nim v nh
tuyn v s phn loi chng cng c cp.
Chng 6- Bo hiu v ng b trong mng vin thng: Chng ny a ra cc khi
nim v cc k thut c bn v bo hiu; vai tr v cc gii php ng b mng v ng b
trong mng vin thng Vit Nam (ca VNPT).
phn u mi chng u c phn gii thiu v ni dung ca chng v ch r nhng

kin thc c bn hc vin cn nm bt sau khi hc xong chng ny. Ngoi ra, gip sinh vin
cng c kin thc hc, cui mi chng u c cc cu hi n tp. Cc cu hi c a ra
di dng trc nghim, gip hc vin c th t nh gi nh phn hng dn tr li cui ti
liu.
y l ti liu cung cp cho cc hc vin h o to i hc t xa ca Hc vin Cng
ngh Bu chnh Vin thng ni ring cng nh nhng ngi c mun tm hiu, tip cn v vin
thng, mt trong nhng lnh vc cng ngh hin i v rt phc tp. Trong qu trnh bin son,
chng ti lun c gng a ra nhng gii thch, v d n gin d hiu, tuy nhin khng th
trnh khi nhng thiu st, rt mong cc hc vin, bn c thng cm v cho nhng gp .
Nhng kin ng gp xin gi v :
B mn Mng vin thng- Khoa Vin thng 1- Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh vin thng
T: 84-34-515484, bomonmangVT1@yahoo.com
H Ni, thng 8 nm 2006
CHNG 1 - GII THIU CHUNG

GII THIU CHNG
Mc ch ca chng 1 l cung cp cho ngi c nhng khi nim c bn nht v
vin thng, v qu trnh pht trin ca vin thng trong qu kh, hin ti v xu hng pht
trin trong tng lai.
Phn u chng 1 cp n lch s pht trin vin thng v nhng khi nim cn
bn v thng tin, tn hiu v h thng truyn thng.
Vn chun ha l mt ni dung rt quan trng trong vic nghin cu, tm hiu
vin thng ni chung. Chng 1 trnh by cc ni dung lin quan n vn chun ha,
trong gii thiu v cc t chc chun ha khc nhau. y l cc t chc chun ha quc
gia, khu vc v quc t c nh hng rt ln ti cc nh sn xut thit b vin thng, cc nh
khai thc vin thng v c khch hng s dng dch v vin thng.
Hc vin cn phi nm c cc khi nim c bn v thng tin, tn hiu v h thng
truyn thng; lch s pht trin vin thng v cc t chc chun ha vin thng quc t.
1.1 LCH S PHT TRIN CA VIN THNG

Vin thng l mt trong nhng b phn kinh doanh pht trin nhanh nht trong cc
cng ngh thng tin hin i. Ch cch y vi thp k, c coi l c hiu bit c bn v
vin thng, ta ch cn nm bt c cch thc hot ng ca mng in thoi l . Ngy
nay, lnh vc vin thng bao gm rt nhiu cng ngh v dch v hin i. Ngoi mt vi
dch v hon thin nh dch v in thoi c nh cn c rt nhiu dch v v ang
bng n nh dch v in thoi di ng v Internet. S xa b nhng quy nh trong nn
cng nghip vin thng lm kinh doanh tng trng mc d gi c ca cc dch v ngy
cng gim.
Mi trng vin thng m mi ngi phi la chn hin nay kh l phc tp. Trc
y, chng ta ch c mt la chn duy nht l c dng hay khng dch v ca mt nh cung
cp dch v thoi duy nht. Ngy nay, c rt nhiu nh cung cp dch v cung cp dch v
ADSL hoc modem cp cho truy nhp Internet v chng ta c th la chn mt trong s
nhiu nh cung cp khi mun dng dch v thoi.
Vin thng l ngun ti nguyn quan trng mang tnh chin lc cho hu ht cc tp
on hin i v tm quan trng ca vin thng ngy cng gia tng. Mi trng vin thng
lun lun thay i ny cho ta nhiu la chn mi v chng ta cn hiu v vin thng nhiu
hn v tng qut hn c th tn dng c nhng kh nng sn c ngy nay.
1.1.1 Khi nim chung v vin thng
Vin thng: bao gm nhng vn lin quan n vic truyn thng tin (trao i hay
qung b thng tin) gia cc i tng qua mt khong cch, ngha l bao gm bt k hot
ng lin quan ti vic pht/nhn tin tc (m thanh, hnh nh, ch vit, d liu, ) qua cc
3
phng tin truyn thng (hu tuyn nh ng dy kim loi, cp quang hoc v tuyn hoc
cc h thng in t khc).
Hnh 1.1 l lc phn loi vin thng. Vin thng chim phn ch o trong
truyn thng. Truyn thng l vic truyn thng tin t mt im ti mt im khc, gm c
truyn thng c hc (bu chnh) v truyn thng in (vin thng) bi v n pht trin t
dng c hc (my mc) sang dng in/quang v ngy cng s dng nhng h thng
in/quang phc tp hn.
Vin thng
n hng
Truyn
thanh
Song hng
Truyn
hnh
Truyn
hnh v
tuyn
in
bo
Telex
in
thoi
c
nh
in
thoi
di
ng
Truyn
d
liu
Th
in
t
Truyn
hnh
hi
ngh
Truyn
hnh
cp
Hnh 1.1: Vin thng
T phn truyn thng c hc (th t, bo ch) ang c xu hng gim trong khi t
phn truyn thng in/quang, c bit l truyn song hng, li gia tng v s chim th
phn ch o trong tng lai. V vy, ngy nay nhng tp on bo ch cng ang tp trung
v hng ti truyn thng in/quang, coi l c hi kinh doanh tng lai ca mnh.
1.1.2 Cc giai on pht trin vin thng
Vin thng tri qua nhiu giai on lch s khc nhau. Hnh 1.2 cho ta nhng mc
lch s pht trin quan trng trong vin thng, ch yu nhn mnh vo s pht trin v m
rng ca cc h thng v dch v vin thng (chi tit hn v cc dch v c gii thiu
trong Chng 2).
C th phn s pht trin ca vin thng qua bn giai on chnh. Giai on th nht
ko di khong 90 nm t khi in thoi ra i v pht trin. Giai on th hai l giai on
xut hin chuyn mch SPC, truyn dn s v thng tin v tinh. Giai on th 3 l giai on
pht trin c trng ca cc mng d liu v cng ngh chuyn mch gi. Giai on th 4
xut hin cng vn lin kt mng truyn thng. Phn tip theo trnh by nhng mc thi
gian ng nh i theo nhng s kin ni bt lin quan ti vin thng (xem Ph lc 1 bit
thm chi tit).
-
1838-1866 in bo (telegraph): Samuel Morse hon thin h thng in bo ca

chnh mnh; in bo l dch v vin thng u tin xut hin nm 1844.
1876-1899 in thoi (telephony): Alexander Graham Bell pht minh ra in thoi

(1876); xut hin tng i in thoi u tin vi 8 ng dy; Almond
Strowger sng ch ra tng i c in kiu tng nc (step by step, 1887).
1920-1928 Carson, Nyquist, Johnson v Hartley gii thiu l thuyt truyn dn.
1923-1938 Truyn hnh (Television): H thng c hnh nh c thc hin; bt u

nhng th nghim v thc nghim qung b.
1937
1938-1945 Cc h thng radar v viba pht trin trong i chin th gii ln th 2;

FM c s dng rng khp trong truyn thng qun s.
1948-1950 C.E. Shannon pht hnh cc bi bo nn tng v l thuyt thng tin.
Alec Reeves hnh thnh khi nim iu xung m (PCM).
WAN: Mng din rng

LAN: Mng ni ht
WLAN: LAN khng dy
WWW: World Wide Web
ADSL: ng dy thu bao s bt
i xng
ISDN: Mng s tch hp a dch v
AM: iu ch theo bin
FM: iu ch theo tn s
IP: Giao thc Internet
CS: Chuyn mch knh
PS: Chuyn gi
VoD: Truyn video theo yu cu
TV: Truyn hnh
Hnh 1.2: S pht trin ca cc h thng v dch v vin thng
1950
Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian (TDM) c p dng vo in thoi.
1953
Cc chun Tivi mu c cng b M.
1955
J. R. Pierce xut cc h thng truyn thng v tinh.
1962-1966 Dch v truyn d liu c thng mi; PCM chng t s thch hp cho
truyn thoi v TV; l thuyt truyn dn s c pht trin.
1965
Mariner IV truyn nhng bc nh t Sao Ha v Tri t.
1976
Ethernet LAN do Metcalfe v Broggs (Xerox) sng ch.
19701975 Chun PCM c CCITT trin khai.
19801983 Khi ng ca Internet ton cu da trn giao thc TCP/IP.
19801985 Cc mng di ng t bo hin i cung cp dch v; NMT Bc u,

AMPS M, m hnh tham chiu OSI c T chc chun ha quc t
(ISO) nh ngha.
1989
Tim Berners-Lee (CERN) c ban u cho vn kin kt ni Web trn

WWW (World Wide Web).
5
19901997 H thng t bo s u tin, Global System for Mobile Communications

(GSM), c thng mi v pht trin mnh trn ton th gii; S dng
Internet v dch v m rng nhanh chng nh c WWW.
19972001 Cng ng vin thng c bi b quy nh v kinh doanh pht trin

nhanh chng; cc mng t bo s, c bit l GSM m rng trn ton th
gii; nhng ng dng thng mi ca Internet m rng v mt phn
truyn thng thoi truyn thng c chuyn t mng in thoi chuyn
mch cng cng (PSTN) sang Internet; cht lng LAN c ci thin
vi cng ngh Ethernet tin tin c tc ln ti tm Gigabit/s
20012005 Truyn hnh s bt u thay th truyn hnh qung b tng t; cc h

thng truy nhp bng rng m rng kh nng cung cp dch v Internet a
phng tin ti mi ngi; dch v thoi tr thnh dch v truyn thng
c nhn khi s xm nhp ca cc h thng t bo v PCS tng ln.
2005
Truyn hnh s s thay th truyn hnh tng t v bt u cung cp cc

dch v tng tc ngoi dch v qung b; cc h thng di ng t bo th
h th 3 v cc cng ngh WLAN s cung cp cc dch v d liu tin
tin cho ngi s dng di ng; cc dch v di ng ni ht s m rng,
ng dng cho nhng cng ngh khng dy khong cch ngn trong nh v
cng s s tng ln; mng vin thng ton cu s tin trin hng ti mt
bng mng chuyn mch gi chung cho tt c cc loi dch v.
1.2 KHI NIM V THNG TIN, TN HIU V H THNG TRUYN

THNG
1.2.1 Cc khi nim v thng tin, truyn thng, bn tin v ngun tin
Thng tin (Information)
Thng tin l cc tnh cht xc nh ca vt cht c tip nhn bi nh quan st t
th gii vt cht xung quanh.
C th hiu mt cch chung nht, thng tin (hay cn gi l tin tc) l s hiu bit hay
tri thc, c kh nng c biu din di nhng dng thch hp cho qu trnh trao i,
truyn a, lu gi hay x l. Cc dng thc thng tin c bn bao gm: ting ni, hnh nh
(hnh nh tnh, hnh nh ng), d liu (k t, th). Nhng thng tin ny c thuc tnh
chung l u cha ng tng trong hot ng t duy ca con ngi.
Bn tin (Message)
Thng tin c th hin mt dng thc nht nh c gi l bn tin. Dng th hin
c th l vn bn, bn nhc, hnh v, on thoi. Mt bn tin cha ng mt lng thng tin
c th, c ngun v ch xc nh cn c chuyn mt cch chnh xc, ng ch v kp
thi.
Ngun tin (Information source)
Ngun tin l ni sn sinh hay cha cc bn tin cn truyn. V th, ngun tin c th l
con ngi hay cc thit b thu pht m thanh, hnh nh, cc thit b lu tr v thu nhn thng
tin pht i
1.2.2 S khi h thng truyn thng tin
H thng truyn thng (HTTT) thc hin cc chc nng x l cn thit, bin i
thng tin cn trao i thun tin cho vic lu tr, sa cha v truyn qua h thng.
Hnh 1.3 cho ta s khi ca HTTT, thng tin truyn qua h thng c th l mt
chiu truyn n hng (Hnh 1.3a) hoc trao i hai chiu truyn hai hng (Hnh
1.3b). Thng tin t ngun tin i ti thit b u cui (TBC) pht chuyn thnh tn hiu.
Tn hiu ny c truyn qua mi trng truyn dn (knh truyn thng) ti TBC thu. Ti
y, tn hiu c bin i ngc li thnh thng tin v a ti ni nhn tin.
Tn hiu
pht
Bn tin
TBC
pht
Ngun
tin
Tn hiu
thu
Bn tin
Nhn
tin
TBC
thu
Mi trng truyn dn
a) Truyn thng mt chiu

Tn hiu
pht/thu
Bn tin
Pht/nhn
tin
TBC
pht/thu
Tn hiu
thu/pht
Mi trng truyn dn
Bn tin
TBC
thu/pht
Nhn/pht
tin
b) Truyn thng hai chiu
Hnh 1.3: M hnh h thng truyn thng

HTTT do con ngi to ra da trn cc thnh tu khoa hc, lao ng sng to
phc v cho nhu cu trao i thng tin ca con ngi. HTTT rt a dng, khng ngng pht
trin v hon thin.
Ty thuc vo tin tc, thit b u cui trong HTTT c th c cc cu to khc nhau,
s dng cc phng php bin i tin tc tn hiu khc nhau (v d: TBC l micro
chuyn ting ni thnh tn hiu thoi, l loa chuyn tn hiu thoi thnh ting ni).
Mi trng truyn dn c hai loi l hu tuyn (c dy) v v tuyn (khng dy).
Mi trng truyn dn hu tuyn bao gm cc loi ng dy thng tin nh cp ng nhiu
i, cp ng trc, si quang Mi trng truyn dn v tuyn l khong khng bao quanh
tri t, chnh l cc tng kh quyn, tng in ly v khong khng v tr khc (khng phi
chn khng).
Cc HTTT u b nh hng bi nhiu, l cc dng nng lng tc ng lm thay i
tn hiu truyn i trong h thng. C nhiu loi nhiu khc nhau do mi trng bn ngoi v
chnh cc thit b bn trong tc ng vo h thng, in hnh l nhiu nhit (gy ra bi mch
in v cc cu kin in t trong h thng), nhiu in t (st, ng dy in bn ngoi)
1.2.3 Khi nim v tn hiu, m ha v iu ch

Tn hiu (Signal)
Trong HTTH n gin (Hnh 1.3), thng tin trao i c a qua cc chc nng x
l cn thit. Trc ht l chc nng bin i thng tin thnh mt i lng vt l trung gian
c gi l tn hiu.
H thng truyn thng in t thng bao gm cc thc th chc nng x l tn hiu
in v t. Nh vy, trong vin thng, tn hiu thc cht l mt dng nng lng mang theo
thng tin tch ra c v truyn t ni pht n ni nhn.
C nhiu quan im phn loi tn hiu khc nhau trong vin thng. Mt s quan im
phn loi thng gp nh sau :
-
Theo c tnh hm s : Tn hiu lin tc (hay cn gi l tn hiu tng t - Analog)

v tn hiu xung. Trong tn hiu xung, c mt h tn hiu quan trng l tn hiu s
(Digital). Hai tn hiu tng t v s c nhng chc nng x l khc nhau:
o Tn hiu tng t (analog signal), vi cc chc nng x l nh: khuch i
tuyn tnh, lc, iu ch, nn gin...
o Tn hiu k thut s (digital signal), vi cc chc nng x l nh: m ha, ti
to, lu tr, iu ch, xo trn, nn gin, sa li...
Cn nh rng, tn hiu tng t v tn hiu s c th cng ti mt thng tin v c
th c chuyn i ln nhau.
Theo thng tin (ngun tin): nhn mnh ti bn cht thng tin trong tn hiu, ngi
ta thng dng cc thut ng nh: tn hiu m thanh (trong c tn hiu thoi, tn
hiu ca nhc ); tn hiu hnh nh (hnh nh tnh, hnh nh ng ); tn hiu d
liu.
Theo nng lng mang: Tn hiu c phn chia tng ng vi dng nng lng
dng mang thng tin. V d : tn hiu in, tn hiu quang
Theo vng tn s : Tng ng vi vng tn s m ph tn hiu chim gi ta c tn

hiu m tn, tn hiu cao tn, tn hiu siu cao tn
Ngoi ra cn nhiu cc phn loi tn hiu khc, ty thuc vo h thng mng v cch
thc truyn thng s c gii thiu hoc lm quen sau ny.
Hnh 1.4 m t tn hiu thoi tng t v tn hiu thoi k thut s. Tn hiu tng t
in hnh l tn hiu c bin bin thin lin tc theo thi gian. Trong Hnh 1.4(a) c v s
cc gi tr trong khong i(max) i(min) u c ngha v mt mang thng tin, vi mt mc chnh
xc no . Do thng tin c cha ng chnh trong dng ng sng ca hm thi gian
nn h thng truyn thng tng t cn phi phn pht bo tn dng ng sng, vi mc
trung thc c th. mnh ca tn hiu tng t thay i trong khong 30dB100dB ty
theo cc ng dng. Do h thng tng t cn m bo tnh tuyn tnh trong mt di ng
tng i ln (t tn hiu yu nht ti tn hiu mnh hn hng nghn ln)
i
4
3
i
i(max)
1
0
t
(b) Tn hiu k thut s

i
i(min)
(a) Tn hiu tng t
0
t
(c) Tn hiu nh phn
Hnh 1.4: Tn hiu s v tn hiu tng t

Hnh 1.4(b) m t tn hiu k thut s. y ch c hu hn (0;1;2;3;4) gi tr dng
in c ngha v mt m ha thng tin, nhng gi tr khc khng c ngha mng thng tin.
Mt dng tn hiu s thng dng l tn hiu nh phn 1.4(c). Vi tn hiu nh phn ch c 2
gi tr l 0 v 1.
Da trn cc chc nng x l trong h thng, c th phn bit mt h thng tng t
khc vi h thng k thut s. H thng tng t bao gm cc thc th chc nng x l tn
hiu tng t. H thng k thut s bao gm cc chc nng x l tn hiu k thut s. Ngy
nay, h thng k thut s vi nhiu u im vt tri, ang dn dn thay th cc h thng
tng t.
M ha (Coding)
M ha c chia lm hai loi : M ha ngun (source coding) nn ngun thng
tin v m ha knh (channel coding) bo v bn tin khi truyn trn knh.
M ha ngun l phng thc m ha tn hiu thnh cc bt thng tin c th
truyn i, ng thi cng lm ti a dung lng knh truyn. Trong m ha ngun, c th
chia theo cc loi ngun thng tin khc nhau thoi, s liu hoc hnh nh. Vi thoi, thng
hay gp nht trong l m ha theo bin nh PCM, ngoi ra cn c m ha DPCM, DPCM
thch ng. Hin nay c cc b m ha thoi theo dng sng c s dng rng ri nh
CELP, cc b m ha ny c dng cho truyn thoi qua mng gi, tn hiu thoi c nn
xung c tc thp hn nhiu so vi tc PCM.
M ha knh l phng php b sung thm cc bt vo bn tin truyn i nhm mc
ch pht hin v/hoc sa li.
iu ch (Modulation)
Thng tin cn truyn c trn ln vi tn s sng mang nh mt qu trnh gi l
iu ch. Cn phi c qu trnh iu ch bi v tin tc ca tn hiu, nh ting ni chng hn,
thng c tn s rt thp, ti mc khng d g c pht x vo khng gian. C hai hnh
9
thc iu ch c s dng rng ri l iu bin (AM) v iu tn (FM). Cc hnh thc

khc l iu ch bin cu phng (QAM), iu pha (PM) v iu xung m (PCM).
Ngi ta cng thng s dng kt hp cc k thut iu ch. Chng hn pht thanh
FM stereo s dng kt hp c AM v FM. Cc h thng v tuyn s bin i cc tn hiu
ting ni thnh iu xung m, sau s dng QAM hoc PM chuyn dng xung theo tn
hiu v tuyn.
1.2.4 Cc loi knh truyn thng v c tnh ca chng
H thng truyn thng c thit lp trn thc t bng cc trang thit b vt cht k
thut c nn cng nghip ch to sn nh mt sn phm thng mi. Mi trang thit b
c bao gi bn trong mt v hp bo v mt cch chc chn v d dng vn chuyn, lp
t. Mi thit b l mt khi chc nng nht nh v x l thng tin c cng vo/ra tng
ng. Thit b truyn thng thng c giao din ngi my thc hin cc chc nng qun l
vn hnh ti ch : cnh bo (arlam), nhn cc lnh iu khin (switch, button...), iu khin
t xa ; i l qun l t xa. Mi thit b u c chc nng m bo ngun nui ti ch, hoc
cung cp ngun t xa. c bit, i vi thit b k thut s chc nng to xung nhp l v
cng quan trng. Cc thit b trong h thng cn phi phi hp xung nhp ny mt cch
chnh xc. Vn ng b mng chnh l m bo cho s phi hp ny
Mt h thng truyn thng phc tp thng bao gm nhiu loi thit b khc nhau
nh : TBC, thit b truyn dn; thit b thu/pht. Cc thit b c th c sp t cch xa
nhau hoc ni tip nhau theo ng truyn thng tin. Mi trng vt cht v k thut xuyn
qua h thng v c to sn, c th truyn c mt tn hiu c lp c gi l mt
knh (channel). Trong truyn thng c rt nhiu khi nim knh khc nhau.
-
Thit b thu/pht x l knh vt l (physical channels). Knh vt l c c

trng bi rng bng tn v di tn hot ng. Chng hn, knh radio, knh
v tinh, knh cp quang...
Thit b truyn dn k thut s (KTS) x l cc knh truyn dn KTS (digital

trasmission channels). Cc knh truyn dn KTS tng ng vi cc tn hiu
KTS. Chng hn, knh E1, T1, STM-1... Trong thit b truyn dn, knh
truyn dn c to ra vi tc bt c nh theo chun chung (64kb/s ;2048
kb/s ; 155,2 Mb/s...)
Cc thit b u cui x l knh thng tin. Knh thng tin (knh thoi ; knh
d liu ; knh video...) l mt mi trng k thut c to ra xuyn sut
HTTT v c th truyn c mt thng tin c lp.
1.3 VN CHUN HO V CC T CHC CHUN HA TRONG

VIN THNG
1.3.1 ngha ca vn chun ho
Cc mng truyn thng c thit k phc v cho nhiu ngi s dng khc nhau
vi cc thit b c cung cp t nhiu nh sn xut khc nhau. thit k v xy dng cc
10
mng mt cch hiu qu th cc thit b mng cn thng nht v chun, chng c th lin
kt v tng thch vi nhau, cng nh m bo hiu qu v gi thnh.
Cc tiu chun (cc tiu chun m) l cn thit gip cho vic kt ni d dng gia
cc h thng, thit b v cc mng ca cc nh sn xut, cc nh cung cp v khai thc khc
nhau. Nhng u im quan trng nht v cc kha cnh khc ca cc tiu chun m v vin
thng l:
Cc tiu chun cho php vic cnh tranh: Cc tiu chun m sn sng cho bt k
mt nh cung cp thit b ca h thng vin thng no. Khi mt h thng mi xut hin,
c chun ho v hp dn v mt kinh doanh th s c rt nhiu nh cung cp sn phm ti
th trng. Nu mt h thng no m b c quyn th cc c tnh k thut s l ca
ring nh sn xut , iu ny rt kh cho cc nh sn xut mi bt u vic sn xut cc h
thng tng thch cnh tranh. Cnh tranh m s to ra cc sn phm rt hiu qu v mt
gi thnh, dn n vic c th cung cp cc dch v vin thng vi gi thnh thp cho ngi
s dng.
Cc chun chung s dn ti c mt s cn bng v kinh t gia yu t k thut v
sn xut: Cc chun s thc y th trng pht trin cc sn phm hng ti cc chun
chung, iu ny s dn ti vic sn xut mang tnh ph bin v t s cn i v kinh t gia
sn xut v k thut. Vic s dng cc vi mch c tch hp rt ln (VLSI) v cc li ch
khc s gim gi thnh v gip cho sn phm d dng c chp nhn hn. iu ny s dn
ti s pht trin v kinh t ca mt x hi, nh vic ci tin v gim gi thnh cc dch v
vin thng.
Cc tc ng v quyn li chnh tr s dn ti hnh thnh nhiu chun khc nhau
nh: Chu u, Nht Bn v M. Vic chun ho khng ch l vn k thut. i khi cc
quyn li v chnh tr, ngn cn vic ph chun cc tiu chun ton cu v cc tiu chun
khc nhau thng c lm thch nghi cho Chu u, M v Nht Bn. Chu u khng
mun chp nhn cc cng ngh ca M v ngc li, bi v h mun bo v ngnh cng
nghip ca h. Mt trong cc v d tiu biu v mt quyt nh mang tnh chnh tr (vo
nhng nm 1970) l lut m ho PCM ca Chu u c a ra thay v s dng lut ca
M. Mt v d gn y l quyt nh ca M v vic khng chp nhn cng ngh GSM ca
Chu u l cng ngh thng tin di ng t bo k thut s chnh yu.
Cc tiu chun quc t s e do cc ngnh cng nghip ca cc nc ln nhng
l cc c hi tt cho cho nghnh cng nghip ca cc nc nh: Cc nh sn xut chnh ca
cc nc ln, c th khng ng h vic chun ho quc t, bi v n m cho th trng ni
a ca h pht trin thnh ni din ra cnh tranh quc t. Cc nh sn xut ca cc nc nh
th hon ton h tr vic chun ho, bi h ph thuc vo cc th trng nc ngoi. Th
trng ni a ca h th khng ln v h ang tm kim mt th trng mi cho cng
ngh ca h.
Cc chun chung s lm cho cc h thng thuc cc nh cung cp khc nhau c
th kt ni vi nhau: Mc ch chnh v mt k thut ca s chun ho l gip cho cc h
thng cng trong mt mng, hay thuc cc mng khc nhau, c th hiu ln nhau. Cc
11
chun thng bao hm cc ch tiu k thut lm cho cc h thng tng thch vi nhau v h
tr cho vic cung cp trn din rng thm ch ngay c cc dch v ton cu.
Cc tiu chun gip cho ngi s dng v cc nh iu hnh mng, cc hng sn
xut thit b, tr nn c lp vi nhau v tng sn sng ca h thng: Mt giao din
chun gia thit b u cui v mng cho php cc thu bao c th mua cc thit b u cui
ca nhiu hng khc nhau. Cc giao din chun gia cc h thng trong mng cho php cc
nh iu hnh mng s dng cc h thng ca nhiu nh cung cp khc nhau. Vic chun
ho s ci tin sn sng v cht lng ca h thng cng nh gim gi thnh ca chng.
Cc tiu chun lm cho cc dch v quc t c tnh kh thi: Vic chun ho ng
vai tr ch cht trong vic cung cp cc dch v quc t. V d cc tiu chun ton cu chnh
thc nh dch v thoi, ISDN, dch v chuyn mch gi X.25 ton cu, telex v fax. Cc tiu
chun ca mt s h thng c th khng c chp nhn rng ri mt cch chnh thc;
nhng nu h thng tr ln ph bin trn th gii th c th d dng thc hin c mt dch
v ton cu. Nhng v d gn y v cc dch v ny nh: thng tin GSM v Internet vi
WWW.
Nhng v d v cc phm vi chun ho quc t s ch r s nh hng ca chun ho
i vi cuc sng hng ngy ca chng ta nh:
Cc bc ren ca inh c (ISO, U ban k thut 1): Mt trong cc lnh vc u
tin c chun ho. Vo nhng nm 1960 mt bng n ca chic xe t ny khng th
lp va vo chic t khc. Nhng gn y chng c chun ho quc t v a s l tng
thch vi nhau.
Vic nh s in thoi quc t, m quc gia: Nu vic nhn dng thu bao trn
ton cu m khng duy nht th cc cuc gi t ng khng th thc hin c.
Giao tip thu bao in thoi.
M ho PCM v cu trc khung c s: lm cho cc tuyn ni c s ho trong
nc v quc t gia cc mng c th thc hin c.
Cc h thng pht thanh v truyn hnh.
Cc tn s dng cho v tinh v cc h thng thng tin v tuyn khc.
Cc b ni v cc tn hiu ca PC, my in v cc giao din vi modem.
LAN: cho php chng ta s dng cc my tnh t bt k nh sn xut no trong
mng ca cng ty chng ta.
1.3.2 Cc t chc chun ha quc t, khu vc v quc gia
C rt nhiu t chc tham gia vo cng vic chun ho. Chng ta xem xt chng theo
2 kha cnh: ai l nhng ngi tham gia vo cc thng mi v vin thng lin quan n
chun ho v cc nh cm quyn no ng h cc tiu chun chnh thc.
1.3.2.1. Nhng nhm ngi lin quan ti chun ha
Hnh 1.5 minh ho mt s nhm c quan tm tm ti vic chun ho v tham gia vo
cng vic ny. Chng ti lit k cc nhm ny v s quan tm ln nht ca h, l, ti sao
m h li lin quan n cng vic chun ho.
12
Ngi s dng
Nh khai thc
mng
Chuyn gia thuc

vin hn lm
Nh sn xut thit
b
Hnh 1.5: Cc nhm lin quan
Cc nh khai thc mng ng h vic chun ho:

-
tng cng kh nng tng thch ca cc h thng vin thng
C kh nng cung cp cc dch v trn din rng v ngay c oi vi cc dch v

quc t
C kh nng mua thit b t cc nh cung cp khc nhau
Cc nh sn xut thit b tham gia vo vic chun ho
ly cc thng tin v cc tiu chun trong tng lai phc v cho cc hot ng
pht trin cng sm cng tt
h tr cho cc tiu chun da trn cc cng ngh ca chnh h
hn ch vic chun ho nu n nh hng n th trng ca h
Nhng ngi s dng dch v tham gia vo vic chun ho

-
h tr cho s pht trin ca cc dch v chun ho quc t
hiu c cc nh cung cp h thng tng ng (mng nhiu c nhiu nh

cung cp tham gia)
tng kh nng tng thch cho cc h thng ca h
Cc nhm quan tm khc bao gm:

-
Cc cng chc ca chnh ph nhng ngi m quan tm n vic c nh hng

quc gia tun theo cc tiu chun quc t.
Cc chuyn gia thuc cc vin nghin cu mun tr thnh cc nh pht minh ra

cc nh hng k thut mi.
1.3.2.2. Cc t chc chun ho quc gia

Cc c quan c thm quyn v chun ho s ph chun cc tiu chun mt cch
chnh thc. Rt nhiu tiu chun quc t bao gm cc s la chn t cc nh c thm
quyn quc gia s chn ra mt cho mt tiu chun quc gia. Cc s la chn ny cng c
km theo bi v khng tm thy cc quan nim ton cu chung. i khi mt s kha cnh
m v chng yu cu mt tiu chun quc gia. V d c quan c thm quyn cc quc gia
a ra k hoch nh s cho mng in thoi quc gia v vic phn b tn s trong nc ca
h. Mt s v d khc v cc c quan ny c minh ho Hnh 1.6. H quan tm ti tt c
cc lnh vc chun ho v h c cc t chc c chuyn mn ho hay l cc nhm lm vic
cho vic chun ho mi mt lnh vc k thut ring nh l cng ngh vin thng v cng
ngh thng tin.
13
ANSI
DIN
BSI
SFS
Hnh 1.6: Mt s c quan chun ho quc gia
BSI: Vin chun ho Anh; DIN: Deutche Industrie-Normen; ANSI: Vin chun ho
quc gia m; SFS: Vin chun ho Phn Lan
1.3.2.3 Cc t chc chun ha khu vc
Cc t chc chun ha ca Chu u
Vin tiu chun vin thng Chu u (ETSI) l mt c quan c lp lm nhim v
lm ra cc tiu chun cho Chu u. Cc nh khai thc mng v cc nh sn xut cng tham
gia vo cng vic chun ho.
Hi ng chun ho v k thut in Chu u/ Hi ng chun ho Chu u
(CEN/CENELEC) hp tc thnh mt t chc chun ho cho cng ngh thng tin. N tng
ng vi IEC/ISO v cp ton cu v quan tm ti cc kha cnh mi trng v c in hc.
Hi ngh Chu u v qun l bu chnh v vin thng (CEPT) cng lm cc cng
vic ca ETSI trc khi c quan thng tn ca u ban Chu u (Green Paper) m ra s cnh
tranh Chu u trn th trng vin thng. Vic m ca v vin thng yu cu c quan
v in thoi, in bo v bu chnh (PTT) ca cc quc gia tr thnh cc nh iu hnh
mng bnh ng vi cc nh iu hnh mng mi khc v h khng c php xy dng cc
tiu chun na.
ETSI
CEPT
CEN/
CENELEC
Hnh 1.7: Cc t chc chun ho chu u

Mt v d v cc tiu chun c a ra bi ETSI l h thng thng tin di ng t
bo s GSM c chp nhn, mt s nc Chu u v c xem nh l mt tiu chun
chnh cho thng tin di ng ton cu hin nay.
Cc t chc chun ha ca M
C quan c thm quyn v tiu chun ca M, ANSI- Vin nghin cu tiu chun
quc gia M, c cng nhn l mt trong cc t chc xy dng cc tiu chun v vin
thng. Mt trong s cc t chc ny c a ra Hnh 1.8.
Vin nghin cu k thut in v in t (IEEE) l mt trong cc c quan chuyn
mn ln nht trn th gii v to ra nhiu tiu chun quan trng v vin thng. Mt s
14
trong cc tiu chun ny nh cc tiu chun cho mng cc b (LAN) c ISO chp nhn
nh l tiu chun quc t. Mt v d khc l tiu chun quc t cho 'Ethernet: ISO8002
tng ng vi tiu chun IEEE 802.2.
Hip hi cng nghip in t (EIA) l mt t chc ca cc nh sn xut thit b in
t ca M. Rt nhiu tiu chun ca h nh l cc b ni ca my tnh c nhn c chp
nhn ton cu. V d, tiu chun v giao din s liu EIA RS 232 th tng thch vi
khuyn ngh V.24/28 ca ITU-T.
FCC
FCC
IEEE
EIA
Hnh 1.8: Cc t chc chun ho M
U ban truyn thng lin bang (FCC) thc ra khng phi l mt c quan xy dng
cc tiu chun nhng l mt c quan iu tit. N l mt c quan qun l nh nc quy nh
v truyn thng v tuyn v hu tuyn, ng mt vai tr quan trng v d trong s pht
trin cc c im k thut v bc x v nhy ca nhiu in t trong cc thit b vin
thng.
1.3.2.4 Cc t chc chun ha quc t
Lin minh vin thng quc t (ITU) l mt c quan chuyn mn ca lin hp quc
chu trch nhim v vin thng. N bao gm gn 200 nc thnh vin v cng tc chun ho
ca n c chia thnh cc phn chnh: ITU-T (trc y gi l CCITT) v ITU-R (trc
y gi l CCIR).
Hi ng t vn in thoi v in bo quc t CCITT/ ITU-T nay gi l

ITU-T, T vit tt ca Vin thng.
Hi ng t vn v v tuyn quc t CCIR/ITU-R nay c gi l ITU-R

trong R vit tt ca v tuyn.
ITU-T v ITU-R xut bn ra cc khuyn ngh, thc ra chng l cc tiu chun chnh
v cc mng vin thng. ITU-T xy dng cc tiu chun v cc mng vin thng cng cng
(v d nh ISDN), v ITU-R v v tuyn nh vic s dng tn s trn th gii v cc c
tnh k thut ca cc h thng v tuyn. Rt nhiu nhm tham gia vo cng vic ny nhng
ch c cc c quan thuc quc gia mi c quyn b phiu. ITU-T trc y l CCITT xy
dng c hu ht cc tiu chun ton cu cho cc mng cng cng.
T chc chun ho quc t/ U ban k thut in quc t (ISO/IEC) l mt t chc
chung chu trch nhim v chun ho cng ngh thng tin.
15
ITU-T (CCITT)
ISO/IEC
ITU-R(CCIR)
Hnh 1.9: Cc t chc chun ho quc t

ISO chu trch nhim chun ho trong lnh vc truyn s liu v giao thc, cn IEC
trong lnh vc k thut in (v d nh cc b ni) v cc mt khc v mi trng.
1.3.2.5 Cc t chc khc
C rt nhiu cc t chc khc lm nghin cu v cc tiu chun. Trong s th ISO
v ITU-T l cc t chc rt tch cc v da vo cc cng vic ca cc nhm rt nhiu tiu
chun quc t c xy dng. Di y l mt s tiu chun lm v d v cc t chc tiu
chun m khng c v tr chnh thc;
Lc lng c nhim v k thut Internet (IETF) quan tm ti vic chun ho

cc giao thc TCP/IP cho Internet
Din n phng thc truyn thng d b (ATM) l mt t chc m thuc v

cc nh sn xut thit b ATM h tr kh nng tng thch gia cc h
thng ca nhiu nh cung cp khc nhau. Din n ny th linh hot v c th
xy dng c cc tiu chun cn thit trong mt khong thi gian ngn hn
so vi cc t chc ton cu chnh thc. Cc tiu chun ny thng c dng
lm c s cho cc tiu chun chnh thc m sau ny s c ph chun bi
ITU v ISO.
Din n qun l mng l mt t chc ca cc nh sn xut h thng tng

tc cho s pht trin ca cc tiu chun v qun l. Vi s tr gip ca cc
tiu chun ny cc nh iu hnh mng c th iu khin v gim st mng c
thit b ca nhiu hng mt cch c hiu qu t mt trung tm qun l. Sau
cc xut s c chuyn ti ITU-T v ISO c chp thun mt cch
chnh thc trn th gii.
Ngoi ra cn c nhiu t chc khc; hng nm, mt s nhm mi xut hin thm cn
mt s t chc khc th gii th. Cc v d v cc nhm lm vic gn y l h thng thng
tin di ng ton cu GSM, Bin bn ghi nh v cc iu kin v Din n ng dy thu
bao s khng i xng (ADSL).
16
CU HI N TP CHNG 1
1. Vin thng bao gm cc lnh vc:
A. in thoi, fax
B. Internet v mng d liu
C. Truyn thanh, truyn hnh, v tinh
D. Tt c cc lnh vc trn
2. Lch s pht trin ca vin thng c chia thnh bao nhiu pha trong qu trnh pht
trin
A. 2
C. 4
B. 3
D. 5
3. Thng tin gm cc dng sau:

A. m thanh
B. Hnh nh
C. D liu
D. C ba dng trn
4. im khc nhau gia tn hiu s v tn hiu tng t l :
A. Tn hiu s l tn hiu c gi tr hu hn trong min xt (bin , tn s), cn tn
hiu tng t c gi tr lin tc.
B. Tn hiu s l tn hiu ch c hai gi tr, cn tn hiu tng t c nhiu hn hai
gi tr.
5. Mc ch ca m ha ngun tn hiu trong truyn thng l:
A. tng hiu qu s dng knh truyn
B. gim bt cht lng thng tin truyn i
C. truyn thng tin i nhanh hn
D. d dng khi phc thng tin b mt pha thu
6. Mc ch ca vic m ha knh trong truyn thng l:
A. tng hiu qu s dng knh truyn
B. gim bt thi gian truyn thng tin
C. c th pht hin li v/hoc khi phc thng tin pha thu khi gp li
D. n gin h thng truyn thng
7. Mc ch ca vic chun ha trong vin thng l:
A. cc nh sn xut vin thng ln tr thnh c quyn
B. gip ngi s dng c nhiu quyn la chn khi mua sn phm
C. gim bt kh khn v k thut khi kt ni cc h thng thit b ca cc nh
sn xut khc nhau
D. cung cp cc dch v kt ni quc t c d dng hn
17
8. T chc lin minh vin thng quc t ITU-T, trc y cn c tn gi khc l g?

A. CCITT
C. ETSI
B. ITU-R
D. ANSI
9. ANSI l :
A. T chc chun ha vin thng quc t
B. T chc chun ha vin thng khu vc
C. T chc chun ha vin thng quc gia
D. Khng phi l mt t chc vin thng
10. ETSI l
A. T chc chun ha vin thng quc t
B. T chc chun ha vin thng khu vc
C. T chc chun ha vin thng quc gia
D. Khng phi l mt t chc vin thng
11. Bng tn s dng cho tn hiu thoi truyn thng l bao nhiu
A. 16Hz 20KHz
B. 16Hz 4KHz
C. 16Hz 3,4KHz
D. 300Hz 3,4KHz
12. Mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng l mng no sau y:

A. PSTN
C. ISDN
B. PSDN
D. PSPDN
13. Trong cu trc mng theo kiu qung b th c nhng kiu qung b no
A. Qung b tnh v Qung b ng tp trung
B. Qung b tnh v qung b ng phn tn
C. Qung b tnh, qung b ng tp trung v qung b ng phn tn
D. Qung b ng tp trung v qung b ng phn tn
14. C nhng phng thc truyn tn hiu no trong h thng truyn thng hin nay
A. n cng v song cng
B. Song cng v bn song cng
C. n cng v bn song cng
D. n cng, song cng v bn song cng
15. Vin chun ha quc gia Hoa k c tn vit tt l g?
A. BSI
C. ANSI
B. DIN
D. SFS
16. Vin tiu chun Vin thng Chu u c tn vit tt l g
A. CEPT
C. IEEE
B. ETSI
D. ITU
18
TI LIU THAM KHO CHNG 1

[1]
Aattalainen T. Introduction to Telecommunications Network Engineering. Chapter 1:

Introduction to Telecommunications. Artech House, 1999.
[2]
Moore M. S. Telecommunications: A Beginners Guide. McGraw-Hill, 2002.
[3]
Freeman R. L. Fundamentals of Telecommunications. John Wiley & Sons, 1999.
[4]
Tarek N. S. Mostafa H. A. Fundamentals of Telecommunications Networks. John Wiley

& Sons, 1994.
[5]
Understanding Telecommunications. Ericsson Telecom, Telia and Studentlitteratur,

1997.
[6]
Warren Hioki. Telecommunications. 2nd ed, Prentice Hall, Inc, 1995.
[7]
TS. Phng Vn Vn, TS. Trn Hng Qun, TS. Nguyn Qu Minh Hin. Mng vin
thng v xu hng pht trin. NXB Bu in, H Ni, 2002.
19
CHNG 2 - DCH V VIN THNG
GII THIU CHNG

Chng 2 gii thiu nhng khi nim cn bn v dch v vin thng: khi nim v
loi hnh dch v, cht lng dch v, cc tham s v yu t nh hng ti cht lng dch
v vin thng. Ni dung trong chng ny cn cho trnh by v cc loi hnh dch v vin
thng c bn, nhng dch v vin thng mi Vit Nam v th gii. Cui chng l phn
phn tch xu hng pht trin v nhu cu ca khch hng v cc dch v vin thng hin nay.
Dch v vin thng l vn rt quan trng vi c khch hng v nh cung cp mng,
cng nh nh cung cp dch v vin thng. Dch v vin thng lin quan v nh hng rt
ln ti xu hng pht trin ca chnh mng cung cp dch v v phng thc cung cp dch
v ca cc doanh nghip vin thng.
Hc vin cn nm bt c nhng khi nim c bn v dch v, v cc loi hnh dch
v, cng nh cht lng ca cc dch v vin thng, trn c s tm hiu su hn v cch
thc cc mng vin thng hot ng v phi hp hot ng cung cp nhng dch v vin
thng cc chng sau ny.
Khi nim dch v vin thng
Khi nim dch v vin thng lun gn lin vi khi nim mng vin thng. Mi
mng vin thng s cung cp mt vi loi dch v c bn c trng cho mng vin thng
v mng ny c th cng h tr vi mng khc cung cp c mt dch v vin thng c
th.
"Dch v vin thng" l dch v truyn k hiu, tn hiu, s liu, ch vit, m thanh,
hnh nh hoc cc dng khc ca thng tin gia cc im kt cui thng qua mng vin
thng.
Mng vin thng

1
4
2
5
3
6
Ngi s dng
dch v vin thng
Nh
cung cp dch v
Nh
cung cp h tng mng
20
Hnh 2.1: Dch v vin thng

Ni mt cch khc, chnh l dch v cung cp cho khch hng kh nng trao i
thng tin vi nhau hoc thu nhn thng tin thng qua mng vin thng (thng l mng cng
cng nh mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng, mng in thoi di ng, mng Internet,
mng truyn hnh cp ) ca cc nh cung cp cung cp dch v v nh cung cp h tng
mng (Hnh 2.1).
2.1 CC PHNG PHP PHN LOI DCH V MNG VIN THNG

Khi nhc n vic cung cp dch v, chng ta thng gp cc khi nim: khch hng
(ngi s dng dch v), nh cung cp dch v v nh cung cp mng (nh cung cp h tng
mng, qun l v iu hnh mng). y, dch v vin thng th hin mi quan h t pha
nh cung cp dch v vin thng bao gm cc nh cung cp dch v thng tin v nh iu
hnh mng vi khch hng l nhng ngi s dng dch v. Cc khi nim ny lin quan
ch yu qua vic cung cp dch v v tnh cc. Hnh 2.2 th hin kt ni c bn ca cc
khi nim ny.
Thu cc s dng mng
Yu cu h
tng mng
Nh cung cp
mng
Yu cu
dch v
Khch
hng
Nh cung cp
dch v
Cung cp h
tng mng
Cung cp
dch v
Thu cc thng tin v s dng mng; chm
sc khch hng
Hnh 2.2: Mi lin h gia cc i tng cung cp dch v

Nh cung cp mng: c h tng mng li cung cp ti nguyn theo yu cu dch
v ca khch hng, bao gm cc thit b chuyn mch, truyn dn v.v. Nh cung cp mng
thc hin ngha v phn phi ti nguyn mng, qun l v duy tr s hot ng ca h tng
mng (i khi c th thc hin vic tnh v thu cc cho c hai i tng trn). Vit Nam
nh cung cp mng l doanh nghip nh nc hoc doanh nghip m gp vn ca nh nc
chim c phn chi phi hoc c phn c bit, c thnh lp theo quy nh ca php lut
thit lp h tng mng v cung cp dch v vin thng. Cc doanh nghip cung cp h tng
mng ti Vit Nam tnh ti thi im nm 2005 c 6 doanh nghip: Tng cng ty Bu chnh
vin thng Vit Nam (nay l Tp on BCVT Vit Nam - VNPT), Cng ty in t vin
thng qun i (Viettel), Cng ty c phn dch v BC-VT Si Gn (SPT), Cng ty vin
thng in lc (ETC), Cng ty c phn vin thng H Ni (Hanoi Telecom), Cng ty thng
tin in t hng hi (Vishipel).
Nh cung cp dch v (Service Provider) m bo dch v tng xng vi gi cc
phc v trong mi iu kin, thng th nh cung cp ny thc hin vic thu cc dch v
21
gm cc thng tin v cc s dng mng ca khch hng, sau tr cc s dng mng

cho nh iu hnh mng. Nh cung cp dch v khng s hu h tng mng m ch thit lp
cc h thng thit b vin thng trong phm vi c s v im phc v cng cng ca mnh
trc tip cung cp dch v gi tr gia tng, dch v truy nhp Internet v bn li dch v vin
thng; khng c thit lp cc ng truyn dn ngoi phm vi c s v im phc v
cng cng ca mnh. Vit Nam, nh cung cp mng l doanh nghip thuc mi thnh phn
kinh t, c thnh lp theo quy nh ca php lut cung cp dch v vin thng. Hin
nay mi ch c duy nht VNPT l doanh nghip tham gia cung cp ton b cc dch v vin
thng, cc doanh nghip cung cp h tng mng khc ch cung cp mt s dch v vin
thng.
Khch hng (Customer) yu cu dch v vin thng, s dng, khai thc dch v v phi
c trch nhim thanh ton ton b cc ph dch v theo hp ng k kt vi nh cung cp
dch v.
Vit Nam v trn th gii, i khi nhng khi nim trn khng c phn nh
rch ri v thng nh cung cp dch v c th chnh l nh cung cp h tng mng v nh
cung cp thng tin. V vy, i khi yu cu cung cp dch v ca khch hng ti nh cung
cp dch v li thng qua nh cung cp h tng mng. Thm ch cng kh phn bit c
khch hng s dng dch v trc tip hay khch hng mi gii dch v hoc khch hng
trung gian.
Dch v vin thng rt a dng, v vy c nhiu phng php phn loi dch v
theo nhng quan im khc nhau, c hai kiu phn loi ch yu l phn loi theo ngi s
dng dch v v theo nh cung cp dch v.
2.1.1 Quan im ngi s dng
Thng thng, dch v vin thng c phn chia thnh cc nhm sau:
-
Dch v c bn: truyn a tc thi thng tin qua mng vin thng (bao
gm c Internet*) m khng lm thay i loi hnh hoc ni dung thng
tin. y l loi dch v ti thiu (n gin nht) m nh cung cp dch v
cp cho khch hng, da trn nng lc c bn ca mng vin thng ca
nh cung cp.
Dch v Internet: bao gm dch v truy nhp Internet, dch v kt ni

Internet v dch v ng dng Internet. Vi mng Internet, ngi s dng
c th c cp cc dch v c bn trn nh: Th tn in t, truyn
tp (tp tin), dch v truy nhp t xa, truy nhp c s d liu theo cc
phng thc khc nhau...
9 Dch v kt ni Internet l dch v cung cp cho cc c quan, t
chc, doanh nghip cung cp dch v Internet kh nng kt ni
vi nhau v vi Internet quc t.
T y, khi nhc n mng vin thng ngha l bao gm c mng Internet
22
9 Dch v truy nhp Internet l dch v cung cp cho ngi s

dng kh nng truy nhp Internet.
9 Dch v ng dng Internet trong bu chnh, vin thng l dch
v s dng Internet cung cp dch v bu chnh, vin thng
cho ngi s dng. Dch v ng dng Internet trong cc lnh vc
kinh t - x hi khc phi tun theo cc quy nh php lut v
bu chnh, vin thng v cc quy nh khc ca php lut c lin
quan.
-
Dch v gi tr gia tng l dch v lm tng thm gi tr thng tin ca

ngi s dng dch v bng cch hon thin loi hnh, ni dung thng tin
hoc cung cp kh nng lu tr, khi phc thng tin trn c s s dng
mng vin thng. Nhng dch v ny thun tin hn cho ngi s dng,
khng ch kt ni thit b u cui, c kh nng cung cp rng khp v
tnh cc linh hot.
Cc dch v trn nn mng th h sau: Cc dch v c cung cp trn nn

mng th h sau (NGN) l mng c h tng thng tin duy nht da trn
cng ngh gi c th trin khai nhanh chng cc loi hnh dch v khc
nhau da trn s hi t gia thoi v s liu, gia c nh v di ng.
Hin ti VNPT ang cung cp cc dch v NGN cho ngi s dng (dch
v thoi VoIP tr trc-1719, dch v bo cuc gi t Internet-CWI )
v cho doanh nghip (dch v thoi min ph-1800, Dch v thng tin gii
tr-1900 ).
Ngoi ra cn c nhiu cch phn loi dch v trn nhng c s tiu ch khc nhau,
nhm mc ch to iu kin thun li trong vic qun l, hoch nh chnh sch ca nh
nc.
Theo a im cung cp dch v, bao gm dch v ti nh thu bao v dch v ti

im cng cng:
-
Dch v ti nh thu bao l dch v c cung cp n a ch ng k ca

tng ch thu bao trn c s cc thit b u cui thu bao c lp t ti
nh thu bao v c u ni vi mng in thoi cng cng thng qua
hp ng cung cp v s dng dch v c k gia ch thu bao vi n
v cung cp dch v.
Dch v ti im cng cng l dch v c cung cp cho ngi s dng

dch v trn c s cc thit b u cui do n v cung cp dch v lp t
ti cc im cng cng. Dch v ti im cng cng bao gm:
9 Dch v c ngi phc v: in thoi cng cng, Fax cng cng
(Bureaufax), truyn s liu cng cng (truyn file).
9 Dch v khng c ngi phc v: in thoi, Fax v truyn s
liu thanh ton t ng bng th hoc trc tip bng tin xu, tin
mt.
23
Theo phng thc khai thc dch v, dch v trn mng in thoi cng cng bao
gm dch v quay s trc tip v dch v qua in thoi vin:
-
Dch v quay s trc tip l dch v m vic lin lc gia cc thit b u

cui hoc gia thit b u cui vi thit b truy nhp mng dch v qua
mng in thoi cng cng c thc hin bng phng thc t ng
quay (bm) s trc tip.
Dch v qua in thoi vin l dch v m vic lin lc gia cc thit b

u cui hoc gia thit b u cui vi thit b truy nhp mng dch v
qua mng in thoi cng cng c thc hin bng phng thc bn t
ng thng qua s tr gip ca in thoi vin hoc thit b hng dn kt
ni cuc gi.
Theo phm vi cung cp dch v, bao gm dch v ni ht, dch v ng di trong

nc v dch v quc t:
-
Dch v ni ht l dch v m lin lc c thit lp thng qua mng in

thoi cng cng gia cc thit b u cui hoc gia thit b u cui vi
thit b truy nhp mng dch v trong cng mt phm vi (vng cc) ni
ht;
Dch v ng di trong nc l dch v m lin lc c thit lp thng

qua mng in thoi cng cng gia cc thit b u cui hoc gia thit
b u cui vi thit b truy nhp mng dch v nm cc phm vi (vng
cc) ni ht khc nhau.
Theo quyt nh s 20/2003/Q-BBCVT ngy 19/2/2003 ca B BC-VT Vit Nam,

t ngy 1/3/2003 dch v ng di trong nc ti Vit Nam c chia lm 3 vng
cc (vng 1: khong cch lin lc n 400km, vng 2: n 1200 km, vng 3: trn
1200 km).
-
Dch v quc t l dch v m lin lc c thit lp thng qua mng in

thoi cng cng gia cc thit b u cui hoc gia thit b u cui vi
thit b truy nhp mng dch v, trong c t nht mt thit b u cui
hoc thit b truy nhp mng dch v c lp t hoc ng k s dng
nc ngoi.
Theo phng thc thanh ton, dch v trn mng in thoi cng cng bao gm
dch v tr tin trc v dch v tr tin sau:
-
Dch v tr tin trc l dch v m ngi s dng thanh ton cc cho

n v cung cp dch v trc khi s dng dch v, di hnh thc mua
th tr trc (prepaid calling card) v cc dch v s c tr dn trn
th hoc tr vo ti khon tr trc cho n ht ph thuc vo phm vi v
thi gian lin lc. Cc dch v tr tin trc in hnh hin c Vit Nam
l: in thoi di ng dng th tr trc Vinacard, Mobicard, in thoi
dng th Cardphone
24
Dch v tr tin sau l dch v m ngi s dng thanh ton cc cho n

v cung cp dch v sau khi s dng dch v trn c s thng bo hoc ho
n thanh ton cc ca n v cung cp dch v.
2.1.2 Quan im ca nh cung cp dch v

Theo quan im ca nh cung cp dch v, c hai loi dch v vin thng c bn:
- Dch v mang (Bearer service)
- Dch v xa ton phn (Teleservice *)
Mng vin thng
Bearer Service
TeleService
Hnh 2.3: Dch v mang v dch v xa ton phn

Khi khai thc mng vin thng, khch hng c th s dng ton b c s h tng vin
thng cho nhu cu trao i thng tin ni b ca mnh hoc s dng mt trong s cc dch v
vin thng cng cng.
Trong trng hp th nht, nh qun l v vn hnh mng vin thng (ngi s hu
mng li) s cung cp cho khch hng dch v vn chuyn thng tin (bearer service) theo
yu cu c th ca ngi dng. Khch hng ca loi dch v ny thng l cc t chc kinh
doanh v khai thc dch v vin thng, cc c quan, doanh nghip hay cc t chc ln c
nhu cu trao i, truyn ti mt lng ln thng tin ni b thng xuyn gia cc thnh vin
vi nhau. V d nh cc c quan chnh ph, ngn hng, cc cng ty ln c cc c s ng ti
cc a im khc nhau...
Trong trng hp th hai, khch hng l nhng ngi s dng c lp nhng li c
nhu cu dng chung mt s dch v vin thng cng cng nh in thoi, fax, thng tin my
tnh... Khi , ngi dng s phi ng k quyn c s dng mt trong s v vn cc dch
v vin thng (teleservice) m nh khai thc dch v vin thng cung cp. Nh khai thc dch
v vin thng c th chnh l nh qun l v vn hnh mng vin thng, cng c th l mt
t chc cung cp dch v gin tip. iu ny c th nhn thy r rng nht trong trng hp
khai thc dch v Internet (cc ISP - nh cung cp dch v Internet thu mt s knh truy
nhp Internet t nh qun l v bn li quyn truy nhp thng qua cc dch v ca mnh).
Trong cc phn lin quan n dch v phn sau, chng ta s i vo phn tch chi tit
v cc loi dch v trn quan im c bn ca ngi s dng.
*
Cn c khi gi chung l dch v vin thng
25
2.2 CHT LNG DCH V V CC YU T NH HNG N

CHT LNG DCH V
Cht lng dch v l thc o nh gi kh nng cung cp dch v ca nh cung cp
mng v dch v. Ngy nay, nhu cu s dng cc dch v c cht lng cao ngy cng tng.
c th thu ht c khch hng, cc nh khai thc khng ch phi nng cao kh nng
phc v ca mng li m cn phi nng cao cht lng ca cc dch v c cung cp.
i vi khch hng, cht lng dch v trc tip l quan trng, song c c cp
cht lng nh mun, nh vn hnh mng phi c c mng li tt v c cch thc
qun l ti nguyn mng hiu qu. y c s lin quan gia cht lng dch v v hiu
nng mng. R rng khi nhn vo cc ch s ca cht lng dch v, ta c th nh gi c
nng lc ca mng li v ngc li khi tham kho cc yu t ca hiu nng mng, ta c th
a ra v mc cht lng dch v cho cc dch v m mng vin thng cung cp. Nh
vy, y chnh l hai khi nim c quan h mt thit vi nhau. Nhiu lc cht lng dch v
(k hiu l QoS Quality of Service) v hiu nng mng (k hiu l NP Network
Performance) c hiu l nh nhau.
R rng, chng ta lun lun mong mun nng cao cht lng dch v v kh nng ca
mng li. Vy th QoS l g? c QoS cao, chng ta cn phi p ng c nhng yu t
no? chnh l cc yu t nh hng n cht lng dch v QoS v hiu nng mng NP.
2.2.1 Khi nim cht lng dch v

Cht lng dch v (QoS): l tng hp nhng tham s, kin th hin s hi lng,
khng hi lng ca khch hng i vi mt dch v vin thng no .
Cht lng dch v v hiu nng mng c mi lin h kh cht ch. Hnh 2.4 cho ta
thy rng mun c c cht lng dch v tt th n phi c da trn c s hiu nng
mng tt i km.
Theo quan im ca nh cung cp dch v, khi nim hiu nng mng l mt chui
tham s mng c th c xc nh, o c v c iu chnh c th t c mc
hi lng ca ngi s dng dch v. Nh cung cp phi c nhim v t hp cc tham s cht
lng mng khc nhau thnh mt b ch tiu c th va m bo cc nhu cu li ch kinh
t ca mnh ng thi phi tho mn mt cch tt nht cho nhng yu cu ca ngi s dng
dch v.
Theo khuyn ngh E.800 ca ITU-T th hiu nng mng c nh ngha nh sau:
Hiu nng mng (NP) l nng lc mt mng hoc l phn mng cung cp cc chc nng
c lin quan n kh nng truyn thng gia nhng ngi s dng.
T nh ngha trn, ta c th hiu l nh gi hiu nng mng chnh l nh gi cc
ch tiu, cc thng s k thut c lin quan ti kh nng truyn thng tin ca mng vi cc
chng loi thit b thuc mng .
26
Cht lng dch v
Kh nng h
tr dch v
Kh nng khai
thc dch v
Kh nng truy Kh nng duy

nhp dch v
tr dch v
Mc hon
ho dch v
Mc an
ton dch v
Kh nng phc v
Cht lng dch v(QoS)
Cht lng mng (NP)
Kh nng
tnh cc
Kh nng x l
lu lng
Lp k hoch
Nng lc
truyn lan
kh dng
Cung cp
Qun l
Ti nguyn v
s thun tin
Mc
tin cy
Kh nng
bo dng
H tr
bo dng
Kh nng
truyn dn
tin cy
Hnh 2.4: Lin h gia QoS v NP
2.2.2 Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng dch v

Cht lng dch v ph thuc vo tnh kt hp ca nhiu yu t: cc thnh phn
mng, c ch x l hai im u cui, c ch iu khin trong mng. i vi cc thnh
phn mng (c s h tng vt l) thng thng c 3 phn quan trng: Thit b u cui,
phng tin truyn dn v thit b chuyn mch (cc thit b trung chuyn trn mng). i
vi mi phn c cc yu cu v QoS tng ng. Nhn chung QoS c cc user (ngi
dng) hai u cui truyn thng quyt nh. Nh cung cp dch v s nm bt c nh
gi QoS thng qua kin khch hng (dng n v MOS -Mean Opinion Score).
nm r c nhng yu t nh hng n cht lng dch v, c th ly m hnh
tham kho QoS t u cui ti u cui (QoS end-to-end). M hnh ny thng c mt hoc
vi mng tham gia, mi mng li c th c nhiu nt.
Mi mng tham gia ny c th gy ra tr, tn tht hoc li do vic ghp knh,
chuyn mch hoc truyn dn, v th n nh hng ti QoS.
Cc bin ng thng k lu lng xut hin trong mng cng c th gy tn tht
do trn b m xp hng, b x l hoc do cc lin kt gia cc nt mng b nghn.
27
Mng c th thc hin nh hnh (shaping) gia cc nt hay gia cc mng ti

thiu ha tch ly trong bin ng tr v tn tht.
V nguyn tc, ngi s dng khng cn bit c tnh k thut ca cc mng tham
gia min l mng chuyn c lu lng m bo QoS end-to-end.
u cui
gi
Mng A
1
Mng B
N
u cui
nhn

QoS
node 1
QoS
node N
QoS mng A
QoS mng B
QoS end-to-end
Hnh 2.5: M hnh tham kho cho cht lng dch v end-to-end
2.2.3 Cc tham s cht lng dch v
QoS ph thuc vo cht lng v h tr dch v, cht lng v khai thc dch v, cht lng
v thc hin dch v v cht lng v an ton (xem Hnh 2.4).
- Cht lng v h tr: To iu kin thun li cho khch hng c s dng cc
dch v . V d nh vic cung cp cc thit b cn thit cho khch hng c th
ng k thu bao Tham s nh gi kt qu h tr mt in thoi c nh o
bng s my/100 dn.
- Cht lng v khai thc dch v: V pha khch hng c d khai thc hay khng, v
pha nh cung cp c kh nng sa cha dch v, thao tc b tr
- Cht lng v thc hin dch v mng (kh nng phc v): Vic truy cp ti cc nt
cung cp dch v:
+
Tnh phc v lin tc trong mi tnh hung th hin kh nng duy tr v

cung cp dch v.
Tnh phc v trn vn ca mng th hin s hon ho ca dch v cung

cp.
Yu cu truyn thng tng lin tc gy nguy c suy gim cht lng ca

mng, do vy phi thng xuyn pht trin, xy dng c s h tng mng
p ng nhu cu dch v. y chnh l kh nng cung cp dch v hay
l kh nng truy nhp dch v
28
- Cht lng an ton: m bo tnh an ton thng tin cho khch hng, quyn truy nhp,
an ton cho h thng thit b, an ton cho ngi s dng.
Nh ta thy, nhng tham s cht lng dch v l nhng thng s tng i theo
nh gi ca khch hng. Song nh gi c bng con s c th, chng ta cn xt cc
tham s c th o c c. Nh ni phn trn, cht lng dch v QoS v hiu nng
mng NP c mi quan h mt thit vi nhau. Mun c cht lng dch v tt th phi da
trn nn hiu nng mng tt. Thng thng, c nm gi tr nh gi hiu nng mng sau y
c xem nh c nh hng quan trng nht n QoS u cui - u cui (c bit vi dch
v mng da trn cng ngh gi).
kh dng: sn sng phc v ca mng. Mt mng l tng lun sn sng
100% thi gian. Thm ch nu l 99.8% tng ng khong 1,5gi mng khng hot ng
c trong mt thng th cng chng c hng truyn thng ln no chp nhn. Nhng hng
truyn thng uy tn lun n lc cho kh nng sn sng 99,999%, tng ng khong 2,6 giy
mng khng hot ng c trong vng mt thng.
Thng lng (Throughput): y l tc truyn ti d liu thc t c tnh bng
bit/s, Kb/s hoc Mb/s. i lng ny hon ton khc vi dung lng cc i hay tc trn
ng dy ca mng v thng b nhm ln vi bng thng ca mng. Vic dng chung mt
mng s lm gim thng lng do vic phi a thm vo tiu ca tt c gi cc bit
nhn dng v cho cc mc ch khc. Nh cung cp dch v phi m bo mt tc thng
lng ti thiu cho khch hng.
T l mt gi: Cc thit b mng, nh cc chuyn mch v router, i khi phi gi cc
gi d liu trong cc hng i khi c mt lin kt b nghn, nu lin kt ny b nghn trong
mt thi gian qu di th hng i s b trn v d liu s b mt. Cc gi b mt cn c
truyn li v tt nhin s lm tng thi gian truyn dn. Trong mt mng c qun l tt th
t l mt gi thng nh hn 1%/thng.
Tr: l thi gian d liu i t ngun ti ch. Nu khng c tuyn truyn dn
v tinh trong kt ni th tr ca mt cuc gi thoi c khong cch 5000Km qua mng PSTN
l khong 25ms. Vi mng Internet, ngoi tr do khong cch truyn dn th tr ca mt
cuc gi thoi c th d dng b vt qu 150ms do cn phi c thi gian x l bo hiu
v thi gian xp hng ca cc gi truyn trn mng.
Jitter (rung pha-bin thin tr): Jitter xy ra do mt s nguyn nhn nh: nhng bin
ng v thi gian xp trong hng i, cc bin ng trong thi gian x l cn thit sp
xp li cc gi, cc gi n ch khng theo ng th t do chng i theo nhng tuyn khc
nhau v cc bin ng trong thi gian x l cn thit khi phc cc gi b ngun gi
phn mnh.
2.3 CC LOI HNH DCH V C BN V YU CU CA CHNG

V CHT LNG DCH V
Cc dch v vin thng c bn thng c cp l dch v thoi, dch v s liu,
dch v thu knh vin thng v dch v truyn thng a phng tin. Ngoi ra, c rt nhiu
29
dch v vin thng c bn khc v vn cn tn ti ti ngy nay, tuy nhin khng c ph

cp rng ri nh 4 dch v ny.
2.3.1 Dch v thoi/telex/Fax/nhn tin
Dch v thoi
in thoi l dch v vin thng c pht trin rng ri nht, l dch v cung cp
kh nng truyn a thng tin di dng ting ni hoc ting ni cng hnh nh (nh trng
hp in thoi thy hnh videophone) t mt thu bao ti mt hoc nhm thu bao.
Dch v thoi c bn nht l dch v in thoi c nh do mng PSTN (mng in
thoi chuyn mch cng cng) cung cp. Dch v ny cp cho khch hng ng truyn ti
tn nh ring, kt ni ti tng i in thoi c nh, cho php khch hng thc hin c
cuc gi thoi i ti cc khch hng khc.
Tng
i
Tng
i
Mng in
thoi
BTS
BTS
Hnh 2.6: Dch v thoi
Ngoi dch v in thoi truyn thng, cn c nhiu dch v thoi khc nh dch v
in thoi dng th (cardphone), in thoi di ng tc thp (in thoi di ng ni vng
- cityphone), in thoi i ng, in thoi v tinh v hng hi v.v.
s dng dch v in thoi dng th, khch hng mua trc mt tm th vi mt
gi tin xc nh trc ti cc i l bu in. Khi s dng th ny, khch hng c th gi
in ni ht, lin tnh hoc quc t. Khi cn gi, khch hng a th vo cc my in dng
th cng cng t trn ng ph. Cc ph m thoi s c tr v ghi nhn vo tm th
ty theo thi gian m thoi v loi hnh dch v ca cuc gi. C th dng nhiu th cho
mt cuc gi hoc mt th cho nhiu cuc khc nhau. Dch v ny c u im ln nht l
thun tin cho vic qun l lng s dng ca khch hng. Tuy nhin mt my in thoi
dng th cng cng phi cao, ph hp vi cc khu dn c ng, kinh t pht trin, du lch,
ngh mt.
Dch v in thoi di ng l dch v thng tin v tuyn c thit lp nhm m bo
lin lc vi cc my in thoi u cui di ng. Mt thu bao in thoi c nh c th gi
30
cho mt thu bao di ng hoc ngc li hoc c hai u l thu bao di ng. Bn cnh vic
cung cp kh nng trao i thng tin di dng ting ni, cc thu bao in thoi di ng
cn c th s dng cc dch v khc nh dch v bn tin ngn, hp th thoi, FAX hoc
truyn s liu.... Ti Vit nam, hin nay c su nh khai thc dch v vin thng c chnh
ph cp giy php cung cp dch v in thoi di ng: VINAPHONE (trc y l VPC),
VMS, VIETTEL, SPT, EVN v HANOITELECOM. n cui nm 2004, tng s lng thu
bao in thoi c nh v di ng Vit Nam l khong 10 triu, n gia nm 2006 con s
ny ln n khong 17 triu.
Dch v Telex
Dch v Telex l dch v cho php
thu bao trao i thng tin vi nhau di
dng ch bng cch g vo t bn phm
v nhn thng tin trn mn hnh hoc in
ra bng giy. Dch v ny s dng cc
ng truyn tc thp, da trn mt
mng kt ni ring, c cch nh s thu
bao khc vi cc thu bao in thoi
thng thng.
Hnh 2.7: My Telex
Dch v Fax
Dch v Fax l dch v cho php truyn nguyn bn cc thng tin c sn trn giy nh
ch vit, hnh v, biu bng, s ... gi chung l bn fax t ni ny n ni khc thng qua
h thng vin thng.
ng
in
thoi
Mng in thoi
ng
in
thoi
My Fax
My Fax
Hnh 2.8 : Dch v Fax

Dch v fax bao gm fax cng cng v fax thu bao. Dch v fax cng cng l dch
v m ti cc c s Bu in chp nhn, thu, truyn a, giao pht cc bc fax theo nhu
cu ca khch hng. Dch v fax thu bao cung cp cho cc t chc hoc c nhn c nhu cu
lin lc vi cc thit b u cui khc qua mng vin thng. Thit b fax thu bao c u
ni vi tng i in thoi cng cng bng ng cp ring hoc chung vi thit b in
thoi.
Dch v nhn tin
Nhn tin l dch v cho php ngi s dng tip nhn cc tin nhn. Mun s dng
dch v ny, khch hng cn mua hoc thu mt my nhn tin ca Bu in. My nhn tin
c kch thc nh gn, c th cho vo ti hay t gn trong lng bn tay. Ngi cn nhn
gi in ti trung tm dch v ca bu in yu cu chuyn tin nhn ti ngi nhn l thu
31
bao nhn tin. Dch v ny rt tin li cho nhng ngi thng xuyn di chuyn m vn nhn
c thng tin vi chi ph khng ln. Trc y ti mt s thnh ph ln nh H ni, Thnh
ph H Ch Minh, nng u c cc trung tm cung cp dch v nhn tin. Ngoi ra dch v
nhn tin Vit nam 107 cho php ngi dng c th nhn c tin nhn trong phm vi ton
quc song n nay dch v ny ngng hot ng. Hin nay, dch v nhn tin thng c
thc hin thng qua in thoi di ng v c nh.
2.3.2 Dch v thu knh vin thng (leased line)
Dch v thu knh ring l dch v cho thu knh truyn dn vt l dng ring kt
ni v truyn thng tin gia cc thit b u cui, mng ni b, mng vin thng dng ring
ca khch hng ti hai a im c nh khc nhau.
Dch v ny p ng c cc nhu cu kt ni trc tip theo phng thc im ni
im gia hai u cui ca khch hng. Vit Nam cc i l Bu in i din pha nh
cung cp dch v (i vi VNPT), cung cp cc dch v thu knh sau:
+ Knh thoi ng di
+ Knh in bo
+ Knh pht thanh v truyn hnh
+ Knh truyn s liu
2.3.3 Dch v s liu
Dch v truyn s liu l dch v truyn ti hoc cc ng dng truyn ti thng tin
di dng s liu trong mng vin thng. Dch v truyn s liu thch hp vi cc kho thng
tin d liu ln nh ngn hng, th vin, thng k, iu khin t xa thng qua thit b u
cui...
Hin nay trn mng vin thng Vit Nam, Cng ty VDC c coi nh cung cp dch
v truyn s liu ln nht vi cc sn phm dch v nh: truyn s liu X25, Frame relay...
2.3.4 Dch v truyn thng a phng tin
Dch v vin thng bng rng cung cp cho khch hng kh nng truyn ti thng tin
vi rng bng tn ln ln ti vi chc Mbit trn giy (Mbit/s) (trn nn mng ISDN-Mng
s a dch v tch hp). Bng tn ny cho php truyn ti ng thi nhiu dng thng tin
khc nhau vi cc yu cu v bng tn cng rt khc nhau trn cng mt knh lin lc. My
tnh, my fax, in thoi v k c in thoi thy hnh u c th c phc v thng qua
mt knh lin lc duy nht. Bng tn ny c s dng v phn b gia cc dch v khc
nhau mt cch mm do, ti u v p ng ti a yu cu v cht lng dch v ca khch
hng. Ti thit b thu bao, khi cc dch v vin thng khc nhau, s dng nhiu mi trng
thng tin khc nhau nh ting ni, hnh nh, m thanh hay s liu u c tch hp vo mt
thit b duy nht, khi ta c c dch v thng tin a phng tin (multimedia). Lc
lin lc s c thc hin thng qua nhiu mi trng thng tin trong cng mt thi im v
cng n gin nh thc hin mt cuc gi in thoi thng thng.
32
Hnh 2.9 l mt v d in hnh ca dch v a phng tin: Dch v Truyn hnh hi

ngh (Video conference).
Hnh 2.9: Dch v VideoConference
2.4 NHU CU V XU HNG PHT TRIN CA CC DCH V

VIN THNG
Ngy nay, nhu cu dch v ca ngi s dng ngy cng a dng v c yu cu cao
v cht lng. Bn cnh , vi s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut trong vin thng, cng
ngh thng tin v in t lm mng c kh nng truyn vi tc cao, c cht lng
truyn tin tt vi kh nng x l thng minh v nhanh chng. V th cho php mng li
tha mn tt hn cc nhu cu ca khch hng v c cc nh khai thc dch v vin thng
trong tng lai. Th trng vin thng th gii ang ng trong xu th cnh tranh v pht
trin hng ti mng vin thng ton cu, to ra kh nng kt ni a dch v trn phm vi
ton th gii.
Tin trnh v xu hng pht trin cc loi dch v vin thng c ch ra trong Hnh
2.10. Cng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh vin thng, cc dch v vin thng ngy cng
phong ph v a dng.
Nhu cu v xu hng pht trin dch v vin thng ca khch hng bao gm:
-
Nhu cu tng v s lng/loi hnh dch v. Nh Hnh 2.10, s lng dch v

cn rt t vo nhng nm u th k 20. T khi ra i mng s a dch v
(ISDN), mi c thm mt s lng ln cc loi hnh dch v khc nhau.
Mng ny khng ch h tr cho cc ng dng truyn thoi v s liu c sn
m cn c kh nng cung cp thm nhiu loi dch v mi. Mt s ng dng
ca mng a dch v bng hp (N-ISDN) l : Dch v Fax, dch v Teletex,
dch v Videotex (dch v khi phc thng tin tng tc). Cc dch v ny
nm trong mt nhm cc dch v ln sau: dch v thoi, truyn s liu, truyn
vn bn, truyn hnh nh, phn ln cc dch v ny thc hin tc 64kb/s
hoc nh hn.
33
2000
1990
1870
- ng dng B-ISDN
- HDTV
- Truyn bn tin video
- Video tng tc
- a phng tin
- Chuyn i ngn ng
- in thoi b ti
- Nhn dng ting ni
- S im cui-im cui
- H s dch v c nhn
- Di ng s
- Cc dch v thng tin
v tinh
- Thng tin c nhn
1980
- Mng ring o
- Nhn tin quc t
- Lm vic t xa
- Mua hng ti nh
- Bo ch ti nh
- Fax mu
- ng dng ISDN
- ng dng ISDN
- Hot ng ngn hng - Hot ng ngn hng ti
nh
ti nh
- in thoi th
- in thoi th
- Cc dch v thay th - Cc dch v thay th
in thoi min ph
in thoi min ph
- Bo chung la chn - Bo chung la chn
- B phiu t xa
- B phiu t xa
- Phn phi cc cuc gi
- Phn phi cc cuc
t ng
gi t ng
- Trung tm dch v
- Trung tm dch v
(Centrex)
(Centrex)
- Trung tm dch v din
- Trung tm dch v
rng
din rng
- Th in t
- Th in t
- Videotext
- Videotext
- in thoi di ng
- in thoi di ng
- Nhn tin
- Nhn tin
- Skyphone
- in thoi thy hnh
- Skyphone
1970
- in thoi thy hnh - Nhn tin v tuyn
- Fax gi r
- Nhn tin v tuyn
- iu khin t xa
- Fax gi r
- o lng t xa
- iu khin t xa
- D liu nng cp
- o lng t xa
- in thoi v tuyn
- D liu nng cp
- Datel
- in thoi v tuyn - in thoi v tuyn
- Telex
- Truyn s liu trn - Datel
- Fax
ng thoi (Datel)- Telex
- in thoi
- Fax
- Telex
- in bo
- Telex
- in thoi
- Fax
- in bo
- Fax
- in thoi
- in thoi - in bo
- in bo
- Y t t xa
- a phng tin tng
tc
- Thc ti o
- VoIP
- Fax over IP
- in thoi a phng
tin
- Game online
- CATV
- Dch v trc tuyn
-
- ng dng B-ISDN
- HDTV
- Truyn bn tin video
- Video tng tc
- a phng tin
- Chuyn i ngn ng
- in thoi b ti
- Nhn dng ting ni
- S im cui-im cui
- H s dch v c nhn
- Di ng s
- Cc dch v thng tin v
tinh
- Thng tin c nhn
- Mng ring o
- Nhn tin quc t
- Lm vic t xa
- Mua hng ti nh
- Bo ch ti nh
- Fax mu
- ng dng ISDN
-
- in bo
- in thoi
- in bo
- in bo
Hnh 2.10: Tin trnh v xu hng pht trin dch v vin thng
-
Nhu cu dch v bng rng. Khi mng c dung lng ln p ng nhu

cu ngy cng tng ca khch hng th phm vi cc loi hnh dch v m n
c th h tr cng tng ln. Bng thng yu cu cho cc dch v cng ln hn
nhiu so vi bng thng ca cc dch v c bn nh thoi, fax c tc
truyn thng khng qu 64kbit/s (xem Bng 2.1).
34
Bng 2.1 : Yu cu k thut ca mt s loi dch v

Dch v
Videophone
tng t
Tc bt
Chun
5-10 kbit/s Khng

c
phn Tc
gii (im khung

nh x dng) (Khung/giy
)
170128
2-5
in
thoi
thy hnh tc
c bn
56-128 kbit/s
P64
176144
5-10
Truyn hnh
hi ngh
384 kbit/s
P64
352288
15-30
a
phng
tin tng tc
1-2 Mbit/s
MPEG
Ti a
252288
15-30
NTSC s
3-10 Mbit/s
NTSC
720480
30
Truyn hnh
phn gii cao
> 15 Mbit/s
FCC
1200800
60
ITU-T phn tch cc dch v bng rng lm hai loi l cc dch v tng
tc v cc dch v phn b.
+
Cc dch v tng tc l cc dch v cho php truyn thng tin theo hai
chiu (khng tnh n cc thng tin bo hiu iu khin) gia cc thu
bao vi nhau hoc gia thu bao vi nh cung cp dch v.
Cc dch v phn b l cc dch v m thng tin ch truyn theo mt

chiu, t nh cung cp dch v bng rng ti thu bao.
C mt cch khc na phn chia cc loi dch v bng rng thnh hai loi:
loi dch v phc v cho vic kinh doanh v dch v thng thng phc v
cc h thu bao (xem Bng 2.2).
Bng 2.2: Cc ng dng c trin vng hin nay v trong tng lai khi
trin khai mng bng rng.
Cc dch v phc v kinh doanh
- Dch v truyn hnh nh tc cao
T
ng
(CAD/CAM/CAE)
thit
Cc dch v phc v thng thng phc

v cc h thu bao
- Dch v phn b tn hiu video
k - Dch v qung b TV/HDTV
35
- T vn, chiu chp y khoa
- Dch v qung b gio dc t xa
- Ch bn, x l nh
- Cc dch v video tr tin theo ln xem
- Trao i cc hnh nh ho c - Dch v video theo yu cu

phn gii cao
- Dch v qung co, cho hng qua video
- Mua hng t xa
- a phng tin tng tc
- a phng tin tng tc
- Gio dc t xa c tng tc
- Th in t a phng tin
- Hi tho t xa
- Cc dch v 700, 800, 900 a phng tin.
- Phi hp trong cng tc xut bn
- Gio dc t xa c tng tc
- Cc dch v t vn
- Dch v Internet c h tr a phng tin
- Thc ti o
- Cc tr chi in t tng tc
- in thoi a phng tin
- in thoi a phng tin v thc ti o
- Cc dch v dng chung ti nguyn

-
Nhu cu mun c cc dch v phn b v tng tc.
Ngoi ra, khch hng cn c yu cu cao v cht lng dch v khc nh phi m
bo thi gian thc, dch v a phng tin c cung cp vi gi r v vi thi gian trin
khai nhanh chng, dch v phi tin li, d s dng.
Hin nay, xu hng pht trin cng ngh ang hng sang mng IP (internet
protocol) do s thun tin, n gin v chi ph thp khi trin khai dch v trn mng ny so
vi nhng mng vin thng truyn thng trc kia (PSTN, ISDN,) nn nhng dch v mi
ra i cng thng da mt phn hoc ton b trn nn mng IP.
2.4.1 Dch v VoIP
Dch v VoIP (Voice over IP) l dch v s dng cng ngh/gii php truyn thoi
qua mi trng IP (mng gi da trn giao thc Internet). Do mng gi c c im l tn
dng ti a hiu qu s dng bng thng m t quan tm ti thi gian tr lan truyn v x l
trn mng, trong khi tn hiu thoi li l mt dng tn hiu thi gian thc, cho nn ngi ta
b sung vo mng cc phn t mi v thit k cc giao thc ph hp c th m bo
cht lng dch v cho ngi dng. Cc thnh phn ny to thnh mng VoIP. Mng ny
khng ch truyn c thoi m cn truyn cho cc dch v khc, c th tch hp c dch v
thoi, truyn hnh v d liu
Vi kh nng s dng hiu qu v tit kim rng bng tn, dch v VoIP c nhiu
u im so vi dch v thoi trn PSTN nh sau:
Gim cc ph dch v thoi ng di: Gim cc ph (i vi ngi s dng), c

bit hiu qu vi ng truyn di do kt hp c ngun ti nguyn sn c, cng
ngh nnCc ph VoIP bao gi cng ch bng khong 30% cc ph ca cuc gi
qua mng in thoi.
36
Nhiu cuc gi hn, gim rng bng thng cho mi kt ni
H tr thm nhiu dch v b sung khc v gip trin khai cc dch v mi nhanh
chng, d dng, t ng dch v, pht hin trng thi, qun l thng tin, m ho bo
mt...
S dng c hiu qu giao thc IP: Tn dng u t, thit b sn c ca nh iu

hnh mng v cung cp dch v
Ngoi ra, khi nhc n VoIP chng ta cn c nhng dch v lin quan trn nn IP
nh: Cuc gi quc t, Fax qua IP, tip th t xa (trung tm cuc gi i): gi n cc khch
hng phc v hot ng cung cp hng v dch v/mi lm n, v d nh cc cuc gi min
ph cho ch gi. Vit Nam c cc dch v nh 151, 900, 901, ngoi ra 1/7/2004 VNPT
a ra nhng dch v 1800, 1900 dnh cho khch hng doanh nghip trn nn mng NGN.
Dch v 1800 gi l dch v min ph, hay chnh xc hn l dch v ngi nghe tr tin. y
l dch v hi p thng tin hay giao dch vi khch hng do cc t chc c nhu cu cung
cp. V d nh mt cng ty kinh doanh ln, c nhu cu tip th v gii p khch hng
thng xuyn c th ng k dch v gi min ph ny. Khi s dng, khch hng ca cng ty
ch cn quay 1800 v s in thoi ng k dch v ca cng ty l s c ni min ph
ti cc nhn vin giao dch lun lun sn sng phc v v gii p cc thng tin cn bit ca
khch hng. Cc dch v 1900 c s dng cho cc mc ch gii tr. Cc dch v thng
minh 1900 hin nay c trin khai rng ri vi s kt hp mnh gia cng ngh thng
tin v cng ngh mng vin thng tin tin.
2.4.2 Dch v Video thi gian thc
Dch v Video thi gian thc (real time video) c cc cng ty vin thng cung
cp, cho truyn Video theo thi gian thc ti cc thu bao khc nhau cc a im khc
nhau v thi im khc nhau.
Dch v Video ny s dng cng ngh ISDN hoc IP, iu ny khc vi cu truyn
hnh truyn thng (Television bridge), l cho php chia s cc ng dng ca cng ngh
my tnh, nh cng lm vic vi cc trang ti liu, cng s dng cc chng trnh phn
mm.
ng dng video thi gian thc cng audio thi gian thc l ng dng a phng tin
rt quan trng ca cc mng my tnh ngy nay, cho php truyn thng hiu qu qua cc
mng my tnh. ng dng ny yu cu bng thng ln v tr nh. V d:
Videoconferencing c dng cho o to t xa v trao i cng vic t xa cho cc nhm
lm d n.
- Gio dc/o to t xa: Internet l kho v tn v ngun thng tin v tri thc ca loi
ngi. Kt hp cc yu t ny nu c trang thit b hi ngh truyn hnh, mt gio vin
gii c th ging dy trc tuyn cho nhiu lp hc cc a im khc nhau, c bit l cc
lp hc vng su, vng xa ni thiu nhiu gio vin gii. y l gii php rt hiu qu v
mt chi ph cng nh con ngi.
- Truyn hnh theo yu cu (Video on demand): Truyn Video mng Internet theo yu
cu v gi thnh v cht lng ca khch hng.
37
- Chi game tng tc qua mng: Hin nay phong tro gii tr trn mng rt pht
trin, nhng tr chi trc tuyn vi s lng ln ngi tham gia i hi mng phi c kh
nng cung cp tc cao, bng thng ln trnh c cc tnh hung xu do nghn mng.
- Cha bnh t xa: y l mt ng dng m thng tin lu tr trong c s ca my
ch c th b kch hot thng qua trnh duyt trang web. ng dng trn m hnh khch/ch
ny cho php cc thng tin, cc chun on, danh mc thuc trong toa thuc v cc s liu
hnh nh (nh chp X quang) ca bnh nhn c th c ly ra v quan st. T , bc s s
c cch iu tr tt hn cho bnh nhn. Bc s cng c th thu c nhng s liu mi nht
mt cch nhanh chng t cc bnh vin hoc trung tm chm sc sc kho. Khi bc s iu
tr trc tip ca bnh nhn hi kin cc chuyn gia y t xa, cc hnh nh y khoa ca bnh
nhn c th c truyn ti cc chuyn gia ny s gp v t vn t chnh xc cao.
Hoc trong cc trng hp khn cp, bnh vin c th truy xut lch s bnh n ca bnh
nhn .
- Lm vic ti nh: Dch v ny cho php nhn vin ngi ti nh lm vic bnh thng
m khng cn phi n vn phng, cng s. Khi ngi ti nh, ngi nhn vin s l ngi s
dng mng LAN o v c th truy cp n my ch ng dng v chia s file vi cc ng
nghip. H c th vo my ch fax trung tm ly v cc bn fax gi cho h. Hoc trong
khi c, gi email, h vn bng thng nhn v nhng tin nhn thoi t cc my ch
th thoi (voice mail server) d dng.
2.4.3 Dch v VPN *
Dch v Mng ring o: i vi nhiu t chc, cng ty hay c quan(,) x nghip ln
c nhu cu trao i thng tin ni b gia cc thnh vin thng xuyn nhng li nm cc
v tr a l cch xa nhau, vic xy dng mt mng thng tin ni b l rt cn thit. Trong
trng hp cha cn thit phi u t cho mt mng thng tin tht s ring bit v mt vt l
(trang thit b, knh truyn dn), h c th ng k s dng dch v mng ring o. Dch
v ny cung cp cho cc c quan mt mng thng tin ni b o vi y cc tnh nng
nh vi mt mng ring thc s nhng vn s dng chung c s h tng ca mng thng tin
cng cng.
Hin nay Vit Nam, loi hnh VPN ph bin nht l dch v to lp mt mng LAN
o trn nn cng ngh IP v cc ng dng Internet. Vi dch v ny, cc cng ty, doanh
nghip c th to cho mnh mt mng din rng vi kh nng truy nhp gin tip hoc trc
tip qua mng ring o trn nn IP ca VDC.
2.4.4 Tch hp dch v vin thng trn mng truyn hnh cp (CATV)
Xu hng tch hp dch v v mng hin nay ang l vn m cc nh cung cp
dch v vin thng v dch v truyn hnh/truyn thanh rt quan tm.
Vi mng truyn hnh cp, ngoi dch v truyn hnh (tin tc, phim nh, m thanh)
cn c th tch hp cc dch v vin thng trn nh dch v thoi, dch v truy cp
internet thng qua si cp vt l kt ni ti tn nh thu bao. Khi , cc thit b u cui
Virtual Private Network: mng ring o
38
s l cc thit b a phng tin, va c kh nng thu nhn c cc thng tin qung b nh

ca nhc, tin tc, phim nh, va cho php s dng cc dch v vin thng thng thng trn
cng mt thit b tch hp.
2.4.5 Dch v trc tuyn (Online services)
Dch v trc tuyn l dch v t vn, mua bn, tm kim ...trc tip, thng th vic
cung cp dch v ny c thng qua mng Internet v c th truy cp 24/24. Ngi s dng
l nhng ngi truy cp vo Internet v c kh nng chi tr qua mng hoc qua ti khon.
Mt s v d c th v dch v ny Vit Nam:
- Tin tc thi s: Cung cp thng tin thi s trc tip trn mng nh Tin tc 24 gi
qua, S kin ng ch , Chnh tr-X hi, Quc t, Kinh t, Vn ha
- Tin th: C hi giao thng, Th thao, Gii tr, Cng ngh thng tin v Vin thng.
- Tp ch in t: Cung cp thng tin bo nh trc tip trn mng nh Th gii 24x7,
Tun tin tc, Sc mu vn ho, Internet & TMT *, Din n kinh doanh
- Sch in t: Th vin in t cho php ngi s dng c giy php/quyn c
truy nhp v ti sch v my tnh c nhn. Thng th dch v ny cung cp trong mt mng
dng ring nh th vin trng i hc hay th vin ca mt vin nghin cu hoc mt cng
ty no .
- Thng mi in t: y l dch v trc tuyn cho lnh vc kinh doanh: Marketing,
bn hng, dch v chm sc khch hng, ngn hng v ha n trc tuyn Mt trong
nhng dch v ng dng thuc loi ny l: Ca hng m nhc bn c th thng thc
cc chng trnh audio, cc video clip cht lng cao t cc a CD mi nht trc khi
quyt nh mua chng. cng c th l mt ca hng thi trang bn qun o trc tuyn
trn mng Internet. ng dng s dng cc clip thc t o xoay mu vt 360. Khch hng
c th nhn qun o pha trc, pha sau hoc bn hng. Tnh tng tc gip khch hng
hnh dung hnh dng trc khi mc th, lm h hi lng v tt nhin tng doanh thu cho
ngi bn.
2.4.6 Cc dch v gi tr gia tng (VAS **)
Phn ny cho ta mt s v d in hnh v dch v gia tng trn mng thoi c nh,
mng in thoi di ng v mng Internet (xem khi nim chung v dch v gi tr gia tng
Phn 2.1).
Cc dch v gia tng trn dch v thoi c nh:
Dch v chuyn cuc gi tm thi: cho php cuc gi ti mt thu bao c

ng k dch v ny t ng chuyn ti mt s my chn.
Dch v quay s tt: cho php thu bao ng k dch v ny c th t to ra

cc s my ch di 2-3 s cho cc s my cn gi.
TMT: Thng mi in t
VAS (Value Added Service): Dch v gi tr gia tng
**
39
Dch v nhn dng cuc gi c mc ch xu: cho php thu bao c th yu

cu ghi li s my ca cc my gi n.
Dch v bo thc t ng: cho php thu bao t n nh mt cuc gi n vo

gi nh trc bo thc.
Dch v thng bo thu bao vng nh
Dch v thng bo c cuc gi n khi ang m thoi
Dch v in thoi hi ngh: cho php mt thu bao c th ng thi gi ti 2

thu bao in thoi khc thit lp mt cuc gi tay ba.
Dch v gii hn cuc gi ng di (trong nc, quc t) theo yu cu ca

thu bao.
Ngoi cc dch v k trn, cng ngy s lng cc dch v gia tng ca in thoi
cng nhiu, p ng nhu cu a dng ca ngi s dng. Cn c cc dch v gia tng gi tr
ca dch v in thoi cung cp cho ngi s dng tu theo tnh nng k thut ca h thng
tng i in thoi do cng ty vin thng ti a phng cung cp.
Cc dch v gia tng trn dch v in thoi di ng:
-
Dch v nhn tin ngn (SMS *).
Hp th thoi (voicemail).
Dch v Fax v truyn s liu.
Dch v WAP **.
Dch v chuyn tip cuc gi.
Dch v
Dch v chuyn vng trong nc v quc t.
Dch v bo thc
Cc dch v gia tng trn nn Internet:
Dch v th in t (E-mail): l dch v p ng yu cu trao i thng tin

gia nhng ngi s dng Internet thng qua vic gi, nhn th in t
(Electronic Mail). y l mt trong nhng dch v c s dng nhiu nht
trn Internet vi l do tin li, nhanh chng v kinh t.
Dch v hp th thoi (Voice-mail): Hp th thoi l dch v cung cp cho

khch hng mt phng tin lu tr thng tin bng ting ni rt thun tin.
Ngi cn gi thng tin ch cn gi ti s my ca thu bao ng k dch v
ny v li tin nhn bng ting ni. Ngi ch thu bao c th truy xut tin
nhn t bt k mt thu bao in thoi no. Vic gi v nhn tin nhn c
thc hin hon ton t ng. Ngi s dng ton hon yn tm v b mt v
SMS-Short Message Service: Dch v nhn tin

WAP- Wireless Access Protocol: Giao thc truy nhp khng dy
**
40
ch c ch ca hp th thoi mi bit m s c nhn c th truy xut ti

nhng tin nhn trong hp th. Dch v ny c th dng di nhiu dng nh:
tr li t ng nu thu bao ang bn hoc khng nhc my, in thoi o,
cung cp thng tin tr li t ng.
-
Dch v truy cp d liu v thng tin trn mng: Thc ra y chnh l mt

dch v ng dng Internet, nhng c th l dch v cung cp thng tin mng
nh cung cp vn bn php lut, bo ch, truyn hnh qua mng
Ngoi ra cn c rt nhiu dch v khc nh: Dch v trao i d liu in t trn mng,
dch v hi p thng tin, dch v fax gia tng gi tr bao gm lu tr v gi, lu tr v truy
cp, dch v chuyn i m giao thc.
2.4.7 Thng tin c nhn ton cu - Dch v cho tng lai
Hin nay, hu ht cc dch v vin thng u c ng k thng qua mt s my
thu bao u cui xc nh. Vic s dng dch v u c quy cho s my ng k dch
v m khng cn bit ti ngi s dng dch v. iu ny s khng tho mn cho khch
hng nu h di chuyn n mt a im mi m khng mun phi ng k li dch v m
h c ti a im c. Khi dch v thng tin c nhn c a vo s dng, mi khch
hng s c mt s nhn dng c nhn (ID IDentification number) tng ng vi cc dch
v m h ng k v c th s dng bt k mt thit b u cui no thng tin lin lc.
Nh vy, vic s dng dch v vin thng s khng cn gn vi mt thit b thu bao c th
no m s trc tip gn vi ngi s dng (c nhn) thng qua mt ID duy nht. Dch v
thng tin c nhn ton cu s tr thnh hin thc nu s nhn dng ID ca mi c nhn c
chp nhn v thng nht trn phm vi ton th gii.
41
CU HI N TP CHNG 2
1. Dch v vin thng c bn l:
A. Dch v truyn a tc thi thng tin qua mng vin thng m khng lm
thay i loi hnh hoc ni dung thng tin
B. Dch v lm tng gi tr thng tin ca ngi s dng
C. Dch v khng cn tnh cc
D. Dch v h tr nhn cng cho ngi s dng
2. Dch v gi tr gia tng l:
A. Dch v thit yu nht m h tng mng cung cp c
B. Dch v lm tng gi tr thng tin ca ngi s dng
C. Dch v ch lin quan n truyn thoi
D. Dch v khng cn tnh cc
3. Dch v a phng tin l:
A. Dch v ch truyn thoi
B. Dch v ch truyn hnh nh
C. Dch v ch truyn thoi v hnh nh
D. Dch v truyn t t nht hai loi hnh thng tin tr ln
4. Dch v VoIP c im khc vi dch v thoi truyn thng (trn nn PSTN) l:
A. C chi ph r hn
B. Tn nhiu bng thng hn cho mt cuc gi
C. c h tr thm nhiu dch v b sung
D. Ch truyn thoi cht lng thp
5. QoS l vit tt ca cm t no sau y:
A. Quality of Service
B. Queue of Service
C. Quality of System
D. Queue of System
6. Yu t no sau y khng phi l cc yu t ca cht lng dch v QoS:

A. Cht lng v h tr dch v
B. Cht lng v khai thc dch v
C. Cht lng v thit b ca mng li
D. Cht lng v thc hin dch v thu bao ca mng
E. Cht lng v an ton
42
7. Theo khuyn ngh E.800 ca ITU-T th c nh ngha l nng lc ca mt mng hoc

l phn mng cung cp cc chc nng c lin quan n kh nng truyn thng gia
nhng ngi s dng
A.
QoS
C. MOS
B.
NP
D. GOS
8. NP l vit tt ca cm t no sau y:
A. Network Ping
B. Network Performance
C. Network Provider
D. Network Protocol
9. Cc kin sau y, nhng kin no l ng
A. Nu mng c NP tt th c QoS thp
B. Hiu nng mng NP khng nh hng ti QoS
C. Trong mt s trng hp hiu nng mng NP chnh l QoS
D. QoS khng lin quan n NP
10. Trong cc yu t ca cht lng dch v QoS, th yu t kh nng phc v khng bao
gm vn no:
A. Kh nng truy nhp dch v
B. Kh nng duy tr phc v
C. Mc hon ho dch v
D. Mc an ton dch v
11. Tham s no sau y khng s dng nh gi hiu nng mng NP:
A.
Tr
C. kh dng
B.
Suy hao
D. Thng lng
43

[1]
[2]
[3]
Tarek N. S., Mostafa H. A. Fundamentals of Telecommunications Networks. John Wiley

& Sons, 1994.
[4]

1997.
[5]
Steve Shepard. Telecommunications Convergence: How to bridge the gap between

technologies and services. 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill, 2002.
[6]
Joel Mambretti and Andrew Schmidt. Next-Generation Internet: Creating Advanced

Networks and Services. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1999.
[7]
Ts Nguyn Phm Anh Dng. Thng tin di ng 3G. Hc vin Cng ngh BCVT, 2004.
[8]
Thng tin v dch v v php lnh bu chnh vin thng Vit Nam trn cc trang web
http://www.vnpt.com.vn/, http://mpt.gov.vn, http://www.vtn.com.vn/
[9]
TS. PV Vn, TS. TH Qun, TS. NQM Hin. Mng vin thng v xu hng pht trin.
NXB Bu in, H Ni, 2002.
[10]
Khuyn ngh ca ITU-T v cht lng dch v vin thng, http://www.itu.int/rec/T-RECE/en
44
CHNG III - CC MNG VIN THNG

GII THIU CHNG
Chng 3 cp cc hot ng c bn ca mt s mng vin thng in hnh nh
mng in thoi, cc mng truyn s liu, mng my tnh v mng vin thng hin i ngy
nay.
Mng in thoi truyn thng l mng vin thng c bn nht. Hot ng ca mt
mng in thoi truyn thng c hiu mt cch n gin thc hin chc nng cc kt ni
thoi trn mng. Mng thng tin di ng cng l mng in thoi, mng ny ang pht trin
rt mnh v mang li rt nhiu li nhun trong kinh doanh vin thng.
Nhu cu truyn s liu v ang pht trin rt mnh m. S liu c th c truyn
qua mng theo nhiu phng thc v k thut khc nhau. Chng ny trnh by cc cng
ngh truyn s liu v cch thc s liu c truyn qua cc mng. Hin nay cc mng my
tnh, mng Internet, Intranet, Extranet ang pht trin rt nhanh. Nhu cu s dng cc dch
v vin thng qua cc mng my tnh v Internet l rt ln. Chnh iu thc y cc
cng ngh mng my tnh v Internet pht trin. Chng ny cng phn tch cc kin trc
mng my tnh, cc khi nim mng LAN, MAN, WAN cng nh mng Internet.
Tip theo, chng 3 trnh by v xu hng pht trin mng vin thng ni chung v
xu hng hi t dch v v mng trong mi trng mng vin thng th h sau (NGN).
Chng 3 cn gii thiu nhng khi nim cn bn v mng, v quan im phn tng
giao thc khi xy dng mng v cc phng thc chuyn giao thng tin c bn qua cc
mng.
Hc vin cn phi hiu c khi nim v c cc loi mng v cng ngh mng,
cc thnh phn c bn ca mt mng v nm c xu hng pht trin ca vin thng, hiu
c quan im phn tng v nhng phng thc chuyn giao trong mng vin thng.
3.1 S HNH THNH V PHT TRIN CA CC MNG VIN THNG
Mc tiu c bn ca mt mng vin thng l truyn ti thng tin ca mt ngi s
dng bt k dng no ti ngi s dng khc trn mng. Ngi s dng ca cc mng
cng cng, v d nh mng in thoi, c gi l cc thu bao. Nhng thng tin ca ngi
s dng c th nhiu dng khc nhau nh l ting ni, s liu, hnh nh v cc thu bao c
th s dng nhiu cng ngh truy nhp truy nhp vo cc mng khc nhau theo phng
thc c nh hoc di ng. Mng vin thng lu i nht c th nhc ti l mng in thoi
c nh, sau l cc mng in thoi v tuyn, mng a dch v, mng Internet ... Chng ta
c th thy l mi mng mng vin thng c th cung cp nhiu dch v c bn nh l dch
v thoi c nh, di ng hay s liu. Cc mng ny c th lin kt vi nhau cung cp
dch v lin mng cho nhiu i tng thu bao. Cc mng ny s c cp cc phn
sau trong chng.
45
3.1.1 Mng in thoi

Nh gii thiu Chng 2, dch v in thoi ch yu c hai mng in thoi
cung cp l mng in thoi c nh (mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng PSTN,
mng vin thng c bn u tin cung cp dch v in thoi c nh) v mng thng tin di
ng (cn gi l mng in thoi di ng, mng ra i sau c kh nng cung cp tnh nng di
ng cho thu bao s dng dch v in thoi).
3.1.1.1 Mng PSTN
Mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng (PSTN) l mng dch v pht trin rt sm,
sau h thng in bo Morse. Mng PSTN cung cp cc dch v thoi v phi thoi.
Do y l mt h thng cung cp dch v thoi nn n c trin khai rng khp trn
th gii v tri qua nhiu giai on cng ngh khc nhau. PSTN l mng vin thng lu
i nht v ln nht t trc ti nay, tnh n 1998 c trn 700 triu thu bao, ti nm
2000 c trn 1 t thu bao trn ton th gii. Vit Nam, tnh n 2004 c trn 6 triu
thu bao in thoi PSTN trn tng s hn 10 triu thu bao in thoi (c nh+di ng) v
ti 6/2006, con s tng ng l khong 9 triu thu bao PSTN trn tng s khong 17 triu
thu bao in thoi.
Xt v bn cht PSTN l mt mng hot ng theo phng thc mch (circuit
mode), ngha l theo phng thc hng kt ni (connection-oriented): mt cuc gi in
thoi c tin hnh theo 3 pha: Thit lp kt ni, duy tr kt ni v gii phng kt ni
(setup-conversation-released) bng cch s dng cc h thng bo hiu.
c im ch yu ca PSTN:
-
Truy nhp analog 300-3400 Hz
Kt ni song cng chuyn mch knh
Bng thng chuyn mch 64kb/s hoc 300-3400Hz i vi chuyn mch analog
Khng c kh nng di ng hoc di ng vi c ly hn ch.
Hnh 3.1 cho thy m hnh c bn ca mng in thoi ny. Trong hnh ta c cc
thit b u cui pha ngi s dng l cc my in thoi c nh. Mng in thoi s c
nhim v kt ni cc my in thoi thc hin dch v thoi. Mng ny gm cc phn t
c bn l cc thit b truyn dn v cc thit b chuyn mch, cc thit b ny phi hp hot
ng vi nhau ni thng cc my in thoi c nh theo yu cu ca ngi s dng dch
v thoi.
V nguyn tc, tt c cc my in thoi c th c u ni trc tip vi nhau nh
thi ban u ca n. Tuy nhin khi m s lng thu bao tng ln, ngi ta thy rng cn
phi thc hin chuyn mch gia cc i dy vi nhau. Sau ch c mt s tuyn ni cn
thit gia cc tng i do s lng cc cuc gi ra th nh hn nhiu so vi s lng thu
bao; Cc th h tng i ban u thc hin chuyn mch nhn cng da trn cc phin ni v
phch cm.
46
Cc h thng chuyn mch t ng c gi l cc tng i t ng u tin c

pht trin vo nm 1887 bi Strowger. Sau th qu trnh chuyn mch c iu khin
bi ngi s dng nh vo cc xung c to ra khi quay s. Qua nhiu thp k, cc tng
i da trn hng lot cc b chn in c phc tp, nhng trong khong 20 nm tr li y,
chng c pht trin thnh cc tng i s c iu khin bng phn mm v c th cung
cp nhiu dch v b sung. Cc tng i hin i thng c dung lng tng i ln, hng
ngn s, v c th thc hin nhiu cuc gi ng thi. Thng thng mng in thoi c
chia thnh cc cp khc nhau, t cp truy nhp (kt ni t thu bao ti tng i ni ht) ti
cp trung chuyn (kt ni gia cc tng i: kt ni gia cc tng i host vi nhau, gia
tng i host vi tng i cp cao hn l tng i quc gia v quc t).
Tng
i
Ni ti vng khc
Tng
i
Tng
i
Tng
i
Mng truyn dn
Hnh 3.1: Mng in thoi c nh

Truyn dn l qu trnh truyn ti thng tin gia cc im kt cui ca mt h thng
hay mt mng. Cc h thng truyn dn c th s dng mt hoc nhiu phng tin truyn
dn c bn cho vic truyn a thng tin gia cc im nh cp ng, cp quang hoc thm
ch l mi trng v tuyn (vi in thoi ko di).
Trong mt mng vin thng, cc h thng truyn dn s kt ni cc tng i vi nhau
v cc h thng truyn dn ny cn c gi l mng truyn dn hay mng truyn ti. Ch
rng, s lng knh thoi (l mt n v o dung lng truyn dn) cn thit gia cc tng
i th nh hn rt nhiu so vi s lng thu bao bi v s lng thu bao thc hin gi
ng thi l nh. Trong chng IV chng ta s tho lun chi tit hn v truyn dn.
3.1.1.2 Mng thng tin di ng
L mng ra i sau mng in thoi c nh, mng in thoi di ng cung cp kh
nng di ng cho thu bao trong qu trnh thc hin thng tin lin lc. Ty theo tnh di ng,
c im ph sng, mc ch s dng v k thut iu ch, m ha m ngi ta phn bit
cc h thng thng tin di ng khc nhau: thng tin di ng ni vng (cn gi l thng tin v
tuyn ni ht, mch vng v tuyn ni ht ...), thng tin di ng ton cu GSM, thng tin di
ng CDMA ...
47
Hnh 3.2 cho ta thy cu trc chung ca mng thng tin di ng t bo.
VLR
HLR
BTS
BSC
PSTN/ISDN
Gateway
MSC
BTS
MSC
MS
S
BSC
Internet
PDSN
BTS
Hnh 3.2: Mng thng tin di ng t bo

Trong :
-
Thit b u cui di ng MS (my in thoi di ng): l thit b u cui

ca ngi s dng; thit b ny gn, nh, d s dng v c nhiu tnh nng
h tr khch hng. Mi thit b u cui u c mt s my ring bit v
thng tin v thu bao c ghi trong vi mch SIM. Ty theo loi my u
cui m kh nng thu pht tn hiu c mnh yu khc nhau khi thu bao gn
ngoi vng ph sng.
Trm thu pht BTS: thc hin vic thu pht thng tin gia thit b u cui v
u ni vi tng i chuyn mch trung tm (thng tin v tuyn) truyn i
nhng thng tin lin quan n thit b u cui ti trung tm chuyn mch di
ng (MSC). Mi trm BTS s ph sng trn mt vng a l nht nh v c
kh nng phc v mt s lng thu bao xc nh; v vy i khi c qu
nhiu thu bao MS cng tp trung trong vng ph sng ca mt trm BTS s
xy ra hin tng nghn mch (trong khu vc trin lm, sn bng , trung
tm hi ngh ln ...); mi vng ph sng nh vy c gi l mt t bo.
Mng thng tin di ng bao gm nhiu trm BTS c th ph sng trong mt
khu vc rng ln. Khi thu bao di ng ra khi vng ph sng, trm BTS v
thu bao s khng kt ni c vi nhau.
Tng i chuyn mch trung tm MSC: thc hin cc cng vic lin quan n
thit lp/gii phng cuc gi, qun l thu bao, u ni vi cc mng khc
thc hin cc cuc gi lin mng. MSC qun l cc BTS v c trang b cc
c s d liu cho php nhanh chng cp nht cc thng tin v thu bao, v tr
thu bao c cc p ng ph hp.
48
Tng i chuyn mch ca ng *GMSC: kt ni vi cc mng khc nh mng

in thoi c nh hay mng Internet. GMSC thc hin iu khin cc cuc
gi t mng di ng vo mng c nh v ngc li.
B ng k nh v thu bao nh HLR: l mt c s d liu c bn lu gi

cc thng tin lu di v thu bao nh a ch, cc quyn ca thu bao v cc
thng tin tham kho khc.
B ng k nh v thu bao khch VLR: l mt c s d liu ca MSC lu

gi cc thng tin tm thi v thu bao nh v tr hin ti ca thu bao ...
3.1.2 Mng truyn s liu

Truyn s liu l mt loi hnh rt ph bin trong thi i thng tin hin nay. l
mt trong cc loi hnh dch v vin thng v c thc hin trn mt s mng khc nhau
nh: Mng s liu chuyn mch gi, mng s liu chuyn mch knh, mng in thoi cng
cng, hay n gin l cc mng my tnh (LAN, MAN, WAN), cc mng thu ring,
Mng s liu cng cng chuyn mch knh - CSPDN (Circuited Switched Public
Data Network): c a vo s dng t nhng nm 1980. y l mng hon ton s v
c thit k ring cho truyn thng s liu. Thng c bn tc truyn c bn l: 600,
2400, 4800 v 9600 bps, c th la chn mt trong bn tc ny. Knh truyn s c duy
tr trong sut thi gian truyn.
Mng s liu cng cng chuyn mch gi - PSPDN (Packet Switched Public Data
Network): c s dng khp th gii t nhng nm 1970. Mng ny cho php cc u cui
c tc bit khc nhau v ngi s dng c th thm nhp mt s c s d liu ln trn
khp th gii. Hu ht cc mng truyn s liu trn th gii u l chuyn i gi.
Mng in thoi cng cng - PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network): Do cc
ng dy in thoi ch dng truyn cc tn hiu m thanh vi di tn 0,3 > 3.4 KHz
nn mun truyn s liu th phi s dng Modem l cc thit b iu ch v gii iu ch tn
hiu truyn d liu ln tn hiu m thanh thoi v ngc li.
Ngoi ra, vic truyn s liu cn c thc hin thng qua mt s mng khc nh
lit k trn, trong vic truyn s liu qua mng my tnh, mng Internet ang pht trin
rt mnh m. Chng ta s nghin cu v cc mng ny phn sau.
Khi thc hin truyn s liu trn mng, ngi s dng i hi mt s yu cu nh:
cht lng truyn, tc , vn an ton v bo mt thng tin t c iu ny, d
liu truyn phi c m ha v x l tun theo cc th thc nht nh no .
3.1.3 Mng my tnh v m hnh Client/Server
3.1.3.1 Mng my tnh
Vo nhng nm 1980, my tnh bn ni ln nh mt phng n thay th r tin
cho cc my tnh ln t gi. Mi my tnh bn u c kh nng tch hp mi thit b
ngoi vi v phn mm hon thnh mt s cng vic c th, song vic chuyn giao d liu
*
Ca ng (Gateway): Cn c gi l cng, v tr bin mng.
49
gia cc h thng cha c thc hin t ng, khi cn trao i d liu ngi s dng phi
dng ti a mm.
Vi pht trin ca cng nghip my tnh, cc qun tr vin PC *, cc chuyn vin
tip th, ngi dng, v thit k vin bt u thy r cc u im ca vic dng chung d
liu v phn cng gia mt nhm cc my PC tuy ring l song li mang tnh hp tc. T
mng my tnh ra i, n tr thnh mt phng tin truyn b thng tin. Mun hiu r
cc im phc tp ca tin trnh truyn thng d liu v kt ni mng my tnh, bn phi c
mt nn tng khi nim cn bn v mng my tnh.
Mng my tnh (computer network) l mt nhm cc my tnh tng kt chia s cc
dch v thng qua mt kt ni dng chung. Do , yu cu ca mng my tnh l hai hoc
nhiu c nhn c mt ti liu no mun cng nhau chia s. Mt c nhn phi c kh nng
cung cp mt ti liu no . Cc h thng ring l phi c kt ni vi nhau thng qua
mt phng tin vt l. Mi h thng ni vi phng tin vt l ny phi tun th mt lot
cc quy tc truyn thng chung th d liu mi n c ch chng nh, v do cc h
thng gi nhn mi hiu c nhau. Cc quy tc iu hnh tin trnh truyn thng my tnh
c gi l giao thc (protocol).
Mng my tnh thng c mt trong hai m hnh sau: khch/ch (Client/Server) v
ngang hng. Nhiu mi trng mng s dng c hai m hnh. V d, mt cng ty c th
dng ng thi cc h iu hnh Netware khch/ch cng vi Novell v Windows for
Workgroup ngang hng ca Microsoft.
M hnh khch/ch
Trong mi trng khch/ch, cc ti nguyn thng nm trn mt nhm my ch.

My ch l mt my tnh c ch nh c th cung cp cc dch v cho cc my tnh
khc trn mng. Cc my khch ch truy nhp cc ti nguyn sn c t cc my ch ch
khng cung cp dch v.
Di m hnh khch/ch, cc ti nguyn phn cng c th c tp trung trn cc
my ch v cc my khch c th c thit k theo cc cu hnh phn cng ti thiu. M
hnh khch/ch t ra l l tng i vi cc mng ln cn n h thng bo mt mng. Di
m hnh khch/ch, ngi qun tr c th d dng iu khin quyn truy nhp cc ti nguyn
mng.
M hnh ngang hng
Trong mi trng mng ngang hng, cc ti nguyn c phn phi trn ton mng
thng qua cc my tnh; cc my tnh ny c th hot ng nh nhng my ch hoc my
khch. Trong mi trng ny, ngi dng trn tng PC chu trch nhim iu hnh v chia
s cc ti nguyn PC ca h. Cc mng ngang hng rt ph hp vi cc t chc nh, c s
ngi dng gii hn v khng t nng vn bo mt.
3.1.3.2 Kin trc mng (Network Architecture)
PC Personal Computer: My tnh c nhn
50
Kin trc mng bao gm cch thc u ni cc my tnh li vi nhau v trong qu

trnh hot ng truyn thng chng phi tun theo mt s quy tc, quy c bt buc.
Cch thc u ni cc my tnh li vi nhau bao gm vic b tr cc phn t mng
theo mt cu trc hnh hc no v cch thc kt ni chng (gi l cu hnh mng hay l
topo ca mng). Tp cc quy tc, quy c bt buc cc thnh phn ca mng khi tham gia
cc hot ng truyn thng phi tun theo, gi l cc giao thc ca mng (Protocols).
Cc nt mng
Thit b u cui (Users)
Printer
Hnh 3.3: Mng my tnh

Cu hnh mng (Topology)
Cu hnh mng l cu trc hnh hc khng gian ca mng, thc cht l cch b tr v
tr vt l cc nt (node) v cch thc kt ni chng li vi nhau. C hai kiu cu trc mng,
l kiu im - im v kiu a im.
a) Kiu im - im (Point to Point): ng truyn ni tng cp nt li vi nhau
theo mt dng hnh hc xc nh no . Nu cc nt c nhu cu trao i thng tin, mt knh
truyn vt l s c thit lp gia nt ngun v nt ch bng thng qua mt chui tun t
cc nt. Cc nt trung gian c chc nng tip nhn thng tin, lu tr thng tin tm thi trong
b nh ph v ch cho n khi ng truyn ri s gi tip thng tin sang nt tip theo...c
nh vy cho n nt ch. Ngi ta gi mng c cu trc im- im l mng lu v gi tip
(Store - and - Forward). Mng hnh sao (Star), mng chu trnh (i khi gi l mng vng Loop), mng hnh cy (Tree) v mng hnh y (Complete) l nhng mng c cu trc
kiu im - im. u im ca loi mng ny t xy ra va chm thng tin (collision) trn
ng truyn, nhng nhc im ln nht ca n l hiu sut s dng ng truyn khng
cao, tc trao i thng tin thp, tr ln, cn tiu tn nhiu thi gian thit lp ng
truyn v x l ti cc nt.
b) Kiu a im, qung b (Point to Multipoint, Broadcasting): Tt c cc nt
cng truy nhp chung trn mt ng truyn. Thng tin c truyn i t nt ngun no ,
tt c cc nt cn li tip nhn thng tin, kim tra a ch ch, thng tin nhn n c phi l
ca n hay khng. V cc nt cng truy nhp ng thi trn ng truyn chung, cn thit
phi c c ch gii quyt va chm thng tin trn ng truyn, nht l trong mng hnh
BUS v RING. Cc mng c cu trc qung b c hai loi, qung loi tnh v qung b
ng.
51
Qung b tnh
Qung b ng tp trung
Qung b
Qung b ng
Qung b ng phn tn
Qung b tnh: Ngi ta chia thi gian thnh nhiu khong ri rc v dng
c ch quay vng (Round Robin) cp pht ng truyn cho cc nt. Cc
nt c quyn truy nhp khi n thi gian ca n. Tuy nhin c nhiu nt
khng c nhu cu truyn tin khi n lt n c php truyn, v vy vn c
hin tng knh ri trong khong thi gian no trong khi cc nt c nhu
cu truyn tin li khng c php truy nhp, iu ny dn n vic hiu sut
knh truyn khng cao.
Qung b ng tp trung: Ngi ta thit k v ci t thm mt b phn

trung gian c chc nng tip nhp v cp pht ng truyn cho cc nt khi
c nhu cu trao i thng tin. Kiu cp pht ny gim c ti a thi gian
cht ca ng truyn (khi ng truyn ri m khng th gi c thng tin
ln ), nhng vic thit k v ci t rt phc tp v kh khn, khng d
dng g.
Qung b ng phn tn: Cc nt t quyt nh c nn truy nhp ng

truyn hay khng ph thuc vo trng thi ca ng truyn. y l gii php
tt nht trong thit k v ci t cc phng php truy nhp ng truyn.
Giao thc mng my tnh

Ngoi cc quy nh v ng truyn vt l m bo truyn d liu di dng chui
bit gia cc thnh phn trong mng, cn phi c cc tin trnh (Proccess), cc quy nh nhm
duy tr cho mi hot ng truyn thng c chnh xc v thng sut. Cc thnh phn ca
mng mun trao i thng tin vi nhau trc tin chng phi hiu nhau, m phn vi nhau
v mt s th tc, nguyn tc. Cc my ch c th cung cp cc dch v cho cc trm lm
vic, trc tin hai thc th phi trao i lin lc c vi nhau. Nh vy trong qu trnh
hot ng truyn thng, cc thnh phn ca mng phi bt buc phi tun theo tp cc quy
tc v cch khi ng v kt thc mt tng tc, iu khin tc truyn, kim sot v pht
hin li, sa li; tp cc quy c v c php, ng ngha ca d liu.... c gi l tp cc
"giao thc mng" (Protocols). Nh vy giao thc mng c hiu l cc quy tc iu khin
cc tin trnh truyn thng gia cc thnh phn trong mng vi nhau. Giao thc mng l sn
phm ca cc t chc chun ha quc t. Nhm cc giao thc cng thc hin mt chc nng
truyn thng no c gi l cc chun hoc khuyn ngh... Trong mt mng my tnh, c
th s dng nhiu chun khc nhau, sn phm ca cc cng ty khc nhau.
3.1.3.3 Phn loi mng my tnh
Phn loi theo ch tiu khong cch
52
Mng my tnh thng c phn chia theo khong cch, khi mng my tnh
c chia thnh 4 loi: mng cc b (LAN), mng th (MAN), mng din rng (WAN) v
mng ton cu GAN.
-
Mng cc b: LAN (Local Area Network) l mt nhm cc my tnh v thit

b mng c kt ni vi nhau trong mt khu vc a l gii hn, chng hn
ta nh hay khu trng hc. N thng kt ni cc trm lm vic, my tnh c
nhn, my in, my ch v mt s thit b khc. Mng cc b cung cp cho
ngi dng my tnh nhiu li ch, gm truy nhp chia s ti cc thit b v
ng dng, trao i tp v truyn thng gia cc ngi dng thng qua th
in t v cc ng dng khc. Mng LAN thng s dng 3 topo chnh l
hnh sao (star), xa l (bus) v vng (ring).
Mng th: MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) l nhm cc my tnh v

thit b mng c kt ni vi nhau trong gii hn phm vi l khu vc cp
thnh ph. MAN c th kt ni cc mng cc b s dng cc kiu phn cng
v phng tin truyn dn khc nhau.
Mng din rng: WAN (Wide Area Network) kt ni cc LAN hoc MAN.
Mt WAN c th tri rng khp trn ton quc gia hay thm tr khp ton th
gii. Mng din rng WAN l mt mng truyn s liu bao ph mt vng a
l tng i rng ln v thng s dng cc phng tin truyn dn do cc
nh khai thc mng cung cp. Cc cng ngh mng din rng hot ng 2
tng thp nht trong m hnh tham chiu OSI: Tng vt l, tng lin kt d
liu (xem chi tit Mc 3.3.4).
Cc giao thc lin kt d liu WAN m t cch thc cc khung d liu c
truyn gia cc h thng trn mt ng lin kt d liu n l. Chng gm
cc giao thc c thit k hot ng trn cc dch v im-im chuyn
dng, dch v a im v dch v chuyn mch a truy nhp nh Frame
Relay.
Mng ton cu: GAN (Global Area Network) l mng kt ni my tnh v

thit b mng c phm vi tri rng khp cc lc a ca tri t.
Phn loi mng my tnh theo k thut chuyn mch

-
Mng chuyn mch knh (Circuit Switched Networks): Hai thc th cn trao
i thng tin vi nhau, gia chng cn xc lp mt ng truyn vt l c
nh. D liu l chui bit c truyn i trn knh truyn c nh v duy
tr cho n khi mt trong 2 thc th ngt lin lc. Qu trnh truyn d liu ca
mng chuyn mch knh gm 3 giai on: thit lp kt ni, duy tr kt ni v
gii phng kt ni.
Mng chuyn mch tin bo (Message Switched Networks): nng cao hiu
sut ca knh truyn, ngi ta nghin cu k thut truyn thng sao cho hiu
sut trao i thng tin trn mt knh truyn cao hn hiu sut trn mng
chuyn mch knh. Cc ng truyn c thit lp lin kt thng qua cc
53
nt chuyn mch, nhng ngi s dng u cui khng trc tip thit lp cc
lin kt vt l . D liu l cc tin bo (message) c xem nh mt n v
d liu c lp. D liu mang ni dung tin bo v a ch ch, c truyn
qua cc nt trung gian trn con ng ti ch ca n, ti cc nt cn phi
c b nh lu tr tm thi tin bo vo hng i, hoc thit lp knh
chuyn tip ra cho nhng tin bo ny. Nh vy tin bo s c chuyn giao t
nt ny cho n nt khc k tip, ti mi mt nt tin bo i qua c lu tr
trc khi c chuyn tip, kiu mng ny c gi l mng lu v chuyn
(Store and Forward).
Tin bo l n v thng tin ca ngi s dng, c khun dng thng nht.
Mi mt tin bo cha thng tin iu khin nh a ch ngun, nt gi thng
tin a ch ca nt ch, ni gi thng tin n. Trn ng i ca tin bo t
nt ngun n nt ch, t cc nt thng lng v tho thun vi nhau, sao
cho d liu hng c ti ch. Cc nt trung gian cn phi tip nhn tin
bo, lu tr n vo b nh m v cn c vo a ch ch chn nt truyn
k tip nh cc thng tin nh tuyn. Trong k thut mng chuyn mch tin
bo, cc nt cn c chc nng qun l vic truyn thng nh xc nhn tr li
tin bo nhn ng hay cha hoc yu cu truyn li nhng tin bo nhn
sai, kim sot thng lng ng truyn nhm trnh xung t, tc nghn
thng tin trong mng.
-
Mng chuyn mch gi (Packet Switched Networks): Cng nh k thut

mng chuyn mch tin bo, trong k thut mng chuyn mch gi, tin bo
c chia thnh nhiu gi nh (packet) theo di quy nh. Trong mi gi
tin c cc thng tin iu khin nh a ch ngun, a ch ch, m tp hp
ca cc gi tin...Cc gi tin ca mt tin bo c th truyn c lp trn nhiu
ng truyn khc nhau n ch v cc gi tin ca nhiu tin bo khc
nhau c th cng truyn trn mt ng truyn thng qua lin mng.
V c bn, k thut chuyn mch gi c xy dng trn c s k thut
chuyn mch tin bo. Tuy nhin s khc bit c bn l vi mng chuyn
mch gi, cc tin bo c phn thnh nhiu gi nh c di quy nh.
iu ny cho php cc nt c th qun l ton b cc gi tin trong b nh m
khng cn phi lu tr tm thi trn b nh ngoi (a cng). Do k thut
chuyn mch gi nh tuyn cc gi tin thng qua mng nhanh hn v hiu
qu hn rt nhiu so vi k thut chuyn mch tin bo.
Phn loi theo cu trc mng

-
Mng hnh sao (Star): Cc nt thng tin c ni vo mt trung tm iu

khin (c th l b chuyn mch- Switching hoc b tp trung - Hub). Trung
tm ny iu khin ton b hot ng ca mng.
Mng chu trnh (Loop)
Mng hnh li (Mesh): Cc nt thng tin c kt ni trc tip vi nhau.

54
Mng hnh cy (Tree): Cc nt kt ni theo hnh cy, mi nt s c kt ni

ti ti a 2 nt.
Mng xa l (hnh BUS): Cc trm lm vic (Workstations) c ni vo mt

Bus thng tin xc nh 2 u, cng truy nhp chung ng truyn. Bus thng
tin gi l trc mng hay xng sng ca mng. Cc mng cc b hnh Bus
nh TRANAS NET, ETHERNET, D-LINK...
Mng hnh vng (Ring): Cc trm lm vic (Workstations) c ni vo mt

ng truyn vng trn khp kn. Cc nt truy nhp vo mng theo kiu ni
tip nhau.
Hnh 3.4 minh ha cc cu trc mng my tnh in hnh.

Hnh sao (star)
Chu trnh (loop)
Li (mesh)
Vng (ring)
Cy (tree)
Xa l (bus)
Hnh 3.4: Mt s cu trc (topo) mng my tnh

3.1.4 Cng ngh mng Internet/Intranet/Extranet
Mng Internet l mng thng tin my tnh c trin khai v pht trin mnh vo
nhng nm 90 ca th k 20. Nhng ngi s dng Internet cho mc ch c nhn s c
gia tng khi cc thit b u cui truy nhp d s dng v k thut truy nhp tc cao nh
cp modem hay DSL c th c s dng rng ri.
Nhng ngi s dng Internet cho mc ch kinh doanh yu cu bo mt cao hn,
vic s dng mng Internet cng cng ngy cng i hi cao v bo mt ca cc mng
VPN hay s gia tng ca mng Intranet. C rt nhiu cng ngh mi ni ln phc v cho
vic truy cp internet nh xDSL v modem cp thng qua h thng truyn hnh cp. Khi mt
thu bao thc hin vic truy cp tc cao vo internet, thu bao s ng thi c thm
dch v vin thng dng thoi. Loi dch v ny rt c trin vng, mc d vic truyn thoi
(li ni) yu cu phi c thm cc thit b m ha thoi v yu cu bn thn mng internet
phi c nhng pht trin v k thut ca , p ng c cc dch v cht lng cao, thch
hp vi truyn thng tin thi gian thc.
55
Internet c xy dng trn nn k thut chuyn mch gi, k thut ny ang c

pht trin chp nhn c mc cht lng dch v i vi cc ng dng video v thoi.
Chng ta mong i mng Internet s p ng cc ng dng thng tin thoi m hin nay
mng chuyn mch thoi v mng ISDN ang thc hin.
Intranet l mt mng internet dnh ring. Ngi s dng mng l ngi thuc v mt
t chc. Mng ny c th kt ni c ti Internet song c tng la bo v vng mng
ring cho mnh.
Extranet l s kt ni ca nhiu mng intranet qua mng Internet. Cc mng intranet
c kt ni thng qua cc min (domain) khng an ton (khng c bo v), thng
thng l thng qua mng Internet. Mt m v cc cng ngh bo an khc c dng trong
mng extranet bo v cc thng tin c quyn, trnh c nhng k mo danh hoc
nhng k ph hoi thng qua mi trng lin mng. Ngi s dng l gm c nhng ngi
c mi ngoi t chc, c kh nng truy nhp qua mng Internet.
Hnh 3.5 minh ha khi nim cc mng trn.
Intranet
Extranet
Firewall
Global
Internet
Intranet
Hnh 3.5: Internet, Intranet v Extranet

3.1.5 Xu hng hi t, pht trin mng vin thng
Hi nhp thoi, video v d liu cng vi s m rng th trng v xu hng ton
cu ha dn ti vic cnh tranh cc mc khng th lng trc trong th trng
truyn thng. p lc cnh tranh ang ngy cng to ra khi nhiu cng ty ang s dng hiu
qu ca cc mng a dch v chuyn mch gi hay cn gi l cc mng th h sau (NGN).
S pht trin mng vin thng c c l da trn s pht trin ca cc cng ngh
trong cc lnh vc tin hc, in t v vin thng cng vi s gia tng v cht lng v s a
dng dch v theo yu cu ca khch hng.
V cng ngh vin thng, xu hng pht trin tp trung vo ba lnh vc c bn:
- Cng ngh truyn dn: Cng ngh quang ang khng nh c kh nng c v
cht lng truyn dn v bng thng. Mng truyn dn ang c quang ha p ng tt
56
hn nhu cu ngy cng cao ca khch hng (phc v c dch v yu cu tc cao, bng
thng rng, cht lng...)
- Cng ngh chuyn mch: tch hp vi mch, k thut s cng vi cng ngh thng
tin, ATM: vi xu hng kt hp knh v gi, a dch v, a tc , chuyn mch quang.
- Cng ngh truy nhp: Kt hp truyn thng v tin hc; phng thc truy nhp a
dng nh quang, cp ng (ADSL, HDSL), v tuyn (WiFi, Wibro, Winmax)...
V cc dch v vin thng, cc xu hng pht trin l:
-
Bng rng
nh ng, a phng tin
Truyn hnh cht lng cao HDTV
Mi mng vin thng ring l ch c kh nng p ng cc nhu cu pht trin mt

mc nht nh do kh nng hn ch v k thut sn c ca mng cng nh kh nng m
rng c gii hn. V vy khng mng no c th p ng c hu ht nhng nhu cu v
dch v mi, ng thi khi xy dng mt mng mi p ng nhu cu, ngi ta vn phi
phc v nhng dch v ca cc mng c sn, v th vic kt ni vi cc mng c l vn rt
cn c quan tm. Vi Vit Nam, giai on hin nay l giai on chuyn dch gia cng
ngh th h c (chuyn mch knh) sang dn cng ngh th h mi (chuyn mch gi), iu
khng ch din ra trong h tng c s thng tin m cn din ra trong cc cng ty khai thc
dch v, trong cch tip cn ca cc nh khai thc mi khi cung cp dch v cho khch hng.
3.2 CC PHN T CA MNG VIN THNG
3.2.1 Khi nim v nt v lin kt
Mng vin thng l tp hp cc nt mng (node) v cc lin kt (link) cung cp
cc tuyn ni gia hai hay nhiu im xc nh m bo cung cp cc dch v vin thng.
Nt chuyn mch (switching node) l mt im trung gian trn mng vin thng ni
thc hin kt ni tm thi gia cc u vo v u ra theo yu cu.
Cc lin kt l cc ng truyn dn tn hiu lin tc gia hai im trn mng. Mt
lin kt c th l mt mt ng truyn dn vt l, mt bng tn trong h thng ghp knh
theo tn s hay mt khe thi gian trong h thng ghp knh theo thi gian. Cc lin kt y
ngoi mi trng truyn dn cn bao gm c cc phng tin kt ni chng.
57
Thu
bao

Nt
mng
Lin
kt
Lin
kt
Thu
bao
Lin kt
Thu
bao

Nt
mng
Nt
mng

Hnh 3.6: Cc thnh phn trong mng vin thng
3.2.2 Khi nim mng li v mng truy nhp
Mng truy nhp (Access Network) l mt phn ca mng vin thng, thc hin kt
ni cc thu bao vi cc tng i ni ht. Mng truy nhp l phn mng tnh t im cung
cp (nt truy nhp-Access Point) dch v n khch hng, n l mng trung gian cho php
ngi dng c th s dng c cc dch v t nh cung cp dch v (Service Provider-SP).
Mng truy nhp hay cn gi l mng thu bao hoc mng ni ht chim khong 50% ca u
t vo mng vin thng.
S pht trin ca cng ngh mng truy nhp tm thi chm li vo nhng nm trc
1980. Sau s pht trin li tng dn n mt trng thi gn nh l cuc chin tranh gia
cc k thut khc nhau. Trong mt khong thi gian di ti nm 1980, mng truy nhp
chim hu ht cc u th bi cc nh khai thc c quyn u t cho mng cp ng gia
thu bao v tng i ni ht ca h. Cp ng c s dng trc tin l cho mng thoi
cng cng (PSTN), sau l cc ng thu knh v th ba l mng in bo.
Cc gii php truy nhp mi c bt u pht trin vo nhng nm 80. Phn ln
trong s chng ch b sung cho mng thoi cp ng; trong s cn c mng di ng t
bo v tng t, mng d liu cng cng v mng cp TV. Tuy nhin k thut v tuyn sm
tr nn hu dng, thm ch cn cnh tranh vi c cc dch v mng cp ng, c bit l
trong cc vng c mt thu bao thp. Phng thc truyn dn s dng tip theo trong cc
mng trung k nhng nm 80 l cp si quang. Hin nay, cp si quang tr nn rt ph
bin, ngay c trong mng truy nhp nh gi thnh c xu hng gim.
S kt hp ca tnh a dng trong cng ngh v th trng khai thc t do dn n
mt tnh trng rt phc tp. V d tiu biu nht c l l in thoi, cc mc dch v s
sm c cc nh khai thc mi cho trong mi trng cnh tranh t do trn mng truy nhp
cp ng, v tuyn, cp ng trc hoc cp si quang (t nht l cho cc khch hng khi
58
kinh doanh). Trong tin trnh mi ny, in thoi di ng c nhn l mt gii php thay th
hn l mt phn b xung i vi mng thoi c nh.
p ng nhu cu dch v ca khch hng, to nn nhu cu tng cao hn nhu cu
do mng in thoi truyn thng to nn, cc nh khai thc tng cng tm kim cc kh
nng cng ngh khc nhau, theo xu hng v gi thnh v cc ch tiu cht lng, tnh c
lp, kh dng ca chng.
Mng li (core network) l khi nim a ra ch cc thit b truyn thng quan
trng trong mng vin thng. Khi xy dng mng vin thng hay xem xt kin trc mt
mng li, ngi ta bc tch hai khi nim l mng li v mng truy nhp. Cc mng truy
nhp s c kt ni ti mng li - mng nn tng- cung cp cc dch v tng ng.
Mng li bao gm cc h thng chuyn mch, nh tuyn ng trc v cc h thng truyn
dn ng trc (backbone), trn c s tn hiu c truyn dn v x l chuyn ti cc
mng truy nhp tng ng ph hp.
3.2.3 Cc thit b mng
Mng vin thng l tp hp cc thit b mng c kt ni vi nhau theo mt cu
trc, kin trc nht nh v c thit lp, qun l nh cc h thng qun l tin cy. Trong
mng vin thng c khi nim v lin kt - s dng kt ni cc thit b trong cng mng
vi nhau v lin mng - dng kt ni cc mng vi nhau, cc mng c th khc nhau
c v cu trc cng nh giao thc s dng. Cu trc mng c th l cu trc sao, cu trc
vng, cu trc hn hp. Trong mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng PSTN cc thit b
mng c k n nh: Tng i, b tch ghp knh, b tp trung thu bao xa, thit b bo
hiu, thit b truyn dn, Trong mng my tnh: router, hub, gateway, bridge, Trong
mng di ng: tng i MSC, cc trm chuyn tip BSC, trm thu pht sng BTS,
gateway, trong mng VoIP: Gateway, gatekeeper, signaling gateway, Nh vy, ta thy
cc thit b trong cc mng vin thng rt ang dng v chng loi tuy nhin xu hng
chung hin nay l cc thit b s ngy cng a nng (tch hp), thng minh, bo mt v gn
nh hn.
3.2.4 Cc thit b u cui pha ngi s dng
Thit b u cui (Terminal Device) l thit b giao tip vi ngi s dng * v l cu
ni gia ngi s dng v mng. Thit b u cui c nhiu loi, chng rt khc nhau v
chc nng v yu cu dch v. V d: in thoi, my tnh, my Fax,
Khi nhc ti thit b khng th khng nhc ti cc giao din chun vi my mc
khc, c bit trong lnh vc vin thng. Do mt mng phc v nhiu thit b u cui nn
giao din gia thit b u cui v mng phi c chun ho vi nhau. Thit b u cui c
th l s hu ca mt c nhn hoc mt tp th (cc dch v cng cng), n thc hin cc
chc nng c bn nh sau:
-
Bin i thng tin ca con ngi thnh tn hiu trong mng (in, quang ) v
ngc li.
Ngi s dng user: cn c gi l i tng s dng, c th l con ngi hoc my mc t ng.
59
Nhn cc thao tc ca con ngi thit lp qua mng cng cng.
Vi s pht trin ca cng ngh, thit b u cui ngy cng linh hot, thn thin,
thng minh v gn nh hn.
Giao din vi con ngi (Man-Machine): thn thin, d dng, a nhim, c th di

ng
Giao din vi mng (UNI- User Network Interface): phi c chun ho, tng
thch vi nhiu mng.., cc ph, qun l d dng, bo mt tt, c chun tng
thch vi nhiu mng, nhiu v tr khc nhau.
Cc dng thc thng tin:

-
Thoi (Voice): tnh thi gian thc, c th chu c t l li cao
Ch (letter): th tn in bo: i hi tnh chnh xc
Hnh nh, ho: dng tnh v ng: Yu cu v rng bng thng, tnh thi
gian thc, chnh xc cao (t l li bit thp)
Ngy nay, khi cc loi hnh dch v rt a dng v c cht lng cng rt khc
nhau. iu dn n thit b u cui cng rt phong ph tng ng cho tng loi hnh
dch v . Khi cng ngh in t, cng ngh thng tin ngy cng pht trin, kh nng tch
hp nhiu tnh nng trong cng mt thit b u cui ang c ch trng. Hin nay, c
nhiu thit b u cui c th s dng khai thc nhiu loi hnh dch v khc nhau v c
th s dng cho nhiu loi mng vi cng ngh khc nhau.
3.3 QUAN IM PHN TNG KHI XY DNG MNG
3.3.1 ngha ca vic phn tng
gim phc tp ca vic thit k v ci t cc mng trao i thng tin c
xy dng theo quan im phn tng (layering). Mi h thng thnh phn ca mng c
xem nh mt cu trc a tng (tng n c xy trn tng kia).
S lng cc tng cng nh tn v chc nng ca tng tng l ty thuc vo cc nh
thit k. Nguyn tc chung l mi tng tip nhn cc dch v t tng di n, ng thi li
cung cp mt b cc dch v cho tng pha trn. Vic cc dch v ny c cung cp nh th
no th cc tng trn khng c bit.
Cch phn tng trong cc mng c th khc nhau, song trong cng mt mng th cc
h thng thnh phn phi c cu trc tng (s lng tng, chc nng mi tng) l nh nhau.
Nhng tc dng khc ca cc tng c chun ho:
-
Thit k d dng hn (cc h thng phc tp c chia thnh nhiu h thng nh

d qun l)
Hiu qu hn cho vic pht trin sau ny (thay th mt tng)
Vic nh ngha trch nhim ca mi tng s gip cho vic chun ho cc chc
nng mi.
60
Nhng chc nng nht nh s thuc v mt giao thc ca mt tng nht nh.
3.3.2 Cc tiu ch xy dng m hnh cc tng chc nng trong mng trao i thng tin
-
S lng cc tng khng nhiu qu n gin ha vic thit k mng, song

cng khng c t qu v khi cc bi ton cn gii quyt trn mi tng li tr
nn qu phc tp;
To ranh gii cc tng sao cho s tng tc v m t cc dch v gia chng l

ti thiu;
Chia cc tng sao cho cc chc nng khc nhau c tch bit vi nhau; cc tng
s dng cc loi cng ngh khc nhau cng c tch bit;
Cc chc nng ging nhau c t vo cng mt tng; cc chc nng c nh

v sao cho c th thit k li tng m nh hng t nht n cc tng k n;
To ranh gii cc tng sao cho c th chun ha cc giao din tng ng v theo
kinh nghim c chng t l thnh cng;
Khi d liu c x l mt cch khc bit th cn phi to mt tng mi;
Cc thay i v chc nng hoc giao thc trong mt tng khng c nh hng
n cc tng khc (m bo tnh trong sut gia cc tng);
Mi tng ch c cc ranh gii (giao din) vi cc tng k trn v di n.
C th chia mt tng thnh cc tng con khi cn thit; nguyn tc chia tng con
c p dng tng t nh trn; khi khng cn thit cc tng con c th hy b.
3.3.2 Khi nim v giao thc, giao din v chng giao thc truyn thng
Cc my tnh mun trao i thng tin vi nhau th chng phi hiu c nhau.
Chng phi ni chung mt ngn ng. Ngn ng chung ny chnh l giao thc truyn d liu.
Trong trng hp n gin nht, khi ch c hai my tnh tham gia trao i bn tin th cng
cn phi thng nht mt lot cc tha thun (v d nh mc v dng ca tn hiu, phng
php xc nh kch thc ca bn tin, phng php kim tra li ) hai bn c th hiu
nhau.
Cc tha thun cn phi t c tt c cc tng, t thp nht (vt l) cho n tng
cao nht (trin khai cc dch v cho ngi s dng). Th tc giao tip gia hai nt mng
c m t bng mt b cc qui tc giao tip ca tng cp tng tng ng.
Khi nim v giao thc v giao din:
-
Nhng qui tc hnh thc xc nh tun t v dng ca cc bn tin trao i gia

cc thnh phn mng trn cng mt tng, nhng cc nt khc nhau, c gi l
giao thc (protocol).
Cc khi chc nng thc hin cc giao thc ca cc tng k nhau trong cng mt
nt cng giao tip vi nhau thng qua cc qui tc cht ch. Nhng qui tc
c gi l giao din (interface). Giao din xc nh b cc dch v m tng ny
c th cung cp cho tng kia. Cc khi chc nng ca mt tng cn phi bo m
61
tun th giao thc ca tng mnh cng nh l cc giao din vi cc tng k trn
v di.
Khi nim v chng giao thc truyn thng
gim mc phc tp trong thit k phn cng v phn mm truyn thng my
tnh, cc chc nng cn thit c t chc thnh mt dy cc tng, mi tng c xy dng
da trn tng trc n. Ngoi nhng tiu chun quc t sn c, cn c nhiu giao thc ring
c s dng. Tt c cc giao thc ny u s dng mt dng phn tng no . S lng
tng, tn, ni dung, chc nng tng tng ca mng ny c th khc vi mng kia.
Tp hp cc tng v cc giao thc ca mi tng gi l chng giao thc. Chng giao
thc ny c t chc m bo c vic giao tip gia cc nt trong mng.
truyn thng thnh cng, hai my tnh phi s dng chnh xc cng mt chng giao thc.
Mi tng s tun theo chng giao thc ny vi cng mt tiu chun chi tit.
Hnh 3.7 minh ha cc khi nim v giao thc, giao din v chng giao thc ca h
thng my tnh. y chng giao thc gm c n tng, Mi tng trn mt my tnh thc hin
mt cuc i thoi vi tng tng ng ca my tnh khc. Cc lut v cc quy c c s
dng trong cuc i thoi ny c bit n nh l giao thc ca tng ny. Chng ta c th
ni rng giao thc ch r ngha, nh dng ca thng tin m mt tng gi xung tng di.
Thng tin ny c nhn v c hiu bi tng tng ng ti pha bn kia nu nh
cng s dng cng giao thc ny.
Nh c giao thc, mi tng bn di cung cp cc dch v cho tng trn n. i khi
cc c t dch v c tch ri khi cc c t giao thc. Chng ta c th ni dch v ca 1
tng xc nh tng nh th no theo cch nhn ca tng trn n. V d, nu mt tng cung
cp dch v truyn d liu c hoc khng c ch tm li, th tng trn c th s dng dch
v ch c tm li hay khng l tu . Vic cc dch v c thc hin nh th no
trong mt tng c ch r trong c t giao thc.
62
Phn mm My ch A
ng dng
Tng n
Giao thc tng n
Tng 5
Tng 4
Tng 3
Tng 2
Tng 1
My ch B
Phn mm
Tng n ng dng
Giao thc tng 5

Giao thc tng 4
Giao thc tng 3
Giao thc tng 2
Giao thc tng 1
Tng 5
Truyn thng o
gia cc thc th
ngang hng ti tng
4
Tng 4
Truyn thng vt l
gia tng 4 ca my
ch A v B
Tng 3
Dch v cung cp
bi tng 3
Tng 2
Giao in gia tng

2 v tng 3
Tng 1
Mi trng vt l
Hnh 3.7: Phn cp giao thc

Cc giao din gia cc tng c nh ngha cng n gin, cng r rng cng tt v
mi tng thc hin mt tp hp c th cc chc nng.
3.3.3 M hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI
Vo cui thp nin 70, t chc tiu chun ho quc t (ISO) lp ra mt tiu ban
nhm pht trin mt khung chun cho kin trc mng my tnh, chnh l m hnh tham
chiu cho vic kt ni cc h thng m (OSI). Mc ch ca m hnh ny l gim thiu s
khng tng thch gia cc h thng my tnh.
Nm 1982, ISO pht hnh bn d tho cc tiu chun quc t mang tn ISO 7498.
Ti liu ny ch a ra khung chun cho vic thit k cc giao thc truyn thng ch khng
a ra cc c tnh k thut chi tit cn thit cho tnh tng thch. CCITT v ITU-T pht
hnh ti liu ny trn khuyn ngh X.200.
Ban u OSI c thit k cho truyn thng my tnh. Ngy nay d liu v thoi
khng nht thit phi c tch ra thnh cc mng khc nhau. Nhiu khi mng khng bit v
khng quan tm ti vic d liu ang truyn cha thng tin g. ISO v ITU-T nh r tt c
cc h thng v mng mi theo nguyn l phn tng ca OSI. Tuy nhin c mt vi h thng
ton cu khng c thit k theo OSI, tiu biu nht l Internet. Internet da trn cc chun
sn c, nhng khng c ph chun bi ISO hoc ITU-T.
Tn OSI xut pht t mc ch lm cho cc h thng tr thnh m vi h thng
khc trong vic truyn thng. Cc nh sn xut c t do s dng cc c tnh k thut
m ny. Tuy nhin vn tn ti nhiu h thng truyn d liu c quyn, cc c tnh k
thut ca h thng ny l c quyn ca nh sn xut. Do vy chng khng th s dng c
cho cc h thng khc.
63
Trong m hnh OSI, truyn thng c chia thnh 7 tng (xem Hnh 3.9).
Khi chng ta xem xt n cc chc nng mi tng thc hin, chng ta s nhn thy
cc tng cng thp cng c nhiu chc nng lin quan n cng ngh mng s dng cho
truyn d liu thc s. Cn cc tng cng cao cng c nhiu chc nng phc v cho cc ng
dng phm mm chy trn cc my ch. Trong m hnh OSI, tt c cc tng t tng 4 n
tng 7 c thc hin ch trong truyn thng cc my trm cui, chng khng thc hin
qu trnh truyn d liu u-cui thc s. Qu trnh ny thuc v cc tng t 1 n 3. Mc
ch ca cc tng cao nht l tr gip cho cc ng dng phn mm, v thc hin c
iu ny cc tng cao nht cung cp cc dch v phc tp hn ch khng ch n gin l mt
lung d liu. Lung d liu ny c tng mng cung cp v c th cha li. Trong trng
hp dch v phc hi li khng c giao thc tng giao vn cung cp th cc nh thit k
phn mm ng dng phi thit k mt lc phc hi li trong ng dng ca mnh.
Phn mm
ng dng
My ch A
Tng 7 Application
Session
Tng 4
Transport
Tng 3
Network
Tng 2
Data link
Tng 1
Physical
My ch B
ng dng
Giao thc tng trnh din
Tng 6 Presentation
Tng 5
Giao thc tng ng dng
Trnh din
Giao thc tng phin
Phin
Giao thc tng giao vn

a)
b)
c)
Mng truyn thng cp di

Network
Mng
Data link
Lin kt d liu
Physical
Vt l
a) Giao thc tng mng

b) Giao thc tng lin kt d liu
c) Giao thc tng vt l
Phn mm
ng dng
Giao vn
a)
b)
Mng
Lin kt d liu
c)
Vt l
Mi trng vt l
Hnh 3.8: M hnh tham chiu OSI

Tng vt l
Tng vt l lin quan n qu trnh truyn dn tn hiu qua mt knh truyn thng.
Vn chnh ca vic thit k l m bo khi mt bn gi bt 1 th bn kia cng phi nhn
c bt 1 ch khng phi bt 0. Cc c tnh k thut in hnh ca tng vt l gm: tc
bt, gi tr in p s dng biu din bt 0 v bt 1, s chn cm v loi b ni
(connector) s dng. Tng vt l trong cc h thng c thit k gim thiu li khi hot
ng. Trong trng hp c li th cc tng trn s b nh hng.
64
Cc c t ca tng vt l lin quan n cc giao din in, c v phng tin truyn

dn vt l. Phng tin truyn dn c hiu l di tng vt l, nhng cc c tnh n
yu cu c cha trong c t ca tng vt l.
Tng lin kt d liu
Tng lin kt d liu c nhim v to lp cc khung, gi chng ti knh truyn thng
vt l thng qua tng vt l; nhn khung, kim tra li v chuyn khung khng c li ln tng
mng. Tng lin kt d liu pha nhn gi tn hiu xc nhn cho tng lin kt d liu pha
truyn. Pha truyn c th truyn li khung nu trong mt khong thi gian nht nh pha
nhn khng gi tn hiu xc nhn.
ISO nh r tng lin kt d liu cho cc mng LAN v chia cc c t thnh 2 tng
con:
-
Tng iu khin truy nhp phng tin (MAC Medium Access Control)
Tng iu khin lin kt logic (LLC Logical Link Control)
Do tnh cht phc tp ca tng lin kt d liu trong cc mng LAN m s phn chia
ny l cn thit. Trong mng LAN, cc my tnh c ni ti cng mt dy cp, chng chia
s kh nng truyn dn ca mt knh qung b (a truy nhp hoc truy nhp ngu nhin).
Tng con MAC lin quan n cc chc nng ph thuc phn cng mng. Hai v d ph bin
nht ca cc cng ngh mng LAN l CSMA/CD (Ethernet) v Token Ring. Tng con LLC
quan tm nht n kha cnh ton vn d liu nh: truyn li d liu, xc nhn vic nhn d
liu. i vi cc lin kt im-im n gin hn th khng cn phi tch tng MAC. Trong
trng hp ny, ch mt c t giao thc tng lin kt d liu cng c th bao ph ton b
tng lin kt d liu.
Trong mng LAN, mi my tnh c ring mt a ch MAC (a ch phn cng). a
ch ny c s dng xc nh ngun v ch ca mi khung trn knh qung b. Nh c
a ch MAC, cc my tnh c th c mt kt ni im-im thng qua mt knh qung b
c chia s bi nhiu kt ni im-im. Cn ch rng a ch MAC ch c s dng
bn trong mng LAN ch khng c truyn ti cc mng khc.
Tng mng
Cc tng bn di tng mng ch quan tm n cc kt ni im-im gia 2 nt.
Tng mng c nhng kin thc v kin trc mng v cng vi tng mng ca cc nt n
phc v, cc gi d liu c nh tuyn thng qua mng ti ch. Mi nt c ring mt
a ch ton cc (tng mng).
Vn chnh yu l xc nh c bao nhiu gi tin c nh tuyn t im ngun ti
im ch. Vic nh tuyn c th da trn cc bng nh tuyn c nh ti tng mng v
chng him khi thay i, hoc cc tuyn c th thay i phn nh ti trng hin thi ca
mng.
Khi c nhu cu, cc my ch ca mng c th t do gi cc gi tin. Chng thng
khng c bit g v mt lu lng ca cc my ch khc hoc ca cc kt ni trn
mng. Tnh c, nu c nhiu my ch cng trao i thng tin ti mt thi im v c qu
65
nhiu gi c truyn th s to ra cc khu vc d b tc nghn trn mng. Vic iu khin

tc nghn cng thuc v tng mng.
Trong cc mng d liu cng cng, chc nng tnh cc thng c xy dng bn
trong tng mng. Phn mm trong tng mng phi m xem c bao nhiu gi tin hoc k t
m mi khch hng gi a ra thng tin tnh cc.
Trong mt mng qung b bit lp (chng hn Ethernet) vic nh tuyn n gin n
mc c th khng cn n tng mng. a ch MAC c th nhn dng cc my ch. Tuy
nhin nu cc mng ny c ni ti cc mng khc, th cc a ch mng bt buc phi c.
Ch rng cc a ch MAC s dng trong tng lin kt d liu l khng quan trng bn
ngoi mng LAN.
Tng giao vn
Tng giao vn l tng u-cui thc s u tin. Cc giao thc t tng giao vn tr
ln ca cc trm s dng mng nh mt kt ni im-im truyn thng. Thng ip
ngun trn ng i c th c tng mng tch ra v tng phin bn nhn s l ni u tin
cc gi nh thuc cng mt thng ip gp li nhau.
Tng giao vn hot ng nh mt tng giao din gia cc tng thp (dnh cho vic
kt ni mng) v cc tng cao (dnh cho cc dch v ng dng). Nhim v ca tng ny l
m bo ngn chn thng xuyn vic truyn dn t u cui n u cui khng c li v
cc gi tin khn gb mt trong qu trnh truyn thng. thc hin iu ny trong tng giao
vn c th bao gm cc th tc truyn li hoc th tc xc nhn.
Tng giao vn thng cung cp 2 lp dch v c s cho tng phin:
-
Truyn cc thng ip v gi d liu ring bit qua mng. Cc thng ip c

truyn c th ti ch theo th t khc nhau v li c th xut hin. V d giao thc
UDP User Datagram Protocol ca Internet (khng thuc v cc giao thc OSI) v
giao thc giao vn, lp 1 (TP1) ca OSI (IS 9072).
Knh truyn im-im khng li s chuyn cc thng ip theo cng mt th t nh

khi chng c gi. V d giao thc iu khin truyn thng (TCP) ca Internet
(khng c trong chun giao thc OSI) v TP4 ca OSI (IS 8072/8073)
Tng phin
Tng giao vn m bo cho s thnh cng trong truyn thng u-cui gia cc my
tnh. Thc t, qu trnh truyn thng c thc hin bi 4 tng bn di tng phin. Ba tng
cao nht khng cn thit cho qu trnh truyn d liu, nhng chng to s tng thch cho
cc ng dng v do vy cc chng trnh ng dng chy trn cc my c th hiu c
nhau.
Tng phin cho php s dng trn cc my khc nhau thit lp cc phin lm vic vi
nhau. V d, n cho php ngi s dng truy nhp vo mt h thng chia s thi gian xa
hoc cho php truyn tp gia 2 my tnh.
Tng phin cho php truyn thng cc d liu bnh thng, ging nh tng giao vn
thc hin, nhng n cn cung cp mt s dch v m rng hu ch cho cc ng dng. Chng
66
hn dch v qun l iu khin m thoi. Cc phin lm vic c th cho php truyn thng
2 hng hoc 1 hng ti mt thi im. Nu truyn thng mt hng c cho php, tng
phin c th cho bit hng no ang s dng. Tng phin cn cung cp chc nng qun l
th bi, v vi s tr gip ca chc nng ny ch c my no nm th bi mi c th thc
hin mt thao tc nguy cp.
Mt dch v khc ca tng phin l dch v truyn thnh cng cc tp kch thc ln.
Nu khng c dch v ny th ch cn mt li n gin trong qu trnh truyn thng cng c
th ph hy c mt tp v do phi truyn li c tp. hn ch iu ny, tng phin cung
cp cch chn cc im kim tra vo trong lung d liu, v do vy nu c li th ch cn
truyn li d liu t im kim tra cui cng.
Tng trnh din
Nh chng ta thy, cc tng thp ch yu lin quan ti qu trnh truyn c th t cc
bt hoc d liu t ngun n ch. Thay vo , tng trnh din lin quan n dng thng tin
c truyn i. Mi my tnh c th c cch biu din d liu ni ti ring ca n, do vy
nhng tho thun v chuyn i l cn thit cc my tnh c th hiu c nhau.
Nhim v ca tng trnh din l m ha d liu c cu trc theo cc nh dng ca
my tnh thnh lung d liu ph hp cho truyn dn. Chng hn nh vic nn d liu. Tng
trnh din pha nhn gii m d liu c nn thnh dng biu din c yu cu. Tng
trnh din gip c 2 my tnh hiu c ngha ca lung bt nhn c theo cng mt cch.
Cc my tnh khc nhau c cch biu din d liu ni ti khc nhau. Tt c cc my
tnh ln IBM u s dng m trao i thp phn c m ho nh phn m rng
(EBCDIC Extended Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange Code), m k t 8 bt;
trong khi thc t tt c cc my khc u s dng m ASCII 7 hoc 8 bt. Cc chp
Intel nh s cc byte ca n t phi sang tri, trong khi cc chp Motorola th li
nh s t tri qua phi. Do cc hng sn xut my tnh him khi thay i cc quy
c ca ring mnh nn cc chun ton cu cho vic biu din d liu ni ti s
khng bao gi c chp nhn.
Mt gii php m bo tnh tng thch l nh ngha mt chun cho dng biu din
mng ca d liu. Nh vy bt k my tnh no cng c th truyn thng c vi cc my
tnh khc nu n chuyn i nhng biu din d liu ni ti thnh dng mng c chun
ho ny.
Tng ng dng
Tng ng dng bao hm cc ng dng truyn thng s dng dch v ca cc tng
thp hn. Cc ng dng ca ngi s dng thc hin cc cng vic trn my tnh khng
thuc vo tng ng dng, nhng chng trao i thng tin nh s tr gip ca giao thc tng
ng dng. Chng trnh x l vn bn l mt v d v ng dng ca ngi s dng.
phc v cc ng dng ngi s dng, cc ng dng truyn thng cn thit nh
truyn tp hoc mt u cui ASCII thng c nh ngha nh cc giao thc tng ng
dng. ng dng truyn thng cung cp cho cc ng dng ngi s dng nhng dch v
khng ph thuc nh sn xut. Cc dch v tng ng dng thng sn c i vi cc lp
67
trnh vin ging nh cc dch v khc cu h iu hnh. Vi s tr gip ca cc dch v ny,

nh lp trnh phn mm ng dng khng phi lo lng g v qu trnh truyn thng d liu
thc t. H c th s dng tt c cc dch v ca chng giao thc c thc hin trn mi
trng pht trin phn mm ca h.
Th in t (Email) l mt v d v cc giao thc ng dng. Trong v d ny, ngoi
cc chc nng ging vi cc chc nng ca giao thc truyn tp, n cn cung cp
cc chc nng vit sn nh xo, gi v c th. V d, nhng c tnh k thut ca
tng ng dng nh ngha nh dng ca trng a ch v trng thng ip.
phn bit gia chng trnh ng dng v tng ng dng c xc nh bi mt
giao thc, chng ta hy ly th in t lm v d. Chng ta c th c mt ng dng
chy bn trn tng ng dng. Chng trnh ny c th cung cp 9 mu, mt trnh
son tho thn thin ngi s dng, cc ca s nh a ch v nh ni dung
thng ip. N cng c th cung cp mt phng php nh a ch thn thin ngi
s dng chng hn nh khi chng ta nh mt a ch ch l John th a ch ny
s c phn mm chuyn i thnh dng m tng ng dng hiu c.
Cn ch rng dch v tng ng dng cung cp cho chng ta cc dch v truyn
thng nhng chng ta c th phi nng cao cc dch v ny cng vi mt phn mm ng
dng s dng n cho cc mc ch ni b.
3.3.4 Chng giao thc TCP/IP
TCP/IP l mt b giao thc c pht trin bi cc cc d n nghin cu cp cao
(ARPA) ca b quc phng M. Ban u n c s dng trong mng ARPANET. Khi
cng ngh mng cc b pht trin, TCP/IP c tch hp vo mi trng iu hnh UNIX
v s dng chun Ethernet kt ni cc trm lm vic vi nhau. n khi xut hin cc my
PC, TCP/IP li c chuyn mang sang mi trng PC, cho php cc my PC chy DOS v
cc trm lm vic chy UNIX c th lin tc trn cng mt mng. Hin nay, TCP/IP c s
dng rt ph bin trong mng my tnh, m in hnh l mng Internet.
Hnh 3.9: M hnh OSI v TCP/IP

TCP/IP c pht trin trc m hnh OSI. Do , cc tng trong TCP/IP khng
68
tng ng hon ton vi cc tng trong m hnh OSI. Chng giao thc TCP/IP c chia
thnh bn tng: giao din mng (network interface), lin mng (internet), giao vn
(transport) v ng dng (application).
Application layer
Ping
SMTP
FTP
Telnet NNTP
etc...
NFS
RPC
TFTP BOOTP etc...
UDP
TCP
Transport layer
DNS
OSPF ICMP IGMP BGP
RIP
IP
Internet layer
ARP
Network
Access layer
RARP
Data link
Media
(physical)
Hnh 3.10: M hnh phn lp b giao thc TCP/IP

Hnh 3.10 cho thy tng ng dng trong m hnh TCP/IP tng ng vi ba tng trong
m hnh OSI l tng ng dng, tng trnh din v tng phin. Tng ny cn c gi l tng
x l (process). Tng giao vn tng ng vi tng giao vn trong m hnh OSI. Tng ny
cn c gi l tng trm-ti-trm (host-to-host). Tng lin mng tng ng vi tng mng
trong m hnh OSI. Tng giao din mng tng ng vi tng lin kt d liu v vt l trong
m hnh OSI. Hnh 3.11 cho ta thng tin chi tit hn v m hnh TCP/IP vi cc giao thc
thng dng ng vi cc tng.
3.3.4.1 Tng ng dng
Tng ng dng cung cp cc dch v di dng cc giao thc cho ng dng ca
ngi dng. Mt s giao thc tiu biu ti tng ny gm:
FTP (File Transfer Protocol): y l mt dch v hng kt ni v tin cy, s
dng TCP cung cp truyn tp gia cc h thng h tr FTP.
Telnet (TERminaL NETwork): Cho php cc phin ng nhp t xa gia cc my
tnh. Do Telnet h tr ch vn bn nn giao din ngi dng thng dng du nhc
lnh tng tc. Chng ta c th nh lnh v cc thng bo tr li s c hin th.
HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol): Trao i cc ti liu siu vn bn h tr
WEB.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Truyn th in t gia cc my tnh. y
l dng c bit ca truyn tp c s dng gi cc thng bo ti mt my ch th hoc
gia cc my ch th vi nhau.
69
POP3 (Post Office Protocol): Cho php ly th in t t hp th trn my ch.

DNS (Domain Name System): Chuyn i tn min thnh a ch IP. Giao thc
ny thng c cc ng dng s dng khi ngi dng ng dng ny dng tn ch khng
dng a ch IP.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): Cung cp cc thng tin cu hnh
ng cho cc trm, chng hn nh gn a ch IP.
SNMP (Simple Network Managament Protocol): c s dng qun tr t xa
cc thit b mng chy TCP/IP. SNMP thng c thc thi trn cc trm ca ngi qun
l, cho php ngi qun l tp trung nhiu chc nng gim st v iu khin trong mng.
3.3.4.2 Tng giao vn
Tng giao vn chu trch nhim chuyn pht ton b thng bo t tin trnh-ti-tin
trnh. Ti tng ny c hai giao thc l TCP v UDP. Mi giao thc cung cp mt loi dch v
giao vn: hng kt ni v phi kt ni.
Giao thc TCP
Mt giao thc tng giao vn thng c nhiu chc nng. Mt trong s l to mt
truyn thng tin trnh-ti-tin trnh (chng trnh-ti-chng trnh). thc hin iu ny,
TCP s dng cng. Mt chc nng khc ca giao thc tng giao vn l to mt c ch iu
khin lung v iu khin li mc giao vn. TCP s dng giao thc ca s trt thc
hin iu khin lung. N s dng gi xc nhn, thi gian ch v truyn li thc hin
iu khin li.
TCP l mt giao thc hng kt ni. N c trch nhim thit lp mt kt ni vi pha
nhn, chia lung d liu thnh cc n v c th vn chuyn, nh s chng v sau gi
chng ln lt.
Giao thc UDP
UDP (User Datagram protocol) l mt giao thc truyn thng phi kt ni v khng
tin cy, c dng thay th cho TCP theo yu cu ca ng dng. UDP c trch nhim truyn
cc thng bo t tin trnh-ti-tin trnh, nhng khng cung cp cc c ch gim st v qun
l.
UDP cng cung cp c ch gn v qun l cc s cng nh danh duy nht cho cc
ng dng chay trn mt trm ca mng. Do t chc nng phc tp nn UDP c xu th hot
ng nhanh hn so vi TCP. N thng c dng cho cc ng dng khng i hi tin
cy cao trong giao vn.
Mt s giao thc tiu biu tng ng dng s dng UDP gm:
-
Giao thc truyn tp thng thng (TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol)
- Giao thc qun l mng n gin (SNMP Simple Network Management

Protocol)
-
H thng tp mng (NFS Network File System)
70
H thng tn min (DNS Domain Name System)
3.3.4.3 Tng lin mng

Tng lin mng trong chng giao thc TCP/IP tng ng vi tng mng trong m
hnh OSI. Chc nng chnh ca tng mng l nh a ch lgic v nh tuyn gi ti ch.
Giao thc ng ch nht tng lin mng chnh l giao thc lin mng (IP - Internet
Protocol). Ngoi ra cn c mt s giao thc khc nh ICMP, ARP v RARP.
Giao thc IP
IP l mt giao thc phi kt ni v khng tin cy. N cung cp dch v chuyn gi n
lc nht. N lc nht y c ngha IP khng cung cp chc nng theo di v kim tra li.
N ch c gng chuyn gi ti ch ch khng c s m bo. Nu tin cy l yu t quan
trng, IP phi hot ng vi mt giao thc tng trn tin cy, chng hn TCP.
IP cng l mt dch v phi kt ni, c thit k cho mt mng chuyn mch gi. Phi
kt ni c ngha mi datagram c x l c lp, mi gi c th i ti ch trn mt ng
i khc nhau, chng c th n sai th t. Mt s datagram c th b mt, b hng trong khi
truyn. IP da vo mt giao thc tng cao hn x l nhng vn ny.
a ch IP
Hin nay, a ch IP s dng cho a ch mng v Host trong mi trng lin mng
hin nay l IPv4 (IP version 4). Tuy nhin, a ch IPv6 v IPv9 cng c nghin cu v
th nghim thnh cng. Trong phn ny, chng ta ch nghin cu IPv4.
mc ng dng, chng ta c th coi mt lin mng l mt mng n l kt ni cc
trm vi nhau. mt trm truyn thng vi trm khc, chng ta cn mt h thng nh
danh ton cu. Ni cch khc, chng ta cn t tn duy nht cho mi trm. H thng nh
danh ny ch c s dng ti tng ng dng, khng th s dng tng mng v trn mng
cn c cc thc th khc gn ti, chng hn router.
Mt lin mng c to nn t s kt hp ca cc mng vt l (LAN hoc WAN) kt
ni vi nhau qua cc router. Khi mt trm truyn thng vi mt trm khc, gi d liu c th
di chuyn t mt mng vt l ny n mng vt l khc bng cch s dng cc router ny.
Ngha l vic truyn thng ti mc ny cng cn c mt h thng nh danh ton cc. Mt
trm phi c th truyn thng vi mt trm bt k m khng phi lo lng v mng vt l phi
i qua. Ngha l ti tng ny, mt trm cng phi c nh danh duy nht v ton cc. Hn
na, nh tuyn ti u v hiu qu, mi router cng phi c nh danh duy nht v ton
cc ti tng ny.
S hiu nhn dng c s dng tng lin mng ca b giao thc TCP/IP c gi
l a ch lin mng hay a ch IP. N l a ch nh phn 32 bt, c thc thi trong phn
mm, dng nh danh duy nht v ton cc mt trm hoc mt router trn lin mng.
Cc a ch IP l duy nht theo ngha mi a ch nh danh mt v ch mt thit b
(trm hoc router) trn lin mng. Hai thit b trn lin mng khng th c cng a ch IP.
Tuy nhin, mt thit b c th c nhiu a ch IP nu chng c kt ni ti nhiu mng vt
l khc nhau.
71
Cc a ch IP l ton cc theo ngha h thng nh a ch ny phi c tt c cc

trm mun kt ni ti lin mng chp nhn.
Mi a ch IP gm 4 byte (32 bt), nh ngha hai phn: a ch mng (NetID) v a
ch trm (HostID). Cc phn ny c chiu di khc nhau tu thuc vo lp a ch. Cc bt
u tin trong phn a ch mng xc nh lp ca a ch IP.
d c v d nh, cc a ch IP thng c biu din di dng thp phn du
chm. Trong cch biu din ny, cc byte c tch ring v c biu din di dng thp
phn; phn tch cc byte ny l mt du chm (Hnh 3.11).
11000000 00000001 00000010 00000011
192. 1. 2. 3
Hnh 3.11: a ch IPv4
a ch IP c chia lm 5 lp, k hiu l A, B, C, D v E. Chiu di phn a ch

mng v phn a ch trm ca cc lp l khc nhau. Cc bit u tin ca byte u tin ca
a ch IP c dng nh danh lp a ch (0 - lp A; 10 - lp B; 110 - lp C; 1110 - Lp
D v 1111 - lp E).
IPv6
Giao thc tng lin mng trong b giao thc TCP/IP hin nay l IPv4. IPv4 cung cp
truyn thng trm-ti-trm gia cc h thng trn Internet. Cho d IPv4 c thit k tt,
nhng n vn c mt s hn ch m tr nn khng ph hp vi s pht trin nhanh ca
Internet:
- IPv4 s dng 32 bt nh a ch v chia khong a ch thnh cc lp A, B, C,
D, E. Khong a ch IPv4 l khng cho s pht trin nhanh chng ca Internet.
- Internet phi iu tit truyn video v m thanh thi gian thc. Cc kiu truyn
ny yu cu tr ti thiu v kh nng dnh trc ti nguyn. Nhng iu cha c h tr
trong IPv4.
-
IPv4 khng h tr mt m v chng thc.
vt qua nhng hn ch ny, IPv6 c pht trin. Trong IPv6, giao thc IP
c thay i iu tit s thay i khng th on trc ca Internet. nh dng v chiu
di ca a ch IP c thay i cng vi nh dng gi. Cc giao thc lin quan nh ICMP
cng c thay i. Cc giao thc khc tng lin mng nh ARP, RARP v IGMP khng
cn. Chc nng ca chng c a vo giao thc ICMP. Cc giao thc nh tuyn, nh
RIP v OSPF, cng c cht sa i thch ng nhng thay i ny.
IPv6 c mt s u im so vi IPv4:
-
Khong a ch ln hn. a ch IPv6 di 128 bt, ngha l gp bn ln chiu

72
di a ch IPv4.
nh dng tiu tt hn. IPv6 s dng nh dng tiu mi, trong cc
ty chn c tch khi phn tiu c s v nu cn, c thm vo gia phn tiu c
s v d liu. Do vy, lm n gin v tng tc x l nh tuyn v hu ht cc ty chn
u khng cn c router kim tra.
-
Cc ty chn mi. IPv6 c mt s ty chn mi cho php cc chc nng b
Cho php m rng. IPv6 c thit k cho php m rng khi c yu cu.
sung.
H tr cp pht ti nguyn. Trong IPv6, trng loi dch v c b i,

nhng mt c ch (c gi l nhn lung) c thm vo cho php ngun yu cu x l
gi c bit. C ch ny c th c s dng h tr lu lng video hoc m thanh thi
gian thc.
Bo mt hn. Ty chn mt m v chng thc trong IPv6 cung cp tnh ton
vn v tnh bo mt ca gi.
3.4 CC PHNG THC CHUYN GIAO THNG TIN QUA MNG
Thut ng ch chuyn giao c ngha l chuyn thng tin t ngi s dng ny
n ngi s dng khc. Mi lin h gia cc ch v yu cu ca nhng dch v khc
nhau l rt r rng. Trong mt thi gian kh di, cc mng vin thng c thit k cho
truyn thoi, nhng bc tranh ny thay i khi truyn d liu cng cng bt u bng n.
Hn na, truyn d liu i hi cc yu cu khc v truyn dn v tt yu dn n s pht
trin ca cc ch truyn ti ph hp vi truyn d liu. Bc pht trin tip theo l yu
cu truyn video, tin ti l truyn thng a phng tin.
Cc thit b mng v u cui mi ch l phn cng, cc link l lin kt ni cc
phn t mng vi nhau to thnh mng li v mt vt l. Thc t khi nhc n mng th
ngoi nhng thit b k trn cn phi hiu c cc thng tin truyn trn mng, cc giao thc
truyn thng qua cc giao din v phng thc ca chng.
Khi cc dng thc thng tin i vo mng th chng c chuyn thnh tn hiu rt a
dng, c th chia tn hiu lm hai loi tn hiu l tn hiu tng t v tn hiu s. Thng tin
chuyn giao qua mng l tn hiu s c a ra t thit b u cui (thng tin ca cc lp
giao thc cao). Thng tin ny sau c chuyn giao qua mng theo cc phng thc
chuyn giao (khc nhau. Trong cng ngh mng hin nay c 4 phng thc chuyn giao:
phng thc chuyn giao kiu knh, phng thc chuyn giao kiu gi, phng thc chuyn
giao kiu khung v phng thc chuyn giao kiu t bo.
Gii php l tng xc nh ra phng thc chuyn giao l n phi ph hp vi
tt c cc dch v m c tnh ti lu lng a dch v. Thc t ch ra l gii php ny
c thc hin vi phng thc chuyn giao kiu t bo.
3.4.1 Chuyn giao kiu knh
Thi im ban u khi mi c mng in thoi, thng tin c truyn dng tn hiu
lin tc trn khp tt c ng kt ni t mt thu bao in thoi ny n thu bao in thoi
73
khc. Khi k thut s ra i (t thp k 60) th h thng PCM * c pht trin. H thng ny
c thit k cho phng thc chuyn knh CS (Circuit Switch) v truyn dn theo khe thi
gian. S phn chia vo cc khe thi gian yu cu thng tin c chia vo cc khi c cng
di bng khe thi gian. Nu mt khi pht t in thoi, n c biu din bng mt
mu, th n cng c th cha lu lng d liu, Telex, tn hiu cnh bo... Phng thc
chuyn knh khng cn bit ph nhi vo thng tin. Khi c gim st bi phng tin bo
hiu.
c im ca chuyn giao kiu knh l: trn cc lin kt ta chia thnh cc knh thng
tin tch bit nhau v vn c bn ca kiu chuyn giao ny l to ra mt kt ni. Cc nt
mng thc hin chc nng chuyn mch. Thit b chuyn mch ti mt nt s chuyn tn
hiu t knh vo n knh ra v th ngi ta gi l chuyn mch knh. Trn cc lin kt, h
thng c chia thnh cc knh thng tin (trunk circuit) nh cc mch trung k trong mng
in thoi. Cc knh trung k l ti nguyn ca h thng phc v chung.
Khi c cuc gi qua mng, cc tng i phi trao i thng tin bo hiu nhm
thit lp mt kt ni, i qua cc lin lin quan, cc nt lin quan ni xuyn sut t my u
cui ch gi n my u cui b gi. Sau giai on hnh thnh kt ni l giai on trao i
thng tin t my u cui ny n my u cui kia. Trong giai on trao i thng tin ny
khng c cuc gi no khc s dng cc knh thng tin c gn cho kt ni trn. Sau
khi cuc gi kt thc cc knh c gn ti cc lin kt chuyn t trng thi phc v
(trng thi b chim) sang trng thi ri, lc ny cc lin kt sn sng phc v cc cuc gi
khc sau .
Trong h thng in thoi s hin nay mt knh thoi tng ng vi mt khe thi
gian trong khung truyn dn E1 gm 32 khe thi gian, tc tn hiu lung E1 l
2048kbit/s. Mt khe thi gian tng ng tc 64kbit/s (tc ca mt knh thoi
s). Tng i in thoi to kt ni gia knh vo v knh ra vi tc 64kbit/s,
ngha l mi giy phi chuyn cho cuc gi n ang phc v 8000 ln, mi ln
chuyn song song 8 bit.
Tm li, chuyn giao kiu knh c 5 c im chnh:
-
Thng tin c truyn i trong cc khe thi gian c di c nh.
Khng linh hot v bng thng.
Chuyn mch da trn v tr khe thi gian trong khung PCM.
Khng c pht hin li.
Thch hp vi thoi, video v d liu tc thp.
3.4.2 Chuyn giao kiu gi

Chuyn giao kiu gi c ngha l thng tin c chia thnh cc gi ( di gi c th
khc nhau) v gi c gn nhn truyn ti qua mng. Nhn l tiu v c th gm c
ui gn thm vo cui gi (nh ui gn cc lp 2-3 trong m hnh OSI). Nhn c
*
PCM Pulse Code Modulation: iu xung m (bin i tn hiu tng t sang tn hiu s thng qua vic m
ha cc xung bin tn hiu)
74
dng cho vic chuyn mch knh v pht hin li... Mng phi c trch nhim chuyn giao
gi n ng ch v theo ng th t, m bo thi gian tr cho php.
Gi tin (packet): thng tin t thit b u cui a vo mng c t chc thnh cc
gi tin. chuyn tng n v tin (n v d liu ca ngi s dng), mng a vo nhng
bit ph pha trc n v tin thnh tiu (header), khi n ch mng s xo tiu ny i.
Cc gi tin cn c chuyn n ch theo ng th t. Mt gi tin gm phn tiu
(header) v d liu ngi s dng (user data). D liu ngi s dng l cc bt thng tin gi
t thit b u cui ti mng.
Mi n v d liu ngi s dng s c gn mt header, header bao gm m ho
thng tin v ngi s dng ch, th t ca gi tin Gi tin c 2 loi: c di c nh v
c di thay i. Trong mng d liu chuyn gi (IP) th gi c di thay i.
Lin kt: Cc gi c chuyn ch trong mt khung, khung l 1 PDU (n v d
liu giao thc) ca lin kt. Mt gi c th cha trong mt khung hay nhiu khung. Cc
PDU c chuyn trn lin kt bi php ghp knh thng k c ngha l cc khe thi gian
(Timeslot-vit tt l TS) trong khung ca mt lin kt chuyn ch thng tin cho ht gi ny
n gi khc do 1 TS c th dng cho nhiu cuc gi ng thi bng lin kt khng b
cc cuc gi chim dng.
Nt: ti nt phi thc hin chc nng chuyn gi PS (Packet Switch). Trong mt nt
chuyn gi, tt c cc hng vo c nh chung trong mt b nh m vo, mi hng
ra c mt b nh ring. Thit b chuyn gi ti nt s kim tra tiu gi bit c ch
ca gi l thit b u cui no. Cn c vo bng nh tuyn, nt s quyt nh chuyn gi
ny sang b nh ra hng no. Quy trnh chuyn thc hin bng cc bus (song song). T b
nh ra, cc gi c chuyn ln ng truyn, ng vo khung v c truyn i ti mt nt
mi ni tip.
Trn lin kt d liu, a vo nhng trng ph iu khin nhng th tc chuyn
khung v pht hin ra gi b li (trng ny c tn l FCS: dy kim tra khung).
Trong phng thc chuyn giao gi ngi ta t chc cc lin kt bo hiu thc hin
cc chc nng kim sot li, sa li, lm cho cc gi chuyn qua lin khng b li. Mt chc
nng quan trng ca phng thc chuyn gi l c th iu tit dng chy lu lng, nu
cc gi i vo nt vi tc qu nhanh so vi tc u ra dn n kt qu b nh m
trong nt b y. Nt s nhn ra trng thi ny v pht thng tin iu khin ngc v pha
ngun gi gi ngn vic tip tc pht cc gi n na cho ti khi no khng gian b nh
c gii phng, khi qu trnh gi gi n li tip tc. y chnh l l chc nng iu
khin lung flow control trong phng thc chuyn gi.
S khc nhau gia phng thc chuyn knh (CS) v phng thc chuyn gi
(PS)
Tc chuyn giao thng tin ca phng thc gi bng tc chuyn knh v
phng thc chuyn knh mng khng a cc bit ph vo. Nhng i vi phng thc
chuyn gi, tc chuyn giao thng tin nh hn tc knh truyn v mng a thm
cc bt ph to tiu v hot ng theo c ch iu khin lung. V vy nh gi tc
75
knh ngi ta a ra khi nim thng lng (throughput), n ph thuc vo cht lng
ng truyn v kch thc gi.
Tc chuyn giao cc lin kt i vi phng thc chuyn knh lun lun bng
nhau, song i vi phng thc chuyn gi c th khc nhau. Tuy nhin, trong truyn s liu
phng thc chuyn gi c u im hn so vi phng thc chuyn knh nh tc gi v
tc phin nhn c th khc nhau v thi gian ca phin truyn thng ngn.
Phng thc chuyn knh thun tin cho thng tin thoi v mt cuc gi c con
ngi tham gia thng din ra trong khong thi gian vi pht nhng truyn d liu l hai
my trao i t ng, thi gian chuyn giao thng tin thng rt ngn (c giy) do vy nu
phi thit lp kt ni bng quay s th hiu qu khng cao. Mt nhc im ca phng thc
chuyn knh l n s dng knh khng hiu qu bng phng thc chuyn gi. V d,
trong dch v thoi, k c khi hai bn u cui khng c thng tin trao i th knh vn b
chim hon ton (64kb/s) trong khi nu l truyn theo kiu gi th trong khong thi gian
khng c thng tin trao i, ngi ta c th s dng knh kt ni chuyn gi thng tin
ca cc dch v khc.
3.4.3 Chuyn giao kiu khung
Gn ging phng thc chuyn giao kiu gi, nhng phng thc chuyn giao kiu
khung l nh tuyn khung Frame Relay (FR) ch khng phi nt nh tuyn.
Trong phng thc chuyn giao ny, nt ch x l lp 1 v 2 m khng x l lp 3
(lp trong m hnh OSI). Mt khung t mt lin kt vo c chuyn tip sang lin kt ra
khng qua x l gi mc 3 do vy tc lu thot nhanh hn. Nu mng d liu chuyn
gi th tc b hn ch mc 2Mb/s, nhng mng FR c th t ti tc hng chc
Mb/s.
FR c pht trin tn dng tt nht c im chia s bng thng ca phng thc
khung v sa cha nhc im ca tr qu ln trong mng gi. FR p dng k thut chuyn
mch c coi l c tc nhanh hn k thut chuyn gi X25. FR l k thut nh hng
kt ni v c di gi c th thay i tng t nh phng thc chuyn gi. Cc gi c
phn loi ti thiu ho vic gim st ng i ca chng qua mng. Nu gi li vic ti
truyn khng c yu cu, thit b nhn s phi pht hin li. Nh vy, tc qua mng s
c ci thin ng k.
Mng FR cn cc lin kt c cht lng cao, nu khng th vic ti truyn t im
u cui n u cui s gy tr ng k hoc thm ch khng th thc hin c phin
truyn thng.
3.4.4 Chuyn giao kiu t bo
Phng thc chuyn giao kiu t bo l s tho hip gia phng thc chuyn giao
kiu knh v gi, n c pht trin vi quan im tr thnh phng thc chung. Cc t
bo c di c nh d mt t bo c di ln hn di ca mt khe thi gian (TS).
Tng t nh cc gi trong ch gi, mi t bo c mt nhn, nhng di ca n c nh
cho nn khng cn thm phn ui xc nh c u l im cui t bo.
76
Chuyn giao kiu gi l mt cng ngh hin i, y l kt hp ca cng ngh

ATM/SDH ngha l ti nt, thc hin chc nng chuyn mch ATM (Asynchronous
Transfer Mode phng thc chuyn giao khng ng b) hay chuyn gi nhanh, cc gi c
kch thc bng nhau gi l cell. Mt t bo (cell) gm 53 byte trong c 5 byte tiu v
48 byte l ti trng.
Phng thc ny hi t c nhng u im ca CS v PS do thi gian tr nh
nh CS nhng li c kh nng iu khin lu lng c nh PS, v th s dng knh
truyn rt hiu qu, c bit c th to ra kt ni vi tc cao cung cp cc dch v bng
rng.
Mng in thoi s ISDN c th cung cp dch v PSTN vi tc nh hn hoc
bng 2Mb/s gi l mng N-ISDN (ISDN bng hp), vi cng ngh ATM c th to ra BISDN (mng ISDN bng rng). SDH l cng ngh truyn dn s ng b to ra lin kt gia
cc nt ATM).
3.4.5 Ch chuyn giao hng kt ni v phi kt ni
Vi chuyn giao kiu knh th ch yu l chuyn giao theo phng thc hng kt
ni. Cn cc ng dng ca mng chuyn giao kiu gi c th l chuyn giao theo c hai
phng thc l phng thc hng kt ni (connection-oriented) hay phi kt ni
(connectionless).
Sau y chng ta nghin cu phng thc chuyn giao hng kt ni trong chuyn
giao kiu gi, vi phng thc ny tt c thng tin tn hiu ca mt phin truyn thng c
nh tuyn trn cng mt ng trong mng (mi tn en trong Hnh 3.12).
Chuyn giao hng kt ni
LCN = y
LCN = x
LCN = x
LCN = z
Chuyn giao phi kt ni
Hnh 3.12: Chuyn giao hng kt ni v phi kt ni

Qu trnh chuyn giao c chia lm ba giai on :
Thit lp kt ni: u tin l thng tin xc lp kt ni c gi cng vi cc b a
ch. Thng tin a ch dng s ca knh logic (LCN) c lu tr trong mi nt n i qua,
khi mt ni kt o (logic) c thit lp.
Duy tr kt ni (Truyn dn d liu): ch c a ch dng LCN c gi km theo
cc gi d liu. Khi nt mng c LCN s bit l u gi gi tin
77
Gii phng kt ni: mt gi gii phng c gi yu cu xo thng tin a ch

(LCN) cc nt gii phng kt ni.
Khi chuyn giao phi kt ni c s dng th cc gi lun lun s dng ng i
ph hp nht thng qua mng (mi tn trng trong Hnh 3.13). Chuyn giao trong trng
hp ny ch c mt giai on l truyn dn d liu. Do mi gi d liu u c b thng
tin a ch (a ch c ngun v ch) y .
Trong chuyn giao phi kt ni, cc gi khng nht thit phi n ni theo th t, bi
v chng i trn cc ng khc nhau c tr khc nhau. Bn thu phi theo di th t ca
cc gi nn s phc tp hn nhiu.
C th ly v d n gin m t kiu chuyn giao nh hng kt ni v khng
nh hng kt ni (phi kt ni) l so snh hai phng thc trong chy ua nh hng.
Gi s rng trong mt i ngi chy u tin s nh du con ng ca anh ta xuyn quc
gia ng i ca anh ta chy ti ch. Ngi chy cui cng s xo cc du (tng t nh
chuyn giao hng kt ni). Trong i khc, mi ngi s t phi tm con ng cho mnh
ti ch (tng ng vi chuyn giao phi kt ni).
78
CU HI N TP CHNG 3
1. Hy sp xp mc tng dn quy m ca cc mng my tnh sau:
A. WAN, LAN, MAN
C. WAN, MAN, LAN
B. LAN, MAN, WAN
D. LAN, WAN, MAN
2. Cu hnh mng no c cc node thng tin khng c ni trc tip vo trung tm iu

khin?
A. Hnh Sao (Star)
C. Hnh vng (Ring)
B. Hnh Xa l (BUS)
3. Mng thi MAN l:
A. Metropolitan Area Network
B. Medium Area Network
C. Medium Access Network
D. Metropolitan Access Network
4. Cu hnh mng no c cc node thng tin c ni vo trung tm iu khin?
B. Hnh Sao (Star)
C. Hnh vng (Ring)
B. Hnh Xa l (BUS)
5. T no sau y c nh ngha l ng truyn dn tn hiu lin tc gia hai im trn
mng?
A. Node
C. HOST
B. Link
D. Modem
6. c im no sau y l mt trong nhng xu hng pht trin ca mng vin thng?

A. Bng hp
C. Tc thp
B. Bng rng, a phng tin
D. Cht lng km
7. Tiu ch trong k thut phn tng khi cho thay th mt tng bng mt tng khc l:
A. Tc ng mnh n cc tng khc
B. Tc ng n h thng
C. Khng lm nh hng n cc tng khc
D. Khng thc hin thay th c
8. Tp cc quy tc, quy c bt buc cc thnh phn ca mng khi tham gia cc hot ng
truyn thng phi tun theo gi l:
A. Cu hnh mng (Topology)
C. Tin trnh (process)
B. Giao thc (Protocol)
D. Mi trng (environment)
79
9. Tp hp cc giao thc ca mi tng trong m hnh nhiu tng gi l:

A. Chng giao thc
C. Phn tng
B. Giao thc
D Phn lp
10. M hnh tham chiu OSI c chia thnh bao nhiu tng?
A. 5
C. 7
B. 6
D. 8
11. Tng lin kt d liu l tng bao nhiu trong m hnh tham chiu giao thc OSI?
A. 2
C. 4
B. 1
D. 5
12. Trong m hnh giao thc OSI, tng 3 l tng no trong cc tng sau y?
A. Vt l
C. Phin
B. Mng
C. ng dng
13. Trong m hnh OSI, tng no sau y cung cp cc dch v cho tng Phin?
A. Tng lin kt d liu
C. Tng mng
B. Trnh din
14. Trong m hnh OSI, tng no c nhim v to lp cc khung, gi chng ti knh truyn
thng thng qua tng vt l, nhn khung, kim tra li, chuyn khung khng c li ln tng
mng, ng thi iu khin tc nghn?
A. Tng vt l
C. Tng lin kt d liu
B. Tng ng dng
D. Tng phin
15. Chng giao thc TCP/IP c chia thnh bao nhiu tng?
A. 4
C. 5
B. 6
D. 7
16. Tng ng dng trong m hnh TCP/IP tng ng vi nhng tng no trong m hnh
tham chiu OSI?
A. Tng ng dng, Tng Phin, Tng Giao vn
B. Tng Trnh din, Tng Phin, Tng Giao vn
C. Tng ng dng, Tng Trnh din, Tng Phin
D. Tng ng dng, Tng Trnh din, Tng Vt l
17. Tng Lin mng trong m hnh TCP tng ng vi tng no trong m hnh tham chiu
OSI?
A. Tng Vt l
C. Tng Giao vn
B. Tng Lin kt d liu
D. Tng Mng
18. Tng giao din mng trong m hnh chng giao thc TCP tng ng vi nhng tng no
trong m hnh tham chiu OSI?
80
A. Tng Vt l v Tng Lin kt d liu

B. Tng Lin kt d liu v Tng Mng
C. Tng Vt l v Tng Mng
D. Tng Lin kt d liu v Tng Giao vn
19. TCP l giao thc truyn thng
A. Phi kt ni v tin cy
B. Hng kt ni v tin cy
C. Phi kt ni v khng tin cy
D. Hng kt ni v khng tin cy
20. UDP l giao thc truyn thng
A. Phi kt ni v tin cy
B. Hng kt ni v tin cy
C. Phi kt ni v khng tin cy
D. Hng kt ni v khng tin cy
21. Giao thc truyn file s dng giao thc trong lp vn chuyn:
A. TCP
B. UDP
C. SCTP
22. H thng tn min s dng giao thc trong lp vn chuyn:

A. TCP
B. UDP
C. SCTP
23. a ch IPv4 gm bao nhiu bit?

A. 16
B. 32
C. 64
D. 128
24. a ch IPv4 c chia thnh bao nhiu lp?

A. 3
B. 5
C. 7
D. 9
81

[1]

1997.
[2]
Aattalainen T. Introduction to Telecommunications Network Engineering. 2nd edition,

Artech House, ISBN: 1580535003, 2003.
[3]
[4]

and Sons, 1994.
[5]
Behrouz A. Forouzan with Sophia Chung Fegan. TCP/IP Protocol Suite. Mc Graw Hill,
2000.
[6]
Nguyn Quc Cng. Internetworking vi TCP/IP. NXB Gio Dc, 2001.
[7]
W. Richard Steven. TCP/IP

WesleyLongman, Inc, 1994.
[8]
Nguyn Thc Hi. Mng my tnh v cc h thng m. NXB Gio Dc, 1997.
Illustrated
Volume
1-The
Protocols.
Addison
82
CHNG IV-CC VN V TRUYN DN

GII THIU CHNG
Chng ny gii thiu cc khi nim c bn v cc k thut chnh c s dng
trong mng truyn dn, l cc phng thc truyn dn thng tin, cc mi trng truyn
dn v vn ghp knh. Phn u cung cp cc khi nim c bn trong truyn dn, cc loi
truyn dn n cng, bn song cng v song cng. gip hc vin c c mt s kin
thc tng qut v s pht trin mnh m v ng dng ca cc cng ngh truyn dn trn
mng li vin thng hin nay, ni dung chng cng cp n cc cng ngh v c im
ca phng thc truyn dn s dng cp kim loi, cp quang cng nh c v tuyn. Bn
cnh , hc vin cng c trang b kin thc v k thut ghp knh, mt trong nhng khi
nim c bn v rt quan trng trong h thng truyn dn.
Thng thng, cc h thng truyn dn c dung lng ln hn dung lng cn thit
ca mt ngi s dng n l, song dung lng ca h thng li t hn tng nhu cu dung
lng ln nht ca tt c ngi s dng. V vy, vic s dng k thut ghp knh, qu trnh
kt hp nhiu tn hiu ca cc ngi dng khc nhau truyn dn ng thi trn cng mt
knh truyn dn, s gp phn lm tng hiu qu s dng knh truyn v tit kim chi ph.
Sau khi hc xong chng ny, hc vin cn nm c cc khi nim c bn v
truyn dn; phn bit c cc cng ngh truyn dn s dng mi trng truyn dn khc
nhau; khi nim v ghp knh v cc k thut ghp knh c s dng trn mng li, trn
c s tip tc nghin cu cc vn phc tp hn trong qu trnh tip cn mng vin
thng nhng chng sau v cc mn hc chuyn su khc.
4.1 MT S KHI NIM C BN V TRUYN DN
Trc khi hiu c v truyn dn, cn bit mt s khi nim c bn sau chng ta
mi c th hiu su hn v cc lnh vc khc: rng bng tn (bandwidth-cn gi l bng
thng); mi trng truyn dn; vt mang (carrier); iu ch v truyn dn bng tn gc; hai
dy, bn dy, lai ghp; n cng, song cng; ti to; khuch i; m ng truyn v cui
cng l ghp knh.
rng bng tn (Bandwidth)
rng tn s c th s dng cho mt kt ni c gi l rng bng tn. i vi
in thoi, cc khuyn ngh ca ITU-T cho rng cc kt ni c th x l tn s trong khong
300 n 3400 Hz, ngha l rng bng l 3,1kHz. Thng thng, tai ngi c th nhn bit
m thanh c tn s trong khong 15 n (xp x) 15000Hz, nhng cc php o ch ra rng
khong tn s 300-3400Hz l hon ton ting ni c nhn bit r rng, v chng ta
c th nhn ra c ting ni ca ngi ni.
Bi vy, microphone trong in thoi phi phn ng vi cc tn s trong khong
300-3400Hz v bin i chng thnh tn hiu in vi bin (cng ) chp nhn c
trong ton b di tn. Loa trong my in thoi cng c yu cu tng t.
83
15
300
3400
15000
f Hz
Hnh 4.1: rng bng 300-3400 cho nghe tng i y

Ngi ta ni rng rng bng tng t ny c th (so snh cha chun xc) tng
ng vi rng bng s:
Mng
Tng t
PSTN
300-3400Hz
64kb/s (sau khi m ho PCM)
GSM
300-3400Hz
13kb/s (sau khi m ho c bit ti tng i, tc

bt c chuyn thnh 64kb/s)
Mi trng truyn dn
Ba mi trng quan trng nht hay c s dng trong truyn dn l: cp ng, cp
quang v v tuyn (xem chi tit trong Mc 4.3).
V nguyn tc, tt c cc mi trng truyn dn c s dng cho thng tin imim, nhng ch cng ngh v tuyn c th truyn thng vi cc u cui di ng.
H thng truyn dn quang c nhng u im c trng v dung lng, cht lng v kinh
t. V mt kinh t, cc h thng s dng cp ng ch c th c s dng trn phn cui
ca tuyn truyn dn ti cc thu bao c nh ni c nhu cu dung lng thp. Cp ng vn
c s dng phm vi rng gia cc thu bao vi tng i ch yu do thc t lch s.
Vt mang (carrier)
V bn cht, vt mang l tng t, ngha l chng mang mt vi loi sng no :
sng nh sng hay sng in t. Theo ngha vt l thun ty, nh sng cng l nhng sng
in t, nhng nh c c tnh c bit ca nh sng m ta nhn nhn cp quang nh l vt
mang tn hiu ca chnh n. Ni cch khc, thng tin c truyn ti l s trong hu ht cc
trng hp, t nht l tn hiu t cc b m ha thoi, video v my vi tnh. H thng GSM
th hin s kt hp ca thng tin s trn vt mang tng t (sng v tuyn), cho n nay cc
b m ha thoi c t trong in thoi di ng (trong mng in thoi c nh, cc b
m ha thoi lun lun c t trong tng i ni ht hay cc nt truy nhp).
iu ch v truyn dn bng gc
Bng cch cho php thng tin cn truyn c iu khin vt mang theo cch no ,
chng h bng cch bt v tt sng nh sng, thng tin c th c nhn tng i hay thit
b u cui. Cch iu khin vt mang ny c gi l iu ch.
K thut truyn dn thng tin thoi trn cc i dy ng ban u (truyn dn bng
gc) vn l k thut c s dng nhiu nht gia mt in thoi c nh v nt chuyn
84
mch. N p dng nguyn l thng tin tng t khng s dng vt mang gia mt my in
thoi v mt b m ha thoi.
2 dy, 4 dy v b lai ghp
Truyn dn tng t trong mng truy nhp c mt u im l: hai hng thoi cng
truyn trn cng i dy cp. K thut ny c gi l truyn dn 2 dy, n c u im l
gim gi thnh mng, nhng li yu cu s dng cc b lai ghp ti giao din gia mng truy
nhp v mng trung k v trong my in thoi. i vi truyn dn 4 dy, tn hiu thoi
c truyn ring bit trn mi hng. B lai ghp (im chuyn i gia phn 4 dy v 2
dy) c th gy ra cc vn lin quan n cht lng nht nh (ting vng). Hnh 4.2 minh
ha cc khi nim ny.
4 si
2 si
2 si
B lai ghp
Hnh 4.2: 2 dy, 4 dy v b lai ghp

n cng, song cng: truyn dn khng i xng
Trong qung b truyn hnh (TV), vic gi thng tin theo mt hng l qu , k
thut ny c gi l n cng. Song cng ngha l thng tin c gi ng thi theo hai
hng gia hai im (xem chi tit trong Mc 4.2). K thut gi thng tin video vi rng
bng ln theo mt hng v hng ngc li s c lng thng tin nh hn (nh cc tn
hiu iu khin) c gi l truyn dn khng i xng. K thut ny l k thut hng u
trong vic cung cp cc dch v thng tin cht lng cao v dch v video theo yu cu cng
nh Internet di rng.
Khuch i ti to
Do hin tng suy hao, cn c thit b c bit t gia cc nt khi khong cch
truyn dn vt qu mt gi tr nht nh (cn ph thuc c vo mi trng truyn dn).
Thit b c t ti nhng im c gi l cc b lp trung gian. Cc b lp c th
c s dng thun ty cho mc ch khuch i (khi m sng mang tng t tr nn qu
yu) hoc kt hp khuch i v ti to, khi nhng tn hiu bng tn gc s suy gim
(xem Hnh 4.3).
85
B khuch i
Hnh 4.3: Khuch i

Ti to c ngha l nhng tn hiu thng tin b mo c c v din dch, c to
li v khuch i ti hnh dng ban u trc khi chng c truyn i (Hnh 4.4). Vic ti
to gip loi b ton b tp m v nhiu khc nh hng ln tn hiu. Vic ti to khng p
dng c i vi truyn dn tng t khi m nhiu cng c khuch i cng tn hiu.
R
Hnh 4.4: Ti to
M ng truyn
ti to nhng tn hiu s th cc b ti to phi nhn c thng tin nh thi sao
cho nhng tn hiu n c th c c ti cc khong thi gian chnh xc. Bi vy m cc
m ng truyn c bit c s dng ngn cn cc chui bt 0 (khng c tn hiu
nh thi).
Ghp knh
Thc hin v duy tr cc ng truyn dn trong mng vin thng l mt cng vic
tn km i vi cc nh khai thc mng. Chi ph c th gim nu truyn nhiu cuc gi trn
cng mt kt ni vt l (chng hn nh cc i dy). K thut nh th ny c s dng
trong c mng tng t v s cho h thng a knh c gi l ghp knh (xem chi tit
trong Mc 4.4).
phn trn m t mt vi khi nim c bn v truyn dn. Hnh 4.5 m t cc
khi nim quan trng nht v cc phng thc c sp xp theo th t mc s dng.
86
Thng tin tng

t
Thng tin s
Thng tin tng

t
Thng tin s
1 0 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 0 1
A/D
Ghp knh
thi gian
A/D
Ghp knh
tn s
Gii ghp
knh tn s
M ng
Gii ghp
knh thi gian
Gii m
iu ch
Gii iu ch
V tuyn
Cp ng
Ghp knh
bc sng
Gii ghp knh

bc sng
Cp quang
Hnh 4.5: Cc khi nim c bn trong truyn dn

Phn tip theo trong chng ny tp trung ch yu v cc khi nim truyn dn c
bn nht: cc kiu truyn dn n cng, bn song cng v song cng; cc mi trng truyn
dn v cc phng thc ghp knh.
4.2 KHI NIM V TRUYN DN N CNG, BN SONG CNG V SONG
CNG
Trong h thng vin thng vic thc hin truyn dn thng tin c th l theo mt
chiu hoc l theo hai chiu. Cc h thng thng tin theo mt chiu duy nht th c gi l
thng tin n cng; cc h thng c th thng tin theo hai chiu th c gi l h thng
thng tin song cng. H thng thng tin song cng li c chia thnh bn song cng v
song cng hon ton.
i vi phng php thng tin n cng tn hiu c truyn dn ch theo mt
hng. V d, vi pht thanh truyn hnh, tn hiu ch c gi i t my pht n thit b
u cui l thit b thu v tuyn; hoc v d khc nh h thng nhn tin ch cho php ngi
dng thu bn tin theo ch ci v con s.
i vi phng php thng tin bn song cng, tn hiu c truyn dn theo hai
hng, nhng vic truyn tin trn mi hng ch c thc hin ti mt thi im. V d
nh h thng thng tin v tuyn di ng (in m), ngi ni phi xc nhn bng nt
chuyn sang ch nghe th bn kia mi c ni.
87
n cng:
Ngun tin
ch
Tn hiu ch truyn dn theo mt chiu.

V d: v tuyn truyn thanh, truyn
hnh (TV) v dch v nhn tin.
Bn song cng:
Ngun/
ch
ch/
Ngun
Tn hiu truyn dn theo mt chiu k

tip nhau. V d: H thng v tuyn
(in m trong qun i v hng hi)
v mt s h thng truyn d liu.
Song cng hon ton (song cng):

Ngun +
ch
Ngun +
ch
Tn hiu truyn dn theo hai chiu trong

cng thi im. V d: H thng thoi
v mt s h thng di ng hin i.
Hnh 4.6: M hnh truyn dn n cng, bn song cng, song cng

Trong phng php truyn dn song cng hon ton, tn hiu c truyn dn theo
hai hng trong cng mt thi gian. V d nh thng tin thoi thng thng, hai ngi c
th ni chuyn ng thi. Hu ht cc h thng vin thng hin i s dng nguyn l song
cng hon ton, n gin thng gi l h thng song cng.
4.3 CC MI TRNG TRUYN DN
Truyn dn l qu trnh truyn ti thng tin gia cc im kt cui trong mt h thng
hay trong mng vin thng. C nhiu mi trng truyn dn khc nhau c s dng cho
truyn dn, trong ba mi trng quan trng nht l:
-
Cp ng, s dng 2 kiu chnh: cp i v cp ng trc.
Cp quang, s dng trong cp si quang.
Sng v tuyn, s dng trong cc h thng thng tin mt t im-ti-im hoc cc

h thng ph sng khu vc (nh in thoi di dng) hoc cho thng tin ph sng khu
vc thng qua v tinh.
4.3.1 Truyn dn bng cp kim loi

Trong nhng ngy u ca k thut vin thng, cp kim loi l mi trng truyn
dn l tng cho vic kt ni cc thu bao hnh thnh nn mng vin thng. C hai loi
cp kim loi chnh l cp i (paired cable), ph hp cho truyn dn tc thp v cp ng
trc (coaxial cable), c dng cho cc phn cp truyn dn tc cao.
Cp i:
Trc y, cp i thng thng c dng cho vic truyn dn tn hiu tng t.
Tuy nhin, sau ny cp i cn c s dng truyn tn hiu s v c bit ngy nay cp
ng xon i c s dng ph bin truyn tn hiu s trong vic ng dng cng ngh
ng dy thu bao s DSL (Hnh 4.7).
88
V
Pair
V cch ly
i si
Quad
Quad
Hnh 4.7: Cp xon i

Trn mng cp kim loi hin ti th cht cch in c s dng bng giy, tuy nhin
nu cht cch in bng nha th tt hn (khng nhy cm vi m, suy hao t ti cc tn
s cao..) do n c dng trong cc cp i hin i. Phn ln mng cp hin nay u s
dng loi cp chn (buried cable).
Phn dy dn tn hiu thng thng c lm bng ng vi nhiu loi ng knh
khc nhau nh 0,4; 0,5; 0,6 v 0,7 mm. Cc si li trong cp c xon vo nhau theo cp 2
hoc 4 dy tu thuc vo ng dng c th. Phn li chnh ca cp kim loi c hnh thnh
nh vo cc cp dy xon (2 hay 4) theo cc lp ng tm. Cc cp xon ny t lin tip
nhau v c thay i mt cch ngu nhin gim s mt cn bng. Mi mt li cp c th
cha: 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 600 i.
Bng 4.1: Mc suy hao ca cp ng xon i
MC SUY HAO C TNH THEO dB/Km CA CP I
TI TN S 1MHz
ng knh si (mm)
V giy
V nha
0,4
24-26
19-22
0,5
19-22
15-18
0,6
15-18
12-15
0,7
13-16
11-14
0,9
11-14
8-11
1,1
9-14
Phn li cp thng thng c bao ph bi mt hay nhiu lp giy hay nha

tch bit cc i trong cp vi nhau. Phn v ngoi cp thng l nha hoc kim loi (ch
hay nhm) hay l hn hp nha v l kim loi bo v cp chng li s can nhiu v in
cng nh cc nh hng v mt c hc.
Mc suy hao trong khong 1 km ca mi loi cp ph thuc vo ng knh v
tn s lm vic. Nh chng ta bit rng suy hao l mt vn quan trng trong truyn dn
s, bng di y s a ra gi tr suy hao trn mt km.
89
C rt nhiu yu t nh hng n cht lng truyn dn tn hiu trong cp kim loi.

Ngoi xuyn m ra cn mt s loi can nhiu khc (sm st, nhiu in t bn ngoi, ) c
th nh hng ti truyn dn v lm gim cht lng dch v.
Cp ng trc:
Cp ng trc c dng cho c h thng ghp knh theo tn s FDM v h thng
ghp knh theo thi gian TDM. Cp ny bao gm li kim loi chnh gia v mt lp dn
khc bao ph bn ngoi c hnh ng. Cp ng trc c th phc v cho cc tuyn truyn dn
dung lng cao (10.800 knh thoi trong h thng FDM). Chng thng c lp t theo
tng i phc v thng tin trn hai hng gia cc tng i ni c lu lng ti tp trung
cao.
Trong cp ng trc, lp dn hnh ng bn ngoi c lp bo v chng li cc nh
hng ca can nhiu nn c th khng gy nhiu v khng b gy nhiu bi cc si cp xung
quanh (Hnh 4.8). Nhng loi cp ny cng c th b nh hng bi cc iu kin bt thng
do c im ca tr khng do c th gy ra suy hao, c bit l suy hao thng xuyn xy
ra vi cc si cp c.
Hnh 4.8: Cp ng trc

CCITT a ra 3 loi cp ng trc vi cc tc bt khc nhau, Bng 4.2 m t kch
thc v tc bt i vi cc h thng truyn dn s:
Bng 4.2: Tc truyn tn hiu s trong cp ng trc
Kiu cp ng trc
Kch thc
Tc bt
Loi li cc nh
0,6 - 2,8 mm
34 Mbit/s
Loi li nh
1,2 - 4,4 mm
140 Mbit/s
Loi li bnh thng
2,6 - 9,5 mm
565 Mbit/s
Phn li cp bn trong thng bao gm cc si dy ng. Phn dn bn ngoi c

cu to t cc l ng, trong mt s loi cp th n c hn cht thnh mt ng. tng
kh nng chng nhiu tn s thp th nhng ng ny cn c bao bc bng mt ai thp.
4.3.2 Truyn dn v tuyn
u im ln nht ca truyn dn v tuyn so vi truyn dn cp l khng cn bt k
mt ng dy dn no. Cc h thng v tuyn c lp t nhanh gn, khng cn o xi,
chi ph u t t.
Trong mng vin thng ngy nay, cc h thng v tuyn chuyn tip thng s dng
nhng tn s v tuyn t 1GHz n 4GHz. Cc tn s ny c hi t bng cc anten
parabol v p dng cho khong cch thng tin t vi km n 50 km tu thuc vo tn s s
90
dng v c tnh ca h thng. Sng v tuyn ti nhng tn s ny truyn thng, gi l

truyn dn tm nhn thng. Tn s cng cao th suy hao cng cao v khong cch truyn cng
ngn. Ti cc tn s rt cao, cc iu kin thi tit tc ng n suy hao v cht lng truyn
dn gy hn ch di tn kh dng ph hp vi truyn dn v tuyn.
Mt nhn t quan trng lm hn ch s dng truyn dn v tuyn l s cn kit v
tn s do ngy cng c nhiu h thng v tuyn xut hin v hu ht cc tn s thch hp
c s dng.
Hnh 4.9: Kt ni v tuyn

Mt phng thc truyn dn khc cng l mt ng dng ca sng v tuyn l
truyn dn v tinh. Trong thng tin v tinh, thit b chuyn tip trung gian chuyn ng theo
qu o xung quanh tri t thay v c thit lp c nh trn mt t. Trm mt t truyn
thng tin n v tinh bng mt tn s, v tinh ti to v truyn thng tin tr v bng mt
tn s khc. Cc tn s s dng nm trong di tn t 1 GHz n 30 GHz.
Cc v tinh s dng trong vin thng thng c nh v ti qu o a tnh, v tr
c coi l khng thay i ti mi thi im nu nhn t im quan st ti trm mt t.
Khong cch n qu o ny khong 36.000km tnh t tri t nn tr truyn dn xp x
240ms t trm mt t pht n trm mt t thu. Ngi ni phi ch tr li khong 0,5 giy,
iu ny lm gin on thng tin lin tc. Mt vn khc i vi truyn thng v tinh l
ting vng, thng thng ting vng cng b tr khong 0,5 giy.
V tinh
Mng quc t
Mng
quc gia
Trm
mt t
Trm
mt t
Hnh 4.10: H thng v tinh
91
4.2.3 Truyn dn bng cp si quang

Trong nhng nm gn y, vi nhng tnh nng u vit v chi ph u t ngy cng
gim, cng ngh thng tin quang v ang pht trin rt nhanh. Thng tin quang c
trin khai trong c mng ng di (lin tnh v quc t) v mng ni ht. Trong mng thng
tin quang th mi trng truyn dn si quang v cp si quang ng vai tr ht sc quan
trng. c tnh ca si quang v cp si quang nh hng rt ln n cht lng ca h
thng. V vy cn nghin cu k lng v cu to, tnh cht v cc thng s ca si quang
la chn, thit k, xy dng v bo dng tuyn thng tin cp si quang theo cc tiu
chun v yu cu t ra.
Mun hnh thnh mt tuyn thng tin quang, ngoi cp si quang phi c thit b
thng tin quang. Thit b thng tin quang c cc b phn ch yu nh chuyn i m nhnh
pht, b chuyn i m nhnh thu, chuyn tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang, chuyn tn hiu
quang thnh tn hiu in, cc knh nghip v, v.v.
Ti pha pht, vic chuyn tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang ch yu s dng cc
ngun quang bng bn dn. Hin ti c 2 loi ngun quang ch yu, l diode pht x nh
sng (LED) v laser diode (LD). Mi loi ngun quang ny c u im v nhc im ring
v c ng dng vo tng tuyn thng tin quang c th. Ngc li, u thu, tn hiu
quang c chuyn thnh tn hiu in nh diode tch quang. Mi loi diode tch quang
cng c c tnh ring v s dng thch hp cho mi tuyn c th do , phi la chn
ngun quang v diode tch quang ph hp khi thit k mt tuyn thng tin cp si quang no
.
My pht
B pht quang
B thu quang
My thu
Cp quang
Hnh 4.11: B bin i in/quang (E/O)

So vi cc mi trng truyn dn khc, cp quang c rt nhiu u im nh: nh v
linh hot, c kh nng chng nh hng ca trng in t, c dung lng truyn dn ln,
suy hao t v khng dn in v.v. Do cp quang tr thnh mt mi trng truyn dn
quan trng trong mng vin thng ni chung.
u im ca h thng thng tin quang:
-
Khong cch gia cc trm lp ln hn
Kch c ca cp nh
Linh hot
Khi lng nh
Khng b xuyn knh
Bng tn ln
C kh nng chng li nhiu in t
Si quang:
92
Si quang l loi si in mi c ch s chit xut thp. Si c cu trc hnh tr, lm

bng vt liu in mi trong sut, bao gm li truyn nh sng v bao quanh li l v c
ch s chit sut nh hn ch s chit sut ca li to iu kin nh sng truyn c
trong li (Hnh 4.12). Ngoi ra, v cn c tc dng bo v li. trnh try xc v v tng
bn c hc, si quang thng c bao bc thm mt lp cht do tng hp. Lp v bo
v ny s ngn chn cc tc ng c hc vo si, gia cng thm cho si, bo v si khng
b nt do ko dn hoc xc do c xt b mt; mt khc to iu kin bc si thnh cp sau
ny. Lp v bc ny c gi l lp v bc s cp.
Li
Lp v bc s cp
Hnh 4.12: Cu trc si quang

Tu thuc tng loi si m c s phn b chit xut khc nhau trong li si. Nu
chit xut phn b u th gi l si chit xut bc, nu phn b theo qui lut tng dn dn
gi l si chit xut gradient. Kch thc ca si ph thuc loi si, ng knh v d ca cc
loi si thng l 125m. Tng hp ba yu t l phn b chit xut, phng thc truyn
sng nh sng qua li v kch thc ca li, c th chia thnh ba loi si:
-
Si a mode chit xut bc.
Si a mode chit xut gradient.
Si n mode (chit xut bc).
Si a
mode
Si chit sut phn

b
Si chit sut bin i u
Si n mode
Hnh 4.13: Cc kiu si quang

Ngoi ra, khi phn loi theo cu trc vt liu si quang c chia thnh cc loi nh:
-
Si thu tinh (loi si thng thng)
Si li thu tinh v cht do
Si thu tinh nhiu thnh phn
Si cht do,
93
4.4 CC PHNG PHP GHP KNH

4.4.1 Ti sao phi ghp knh?
Ghp knh l qu trnh kt hp nhiu tn hiu truyn dn ng thi trn cng mt
ng truyn dn. Hu ht cc h thng truyn dn trong mng vin thng c dung lng
ln hn dung lng yu cu bi mt ngi s dng n l v nh hn tng dung lng yu
cu ti a ca tt c ngi s dng, do , nng cao hiu qu truyn dn v gim chi ph,
ngi ta thc hin chia s bng tn sn c ca cc h thng cp ng, cp quang hay h
thng v tuyn (h thng n l dung lng cao) cho nhiu ngi s dng.
Knh 1
Knh 2
Knh 3
Knh 4
xxxx
Mux/
Demux
Demux/
Mux
Mi trng
truyn dn
dng chung
Knh 1
Knh 2
Knh 3
Knh 4
xxxx
Hnh 4.14: Nguyn l ghp knh

Hnh 4.14 minh ha nguyn l ghp knh, thit b ghp/tch knh (Mux/demux) l
thit b thc hin vic ghp knh v tch knh trong truyn dn.
C nhiu phng php ghp knh song thng hay nhc ti nht l ghp knh
theo tn s v ghp knh theo thi gian.
4.4.2 Nguyn l ghp knh theo tn s v theo thi gian
Ghp knh theo tn s (FDM) bin tn mi tn hiu ln mt tn s sng mang khc
nhau. Cc tn hiu iu ch c truyn i qua cng mt knh truyn v b lc n bng
s phn chia cc tn hiu khi n bn thu. Bng tn ca h thng c chia thnh nhiu cc
knh hp khc nhau, mi knh dnh cho mt ngi s dng trong ton b thi gian truyn
tin (thng s dng cho truyn tin thoi). Bng vic thay i b la chn tn s pha thu,
ta c th d dng thay i nhn thng tin t a im pht khc. Hnh 4.15 minh ha
nguyn l ghp knh FDM vi trc honh l trc thi gian.
Knh 1
Knh 2
Knh 3
300 Hz
3400 Hz
10
15
20
f [kHz]
3,1 kHz
Hnh 4.15: Ghp 3 knh phn chia theo tn s
94
Ghp knh theo thi gian (TDM) l phng php ghp knh mi hn FDM, phng
php ny a cc bn tin khc nhau, v d, cc t m PCM ca nhng ngi s dng khc
nhau, vo cc khe thi gian khng chng ln ln nhau. Mi knh ca ngi s dng dng
mt bng tn ln nhng ch trong mt khong nh thi gian, gi l khe thi gian. Thng tin
ca mi ngi s dng s chim mt khe thi gian ca mt khung v nguyn l phn chia
theo thi gian cho php nhiu ngi s dng truy nhp mng ti cng mt thi im v s
dng cng mt tn s sng mang. Hnh 4.16 minh ha phng php ghp knh TDM vi
trc honh l trc thi gian.
Ghp knh theo bc sng (WDM) c dng cho truyn dn cp quang. Nhn thy
vic s dng ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian c nhiu hn ch i vi cc yu cu tng
dung lng truyn dn nn WDM c thay th. Ghp knh theo bc sng cho php cc
knh c truyn ti nhng bc sng khc nhau cho cng mt hng hay c hai hng trn
cng mt si quang. Mc d c tn ring nhng ghp knh theo bc sng l mt bin dng
ca ghp knh theo tn s. t c tc bt ln hn 10Gbit/s ngi ta kt hp ghp
knh theo thi gian vi ghp knh theo bc sng.
T
Knh A
Knh B
Knh C
ABCABCABC
T/3
Hnh 4.16: Ghp knh theo thi gian cho 3 knh
95
CU HI N TP CHNG 4
1. H thng truyn thng theo mt chiu duy nht th gi l:
A. n cng
C. Bn song cng
B. Song cng
2. C nhng phng tin truyn dn c bn no c s dng truyn thng tin?
A. Cp kim loi, Cp si quang
B. Cp si quang, Mi trng v tuyn
C. Cp kim loi, Cp si quang, Mi trng v tuyn
D. Cp kim loi, Mi trng v tuyn
3. Coaxial Cable gi l:
A. Cp ng trc
C. Cp i
B. Cp quang
D. Cp ng xon i
4. Optical Fiber Cable gi l:

A. Cp ng xon i
C. Cp ng trc
B. Cp si quang
D. Cp kim loi
5. Mt nhn t quan trng hn ch vic s dng truyn dn v tuyn l:

A. Gi thnh cp
C. Ti nguyn tn s
B. di cp
D. H thng phc tp
6. Truyn dn v tuyn s dng:

A. Cp ng trc truyn dn
B. Khng cn dy dn cng c th truyn dn
C. Cp quang truyn dn
D. Cp ng xon i truyn dn
7. Trong truyn dn s dng v tinh a tnh, tr truyn dn t trm Mt t pht n trm
Mt t thu l:
A. Hon ton khng c tr
B. C tr nhng khng ng k
C. Tr truyn dn xp x 250ms
D. Khng truyn dn c v qu xa
8. Vt liu thng c s dng lm si quang thng l:
A. ng
B. Hp kim
C. Thy tinh, nha
D. Vt liu c bit khc
9. Diode pht x nh sng c tn vit tt l:
A. LD
C. LED
96
B. PD
D. APD
10. chng li hin tng suy hao th thng chng ta dng

A. B pht
C. B lp
B. B thu
D. B lc
11. u im ca h thng thng tin quang

A. Khong cch gia cc trm lp ln hn
B. Kch c ca cp nh
C. Khi lng nh
D. Tt c cc trng hp trn
12. Phn chia theo chit sut, c cc loi si quang l
A. Si a mode chit xut bc v Si a mode chit xut gradient.
B. Si a mode chit xut bc v Si n mode (chit xut bc)
C. Si a mode chit xut bc, Si a mode chit xut gradient v Si n mode
D. Si a mode chit xut gradient v Si n mode (chit xut bc)
13. Mc ch ca ghp knh l:
A. Tit kim chi ph truyn dn
C. Tit kim tn s truyn dn
B. Gim thi gian truyn dn
D. Rt ngn c ly truyn dn
14. Trong k thut FDM, nhiu ngi dng cng s dng c mt mi trng truyn
dn, ti nguyn mng no c s dng?
A. Thi gian
C. M
B. Tn s
D. Kt hp thi gian v tn s.
15. Trong k thut TDM, nhiu ngi dng cng s dng c mt mi trng truyn
dn, ti nguyn mng no c s dng?
A. Thi gian
C. M
B. Tn s
D. Kt hp thi gian v tn s
16. H thng truyn thng theo mt chiu duy nht th gi l

A.
n cng
B.
Song cng
C. Bn song cng
17. C nhng phng thc truyn dn c bn no c s dng truyn thng tin

A.
Cp kim loi, Cp si quang
B.
Cp si quang, Mi trng v tuyn
C.
Cp kim loi, Cp si quang, Mi trng v tuyn
D.
Cp kim loi, Mi trng v tuyn
18. Coaxial Cable gi l

A.
Cp ng trc
C. Cp i
B.
Cp quang
D. Cp ng xon i
19. Vt liu thng c s dng lm dy dn trong cp ng xon i

A.
ng
C. Nhm
97
B.
St
D. Thy tinh
20. Optical Fiber Cable gi l g
21.
A.
Cp ng xon i
C. Cp ng trc
B.
Cp si quang
D. Cp kim loi
Xuyn m v cc loi can nhiu khc nh hng ti truyn dn nh th no

A.
Ci thin cht lng truyn dn
B.
Khng nh hng ti cht lng truyn dn
C.
Lm gim cht lng truyn dn
D.
C nh hng ti cht lng truyn dn nhng khng ng k (c th b
qua) d vi bt k khong cch no
22.
Cu trc ca cp ng trc nh th no
A.
Gm mt dy dn kim loi m khng c v
B.
Gm mt cp dy dn xon vo nhau
C.
Gm hai cp dy dn xon vo nhau
D.
Gm li kim loi chnh gia v mt lp dn khc bao ph bn ngoi c
hnh ng
23.
24.
Mt nhn t quan trng hn ch vic s dng truyn dn v tuyn

A.
Gi thnh cp
C. Ti nguyn tn s
B.
di cp
D. H thng phc tp
Truyn dn v tuyn s dng

A.
Cp ng trc truyn dn
B.
Khng cn mi trng vt l no cng c th truyn dn
C.
Cp quang truyn dn
D.
Cp ng xon i truyn dn
25.
Trong truyn dn s dng v tinh a tnh, tr truyn dn t trm Mt t pht
n trm Mt t thu l
26.
27.
A.
Hon ton khng c tr
B.
C tr nhng khng ng k
C.
Tr truyn dn xp x 250ms
D.
Khng truyn dn c v qu xa
Vt liu thng c s dng lm si quang thng l:

A.
ng
B.
Hp kim
C.
Thy tinh, nha
D.
Vt liu c bit khc
Diode pht x nh sng c tn vit tt l g

A.
LD
C. LED
B.
PD
D. APD
98
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Hin tng tn sc xy ra trong trong hnh thc truyn dn no sau

A.
Cp quang
C. Cp ng xon i
B.
Cp ng trc
D. V tuyn
Hin tng suy hao trong si quang l hin tng mt phn nh sng
A.
c khuych i
B.
B hp th hoc b khc x
C.
B chuyn sang tn hiu in
D.
B o pha
Hin tng do mi hn quang gy ra

A.
Khng c suy hao
B.
C mc suy hao l 0.2dB
C.
Khng cho nh sng i qua
D.
Khng nh hng g c
Khi u ni vo b connector th suy hao do mi hn quang gy ra l

A.
Khng c suy hao
B.
C suy hao nhng khng ng k
C.
C mc suy hao l 1.5dB
D.
Khng th truyn nh sng qua c
Mc suy hao ph thuc nhiu nht vo

A.
C ly truyn dn
B.
Cng sut my pht
C.
Cng sut my thu
D.
Loi tn hiu truyn i
chng li hin tng suy hao th thng chng ta dng

A.
B pht
C. B lp
B.
B thu
D. B lc
u im ca h thng thng tin quang

A.
Khong cch gia cc trm lp ln hn
B.
Kch c ca cp nh
C.
Khi lng nh
D.
Tt c cc trng hp trn
Phn chia theo chit sut, c cc loi si quang l

A.
Si a mode chit xut bc v Si a mode chit xut gradient.
B.
Si a mode chit xut bc v Si n mode (chit xut bc)
C.
Si a mode chit xut bc, Si a mode chit xut gradient v Si n
mode
D.
36.
Si a mode chit xut gradient v Si n mode (chit xut bc)
Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian c tn vit tt nh th no
99
37.
A.
FDMA
C. FDM
B.
TDM
D. TDMA
Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s c tn vit tt l g

A.
FDMA
C. FDM
B.
TDM
D. TDMA
38.
Trong k thut FDM, nhiu ngi dng s dng c mi trng truyn dn,
ti nguyn mng no c s dng
39.
40.
A.
Thi gian
C. M
B.
Tn s
D. Kt hp thi gian v tn s.
a truy nhp ghp knh phn chia theo tn s c tn vit tt l g

A.
FDMA
C. FDM
B.
TDM
D. TDMA
a truy nhp ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian c tn vit tt l g
A.
FDMA
C. FDM
B.
TDM
D. TDMA
41.
Trong cc phng php sau, phng php no s dng h thng sng mang
truyn a tn hiu
42.
dng
43.
A.
TDMA
B.
FDM
C. TDM
Trong phng php ghp knh phn chia theo tn s, ngi dng c th c s
A.
Ton b s knh
B.
Nhiu knh cng lc
C.
Mi mt knh
D.
Knh ty chn
Trong cc phng php ghp knh sau, phng php no s dng khe thi gian
A.
TDM
B.
FDM
C. FDMA
100

[1]
Understanding Telecommunications. Chapter 4: Transmission Techniques. Ericsson

Telecom, Telia and Studentlitteratur, 1997.
[2]
Robert G. Winch. Telecommunication Transmission Systems. McGraw-Hill, Inc, , ISBN

0-07-113768-8,1993.
[3]
LG Information&Communication, Ltd. H thng thng tin quang/v tuyn. NXB Thanh

nin, 1996.
[4]
Warren Hioki. Telecommunications.Chapter 14: Fiber Optics. 2nd ed, Prentice Hall, Inc,
1995.
[5]
Cao Phn, Cao Hng Sn. C s k thut thng tin quang - Ti liu gio dc i hc
cng ngh. Hc vin Cng ngh BCVT, H Ni, 6/2000.
[6]
TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng. Thng tin di ng 3G. Hc vin Cng ngh BCVT, 2004.
101
CHNG V - CC VN V CHUYN MCH
GII THIU CHNG

Trong mng vin thng, cc h thng chuyn mch, nh tuyn ng vai tr l cc
nt mng v c xem nh l tri tim ca mng li. Nh vy, c ngha chuyn mch c vai
tr ht sc quan trng, c ngha quyt nh kh nng phc v, hot ng ca mng li.
Cng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh, cc cng ngh v chuyn mch v nh tuyn cng
pht trin rt nhanh. Chuyn mch tri qua s pht trin lu di, t tng i c in cho
n tng i s, t cng ngh chuyn mch knh sang cng ngh chuyn mch gi
Chng 5, trnh by cc khi nim c bn v chuyn mch v nh tuyn. Hin nay
trong thc t c nhiu k thut chuyn mch c s dng, tu thuc tnh cht ca cc hnh
loi dch v yu cu. Ph bin nht l k thut chuyn mch knh v k thut chuyn mch
gi. Ni chung vic thit k v ng dng hai k thut ny c nhiu im chung. Xu hng
pht trin ca cng ngh chuyn mch ang dn chuyn sang chuyn mch gi nhm p
ng kh nng cung cp a dch v, a phng tin, tn dng c ti nguyn mng
Phn 5.2 trnh by cc khi nim v chuyn mch knh, cc k thut chuyn mch
knh thi gian s v chuyn mch knh khng gian s v s kt hp cc k thut trong
cc h thng chuyn mch. K thut chuyn mch gi cng vi nguyn l hot ng ca n
c trnh by trong Phn 5.3.
Khi mng vin thng ang chuyn dn sang ng dng chuyn giao theo phng thc
gi, cc b nh tuyn ng vai tr rt quan trng. Khi nim v nh tuyn v s phn loi
chng c trnh by chi tit trong Phn 5.4 ca chng ny.
Cng vi Chng 4 v Chng 6, Chng 5 cung cp nhng ni dung lin quan n
nhng vn k thut rt quan trng trong vin thng. Hc vin cn phi nm bt c khi
nim cn bn v chuyn mch v nh tuyn; vai tr ca chng trong mng vin thng;
Nhng k thut chuyn mch, nh tuyn v xu hng pht trin ca chng.
5.1 TI SAO PHI CHUYN MCH?
thit lp mt tuyn ni theo yu cu t mt thu bao ny ti mt thu bao khc th
mng phi c thit b chuyn mch la chn mt tuyn ni ph hp. Trong mng in
thoi, cc h thng chuyn mch ny c gi l cc tng i. Thu bao s nhn c cuc
ni theo yu cu nh vo cc thng tin bo hiu truyn qua ng dy thu bao. Thng tin
bo hiu ny rt cn thit cho vic truyn cc thng tin iu khin ca mt cuc gi hay
truyn trn cc mch kt ni cc tng i vi nhau.
T chc lin minh vin thng quc t ITU- T nh ngha chuyn mch nh sau:
Chuyn mch l s thit lp ca mt kt ni c th t mt li vo n mt li ra mong
102
mun trong mt tp hp cc li vo v ra cho n khi no t c yu cu truyn ti thng

tin
Ngy nay t thng tin khng ch biu th li ni chng ta nghe c trong tai nghe
my in thoi m n cng biu th s kt hp tt c cc thng tin t mt vi dch v vin
thng.
Ngy nay chng ta xem xt quan nim khc nhau ca chuyn mch. Hin ti thit b
chuyn mch phi c kh nng iu khin cc dch v nhiu hn trc y bao gm m
thanh cht lng cao, Video theo cc tiu chun khc nhau, thng tin LAN ni LAN, truyn
ti cc tp d liu ln v cc dch v tng tc mi trn mng truyn hnh cp. c thm
nhiu cc thng tin chuyn mch lin quan n ngi s dng dch v. V d thng tin bo
hiu cng phi c chuyn mch.
Cng ngh chuyn mch
Chuyn mch knh
PSTN
CSPDN
ISDN
Chuyn mch gi
PSPDN
Chuyn tip
khung
( di thay i)
Chuyn mch
t bo
ATM
DQDB
( di c nh)
Hnh 5.1: Cc k thut chuyn mch

Kt qu l, tnh phong ph v k thut chuyn mch trong mng ni ht tng trong
nhng nm gy y. u tin chng ta ch c chuyn mch knh rt thch hp cho cc dch
v khng ng b nh dch v thoi. Cng t , ngy cng c nhiu s thu bao c yu cu
cao hn v dung lng truyn dn v bng tn rng, v mt s k thut khc xut hin. Kt
qu l cc yu cu c p ng bng truyn s liu, chuyn mch knh b sung k thut
chuyn mch gi vo thp k 70 trong th k 20. Ngy nay chng ta cng dng k thut
chuyn tip khung (frame relay) v hai kiu chuyn mch t bo theo truyn ti khng ng
b ATM v bus kp hng i phn tn (distributed queue dual bus- DQDB). Ngun gc ca
chuyn tip khung v cc k thut chuyn mch t bo c ch r phn chuyn mch gi.
Hn na, cc phn t chuyn mch c th iu khin c a vo trong mng
truyn dn, nh gip cho vic truyn dn thc hin vi tin cy cao hn v tr nh
hn. B u ni cho s gi y thay th cc khung phn tn v cc b ghp knh s l cc
phn t truyn dn truyn thng.
103
5.2 CHUYN MCH KNH

Trong thc t hin nay, c rt nhiu k thut chuyn mch ang c p dng. Trong
, ph bin nht l k thut chuyn mch knh v k thut chuyn mch gi. Ni chung
vic thit k v ng dng hai h thng chuyn mch ny c nhiu im ging nhau.
Chuyn mch knh c nh ngha l k thut chuyn mch m bo vic thit lp
cc ng truyn dn dnh ring cho vic truyn tin ca mt qu trnh trao i thng tin gia
hai hay nhiu thu bao khc nhau. Chuyn mch knh c ng dng cho vic lin lc mt
cch tc thi, qu trnh chuyn mch c a ra mt cch khng c cm gic v s chm
tr (thi gian thc) v tr bin thin gia ni thu v ni phn phi tin hay bt k phn
no ca h thng truyn tin.
Chuyn mch knh tn hiu s l qu trnh kt ni, trao i thng tin cc khe thi
gian gia mt s on ca tuyn truyn dn TDM s. C hai c ch thc hin qu trnh
chuyn mch knh tn hiu s - C ch chuyn mch khng gian s v c ch chuyn mch
thi gian s. Phn sau y s m t nguyn tc cu to v hot ng ca cc tng chuyn
mch theo c ch khng gian cng nh thi gian, trn c s , xy dng trng chuyn
mch kt hp bo m kch thc ln bt k theo yu cu.
5.2.1 Tng chuyn mch khng gian s
Tng chuyn mch khng gian s S (Space Switch Stage) cu to t mt ma trn
chuyn mch kch thc N u vo v M u ra vt l. Lu rng y l h thng TDM-s,
do mi ng vt l cha n knh thi gian m chng mang cc tn hiu PCM. Nh vy
kt ni mt khe thi gian bt k no trong mt ng PCM bt k pha u vo ca ma trn
chuyn mch ti khe thi gian tng ng (ngha l c cng m s TS) ca mt ng PCM
bt k pha u ra ca ma trn th mt im chuyn mch thch hp ca ma trn chuyn
mch cn phi hot ng trong sut thi gian ca TS v lp li vi chu k T=125 micro
giy trong sut qu trnh to knh. Trong cc thi gian khc,vn im chuyn mch c
th s dng cho cc qu trnh ni khc. Tng t nh vy i vi tt c cc im chuyn
mch khc ca ma trn c th c s dng thit lp knh ni cho cc cuc gi khc
nhau.
Chuyn mch khng gian tn hiu TDM-s thng thit lp ng thi mt s lng
ln cc cuc ni qua ma trn vi tc tc th trong mt khung tn hiu 125microsec, trong
mi cuc ni tn ti trong thi gian ca mt khe thi gian TS. Mt cuc gi in thoi c
th ko di trong khong thi gian nhiu khung tn hiu PCM (thng thng khong 1,2 - 2
triu khung v tng ng vi thi gian khong t 3 n 5 pht). Do vy mt kiu iu khin
theo chu k n gin cho mt mu ni l cn thit. iu ny d dng t c nh mt b
nh RAM iu khin cc b lin quan ti ma trn chuyn mch khng gian.
Hnh 5.2 minh ho nguyn tc cu to v hot ng ca mt tng chuyn mch
khng gian S. Chuyn mch tng S cu to t 2 thnh phn c bn - Ma trn chuyn mch v
khi iu khin chuyn mch cc b.
Ma trn chuyn mch vung kch thc NxN, trong hng dng cho cc ng
PCM pha u vo v ct dng cho cc ng PCM pha u ra. Ti giao im ca hng v
ct u ni im chuyn mch v thng thng l cng logic AND hay cng logic ba
104
trng thi. Ch rng AND hay cng logic ba trng thi l mch logic khng nh, do vy
chuyn mch cho cng mt khe thi gian gia u vo v u ra ca phn t chuyn mch.
Cc im chuyn mch trong mi ct c iu khin bi mt b nh iu khin C-Mem
(Control Memory).
Khi iu khin cc b bao gm b m khe thi gian TS-Counter, b chn a ch
Selector v b nh iu khin C-Mem thc hin chc nng iu khin cc b ma trn
chuyn mch. B nh C-Mem lu tr cc s liu lin quan ti cc im chuyn mch tng
ng vi cc khe thi gian TS trong khung tn hiu cho.
Cc
ng
vo
Hnh 5.2: Nguyn l chuyn mch tng S

M a ch nh phn c gn cho mi im chuyn mch trong mt ct. Mi a ch
thch hp sau s c s dng chn mt im chuyn mch yu cu thit lp cuc
ni gia mt u vo vi mt u ra ca ma trn chuyn mch. Cc a ch chn ny c
nh trong b nh iu khin C-Mem theo th t khe thi gian tng ng vi biu thi
gian kt ni hin thi. Nh vy i vi ct 1, a ch ca im chuyn mch s c thng
mch trong thi gian TS#0 s c nh trong nh c a ch 0 ca C-Mem cho ct, a ch
ca im chuyn mch s thng mch trong khe thi gian TS#1 s c nh trong nh a
ch 1. Tng t nh vy i vi tt c cc i ch khc trong tng chuyn mch.
T hnh v trn ta c th nhn thy rng mi C-Mem ch iu khin mt ct ca ma
trn v do cch trang b ny gi l iu khin u ra. Tt nhin cng c th trang b iu
khin theo u vo.
nm vng bn cht ca cc vn trn c s l thuyt trnh by trn, sau y
m t nguyn tc hot ng chuyn mch to knh ca tng S. cho vic miu t c
hon ton xc nh chng ta hy kho st mt v d c th. V d m t hot ng ca tng S
105
phc v cho mt cuc ni gia TS#0 ca lung tn hiu PCM1 u vo vi TS#0 ca lung
tn hiu PCM1 pha u ra.
Cn c vo yu cu chuyn mch c th cho, trc ht h thng iu khin trung
tm CC (Central Control) ca tng i ca s to cc s liu iu khin np vo b nh
C-Mem ca tng S. T hnh v trn r rng im chuyn mch duy nht c th m bo cho
yu cu kt ni PCM1 pha u vo vi PCM1 pha u ra l AND11 do CC to m a
ch nh phn cho phn t AND11 ny. V theo yu cu phi thc hin chuyn mch cho khe
thi gian TS#0 do vy CC s chim nh c a ch m nh phn 0 tng ng ca C-Mem.
Cc s liu c bn c CC np a ch nh phn AND11 vo nh 0 ca C-Mem tng S,
xong n giao quyn iu khin cho khi iu khin cc b iu khin trc tip qu trnh tip
theo.
Nh th, bt u mt khung tn hiu PCM tn hiu ng h th nht tc ng vo b
m khe thi gian TS-Counter lm cho b m ny thit lp trng thi 0 c m nh phn
tng ng vi a ch nh 0 ca C-Mem, nh b chn a ch Selector m trng thi ny
c a ti BUS a ch ca b nh C-Mem. ng thi vi vic to m a ch, Selector
to ra tn hiu iu khin c a ti C-Mem do ni dung cha trong nh 0 c a ra
thanh ghi-gii m. V ni dung ny li chnh l a ch ca phn t chuyn mch AND11, do
to c tn hiu iu khin im chuyn mch ny, nh tn hiu PCM cha trong
khe thi gian TS#0 ca PCM1 pha u vo c chuyn qua phn t chuyn mch AND11
hng ti PCM1 pha u ra ca ma trn chuyn mch S, tc l thc hin chc nng
chuyn mch.
Kt thc thi gian ca TS#0, xung ng h th 2 tc ng vo TS-Counter lm n
chuyn sang trng thi 1 c m nh phn tng ng vi a ch nh 1 ca C-Mem. Nh vy
kt thc vic to tn hiu iu khin cho AND11 i vi qu trnh chuyn mch cho TS#0
theo yu cu. Tng t nh vy i vi cc khe thi gian tip theo v th tc c lp li
vi chu k T = 125microsec trong sut qu trnh thit lp ni cho cuc gi ang xt.
Khi cuc gi kt thc CC nhn bit v n s gii phng cuc ni mt cch n gin
bng hot ng xo s liu ghi vo C-Mem nh nu khi bt u cuc gi. Trong cc
tng chuyn mch S thc t, cc bt tn hiu PCM thng c ghp knh to lung tc
cao v bin i thnh dng song song trc khi qua tng S.
5.2.2 Tng chuyn mch thi gian s
Nh chng ta thy r trn y, cu to v hot ng ca chuyn mch tng S ch
thc hin cho cc qu trnh chuyn mch c cng ch s khe thi gian ga ng PCM vo
v ng PCM ra. Trong trng hp tng qut c yu cu trao i khe thi gian gia u
vo v u ra khc nhau th phi ng dng tng chuyn mch thi gian T (Time Switch
Stage).
Hnh 5.3 minh ho qu trnh trao i khe thi gian gia TS#2 v TS#5 cho hai
khung lin tip nhau gia ng PCM vo v PCM ra ca tng chuyn mch T.
106
Hnh 5.3: Trao i khe thi gian

V cc khe thi gian TS c sp xp lin tip nhau theo th t tng dn do vy
trao i thng tin gia cc khe thi gian TS#2 v TS#5, tn hiu PCM trong TS#2 cn phi
c lu tm thi ti tng T trong khong thi gian 5-2 = 3TS trong cng mt khung, sau
vo khe thi gian ca TS#5, tn hiu PCM c a ra ng PCM pha u ra ca tng
chuyn mch.
Trng hp nu cn chuyn mch gia khe thi gian u ra vi khe thi gian c
ch s ln hn pha u vo, v d TS#6 v TS#2 nh minh ho trn Hnh 5.4 th tn hiu
khng th tr trong cng mt khung m phi tr ti khung tip theo. C th l (N-6) + 2 khe
thi gian, trong N l s khe thi gian trong khung PCM, y N = n+1 = 32.
Tr (N-6)+2
Hnh 5.4: Nguyn l chuyn mch thi gian
107
Nh vy, trong trng hp ny, thc hin chuyn mch gia khe thi gian TS#6
ca khung lin trc u vo sang TS#2 ca khung lin sau u ra, thng tin phi c lu
tr trong b nh mt khong thi gian l (N-6) + 2 = (32-6) + 2 = 28TS.
Nguyn l cu to ca chuyn mch tng T bao gm 02 thnh phn chnh l b nh
tin S-Mem (Speak Memory) v b nh iu khin C-Mem (Controller Memory) nh Hnh
5.5 minh ho di y. Chc nng c bn ca S-Mem l nh tm thi cc tn hiu PCM
cha trong mi khe thi gian pha u vo to tr thch hp theo yu cu m n c gi
tr t nh nht l 1TS ti cc i l (N-1)TS.
Nu vic ghi cc tn hiu PCM cha trong cc khe thi gian TS pha u vo ca
tng chuyn mch T vo S-Mem c thc hin mt cch tun t th c th s dng mt b
m nh phn Module(n) cng vi b chn rt n gin iu khin. Lu rng khi tn
hiu ng h phi hon ton ng b vi cc thi im u ca TS trong khung tn hiu
PCM c s dng trong h.
B nh C-Mem c chc nng dng iu khin qu trnh c thng tin lu m
ti S-Mem. Cng nh C-Mem trong chuyn mch tng S, b nh C-Mem ca tng T cng c
N nh bng s lng khe thi gian trong khung tn hiu PCM s dng. Trong thi gian
mi TS, C-Mem iu khin qu trnh c mt nh tng ng thch hp trong T-Mem. Nh
vy hiu qu tr ca tn hiu PCM ca T-Mem c xc nh mt cch r rng rnh mch
bi hiu s gia cc khe thi gian ghi v c tin PCM b nh S-Mem.
Hnh 5.5: Chuyn mch tng T

Nguyn l hot ng ca chuyn mch thi gian T s c trnh by sng t theo v
d sau y :
108
Gi s c yu cu chuyn mch phc v cho cuc ni gia TS#5 ca lung tn hiu

PCM u vo vi TS#9 ca lung tn hiu PCM u ra ca chuyn mch tng T nh minh
ho trn hnh v trn
Cn c yu cu chuyn mch, h thng iu khin trung tm CC ca tng i s to
cc s liu iu khin cho tng T. thc hin iu ny CC s np s liu v a ch nh
phn nh s 5 ca T-Mem vo nh s 9 ca C-Mem, sau CC giao quyn iu khin
cc b cho chuyn mch tng T trc tip thc hin qu trnh trao i khe thi gian theo yu
cu chuyn mch.
Tip theo cho qu trnh m t c hon ton xc nh v d theo di, chng ta
kho st thi im bt u TS#0 ca khung tn hiu PCM. Qu trnh ghi thng tin PCM cha
trong cc khe thi gian pha u vo b nh S-Mem c thc hin mt cch ln lt v
ng b nh hot ng phi hp gia b m khe thi gian TS-Counter v b chn a ch
Selector 1. C th l khi bt u khe thi gian TS#0, tn hiu ng h tc ng vo TSCounter lm n thit lp trng thi 0 to t hp m nh phn tng ng vi a ch m nh
phn ca nh 0 trong S-Mem. B chn a ch Selector 1 c s dng iu khin c
hay ghi b nh S-Mem (RAM), trong trng hp ny n chuyn m a ch ny bo Bus a
ch Add ca S-Mem ng thi to tn hiu iu khin ghi W, do vy t hp m tn hiu PCM
cha trong khe thi gian TS#0 ca lung s u vo c ghi vo nh 0 ca S-Mem
Kt thc thi gian TS#0 cng l bt u TS#1 song ng h li tc ng vo TSCounter lm cho n chuyn sang trng thi 1 to a ch nh phn cho nh s 1 ca SMem. Selector1 chuyn s liu ny vo Bus a ch ca S-Mem, ng thi to tn hiu iu
khin ghi W do t hp m tn hiu PCM trong khe thi gian TS 1 ca lung s u vo
c ghi vo nh 1 ca T-Mem. Qu trnh xy ra tng t i vi cc khe thi gian TS#2,
TS#3, TS# 4, TS #5 v tip theo cho ti khe thi gian cui cng TS#n ca khung. Sau
tip tc lp li cho cc khung tip theo trong sut thi gian thit lp cuc ni yu cu.
ng thi vi qu trnh ghi tn hiu vo S-Mem, C-Mem thc hin iu khin qu
trnh c cc nh ca S-Mem a tn hiu PCM ra lung s PCM vo cc khe thi gian
cn thit thch hp tng ng theo yu cu. C th din bin qu trnh xy ra nh sau:
Bt u khe thi gian TS#9, tn hiu ng h tc ng vo TS-Counter lm n
chuyn trng thi to m nh phn tng ng a ch nh s 9 ca C-Mem. B chn a ch
Selector2 chuyn s liu ny vo Bus a ch ca C-Mem ng thi to tn hiu iu khin
c R cho b nh C-Mem, kt qu l ni dung cha trong nh s 9 ca C-Mem c a
ra ngoi hng ti Bus a ch c pha u vo ca Selector1. V ni dung ca nh s 9
C-Mem l a ch nh phn ca nh s 5 ca S-Mem do vy b chn a ch Selector1
chuyn a ch nyvo Bus a ch ca S-Mem, ng thi n to c tn hiu iu khin
c R ca S-Mem. Kt qu l ni dung cha trong nh s 5 ca S-Mem c a ra ngoi
vo khong thi gian ca khe thi gian TS#9, ngha l thc hin ng chc nng chuyn
mch yu cu cho trc. Qu trnh tip tc lp li nh trn vi chu k 125microsec vi cc
khung tip theo cho ti khi kt thc cuc ni.
C ch hot ng ca chuyn mch tng T nh trnh by trn y l qu trnh ghi
tn hiu PCM vo S-Mem c thc hin mt cch tun t, cn qu trnh c tn hiu PCM
t S-Mem ra c thc hin theo yu cu theo cch ngu nhin. Ch lm vic nh vy
109
ca chuyn mch tng T gi l ghi tun t c ngu nhin vit tt l SWRR (Serial Write
Random Read). Ngoi ch SWRR trong thc tin cn phi s dng ch ghi ngu
nhin c tun t RWSR (Random Write Serial Read) m chng ta s kho st khi m t
cu trc v hot ng ca tng chuyn mch s ghp kt hp T-S-T sau ny.
Trong cc ng dng thc t ca cc khi chuyn mch tn hiu s ta thng phi gii
quyt hai vn quan trng l cht lng dch v QoS (Quality Of Service) v dung lng
cn thit ca khi chuyn mch yu cu. Cht lng dch v ch yu ph thuc vo hin
tng blocking v hin tng ny vi xc sut kh ln khi ch s dng cc chuyn mch
tng S. i vi tng T nh m t trn y n c th bo m chc nng chuyn mch
khng blocking cho tt c cc khe thi gian trong lung tn hiu PCM m n m nhim
phc v. i vi chuyn mch khng gian s, khi kch thc tng S tng ln th s lng
chn ra ca vi mch cng s rt ln gy kh khn ch to vi mch. Cn vic tng dung lng
ca chuyn mch tng T th b hn ch bi cng ngh ch to vi mch nh RAM v cc
mch logic iu khin lin quan. Nh vy vic tng dung lng trng chuyn mch s
bo m cho s lng thu bao v trung k ln tu theo yu cu ch cn cch phi xy
dng trng chuyn mch s dng kt hp cc chuyn mch tng T v S tiu chun. C rt
nhiu phng n ghp kt hp gia cc chuyn mch tng S v T, v d nh T-S, S-T, S-TS, T-S-T, T-S-S-T v.v...
Do c kh nng tip thng hon ton v khng c hin tng blocking nn ngi ta
mong mun ch s dng mt tng T. Tuy vy mt tng T ch dng lm khi chuyn mch
khng blocking c dung lng ti a 1024 TS. Vi cu trc hai tng T-S v S-T ch thch
hp cho cc tng chuyn mch dung lng nh v va. Nhng vi phng n ny xc sut
blocking s tng nhanh cng vi s tng dung lng ca tng chuyn mch T. Do vy cc
tng i dung lng va v ln nhm mc tiu gim blocking v tng dung lng khi
chuyn mch ngi ta thng dng cu trc ba tng.
Trc y, cu trc S-T-S c s dng nhng t cui thp nin 70 tr li y cu
trc T-S-T chim u th hn v ngy nay cu trc ny c s dng rng ri nht. S d
trc y ngi ta s dng S-T-S l v vi trnh cng ngh lc trnh chi ph ln cho
tc hot ng cao ca vi mch. Ngy nay cc u im v tc cao ca RAM b li
c v chi ph gi thnh cho c hai cng ngh chuyn mch S v chuyn mch T do m
cu trc T-S-T c a chung hn.
Trong cc tng i dung lng cc ln, cc chuyn mch tng S c tc dng chia
nh trng chuyn mch thnh mt s tng thnh phn nhm hn ch kch thc ca chng
do cc cu trc 4 hoc 5 tng T-S-S-T hoc T-S-S-S-T c ng dng. Lu rng
vic s dng cu trc chuyn mch tng S a tng gim c tng chi ph gi thnh nhng
s tng chi ph gii quyt vn blocking.
Tm li vic la chn cu trc c th ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh phc tp,
kch thc trng chuyn mch, lu lng phc v, kch thc Module, kh nng kim tra
o th bo dng, m rng dung lng v.v... Do cc tnh cht mang tnh u im nh
trnh by trn, cu trc T-S-T c s dng rng ri nht v n c thit k di dng
cc Module c kch thc ph hp vi cng ngh, ng dng thc t v d pht trin, d vn
hnh v bo dng.
110
5.3 CHUYN MCH GI

K thut chuyn mch gi ngy nay tr thnh mt k thut rt c tim nng v
quan trng trong lnh vc Vin thng bi v n cho php cc ngun ti nguyn vin thng s
dng mt cch hiu qu nht. Chuyn mch gi c th thch ng vi din rt rng cc dch
v v yu cu ca khch hng. Trn th gii ngy nay, mng chuyn mch gi cng ang
c pht trin rt mnh m v s dng ch yu cho cc dch v truyn thng s liu gia
cc my tnh. Tuy vy chuyn mch gi cng ang th hin hiu qu v tnh hp dn ca n
cho cc dch v vin thng khc nh in thoi, Video v cc dch v bng rng khc.
Nguyn l ca chuyn mch gi l da trn kh nng ca cc my tnh tc cao v
cc quy tc tc ng vo bn tin cn truyn sao cho c th chia ct cc cuc gi, cc bn
tin hoc cc giao dch (Transaction) thnh cc thnh phn nh gi l Gi tin. Tu thuc
vo vic thc hin v hnh thc ca thng tin m c th c nhiu mc phn chia. V d mt
cch thc hin ph bin c p dng ca chuyn mch gi hin nay l bn tin ca Ngi s
dng c chia thnh cc Segments v sau cc Segments li c chia tip thnh cc gi
(Packet) c kch thc chun ho. Hnh v di y minh ho giao thc ct gi theo nguyn
tc nu trn.
Segment#1 Segment#2
Bn tin
Segment
..
Segment#n
Transaction / Message c di L
u Trng tin
CRC
Trng tin c di ti M bit

(M>=N)
To khung kt thc
To khung bt u
Gi
Tiu Ti tin (Ti Nbit)
CRC
Hnh 5.7: Nguyn l ct mnh v to gi

Cc Segment sau khi c chia ct t Bn tin ca khch hng s c x l chun
ho tip bng cch dn u (Leader) v ui (Trailer), nh vy chng cha ba trng
s liu l: u cha a ch ch cng cc thng tin iu khin m mng yu cu v d nh
s th t ca Segment #, m knh Logic tch cc thng tin khch hng ghp knh,
nh du Segment u tin v Segment cui cng ca bn tin v nhiu thng tin khc lin
quan ti chc nng qun l v iu khin t u cui-ti-u cui.
i vi cc gi tin truyn qua mng chuyn mch gi cn phi cha cc mu to
khung nh du im u v im cui ca mi gi. Tiu (Header) ca gi tng t
nh u ca Segment, ngoi ra n cn c thm cc thng tin m mng chuyn mch yu cu
iu khin s truyn ti cu cc gi qua mng, v d nh thng tin cn b sung vo tiu
111
ca gi l a ch Ngun, a ch ch, s th t ca gi v cc khi s liu iu khin

chng vng lp, qun l QoS, suy hao, lp gi v.v...
Trng kim sot li CRC cho php h thng chuyn mch gi pht hin sai li xy
ra trong gi nu c, nh m bo yu cu rt cao v chnh xc truyn tin.
Tng s tin cha trong cc trng s liu u ca Segment v Tiu ca Gi l rt
quan trng. Thng thng cc trng s liu ny c khong t 64 n 256 bit trong tng s
N khong 1000 bit. Hnh v sau y minh ho cu trc gi tin trong mng chuyn mch gi.
Hnh 5.8: Cu trc gi tin trong chuyn mch gi

Cc gi tin s c chuyn qua mng chuyn mch gi t Node chuyn mch ny ti
Node chuyn mch khc trn c s Lu m v pht chuyn tip, ngha l mi Node
chuyn mch sau khi thu mt gi s tm thi lu gi mt bn sao ca gi vo b nh m
cho ti khi c hi pht chuyn tip gi ti Node tip theo hay thit b u cui ca Ngi
dng c m bo chc chn. Bi v mi qu trnh thng tin c ct nh thnh cc gi
ging nhau nn cc bn tin d di hay ngn u c th chuyn qua mng vi s nh hng
ln nhau t nht v nh s chuyn ti cc gi qua mng gn nh nhau c thc hin trong
thi gian thc nn chuyn mch c th p ng c yu cu hot ng mt cch nhanh
chng k c khi c s thay i mu lu lng hoc c s hng hc mt phn hay nhiu tnh
nng khc ca mng.
Hnh 5.9 minh ho nguyn tc hot ng ca mng chuyn mch gi. Cc bn tin
ca khch hng t my ch gi A s khng c gi i mt cch tc th v trn vn qua
mng ti my b gi nh trong mng chuyn mch bn tin, m s c ct v to thnh cc
gi chun Node chuyn mch gi ngun PSWs. Mi gi s c pht vo mng mt cch
ring r c lp v chng s dch chuyn v Node chuyn mch gi ch PSW theo mt
ng dn kh dng tt nht ti bt k thi im no, ng thi mi gi s c kim tra
gim st li trn dc hnh trnh.
112
PSWS
User A
PSW
User A
Hnh 5.9: Mng chuyn mch gi

Ti PSW cc gi s c ti hp li to thnh bn tin nguyn vn ban u ri gi
ti thu bao B. u im c sc ca chuyn mch gi l knh truyn dn ch b chim dng
trong thi gian thc s truyn gi tin, sau knh s tr thnh ri v kh dng cho cc gi
tin ca cc thit b u cui s liu khc. Ngoi ra, nhiu gi tin ca cng mt bn tin c th
c truyn mt cch ng thi v c th theo cc tuyn hon ton khc nhau, nh m
chuyn mch gi c th s dng mt cch trit hon ton cc tnh nng truyn dn cu h
thng. Nguyn tc c bn ca tng i chuyn mch gi c minh ho trn hnh v sau y
:
Hnh 5.10: Nguyn tc tng i chuyn mch gi

S liu n v cc gi iu khin c phn phi vo cc b m m ti chng
c kim tra, gim st li. Sau chng c tm thi lu tr li sn sng chuyn vo
Bus s liu hoc c din gii bi b iu khin Controller to ra cc tc ng iu
113
khin. Gi s liu vo c th c truyn vo BUS s liu dng ni tip hoc song song v
sau c chuyn ti b m u ra bi b iu khin m n xc nhn c a ch ca
gi cha trong trng tin nh hng.
5.4 NH TUYN
5.4.1 Khi nim v nh tuyn
nh tuyn l mt cng vic quan trng trong qu trnh truyn tin qua mng. N
c thc hin tng mng (tng 3 theo m hnh tham chiu OSI). Mc ch ca nh tuyn
l chuyn thng tin ca ngi s dng t im ngun n im ch.
Qu trnh nh tuyn (routing) bao gm hai hot ng chnh, l: xc nh ng
truyn (path determination) v chuyn tip thng tin (forwarding) theo ng (cn c
gi l switching). Vic truyn thng tin i theo con ng chn c th ni l kh n gin
(v mt thut ton), trong khi , vic xc nh ng truyn phc tp hn rt nhiu.
Hnh 5.11: nh tuyn

Trong cc mng thng tin khc nhau, vic xc nh ng truyn cng din ra khc
nhau. Tuy nhin, cch xc nh ng truyn no cng bao gm hai cng vic c bn. Th
nht l thu thp v phn pht thng tin v tnh trng ca mng (v d nh trng thi ng
truyn, tnh trng tc nghn...) v ca thng tin cn truyn (v d nh lu lng, yu cu
dch v...). Cc thng tin ny s c s dng lm c s cho vic xc nh ng truyn.
Th hai l chn ra ng truyn kh dng (cng c th l ng truyn ti u) da trn cc
thng tin trng thi trn. ng truyn kh dng l ng truyn tho mn mi yu cu ca
thng tin cn truyn (v d: tc ) v iu kin ca mng (v d: kh nng ca ng
truyn). Cn ng truyn ti u (theo mt tiu chun no ) l ng truyn tt nht trong
nhng ng truyn kh dng.
Mc ch ca bi ton nh tuyn:
T cc phn trnh by trn y c nhn xet rng thuc tnh Topo quan trng ca
mng chuyn mch gi hin thc l tn ti nhiu ng, nhiu hng c th s dng
114
truyn ti cc gi s liu gia ngun v ch. ng nhin s hot ng ca mng phi bao
gm cc phng php nh cc gi tin tm c ng i tt nht hoc tng i tt.
Thut ng ng tt c th hiu theo cc tiu ch khc nhau. V d l ng i
ngn nht, cht lng truyn dn tt nht, tin cy cao nht, tr nh nht hay t b tc
ngn v.v...
Vic tm c mt tuyn (hng) tt nht qua mng chuyn mch gi l mt bi
ton rt phc tp. Thng tin cn phi c xc nh v m t r rng v sn sng, kh
dng ca nhng ng c th truyn tin khc nhau, chn v nh ngha cc tiu ch ti u v
cui cng l hng qua phi truyn c gi s liu ti ch. C nhiu phng php nh
tuyn c ng dng trong mng chuyn mch gi.
5.4.2 Phn loi nh tuyn
Mt k thut nh tuyn phi thc hin hai chc nng chnh sau y:
-
Quyt nh chn ng theo nhng tiu chun ti u no .
Cp nht thng tin nh tuyn, tc l thng tin dng cho chc nng 1.
C rt nhiu k thut nh tuyn khc nhau. S phn bit gia chng ch yu cn c

vo cc yu t lin quan n hai chc nng k trn. Cc yu t thng l:
-
S thch nghi vi trng thi hin hnh ca mng.
S phn tn ca cc chc nng nh tuyn trn cc node mng.
Cc tiu chun ti u chn ng.
T ta c th c k thut nh tuyn tnh (Static routing-Fixed routing hay cn gi

l nh tuyn khng thch nghi) v k thut nh ng (k thut nh tuyn thch nghiAdaptive routing); k thut nh tuyn tp trung (Centralized routing) v k thut nh tuyn
phn tn (Distributed routing);...
Cc phng php nh tuyn cng c th phn loi da vo cch to tuyn ng
(nh tuyn ngun v nh tuyn tng bc) hay da vo s phn cp cc node mng (nh
tuyn phn cp v nh tuyn khng phn cp)...
nh tuyn tnh v nh tuyn ng
nh tuyn tnh hay nh tuyn khng thch nghi l k thut nh tuyn trong
vic nh tuyn ch phi thc hin mt ln khi xy dng mng. Sau , cc thng tin v vic
nh tuyn c lu trong cc bng nh tuyn cho cc node. Sau ny, khi mng hot ng,
nu gi tr ca link thay i th cc bng nh tuyn ny cng khng c cp nht li. Nu
mun thay i cc thng tin trong bng nh tuyn, ngi qun tr mng phi trc tip ra
lnh thc hin cc thut ton nh tuyn to ra thng tin nh tuyn mi. Thng thng,
vi nh tuyn khng thch nghi, bng nh tuyn c th a ra mt s con ng thay th
khi con ng chnh gp s c (qu ti, hng).
nh tuyn ng hay nh tuyn thch nghi l k thut nh tuyn trong vic
tnh ton ng truyn ti u c thc hin nhiu ln trong khi mng hot ng. C sau
mt khong thi gian quy nh trc hoc mi khi mng c s thay i v cu hnh, trng
thi th thng tin v mng li c gi ti nhng ni c nhim v thc hin nh tuyn
115
tin hnh nh tuyn li. C mt loi thut ton nh tuyn c gi l nh tuyn thch nghi
cch ly. Theo cch nh tuyn ny, cc node khng gi, cng khng nhn thng tin thay i
v tnh trng mng. Cc node la chn con ng tu theo kt qu ca nhng ln truyn
trc c phn hi li.
Hnh 5.12: nh tuyn ng vi kh nng thay th tuyn hng

nh tuyn tp trung v nh tuyn phn tn
Mt cch phn loi ph bin chia cc phng php nh tuyn ra lm hai loi, da
trn cch tnh ton nh tuyn: nh tuyn tp trung v nh tuyn phn tn. Khi vic tnh
ton c thc hin ti mt im v sau kt qu c chuyn ti cc node trong mng, ta
gi l nh tuyn tp trung. Cn khi vic tnh ton c thc hin cc node trong mng,
ta gi l nh tuyn phn tn.
Trong nh tuyn tp trung, trung tm tnh ton cn phi bit tt c cc thng tin v
mng. Cc node c nhim v gi thng tin v cu hnh ca phn mng xung quanh n v
cho trung tm ny. ng thi, cn c mt khong thi gian c th truyn thng tin cp
nht ti tt c cc node. i vi trung tm x l, phi m bo yu cu rt cao v tin cy
trong hot ng, bi hot ng ca mng b nh hng rt ln nu trung tm x l ny gp
s c. Chnh v l do ny m nh tuyn tp trung khng c s dng nhiu trong cc mng
hin ti.
Cc thut ton nh tuyn ngn nht da trn thut ton Dijkstra, c bit l thut
ton Floyd thch hp vi vic x l tp trung bi cc thut ton ny khi thc hin tnh ton
cn c y thng tin v mng. Cc thut ton ny cng c th c dng trong m hnh
x l phn tn. Nhng, khi , cc node u cn phi bit thng tin v ton b cu hnh
mng, nn mi khi mng c thay i, thng tin ny cn phi c chuyn ti tt c cc node,
lm cho chi ph ca vic nh tuyn tng ln rt cao.
nh tuyn phn tn gip nng cao tin cy ca mng, khi c mt node hng, vic
nh tuyn cc node xung quanh cng khng b nh hng. Thm na, bng nh tuyn ti
mi node nhanh chng c cp nht hn.
nh tuyn ngun v nh tuyn tng bc
Cc phng php nh tuyn cng c th phn loi da vo cch to ra tuyn ng.
Nu tuyn ng c xc nh ngay t node ngun, cc node trung gian trn ng i
ch lm nhim v chuyn tip gi tin th ta gi l nh tuyn ngun (Source routing hay
Host-Intelligent). Cn nu tuyn ng khng c xc nh ngay t u, m c phn
116
thnh nhiu on do cc node khc nhau chn, th ta gi l nh tuyn tng bc (Hop-byHop hay Router-Intelligent).
Theo phng php nh tuyn ngun, mi gi tin khi truyn trn mng u phi
mang theo ton b thng tin v tuyn ng ca mnh. mi node ch vic cn c vo thng
tin ny m chuyn tip gi tin. Cn theo cch nh tuyn tng bc, mi gi tin ch cn
mang a ch ch l . Do , tiu ca gi tin s b hn.
nh tuyn tng bc p ng nhanh hn vi nhng thay i trong mng (nhng
thay i ny nh hng ti gi tin ngay khi gi tin ang c truyn trong mng). Nhng
ng thi, nh tuyn tng bc c th lm cho cc gi tin b chuyn i theo vng. Cn nh
tuyn ngun m bo gi tin s i thng ti ch.
nh tuyn phn cp v khng phn cp
Trong nh tuyn khng phn cp, tt c cc node c coi l ngang hng vi nhau.
Trong khi , nh tuyn phn cp phn cc node ra thnh nhiu cp khc nhau. Cc node
thuc cc node khc nhau c nhng kh nng nh tuyn thng tin khc nhau.
nh tuyn phn cp n gin hn nhiu so vi nh tuyn khng phn cp, tuy
nhin, kt qu khng tt bng.
Trong nh tuyn phn cp, cc node ch cn bit thng tin v cc node ng cp,
cng vng, m khng cn bit cu hnh ca mng cc vng khc, cp khc. nh tuyn
sang mt node vng khc, n chuyn cng vic ln cho node cp trn.
Trong nh tuyn khng phn cp, bng nh tuyn mi node cha thng tin v tt
c cc node trong mng n c th ti. Do , cn phi c lng b nh ln hn lu tr
bng nh tuyn, ng thi cng cn nhiu ng truyn dnh cho vic trao i thng tin
nh tuyn gia cc node hn. u im ca nh tuyn khng phn cp l n c th p ng
tt vi vn x l lu lng, i ph tt vi li xy ra, do nng cao c tin cy ca
mng. Trong khi , nh tuyn phn cp lm cho hot ng ca mng b ph thuc vo cc
node cp trn, nu cc node ny hng, mng s b tch ra thnh nhiu phn khng lin lc
c vi nhau.
117
CU HI N TP CHNG 5:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Cng ngh chuyn mch c th chia thnh

A.
Chuyn mch phn thi gian s v chuyn mch khng gian s
B.
Chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi
C.
Chuyn mch phn chia theo thi gian v chuyn mch gi
D.
Chuyn mch khng gian s v chuyn mch gi
C th ni chuyn mch knh tin cy hn chuyn mch gi, ng hay sai?

A.
ng
B.
Sai
Chuyn mch knh tn dng ti nguyn knh truyn tt hn chuyn mch gi?
A.
ng
B.
Sai
Chuyn mch knh tn hiu s gm nhng loi no sau y

A.
Chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch IP
B.
Chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch khng gian s S
C.
Chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi
D.
Chuyn mch thi gian s T v chuyn mch khng gian s S
5.
Trong chuyn mch knh khng gian s S, mi khe thi gian u vo c kt
ni ti khe thi gian TS u ra.
A.
C. 16
B.
D. 30
6.
Trong chuyn mch knh khng gian s S, gi s khe thi gian u vo l TS#4,
th khe thi gian u ra no c th c kt ni
A.
TS#0
C. TS#16
B.
TS#4
D. Khe thi gian bt k khc TS#0 v TS#16
7.
Trong chuyn mch knh khng gian s S, mi cuc gi ch c thc hin trong
1 khung PCM duy nht
8.
A.
ng
B.
Sai
Chuyn mch khng gian s S, c cu to t nhng thnh phn c bn no

A.
Khi giao din thu bao v Khi trung k
B.
Khi giao din thu bao v khi iu khin chuyn mch cc b
C.
Ma trn chuyn mch v khi iu khin chuyn mch cc b
D.
Ma trn chuyn mch v Khi giao din thu bao
118
9.
Trong ma trn chuyn mch khng gian S, hng c s dng cho cc lung
PCM u vo?
A.
ng
B.
Sai
10.
Trong ma trn chuyn mch khng gian S, ct c s dng cho cc lung PCM
u ra?
A.
ng
B.
Sai
11.
Trong chuyn mch knh thi gian s T, mi khe thi gian u vo c kt ni
ti khe thi gian TS u ra.
12.
A.
C. 16
B.
D. 30
Chuyn mch thi gian s T gm hai thnh phn chnh l

A.
Ma trn chuyn mch v khi iu khin chuyn mch cc b
B.
Ma trn chuyn mch v b nh iu khin C-Mem
C.
B nh tin S-Mem v b nh iu khin C-Mem
D.
B nh tin S-Mem v khi iu khin chuyn mch cc b
13.
Trong chuyn mch knh thi gian s T, nu khe thi gian u vo l TS#4, khe
thi gian u ra l TS#10, th tn hiu cn phi lu tm trong khong thi gian bao
nhiu.
A.
4TS
C. 10TS
B.
6TS
D. 26TS
14.
thi gian u ra l TS#4, th tn hiu cn phi lu tm trong khong thi gian bao nhiu.
A.
4TS
C. 10TS
B.
6TS
D. 26TS
15.
nhiu.
A.
8TS
C. 24TS
B.
18TS
D. 26TS
16.
nhiu.
17.
A.
8TS
C. 24TS
B.
18TS
D. 26TS
tng dung lng, phng n no sau y thng c la chn

A.
T-S
C. T-S-T
B.
S-T
D. S-T-S
119
18.
Th t cc bc thng s dng qu trnh to gi trong cng ngh chuyn
mch gi l
19.
20.
21.
22.
A.
Bn tin, segment, gi tin
B.
Bn tin, gi tin, segment
C.
Bn tin, gi tin
D.
Bn tin, segment.
Trong chuyn mch gi, cc gi tin ca mt bn tin c th

A.
i t ngun ti ch theo mt ng c thit lp sn
B.
i t ngun ti ch theo mt s ng c thit lp sn
C.
i t ngun ti ch theo nhiu ng khc nhau
D.
i t ngun ti ch theo yu cu ca ch
Trong chuyn mch gi, cc gi tin ca cc bn tin khc nhau

A.
sn
Ch c th i t ngun ti ch trn cng mt ng c thit lp
B.
Ch c th i t ngun ti ch trn mt s ng c thit lp sn
C.
Khng th truyn i trn cng mt ng
D.
C th i t ngun ti ch trn cng mt ng
Trong m hnh OSI, chc nng nh tuyn c thc hin tng no

A.
Tng 1
C. Tng 4
B.
Tng 3
D. Tng 7
Qu trnh nh tuyn bao gm hai hot ng chnh no sau y

A.
Xc nh ng truyn v chuyn tip thng tin
B.
Xc nh ng truyn v phn mnh bn tin to thnh gi tin
C.
Phn mnh bn tin to thnh gi tin v chuyn tip thng tin
D.
Phn mnh bn tin thnh gi tin v ti hp cc gi tin thnh bn tin
23.
Khi phn chia nh tuyn theo s thch nghi vi trng thi hin hnh ca mng,
c nhng loi k thut nh tuyn no
A.
B.
nh tuyn phn tn v nh tuyn tp trung
C.
nh tuyn phn cp v nh tuyn khng phn cp
D.
24.
Khi phn chia nh tuyn theo s phn tn ca cc chc nng nh tuyn trn
cc node mng, c nhng loi k thut nh tuyn no
25.
A.
B.
nh tuyn phn tn v nh tuyn tp trung
C.
nh tuyn phn cp v nh tuyn khng phn cp
D.
K thut nh tuyn ng hay cn gi l k thut nh tuyn no sau y
120
26.
A.
K thut nh tuyn thch nghi
B.
K thut nh tuyn khng thch nghi
C.
K thut nh tuyn tp trung
D.
K thut nh tuyn phn tn
K thut nh tuyn tnh hay cn gi l k thut nh tuyn no sau y

A.
K thut nh tuyn thch nghi
B.
K thut nh tuyn khng thch nghi
C.
K thut nh tuyn tp trung
D.
K thut nh tuyn phn tn
121

[1]
Understanding Telecommunications. Volume 1, Chapter 3: Switching and switch

control. Ericsson Telecom, Telia and Studentlitteratur, 1997.
[2]
F.J. Redmill and A.R.Valdar. SPC Digital Telephone Exchanges. Peter Peregrinus Ltd.,
London, United Kingdom, 1990.
[3]
Aattalainen T. Introduction to Telecommunications Network Engineering. 2nd edition,

Artech House, ISBN: 1580535003, 2003.
[4]
[5]

and Sons, 1994.
[6]
[7]
Dng Vn Thnh, C s k thut chuyn mch, Hc vin cng ngh BCVT.2000.
[8]
TS. L Hu Lp, ThS. Hong Trng Minh. Cng ngh chuyn mch IP. H Ni,
11/2002.
[9]
Gerald R. Ash. Dynamic Routing in Telecommunications Networks. McGraw-Hill, 1998.
[10]
Tng cc Bu in, VNPT-Kokusai Denshin Denwa Co., Ltd, Nippon Telegraph and
Telephone Corporation. Chuyn mch s v cc h thng qun l mng. NXB Khoa hc
v K thut, 1997.
122
CHNG VI
BO HIU V NG B TRONG MNG VIN THNG
GII THIU CHNG
Trong mng vin thng bo hiu c coi l mt phng tin chuyn thng tin v
cc lnh t im ny n im khc, cc thng tin v cc lnh ny c lin quan n qu trnh
thit lp, gim st v gii phng cuc gi. c th tip cn cc kin thc c bn v bo
hiu, ta c th chia bo hiu thnh hai loi: Bo hiu cho mng chuyn mch knh v bo
hiu cho mng chuyn mch gi. Trong , bo hiu cho mng chuyn mch knh li c
chia thnh hai loi l bo hiu ng thu bao v bo hiu lin i. Bo hiu ng thu bao
l bo hiu gia my u cui vi tng i, cn bo hiu lin i l bo hiu gia cc tng
i vi nhau. Chng ny a ra cc khi nim, kin thc c bn v bo hiu. Trong s
trnh by cc c s l thuyt v bo hiu cho mng chuyn mch knh v bo hiu trong
mng chuyn mch gi.
Trong mng vin thng cc thit b c th hot ng c vi nhau, chng phi
c cung cp cc tn hiu ng b. Mng ng b l mt mng chc nng khng th thiu
c trong mng vin thng quc gia s hin i. Cng vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca
cc h thng chuyn mch s, truyn dn s, cng ngh SDH, ATM... vai tr quan trng ca
vic ng b mng vin thng ngy cng gia tng.Yu cu v ng b mng l iu kin
quan trng cn thit trin khai v khai thc hiu qu cc cng ngh mi cht lng cao
trn mng li. ng b c nh hng ln n n nh v cht lng dch v ca mng
thng tin. Khi nim v vai tr ca ng b cng nh cc phng php ng b mng c
trnh by trong phn 6.2 ca chng ny, c bit cui chng 6, mng ng b ca mng
vin thng Vit nam (ca VNPT) c cung cp cho ngi c, cc hc vin c th hiu
hn v thc t v ng b.
Sau khi hc chng ny, cc hc vin cn phi nm bt c khi nim v bo hiu
v ng b trong mng vin thng. C nhng loi bo hiu no; bo hiu trong mng chuyn
mch knh v trong mng chuyn mch gi c thc hin nh th no; C nhng phng
thc ng b mng nh th no v mng Vin thng ca VNPT ang s dng phng thc
ng b no.
6.1 BO HIU
6.1.1 ngha ca vn bo hiu
Trong mng vin thng bo hiu c coi l mt phng tin chuyn thng tin v
cc lnh t im ny n im khc, cc thng tin v cc lnh ny c lin quan n thit lp,
gim st v gii phng cuc gi. Bo hiu thc hin 3 chc nng chnh:
- Chc nng gim st: gim st ng thu bao, ng trung k...
123
- Chc nng tm chn: chc nng iu khin v chuyn thng tin a ch

- Chc nng khai thc v vn hnh mng: phc v cho vic khai thc mng mt
cch ti u nht.
Thng thng bo hiu c chia lm 2 loi ty thuc vo phng thc x l tn
hiu bo hiu v ng dng ca n l bo hiu cho mng chuyn mch knh v bo hiu cho
mng chuyn mch gi. Chng ta s i tm hiu hai loi bo hiu ny.
6.1.2 Bo hiu trong mng chuyn mch knh
Trong mng chuyn mch knh, bo hiu c chia thnh hai loi l bo hiu ng
thu bao v bo hiu lin i. Bo hiu ng thu bao l bo hiu thc hin cho cc my
u cui, thng l my in thoi vi tng i ni ht, cn bo hiu lin tng i l bo
hiu gia cc tng i vi nhau. Ta c th m phng s phn chia ny nh hnh v di.
BO HIU
Bo hiu lin
i
Bo hiu ng
dy thu bao
Bo hiu knh
ring (CAS)
Bo hiu knh
chung (CCS)
Hnh 6.1: Cc loi bo hiu trong mng chuyn mch knh
Bo hiu lin tng i gm 2 loi l bo hiu knh ring CAS (Channel Asociated
Signaling) v bo hiu knh chung CCS (Common Channel Signaling). Bo hiu knh ring
hay cn gi l bo hiu knh lin kt l h thng bo hiu trong bo hiu nm trong knh
ting hoc trong mt knh c lin quan cht ch vi knh ting, cn bo hiu knh chung l
h thng bo hiu trong bo hiu nm trong mt knh tch bit vi cc knh ting v
knh bo hiu ny c s dng chung cho mt s lng ln cc knh ting.
6.1.2.1 Bo hiu knh ring
Bo hiu knh ring l h thng bo hiu trong cc tn hiu bo hiu c truyn
trn knh ting hoc trn ng ring c lin quan rt cht ch vi knh ting, v nh TS#16
ca h thng PCM30, c ngha l i vi h thng bo hiu ny mi knh ting c mt
ng bo hiu ring c n nh, cc tn hiu bo hiu c th c truyn theo nhiu
cch khc nhau: trong bng, ngoi bng, hoc trong khe thi gian 16 trong t chc a khung
ca h thng PCM.
C nhiu h thng bo hiu knh ring khc nhau c s dng nh:
124
- H thng bo hiu xung thp phn, cn gi n tn.

- H thng bo hiu 2 tn s, v d h thng bo hiu s 4 ca CCITT.
- H thng bo hiu xung a tn, v nh h thng bo hiu s 5 v h thng bo hiu
m R1 ca CCITT.
- H thng bo hiu a tn b khng ch, v nh h thng bo hiu a tn m R2 ca
CCITT.
Ta thy rng, trong cc h thng bo hiu ny, thng thng cc tn hiu c truyn
di dng xung hoc tone, hoc t hp ca cc tn s tone, cn gi l h thng bo hiu a
tn.
Bo hiu a tn c s dng rng ri cho chc nng tm chn, bng cch s dng 2
trong 5 hoc 6 tn s nm trong bng tn knh ting, tiu biu nht l h thng bo hiu R2
ca CCITT.
Khi mt cuc gi c kt ni t tng i ni ht ti tng i tip theo th mt knh
thoi gia hai tng i c dnh ring cho cuc gi ny. Cng thi im mt knh thoi
khc c chim ch cho mc ch truyn bo hiu v mi mt ng thoi c knh bo
hiu ring khi cuc gi c thit lp. Cc pha chnh ca qu trnh bo hiu lin i c
minh ho qua hnh v di. Knh thoi u tin v cc knh thoi lin quan c chim
t tng i A ti tng i B. Sau s ca thu bao c truyn ti tng i B v n s cp
tn hiu chung cho thu bao B. Khi thu bao B nhc my tr li th tuyn ni thoi s c
thit lp v cuc m thoi c th bt u.
Thu bao A
Tng i
A
Tng i
B
Chim
Cng nhn chim
a ch
B- tr li
Thu bao B
Tng i B dnh mt knh

v cc thit b thu a ch
Thu cc con s ca thu bao
B, cp chung cho thu bao B
Thu bao B nhc my
m thoi
Xo hng v
A t my hoc vt
qu thi gian cho php
Xo hng i
Thu bao B t my
Cuc gi c gii to
Hnh 6.2: Bo hiu knh kt hp gia cc tng i
Nu thu bao B t my trc th tn hiu gii phng hng v s c truyn t

tng i B ti tng i A v khi m thu bao A t my hay qu mt khong thi gian nh
125
trc th tng i A s gi tn hiu gii phng hng i. Ngay lc cuc gi s c gii

phng trn c hai tng i.
Tt c cc h thng bo hiu nu trn u c nhc im chung l tc tng
i thp, dung lng thng tin b hn ch do vy trong nhng nm 1960, khi cc tng i
c iu khin bng chng trnh lu tr (SPC) c a vo s dng trn mng thoi, th
r rng rng cn phi a vo mng mt phng thc bo hiu mi vi nhiu c tnh u
vit hn so vi cc h thng bo hiu truyn thng.
Trong phng thc bo hiu mi ny, cc ng s liu tc cao gia cc b x l
ca cc tng i SPC c s dng mang mi thng tin bo hiu. Bo hiu CAS th vn
c s dng trong cc mng in thoi nhng n ang c thay th bi h phng php
bo hiu chun v c nng lc hn gi l bo hiu knh chung CCS.
Cc ng s liu ny tch ri vi cc knh ting. Mi mt ng s liu ny c th
mang thng tin bo hiu cho vi trm n hng ngn knh ting. Kiu bo hiu mi ny
c gi l bo hiu knh chung v tiu biu l h thng bo hiu knh chung s 7.
6.1.2.2 Bo hiu knh chung
H thng bo hiu lin i tin tin hn c gi l CCS (Common Channel
Signaling). N da trn nguyn tc truyn thng tin gia cc my tnh ni m cc khung
thng tin c trao i gia cc my tnh theo yu cu. Cc khung ny bao gm thng tin v
tuyn ni di dng cc bn tin bo hiu v a ch ca tng i b gi, cc con s a ch v
thng tin khi thu bao B nhc my tr li. Trong hu ht cc trng hp trn ch cn mt
knh s liu gia hai tng i. Knh s liu 64 kbit/s trn mt khe thi gian ca mt khung
PCM th c th dng cho tt c thng tin iu khin gia cc tng i.
Thu bao A
Tng i
A
Tng i
B
Thu bao B
IAM (Bn tin a ch khi to)

SAM (Bn tin a ch tip theo)
ACM (Bn hon thnh a ch )
Hi m chung
ANC (Bn hon tr li, tnh cc)
Nhn s thu bao B

Chung
Thu bao B nhc my
m thoi
CBK (Xo hng v )
CLF (Xo hng i)
Thu bao B t my
RLG (Gii phng)
Hnh 6.3: Bo hiu knh chung gia cc tng i
126
Mt chun quc t c p dng rng ri ca CCS c gi l CCS7 hay cn gi l

h thng bo hiu knh chung s 7 (SS7), ngoi ra cn c nhng tn gi khc nhng t c
s dng hn nh CCITT#7 hay ITU-T7. Hin nay, h thng bo hiu s 7 ang c s
dng nh mt phng thc bo hiu tin cy, hiu qu cho cc mng vin thng.
Vic thit lp mt cuc gi yu cu cc thng tin bo hiu nh hnh 6.3 nhng i
vi CCS thng tin bo hiu c mang trong cc khung s liu c truyn gia cc tng
i qua mt knh s liu chung.
Trong hnh v trn chng ta xem mt v d v s dng bo hiu CCS gia cc tng
i trn mng khi kt ni thu bao c nh A v thu bao B. Cc con s a ch c truyn
t thu bao A ti tng i ni ht. Khi tng i A nhn cc con s a ch ny n s tin hnh
phn tch v xc nh hng ca cuc gi. T cc thng tin ny tng i A s tm ra a ch
ca tng i m n cn gi cc bn tin bo hiu ti cho vic kt ni cuc gi. Sau tng
i s to ra mt gi s liu cha a ch ca tng i B. Bn tin bo hiu ny c gi l
bn tin a ch khi to IAM v c gi ti tng i B. Cc con s cn li khng c trong
IAM s c gi qua mt hay nhiu bn tin a ch sau SAM.
Khi tng i B nhn c tt c cc con s a ch ca thu bao B n s cng nhn
bng bn tin kt thc a ch (ACM) xc nhn rng tt c cc con s nhn c mt
cch chnh xc. Bn tin ny cng mang cc thng tin nu cuc gi ny phi tnh cc hay
khng, thu bao c phi tr cc khng. Tng i B s gi hi m chung ti thu bao A v
tn hiu chung ti thu bao B v B chung.
Khi thu bao B nhc my tr li, tn hiu nhc my ANC c gi bt u tnh
cc. Tng i B ngt chung v hi m chung. Sau hai tng i thit lp mch thoi v
cuc m thoi c th bt u. Khi thu bao B t my th tng i B s pht hin trng thi
ny v gi tn hiu CBK ti tng i A v tng i A gi li tn hiu CLF. Tt c cc tng
i trn ng truyn chuyn tip tn hiu CLF ti tng i k tip v cc tng i nhn
c s cng nhn bng tn hiu RLG. Bn tin RLG ny mang thng tin rng tuyn ni
c gii phng v cc knh cng c gii phng v sn sng cho cc cuc gi mi.
6.1.3 Bo hiu trong mng chuyn mch gi

Nh trong phn trn trnh by, bo hiu c th c chia thnh hai loi, ty thuc
vo ng dng v vai tr ca n: bo hiu trong mng chuyn mch knh v bo hiu trong
mng chuyn mch gi. Vi s pht trin mnh m ca cc mng da trn gi, ko theo cc
vn k thut lin quan cng phi c nhng thay i. Bo hiu trong mng chuyn mch
gi l mt trong nhng vn rt quan trng trong qu trnh pht trin mng vin thng da
trn gi.
Trong mng chuyn mch gi, bo hiu c thc hin thng qua cc giao thc bo
hiu. Ty thuc vo cng ngh c s dng cho tng mng c th m bo hiu thc hin
trong cc mng l khc nhau. Tuy nhin, cng ging nh trong mng chuyn mch knh,
chng ta cng c th xem c hai loi bo hiu trong mng chuyn mch gi hay chnh xc
hn c hai loi nhm giao thc bo hiu trng mng chuyn mch gi: cc giao thc bo
hiu lp ng dng v cc giao thc bo hiu lp li. Cc giao thc bo hiu lp ng dng
thc hin cc chc nng c bn ca mt cuc gi: thit lp, duy tr v gii phng phin
127
truyn thng. Cn cc giao thc bo hiu lp li thc hin chc nng iu khin, qun l cc
phn t trn mng.
Bo hiu trong mng chuyn mch gi l mt ni dung rt ln, tm hiu k v vn
ny cn phi xem xt cho tng giao thc c th ca tng mng khc nhau. Hin nay, c
rt nhiu t chc vin thng trn th gii cng a ra nhiu loi giao thc bo hiu khc
nhau. Trong ni dung bi ging ny, khng i su vo ni dung ny.
6.2 NG B
6.2.1 S cn thit phi ng b mng vin thng
Mng ng b l mt mng chc nng khng th thiu c trong mng vin thng
quc gia s hin i. Cng vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca cc h thng chuyn mch s,
truyn dn s, cng ngh SDH, ATM... vai tr quan trng ca vic ng b mng vin thng
ngy cng gia tng.Yu cu v ng b mng l iu kin quan trng cn thit trin khai
v khai thc hiu qu cc cng ngh mi cht lng cao trn mng li.
ng b c nh hng ln n n nh v cht lng dch v ca mng thng tin.
Vic mt ng b hay km ng b gy nn rung pha, tri pha, trt... lm suy gim cht
lng dch v, mc nh hng c th tm tt nh bng di y:
Bng 6.1: nh hng ca vic mt ng b hoc km ng b i vi mt s dch v

Loi dch v
Mc nh hng khi mt ng b hoc km ng

b
Truyn cc vn bn m ho
Gii m li. Phi truyn li
Dch v video
Khung hnh dng trong vi giy. C ting pp pp

trong m thanh
Dch v truyn s liu
Mt hoc lp li s liu. C th mt khung.

Gim thng knh
Gim s thnh cng ca cc cuc gi
Dch v truyn Fax
Lm mt cc dng ch.
Gim thng knh.
Truyn s liu qua Modem
C th gy pht sai ni dung trong vng t 0,01 giy n

2 giy. Lm ri cuc gi.
Dch v thoi
Nghe ting bch bch trong in thoi. Quay sai s,

nhm chung.
128
6.2.2 Cc phng php ng b mng

cc thit b trong cng mng li hot ng ng b vi nhau v cng theo mt
thi gian chun, i hi tn hiu ng b phi c tin cy cao v phng php thc hin
ng b ti u. Hin nay, c nhiu phng php ng b mng khc nhau, sau y ta i tm
hiu cc phng php ny.
1.Phng php cn ng b
Mng s dng phng php cn ng b l mng trong cc ng h ti cc nt
chuyn mch c lp vi nhau; tuy nhin chnh xc ca chng c duy tr trong mt
gii hn hp xc nh.
M
M: ng h ch
(Master Clock)
G: Chuyn mch quc t
(Gateway)
G
Hnh 6.4: Phng php cn ng b
Trong ch cn ng b s dng cc ng h c chnh xc cao hot ng t do

v cc b nh m thch hp gim sai lch tn s. Cc ng h ny trong thc t hot
ng khng ng b vi nhau nhng sai lch tn s b gii hn cht lng ng b chp
nhn c. Cc ng h ti mi nt phi duy tr chnh xc cao ca chng trong sut thi
gian lm vic ca thit b.
Mng quc t l mng cn ng b v mi mng quc gia c c ng h ch ring
bit, c lp. m bo cht lng ca kt ni quc t, ITU ra cc khuyn ngh cho
mng cn ng b. i vi ng h ch quc gia chnh xc ti thiu phi l 10-11.
2. Phng php ng b ch t
Phng php ng b ch t da trn nguyn tc mt ng h c cp chnh xc cao
nht hot ng nh mt ng h ch, cc ng h khc c hot ng bm (tham chiu )
theo ng h ch.
ng h t
ng h ch
Tn hiu ng b
Hnh 6.5: Phng php ng b ch - t
129
Trong phng php ch t, s dng vng kho pha duy tr sai pha gia ng h
ch v cc ng h t khng i hoc tin ti 0. Cc ng h t phi bm theo ng h ch
v kch c b nh m v mch iu khin phi c thit k thch hp s hn ch c
trt. Mc tiu ca ng b l hn ch tc trt bng cch s dng mt s phng php
iu khin tn s v pha.
S2
S2
S3
S4
ng h ch
Sn
ng h t cp n
Tn hiu ng b s cp
Tn hiu ng b d phng
Hnh 6.6: Phn cp trong phng php ng b ch-t c d phng

Trong ng b ch t phn cp, tt c cc ng h c sp xp theo cc cp. Thng
tin v trng thi phn cp ca ng h v cht lng tuyn ni c phn b lin tc ti mi
nt v c nh gi, phn tch bi h thng iu khin. Nguyn tc ch t phn cp c d
phng c kh nng hot ng tt, tin cy cao hn v thch hp vi cc kiu cu trc
mng. Hot ng ca mng nh sau: mt tn hiu nh thi c truyn ti mt s nt cp
cao la chn. Sau khi cc nt ny ng b cc ng h ca chng ti ngun chun, loi
tr cc jitter, tn hiu nh thi li truyn ti cc nt cp thp hn bng cc tuyn ni s ang
tn ti. Mc thp hn li ng b cho cc nt pha di v qu trnh c tip tc nh vy. V
vy tt c cc nt c ng b mt cch trc tip hoc gin tip ti cng mt ng h ch
v c cng tc ng h.
Trong trng hp c li ng h ch, mt ng h phn cp tip theo t ng
c la chn. ng h ch (hoc cc ng h ch) thng thng l cc chun s cp
(Ceasi hoc Rubidi) trong khi , ng h t ch l ng h c n nh va phi nh
ng h tinh th. ng b c thit lp thnh mng c c ch qun l nghim ngt. S
lng ng dn ng h ch n ng h t ph thuc vo iu kin ca mng nhng t
nht l hai.
130
V mt kinh t - k thut y l mng ng b c dng rng ri trn th gii

3. Phng php ng b tng h
y l nguyn l thc hin ng b trong mt mng s nhiu lin kt m khng c
ng h ch. Trong ng b tng h mi nt ly trung bnh cc ngun tham chiu vo v
s dng n cho ng h truyn dn v cc b ca nt. Phng php ny ch s dng cho
mng a phn c cu trc li.
u im ca ng b tng h l kh nng duy tr hot ng ca n khi mt ng h
nt b hng.
Nhc im:
- Tn s cui cng rt phc tp, v n l mt hm ca tn s cc b dao ng, topo
mng, tr truyn dn v cc tham s khc.
- S bin i tr ng truyn hoc tr nt c th lm nhiu lon nghim trng tn s
nt v thay i lu di trong tn s h thng.
- Vic thiu ngun chun c nh lm cho ng b tng h khng thch hp i vi
kt ni lin mng.
PRC
Nt
Hnh 6.7: ng b tng h c ngun ch
ng b tng h c hai loi:
- iu khin kt cui n (Single - ended control)
- iu khin kt cui kp (Double - ended control)
3.a. iu khin kt cui n.
iu khin kt cui n thch hp vi s dng trong mt mng tu . Trong phng
php ny lung vo mch iu khin ng h tng i bao gm b pha trung bnh gia ng
h ni ht v tt c cc ng h vo. Nhc im ca iu khin kt cui n l chu nh
hng trc tip ca bin i tr ng truyn do thay i nhit .
3.b. iu khin kt cui kp.
131
iu khin kt cui kp ci tin c h thng ng b, hn na n c lp vi bin

i tr. Mc d s ny phc tp hn song n rt c li trong mt mng bao gm cc
tuyn ni di. u vo mch iu khin l thng tin lch pha o c, v thng tin "kt cui
n ti tt c cc nt ang hot ng. Khi s dng phng php ny tn s mng khng bin
i khi tr bin i.
4. Phng php ng b kt hp
4a. Kt hp phng php ng b ch t v ta ng b
tng tin cy ca mng, cn phi thit lp cc ng h d phng v tuyn ni
d phng. Cu hnh ny i hi mt mch vng bo v pht hin li v chuyn mch qua
tuyn hoc ng ni d phng.
PRC
Vng 1
Cp 1
Cp 2
Cp 3
Cp 2
Cp 1
Vng 2
PRC
Hnh 6.8: ng b kt hp
Qu trnh chuyn i sang d phng l hon ton t ng. Cc thng tin gim st
cht lng ng b chuyn sang d phng khi cn thit l:
- Thng tin v nt ch ca cc ng h cc b.
- S lng v cht lng cc ng ni trn tuyn xc nh t ng h tham chiu
ti cc ng h cc b.
- Cp ca ng h cc b.
Cc nt trong mng c phn thnh mt s mc. Mc 1 c xem l mc ch. Cc
nt c ng ni trc tip ti mc 1 l mc 2. Cc nt c ng ni trc tip ti mc 2 l
132
mc 3... Mi nt kim tra tn s ca tn hiu nh thi vo t mt s v tr cao hn v trung

bnh ca cc tn s c s dng iu khin ng h cc b. Trong trng hp c cu
phi ngn chn c li do nhng nh hng bt li ca ng truyn.
Trong mt mng vin thng rng, di cy phn cp c th rt ln. Trng hp ny
phi trin khai nhiu ng h ch. Ti mt thi im, mt vng thuc khu vc iu khin
ca mt ng h ch hot ng cn ng b vi cc vng khc. Mi nt c th gm cc thit
b sau:
- ng h tinh th cc b
- B la chn tuyn ng b ch
- B ly trung bnh tn s
- Giao din iu khin, qun l
Phng php ny thch hp cho cc khu vc c a hnh di, iu kin thit lp cc
tuyn truyn dn an ton kh khn. N kt hp c c u im ca cn ng b v ch t,
hot ng tin cy v kh nng hot ng cao khi cc ng h ch theo chun s cp.
4b. Kt hp phng php ng b ch t v ng b tng h
- ng b tng h vi mt tham chiu ch v cc mc phn cp: Phng php ny
kt hp c u im ca ng b tng h v ch t. Nu ngun tham chiu hng, cc nt
vn hot ng tng h.
Cp 1
ng h
Cp 2
Cp 3
Hnh 6.9: ng b tng h c mt tham chiu ch v phn cp

tng mc tin cy v kh nng hot ng lin mng c th s dng s tng
h d phng nng hoc a ch, s ng b cng tng t nh ng b tng h c phn
cp nhng vi 2 ch tr ln. M hnh ng b kt hp c d phng :
133
D phng
C1
ng h ch
C1
D phng
C1
ng h
Cc nt
ng b
Nt t
Truy nhp
Hnh 6.10: ng b kt hp c d phng
5.Phng php ng b ngoi

Mt s ti liu v ng b trnh by v phng php ng b ngoi, thc cht
phng php ng b ngoi l s dng mt s ngun thi gian v tn s c sn nh GPS
(H thng nh v ton cu) hoc tham chiu theo ng h ch ca mt quc gia khc (gi l
ng h ch gi)... Gii php ng b ny c u im l tit kim u t tuy nhin c
chnh xc khng cao v ph thuc vo nhiu yu t phi k thut khc.
6. So snh cc phng php
t chc ng b mng vin thng quc gia, c th la chn cc phng php nu
trn. Vic la chn cn da trn c s phn tch cc yu t k thut v kinh t. Bng tng
hp sau y cho thy cht lng v chnh xc ca mng ng b ph thuc vo phng
php c la chn (phn tch da trn thng s n nh tn s).
Bng 6.2: Bng so snh cc phng php ng b mng
Phng
php
u im
Nhc
im
Cu hnh
phc tp
Cn ng
b
n nh
tn s cao
Gi
thnh
cao
n gin
t phc tp
Tin cy
Gi
thnh
trung
bnh
Ph hp vi cu
hnh mng hnh
sao
phc tp
trung bnh
ng b
ch t
Phm vi
ng dng
Mng quc t
-Mng quc gia

-Mng ni ht
134
ng b
tng h
Tin cy, Gi
thnh thp
Phc tp
Ph hp vi cu
hnh mng li
Phc tp
Mng ni ht
u nhc im ca cc phng php c bn: cn ng b, ng b ch t, ng b

tng h c tm tt so snh trong bng. Vic s dng cc phng php ng b kt hp
tuy phc tp nhng cho php khc phc nhc im v tn dng u im ca cc phng
php c bn.
6.2.3 Gii thiu v mng ng b ca Vit nam

Trong phn ny chng ta tm hiu mng ng b ca Vit Nam. Hin nay, Vit
Nam mng vin thng ln nht, y nht do Tp on Bu chnh Vin thng Vit Nam
VNPT qun l v khai thc, v vy, trong phn ny chng ta s i tm hiu mng ng b ca
VNPT.
Mng ng b l mng chc nng trong mng vin thng chung ca VNPT, mng
ng b c ngha ht sc quan trng trong vic nng cao cht lng mng lui. Cng vi
s pht trin ca mng vin thng, mng ng b c u t xy dng.
Mng ng b ca VNPT hot ng theo phng thc ch t c d phng. Cc ng
h cp di l ng h t bm theo cc ng h cp trn k n l ng h ch.
Mng ng b ca VNPT ang pht trin hnh thnh 4 cp bao gm: cp 0, cp 1,
cp 2, cp 3 nh m hnh phn cp mng ng b ca ITU
- Cp 0: l cp ca cc ng h ch quc gia (PRC)
- Cp 1: l cp mng c ng b trc tip t ng h ch (PRC) ti cc tng i
nt chuyn tip quc t, chuyn tip quc gia v cc ng h th cp.
- Cp 2: l cp mng c ng b t ng h ca cc nt chuyn tip quc t hoc
chuyn tip quc gia hoc ng h th cp ti cc tng i HOST v cc tng i c trung
k vi cc nt chuyn tip quc t v chuyn tip quc gia.
- Cp 3: l cp mng c ng b t ng h ca cc tng i HOST v t cc
tng i c trung k vi cc nt chuyn tip quc t v chuyn tip quc gia ti cc thit b
thuc phn mng cp thp hn.
Cc pha (giai on) trong qu trnh xy dng mng ng b cho mng vin thng
quc gia v trin khai cc ng h ng b th cp cho cc mng vin thng khu vc:
Pha 1 ca qu trnh xy dng mng ng b trin khai lp t hai ng h ch
PRC s dng ngun mu Cesium ti H ni v thnh ph H Ch Minh. Hai ng h ny
c a vo khai thc s dng chnh thc t thng 8/1995.
Pha 2 thc hin nng cp mng ng b, lp t mi ng h ch PRC ti
nng, ci to nng cp cc ng h ch PRC ti H ni v tp H Ch Minh v trang b thm
mt s ng h th cp SSU ti H ni, nng, Tp H Ch Minh, H tnh, Quy nhn.
Pha 3 ca qu trnh xy dng pht trin mng ng b ang c chun b tin hnh
vi d n u t c ph duyt. Trong pha 3 s trang b thm mt s cc ng h th
135
cp SSU/BITS v mt s modul ng b c kh nng tip nhn cc tn hiu ng b

2MHz.
SSU-HN
PRC HN
SSU-HTH
SSU-NG
PRC NG
SSU-QNN
SSU-HCM
PRC HCM
Hnh 6.11: Phn b ng h ch PRC v ng h th cp SSU

trn mng vin thng hin nay
1. ng h ch PRC :
Ba ng h ch PRC (theo khuyn ngh G.811/ITU-T) dng ngun mu CESIUM
c b tr ti 3 ni: H ni, nng v TP. H ch Minh. Hin nay ng h ch quc gia
PRC l ng h ch nng v nng c v tr trung tm phn b tn hiu trong c nc.
136
ng h ch quc gia PRC ti nng bao gm cc khi chc nng sau y:

- B to tn s mu Ceasium OSA 3210
- B thu tn hiu GPS ( GRU 5581)
- Oscilloquartz SA PRC 6500
- Khi tip nhn, t ng phn tch v chn u vo ( SASE 4458)
- Khi phn chia cc u ra OSA 5530
- Khi gim st cnh bo LAU 5570
- B i ngun DC/DC OSA 5590
- B cp ngun AC/DC
ng h PRC ti H ni v Tp H Ch Minh bao gm cc khi chc nng sau y:
- B to tn s mu Ceasium OSA 3210
- Oscilloquartz SA & Tracking Oscillator OSA 5540
- Khi gim st OSA 5570.50
- B pht 5 MHz OSA 5545.34
- B x l 2048 MHz OSA 5525.14
- Khi phn chia cc u ra OSA 5530
- B i ngun DC/DC OSA 5590
- B cp ngun AC/DC
2. ng h th cp :
Hin nay trn mng vin thng Vit nam trang b mt s ng h th cp SASE
5548 (Stand Alone Synchronisation Element).
SASE 5548 c kch thc tng i gn : 399 x 535 x 265 mm, khi lng 15 kg.
3. Chc nng tip nhn v cp tn hiu ng b ca cc h thng tng i
Cc tng i quc t ( Gateway) v cc tng i chuyn tip quc gia (Toll) nhn tn
hiu ng b t ng h ch PRC.
Cc tng i cp tnh (Host), cc tng i c trung k vi tng i chuyn tip quc
gia nhn tn hiu ng b t cc ng h th cp hoc t cc tng i chuyn tip quc gia
(Toll).
Cc tng i cp huyn, tng i v tinh, tng i c trung k ni vi cc Host nhn
tn hiu ng b t cc Host hoc ng h cp trn k n.
Mi tng i cn c cp tn hiu ng b t cc ngun ng b cp cao hn (t
nht l t 2 ngun ng b cp cao hn) v phi xc nh th t u tin i vi cc tn hiu
ng b cp cho mi tng i.
- Tn hiu ng b u tin th nht l t ng h ch nng, tn hiu ng b u
tin th hai l t ng h H ni i vi nt thuc khu vc pha Bc.
137
- Tn hiu ng b u tin th nht t ng h ch nng, tn hiu ng b u tin

th hai t ng h thnh ph H Ch Minh i vi nt thuc khu vc pha Nam
- Tn hiu ng b u tin th nht t ng h ch nng, tn hiu ng b u tin
th hai v th 3 t ng h ch thnh ph H Ch Minh v t ng h H ni i vi nt
thuc khu vc min trung.
138
CU HI N TP CHNG
1. Bo hiu khng thc hin nhng chc nng no sau y:
A. Chc nng chuyn mch kt ni cho cc cuc gi
B. Chc nng gim st ng thu bao, ng trung k
C. Chc nng tm chn
D. Chc nng khai thc v vn hnh mng
2. Hin tng tc nghn trn cc ng trung k xy ra khi:
A. Thu bao b gi bn
B. Khng c ng trung k ri ni ti tng i i phng
C. Mt s ng trung k ti tng i pha b gi b kho
D. Mt s ng trung k ang thc hin o th
E. C bn cu trn u ng
3. Trong nhng trng hp no th, thu bao ch gi nhn tn hiu bo bn
A. Thu bao b gi ang thc hin cuc gi khc
B. Thu bao b gi t knh my
C. Ht trung k gia tng i ch gi v tng i pha b gi
D. C 3 trng hp trn u ng
4. Thng thng bo hiu c chia thnh nhng loi no?
A. Bo hiu knh ring v bo hiu knh chung
B. Bo hiu knh lin kt v bo hiu knh chung
C. Bo hiu knh ring v bo hiu lin i
D. Bo hiu ng thu bao v bo hiu lin i
5. Bo hiu ng thu bao l bo hiu c s dng
A. Thc hin bo hiu gia cc tng i
B. Thc hin bo hiu gia tng i ni ht v thu bao
C. Thc hin bo hiu cho cc lin mng
D. Tt c trn u sai
6. Bo hiu lin i c s dng
A. Thc hin bo hiu gia cc tng i
B. Thc hin bo hiu gia tng i ni ht v thu bao
C. Thc hin bo hiu cho cc lin mng
139
D. Tt c trn u sai
7. Bo hiu knh lin kt CAS l vit tt ca cm t no sau y:
A. Channel Associated System
B. Circuit Associated System
C. Channel Associated Signalling
D. Circuit Associated Signalling
8. Vi bo hiu knh ring (bo hiu knh lin kt), cu ni no sau y l ng
A. Tn hiu bo hiu c truyn trn knh ting hoc trn knh ring c lin quan
rt cht ch vi knh ting.
B. Tn hiu bo hiu c truyn i trn mt knh ring, c lp vi knh ting.
C. Tn hiu bo hiu ca cc cuc gi khc nhau c truyn i trn cc knh ring
r nhau.
D. Tt c trn u sai.
9. Vi bo hiu knh ring, tn hiu bo hiu ng truyn trong khe thi gian no ca
PCM32
A. TS#0
C. TS#16
B. TS#1
D. TS#31
10. Bo hiu knh chung CCS l vit tt ca cm t no sau y:

A. Common Channel Signalling
B. Common Channel System
C. Channel Common Signalling
D. Channel Common System
11. Trong bo hiu knh chung cu ni no sau y l ng
A. Tn hiu bo hiu v tn hiu thoi u c truyn i chung trong mt knh.
B. Tn hiu bo hiu nm trong mt knh tch bit vi cc knh ting v knh bo
hiu ny c s dng chung cho mt s lng ln cc knh ting.
C. Tt c cc knh u dng chung mt bn tin bo hiu.
D. Tt c trn u sai.
12. Trong bo hiu knh chung, bn tin IAM l bn tin
A. Bn tin a ch khi to
B. Bn tin hon thnh a ch
C. Bn tin a ch k tip
D. Bn tin gii ta
140
13. Trong bo hiu knh chung, bn tin ACM l bn tin

A. Bn tin a ch khi to
B. Bn tin hon thnh a ch
C. Bn tin a ch k tip
D. Bn tin gii ta
14. Trong phng php ng b mng theo Phng php cn ng b th
A. Cc thnh phn trong mng khng cn ng b
B. ng h ti mi nt mng l c lp vi nhau
C. Mt ng h c chnh xc cao s chi phi cc ng h khc.
D. Cc ng h tham kho ln nhau duy tr ng b
15. Trong phng php ng b mng theo Phng php ng b ch t th
A. Cc thnh phn trong mng khng cn ng b
B. ng h ti mi nt mng l c lp vi nhau
C. Mt ng h c chnh xc cao s chi phi cc ng h khc.
D. Cc ng h tham kho ln nhau duy tr ng b
16. Cu ni mi mng vin thng ch c s dng duy nht mt phng php ng b
trnh cc nh hng mt ng b do c nhiu tn hiu ng b khc nhau t nhiu
ngun ng h ng hay sai?
A. ng
B. Sai
17. C bao nhiu loi ng b theo phng php ng b tng h:

A. 2
C. 4
B. 3
D. 5
18. Mng ng b ca Tp on Bu chnh Vin thng Vit Nam VNPT hot ng theo
phng thc no?
A. Phng thc cn ng b
B. Phng thc tng h
C. Phng thc ch t
D. Phng thc ch t c d phng
19. Mng ng b ca VNPT c pht trin hnh thnh my cp
A. 2
C. 4
B. 3
D. 5
141
20. Hin nay, ngun ng h ch quc gia ca mng vin thng VNPT l
A. H ni
B. Nng
C. TP. H Ch Minh
21. Ngy nay mng IP ch yu s dng k thut bo hiu knh chung s 7 CCS thc hin
bo hiu cuc gi
A. ng
B. Sai
22. Bo hiu trong mng gi c thc hin thng qua phong thc no sau y
A. Bo hiu knh ring CAS
B. Bo hiu knh chung CCS
C. Cc giao thc bo hiu
D. Khng cn bo hiu
23. Trong ng b mng, khng th kt hp phng php ng b ch t v phng php
ng b tng h
A. ng
B. Sai
142

[1]
Understanding Telecommunications. Volume 1, Chapter 7: Signalling; Synchronisation

Plan and synchronisation network (page 435-439). Ericsson Telecom, Telia and
Studentlitteratur, 1997.
[2]
Digital Telecommunication Networks. Part 2.5: Network Synchronous Systems; Part 3.1
Signalling Systems. Fujitsu (FTS-T1070-E), 1996.
[3]
Stefano Bregni. Synchronization of Digital Telecommunications Networks. John Wiley &

Sons, 2002.
[4]
P. K. Bhatnagar. Engineering networks for Synchronization, CCS7, and ISDN. IEEE

Press, IEEE Telecommunications handbook series, 1997.
[5]
Nguyn Th Thanh K, H thng bo hiu knh chung, Trung tm o to BCVT1, 1997
[6]
TS. V Tun Lm, KS. V Hong Sn Phng qun l nghin cu khoa hc RIPT. Cu
trc mng ng b v phng php thit k, Ti liu hi ngh khao hc ln th 4
(11/2002) PTIT, trang 47-55.
[7]
V Vn Thng. Ti liu tp hun v qun l mng ng b Vit Nam. 1997.
143
HNG DN TR LI CU HI
Chng 1
Chng 2
Chng 3
Chng 5
Chng 6
1. A
1.
1.
Chng 4
1.
1. A
1. B
2.
2. B
2. B, C
2. C
2.
2.
3.
3. D
3. A
3. A
3.
3.
4.
4. A,C
4. A
4. B
4.
4.
5.
5. A
5. B
5. C
5.
5.
6.
6. C
6. B
6. B
6.
6.
7.
B, C, D
7. B
7. C
7. C
7.
7.
8.
8. B
8. B
8. C
8.
8.
9.
9. C
9. A
9. C
9.
9.
10. D
10. C
10. C
10.
10. A
11. B
11. A
11. D
11.
11. B
12. B
12. C
12.
12. A
13. D
13. A
13.
13. B
14. C
14. B
14.
14. B
15. A
15. A
15.
15. C
16.
16. B
17.
17. A
18.
18. D
19.
19. C
20.
20. B
21.
21. B
10. B
16. C
17. D
18. A
19. B
20. C
21. A
22. C
22. B
23. B
23. B
24. C
144
THUT NG VIT TT
A/D
Analog-Digital Converter
B chuyn i tng t-s
ADSL
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
ng dy thu bao s khng

i xng
ANSI
American National Standards Institute Vin cc tiu chun quc gia

Hoa K
APD
Avalanche PhotoDiode
Diode quang thc
ARPA
Advanced Reseach Project Agency
Cc cc d n nghin cu cp
cao
ARPANET
Advanced Research Projects Agency

Network
Mng d n nghin cu cp
cao
ASK
Amplitude Shift Keying
Kho dch bin
ATM
Asynchronous Trasport Module
Module truyn ti d b
AT&T
American Telephone & Telegraph
Cng ty in thoi v in bo
M
BER
Bit Error Rate
T s li bit
B-ISDN
Broadband ISDN
ISDN bng rng
BSC
Base Station Controler
B iu khin trm gc
BSI
British Standazation Institute
Vin chun ho Anh
BTS
Base Transceiver Station
Trm thu pht gc
BW
Band Width
rng bng tn
CAS
Chanel Associated Signalling
Bo hiu knh kt hp
CATV
CAble TeleVision
Truyn hnh cp
CBK
Clear Back
Xo hng v
CC
Central Control
iu khin trung tm
CCIR
Council Committee International for

Radio
U ban t vn quc t v v
tuyn in
CCITT
Consultative Committee for

International Telegraphy and
Telephony
y ban t vn v in thoi v
in bo quc t
CCS
Common Channel Signalling
Bo hiu knh chung
CCS
Common Channel Signalling System H thng bo hiu knh chung
CCS-7
Common Channel Signal System-7
H thng bo hiu knh chung

s 7
CDMA
Code Division Multiplex Access
a truy nhp phn chia theo

m
145
CH
Channel
Knh
CLF
Clear Forward
Xa hng v
C-Mem
Control Memory
B nh iu khin
CRC
Cyclic Redundancy Check
Kim tra d chu trnh
CS
Circuit Switch
Chuyn mch knh
CSMA/CD
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with

Collision Detection
a truy nhp cm nhn sng

mang/pht hin va chm
CSPDN
Circuited Switched Public Data

Network
Mng s liu cng cng

chuyn mch knh
DCN
Data Communication Network
Mng truyn s liu
DHCP
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Giao thc cu hnh trm ng
DIN
Deutche Industrie-Normen
Vin chun ha cng nghip

H Lan
DNS
Domain Name System
H thng tn min
DQDB
Distributed queue dual bus
Bus kp hng i phn tn
EIA
Electronic Industry Association
Hi cng nghip in t
ELED
Edge - emitting LED
LED pht x cnh
EMI
ElectroMechanical Interference
Nhiu in t
ETSI
European Telecommunications
Standards Institude
Vin tiu chun vin thng

Chu u
FCC
Federal Communication Commission
y ban truyn thng lin bang
FDM
Frequency Division Multiplexing
Ghp phn chia theo tn s
FDMA
Frequency Division Multiplex Access a truy nhp chia tn s
FP LD
Fabry Perot Laser Diode
Laser diode c khoang cng

hng FP
FTP
File Transfer Protocol
Giao thc truyn tp
GAN
Global Area Network
Mng ton cu
GPS
Global Positioning System
H thng nh v ton cu
GSM
Global System for Mobile

Communication
Thng tin di ng t bo s
HDSL
High Bit Rate Digital Subscriber Line ng dy thu bao s tc

cao
HDTV
High Density Television
Truyn hnh phn gii cao
HLR
Home Location Register
B ng k nh v thu bao
nh
HTTP
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
Giao thc truyn siu vn bn
HTTT
ISI
H thng truyn thng tin

Inter Symbol Interference
Nhiu giao thoa du hiu
146
IAM
Initial Address Message
Bn tin a ch khi to
IEEE
Institute of Electrical and Electronic

Engineers
Vin nghin cu k thut in

v in t
IETF
Internet Engineering Task Force
Lc lng c nhim v k
thut Internet
IP
Internet Protocol
Giao thc Internet
ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network
Mng s a dch v tch hp
ISO
International Oganization for

Standarrdization
T chc chun ha quc t
ISP
Internet Service Provider
Nh cung cp dch v Internet
IT
Information Technologies
Cng ngh thng tin
ITU
International Telecommunication
Union
Lin minh vin thng quc t
ITU-R
ITU Radiocommunication Sector
Lin minh vin thng quc tTiu ban v tuyn
ITU-T
ITU Telecommunication
Standadization Sector
Lin minh vin thng quc tTiu ban chun ha vin thng
LAN
Local Area Network
Mng cc b
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated

Emission of Radiation
Khuch i nh sng bc x
kch thch
LCN
Logic Channel Number
S ca knh logic
LD
Laser diode
it Laze
LED
Light Emitting Diode
Diode pht quang
LLC
Logical Link Control
iu khin lin kt logic
MAC
Media Access Control
iu khin truy nhp phng

tin, cn gi l a ch MAC
MAN
Metropolitan Area Network
Mng th
MM
MultiMode
a mode
MOS
Mean Opinion Score
kin khch hng
MS
Mobile Station
Trm di ng
MSC
Mobile Switch Center
Tng i thng tin di ng
NFS
Network File System
H thng tp mng
NGN
Next Generation Network
Mng th h sau
N-ISDN
Narrowband ISDN
ISDN bng hp
NP
Network Performance
Hiu nng mng
OSI
Open System Interconnection
M hnh lin kt cc h thng

m
PC
Personal Computer
My tnh c nhn
PCM
Pulse Code Modulation
iu ch xung m
147
PD
Photodiode Detector
Diode tch quang
PIN
Positive Intrinsic Negative
Cu trc PIN
PRC
PReference Clock
Ngun ng h tham kho
PS
Packet Switch
Chuyn mch gi
PSPDN
Packet Switched Public Data Network Mng s liu cng cng

chuyn mch gi
PSTN
Public Switched Telephone Network
Mng in thoi cng cng
QAM
Quadrature Modulation
iu ch bin cu phng
QoS
Quality Of Service
Cht lng dch v
QPSK
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
Kho dch pha cu phng
RAM
Random Access Memory
B nh truy cp ngu nhin
RWSR
Random Write Serial Read
Ghi ngu nhin c tun t
SDH
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
Phn cp s ng b
S-Mem
Speak Memory
B nh tin
SMS
Short Message Service
Dch v nhn tin ngn
SMTP
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Giao thc truyn th n gin
SNMP
Simple Network Managament

Protocol
Giao thc qun l mng n

gin
SNR
Signal - to - Noise Ratio
T s tn hiu trn tp m
SONET
Synchronous Optical NETwork
Mng quang ng b
SPC
Storage Programme Control
Chng trnh lu tr
SWRR
Serial Write Random Read
Ghi tun t c ngu nhin
TBC
Thit b u cui
TCP
Transmission Control Protocol
Giao thc iu khin truyn

dn
TDM
Time Division Multiplexing
Ghp knh theo thi gian
TDMA
Time Division Multiplex Access
a truy nhp phn chia theo

thi gian
TFTP
Trivial File Transfer Protocol
Giao thc truyn tp thng

thng
TS
Time Slot
Khe thi gian
TV
Television
Truyn hnh
UDP
User Datagram Protocol
Giao thc d liu ngi s

dng
UHF
Ultra High Frequency
Siu cao tn
UNI
User Network Interface
Giao din ngi - mng
USDOD
United State Department Of Defense
B quc phng M
VHF
Very High Frequency
Tn s rt cao
148
VLR
Visitor Location Register
B ng k nh v thu bao
khch
VNPT
Vietnam Posts and

Telecommunications Group
Tp on Bu chnh Vin
thng Vit Nam
VoIP
Voice over Internet Protocol
Thoi da trn IP
VPN
Virtual Private Network
Mng ring o
WAN
Wide Area Network
Mng din rng
WAP
Wireless Application Protocol
Giao thc ng dng khng dy
WDM
Wave Division Multiplexing
Ghp knh theo bc sng
WWW
World Wide Web
Dch v Web trn ton th gii
149
PH LC: LCH S PHT TRIN VIN THNG

-
1800-1837 Nhng pht trin ban u: Volta khm ph ra chic pin u tin; Fourier v
Laplace trnh by nhng lun thuyt ton hc; Ampere, Faraday v Henry thc
hin nhng thc nghim trn in v t trng; nh lut m (Ohm, 1826);
Gauss, Weber v Wheatstone pht trin nhng h thng in bo u tin.
1838-1866 in bo (telegraph): Samuel Morse hon thin h thng in bo ca chnh

mnh; Steinhill pht hin l tri t c th c s dng lm ng dn in;
in bo l dch v vin thng u tin xut hin nm 1844; sng ch cc k
thut ghp knh ; William Thomson tnh ton c p ng xung ca ng dy
in bo (1855); Cc ng cp xuyn i ty dng c lp t. H thng
in bo i trc in thoi hn 30 nm.
1845
Lut Kirchoff.
1864
Phng trnh Maxwell d on bc x in t.
1876-1899 in thoi (telephony): Alexander Graham Bell pht minh ra in thoi (1876);
xut hin tng i in thoi u tin vi 8 ng dy; Edison pht minh ra b
chuyn i nm cc-bon; cc mch cp c a vo s dng; Almond
Strowger sng ch ra tng i c in kiu tng nc (step by step, 1887). Trong
tng i tng nc ny mt cuc gi c thit lp v c to tuyn da trn
hng lot cc thao tc c in lin tip, c iu khin bi cc thao tc ca
ngi s dng ti my ch gi.
1887-1907 in bo khng dy (wireless telegraphy): Heinrich Hertz xc minh l thuyt

Maxwell; nhng gii thch ca Marconi v Popov; Marconi sng ch h thng
in bo khng dy hon chnh (1897); bt u nhng dch v thng mi, gm
c cc h thng xuyn i ty dng.
1904-1920 in t truyn thng (Communication electronics) : Lee De Forest sng ch ra

Audion (ba cc) da trn diode Fleming; pht minh ra cc b lc c bn; thc
nghim qung b radio AM; Bell System hon thin ng dy in thoi xuyn
lc a vi cc b lp in t (1915) ; a vo dch v in thoi sng mang
ghp knh ; H.C. Armstrong hon thin b thu radio siu to phch
(superheterodyne, 1918) ; trm qung b thng mi u tin.
1920-1928 Carson, Nyquist, Johnson v Hartley gii thiu l thuyt truyn dn.
1923-1938 Truyn hnh (Television): H thng c hnh nh c thc hin ; nhng phn tch
l thuyt v yu cu bng thng ; DuMont v nhng ngi khc hon thin cc
ng tia catt chn khng ; bt u nhng th nghim v thc nghim qung b.
1931
Bt u dch v nh my t xa (teletypewriter).
1934
H.S. Black pht trin b khuch i hi tip m.
1936
Bi bo ca Amstrong ch r trng hp radio iu tn (FM).
1937
Alec Reeves hnh thnh khi nim iu xung m (PCM).
150
1938-1945 Cc h thng radar v viba pht trin trong i chin th gii ln th 2 ; FM

c s dng rng khp trong truyn thng qun s ; cc phn cng, in t v
l thuyt c ci thin trn tt c cc lnh vc.
1944-1947 Biu din ton hc ca nhiu ; pht trin cc phng php thng k tch tn
hiu.
1948-1950 C.E. Shannon pht hnh cc bi bo nn tng v l thuyt thng tin.
1948-1951 Sng ch ra cc thit b transistor.
1950
Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian (TDM) c p dng vo in thoi.
Hamming trnh by m pht hin li u tin.
1953
Cc chun Tivi mu c cng b M.
1955
J. R. Pierce xut cc h thng truyn thng v tinh.
1958
H thng truyn d liu ng di c pht trin cho mc ch qun s.
1960
Maiman trnh by laser u tin.
1961
Cc mch tch hp c ng dng trong sn xut thng mi.
1962
Truyn thng v tinh bt u cng Telstar 1.
1962-1966 Dch v truyn d liu c thng mi; PCM chng t s thch hp cho truyn
thoi v TV; l thuyt truyn dn s c pht trin; Viterbi trnh by nhng c
cu sa li mi; cn bng thch nghi c pht trin.
1964
H thng chuyn mch in thoi in t hon ton c a vo cung cp dch

v.
1965
Mariner IV truyn nhng bc nh t Sao Ha v Tri t.
1966-1975 Chuyn tip v tinh c thng mi ha; cc lin kt quang s dng laser v si
quang c a vo s dng; ARPANET c to ra (1969) theo sau l cc
mng my tnh quc t.
1976
19681969 Bt u s ha mng in thoi.
19701975 Chun PCM c CCITT trin khai.
19751985 Pht trin cc h thng quang dung lng cao; s pht trin mnh ca cng ngh
quang v cc h thng chuyn mch tch hp hon ton; x l s tn hiu bng vi
x l.
19801983 Khi ng ca Internet ton cu da trn giao thc TCP/IP.
19801985 Cc mng di ng t bo hin i cung cp dch v; NMT Bc u, AMPS

M, m hnh tham chiu OSI c T chc chun ha quc t (ISO) nh ngha.
Bt u chun ha h thng di ng t bo s th h hai.
19851990 S pht trin mnh ca LAN; Hon thnh chun ha Mng s a dch v tch
hp (ISDN); cung cp cc dch v truyn thng d liu cng cng rng khp; cc
h thng truyn quang thay th cc h thng cp ng trong truyn dn di rng
ng di; SONET c pht trin. Hon thnh chun ha GSM v SDH.
1989
Ethernet LAN do Metcalfe v Broggs (Xerox) sng ch.
Tim Berners-Lee (CERN) c ban u cho vn kin kt ni Web trn WWW

(World Wide Web).
151
19901997 H thng t bo s u tin, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM),

c thng mi v pht trin mnh trn ton th gii; s xa b quy nh ca
vin thng bt u Chu u v cc h thng truyn hnh v tinh tr nn thng
dng; S dng Internet v dch v m rng nhanh chng nh c WWW.
19972001 Cng ng vin thng c bi b quy nh v kinh doanh pht trin nhanh
chng; cc mng t bo s, c bit l GSM m rng trn ton th gii; nhng
ng dng thng mi ca Internet m rng v mt phn truyn thng thoi
truyn thng c chuyn t mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng (PSTN)
sang Internet; cht lng LAN c ci thin vi cng ngh Ethernet tin tin c
tc ln ti tm Gigabit/s
20012005 Truyn hnh s bt u thay th truyn hnh qung b tng t; cc h thng truy
nhp bng rng m rng kh nng cung cp dch v Internet a phng tin ti
mi ngi; dch v thoi tr thnh dch v truyn thng c nhn khi s xm nhp
ca cc h thng t bo v PCS tng ln; cc h thng di ng t bo th h th
hai c nng cp cung cp c dch v d liu chuyn mch gi nhanh tc
cao hn.
2005
Truyn hnh s s thay th dch v tng t v bt u cung cp cc dch v

tng tc ngoi dch v qung b; cc h thng di ng t bo th h th 3 v cc
cng ngh WLAN s cung cp cc dch v d liu tin tin cho ngi s dng di
ng; cc dch v di ng ni ht s m rng, ng dng cho nhng cng ngh
khng dy khong cch ngn trong nh v cng s s tng ln; mng vin thng
ton cu s tin trin hng ti mt bng mng chuyn mch gi chung cho tt
c cc loi dch v.
152
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]
[2]
Aattalainen T. Introduction to Telecommunications Network Engineering.

Artech House, 1999.
[3]
[4]
Tarek N. S., Mostafa H. A. Fundamentals of Telecommunications Networks.

John Wiley & Sons, 1994.
[5]
Understanding Telecommunications.
Studentlitteratur, 1997.
[6]
Warren Hioki. Telecommunications. 2nd ed, Prentice Hall, Inc, 1995.
[7]
Joel Mambretti and Andrew Schmidt. Next-Generation Internet: Creating

Advanced Networks and Services. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1999.
[8]
Robert G. Winch. Telecommunication Transmission Systems. McGraw-Hill, Inc,

ISBN 0-07-113768-8, 1993.
[9]
Cao Phn, Cao Hng Sn. C s k thut thng tin quang - Ti liu gio dc i
hc cng ngh. Hc vin Cng ngh BCVT, H Ni, 6/2000.
Ericsson
Telecom,
Telia
and
[10] Dng Vn Thnh. Bi ging cng ngh chuyn mch s. Hc vin Cng ngh
BCVT.1999.
[11] TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng. Thng tin di ng 3G. Hc vin Cng ngh
BCVT, 2004.
[12] Nguyn Thc Hi. Mng my tnh v cc h thng m. NXB Gio Dc, 1997.
[13] TS. Phng Vn Vn, TS. Trn Hng Qun, TS. Nguyn Qu Minh Hin. Mng
vin thng v xu hng pht trin. NXB Bu in, H Ni, 2002.
153

Tong Quan Vien Thong

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Tong Quan Vien Thong

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

TNG QUAN V VIN THNG

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

TNG QUANG V VIN THNG

TNG QUAN V VIN THNG

phn u mi chng u c phn gii thiu v ni dung ca chng v ch r nhng

H Ni, thng 8 nm 2006

CHNG 1 - GII THIU CHUNG

1.1 LCH S PHT TRIN CA VIN THNG

Hnh 1.1: Vin thng

1838-1866 in bo (telegraph): Samuel Morse hon thin h thng in bo ca

1876-1899 in thoi (telephony): Alexander Graham Bell pht minh ra in thoi

1923-1938 Truyn hnh (Television): H thng c hnh nh c thc hin; bt u

1938-1945 Cc h thng radar v viba pht trin trong i chin th gii ln th 2;

1948-1950 C.E. Shannon pht hnh cc bi bo nn tng v l thuyt thng tin.

Alec Reeves hnh thnh khi nim iu xung m (PCM).

WAN: Mng din rng

Hnh 1.2: S pht trin ca cc h thng v dch v vin thng

Cc chun Tivi mu c cng b M.

J. R. Pierce xut cc h thng truyn thng v tinh.

Mariner IV truyn nhng bc nh t Sao Ha v Tri t.

Ethernet LAN do Metcalfe v Broggs (Xerox) sng ch.

19701975 Chun PCM c CCITT trin khai.

19801983 Khi ng ca Internet ton cu da trn giao thc TCP/IP.

19801985 Cc mng di ng t bo hin i cung cp dch v; NMT Bc u,

Tim Berners-Lee (CERN) c ban u cho vn kin kt ni Web trn

19901997 H thng t bo s u tin, Global System for Mobile Communications

19972001 Cng ng vin thng c bi b quy nh v kinh doanh pht trin

20012005 Truyn hnh s bt u thay th truyn hnh qung b tng t; cc h

Truyn hnh s s thay th truyn hnh tng t v bt u cung cp cc

1.2 KHI NIM V THNG TIN, TN HIU V H THNG TRUYN

a) Truyn thng mt chiu

b) Truyn thng hai chiu

Hnh 1.3: M hnh h thng truyn thng

1.2.3 Khi nim v tn hiu, m ha v iu ch

Theo c tnh hm s : Tn hiu lin tc (hay cn gi l tn hiu tng t - Analog)

Theo vng tn s : Tng ng vi vng tn s m ph tn hiu chim gi ta c tn

(b) Tn hiu k thut s

(a) Tn hiu tng t

(c) Tn hiu nh phn

Hnh 1.4: Tn hiu s v tn hiu tng t

thc iu ch c s dng rng ri l iu bin (AM) v iu tn (FM). Cc hnh thc

Thit b thu/pht x l knh vt l (physical channels). Knh vt l c c

Thit b truyn dn k thut s (KTS) x l cc knh truyn dn KTS (digital

1.3 VN CHUN HO V CC T CHC CHUN HA TRONG

Chuyn gia thuc

Hnh 1.5: Cc nhm lin quan

Cc nh khai thc mng ng h vic chun ho:

tng cng kh nng tng thch ca cc h thng vin thng

C kh nng cung cp cc dch v trn din rng v ngay c oi vi cc dch v

C kh nng mua thit b t cc nh cung cp khc nhau

Cc nh sn xut thit b tham gia vo vic chun ho

h tr cho cc tiu chun da trn cc cng ngh ca chnh h

hn ch vic chun ho nu n nh hng n th trng ca h

Nhng ngi s dng dch v tham gia vo vic chun ho

h tr cho s pht trin ca cc dch v chun ho quc t

hiu c cc nh cung cp h thng tng ng (mng nhiu c nhiu nh

tng kh nng tng thch cho cc h thng ca h

Cc nhm quan tm khc bao gm:

Cc cng chc ca chnh ph nhng ngi m quan tm n vic c nh hng

Cc chuyn gia thuc cc vin nghin cu mun tr thnh cc nh pht minh ra

1.3.2.2. Cc t chc chun ho quc gia

Hnh 1.6: Mt s c quan chun ho quc gia

Hnh 1.7: Cc t chc chun ho chu u