Chng II

HACCP TRONG SAN XUAT TRA

HOA TAN
2.1 S o quy trnh san xuat tra hoa tan

Nguyen
lieu
HACCP2
(A,B)

Nc

HACCP1
(A,B,C)

Tach chiet
Phoi tron
Co chan
khong
Say

HACCP3
(B)
HACCP4
(A)

Bot tra
hoa tan
ong
goi

HACCP6 (A,B,C)

Bao

2.2 Moi nguy sinh hoc(A):

quan
2.2.1 Hieu biet ve moi nguy
Moi nguy sinh hoc co the la vi sinh vat gay benh (vi
khuan , vi rut) va ky sinh trung
Vi sinh vat co khap ni, chung co the song
bat c ni au. Chung co nhieu loai khac nhau vi
cac ac tnh song khac nhau, bi vay co the tm thay
vi sinh vat trong tat cacac loai moi trng. Vi sinh vat
ong vai tro rat ln trong cuoc song cua chung ta, no
co the va mang lai li ch, va gay ra tac hai rat ln
ma chung ta phai kiem soat e tranh c nhng ton
hai
Chung ta co the chia vi sinh vat ra lam hai loai chnh:
Trang 1

vi khuan: gay hai bang cach lay nhiem hoac gay ngo
oc do oc to. Chung co the tao bao t do o co
kha nang chu nhiet,kho, thieu dinh dng va chu axit
vi rut gay hai bang ng lay nhiem khi trong thc
an chung khong hoat ong va khong can thc an e
duy tr s song, nhng khi vao en c the con ngi
chung mi xam nhap vao cac te bao va sinh soi nay
n
Ky sinh trung mac du khong phai la vi sinh vat
nhng cung gay hai nghiem trong, chung can vat chu
thch hp e ton tai, chung lay nhiem vao ngi bang
con ng an uong va qua da
Trong qua trnh san xuat cung nh bao quan san
pham, chung ta gap rat nhieu loai vi sinh vat gay benh
thng i vao san pham t trc hoac nguyen lieu
co nhiem phan, chang han nh:
E.coli:co kha nang gay benh rat a dang : gay
nhiem khuan ng tieu, vi c the yeu gay nhiem
khuan mau, gay viem mang nao tre s sinh, gay
tieu chay
Staphylococus : thng tao oc to gay oc cho ngi :
tao mun nhot, lam ong huyet tng , t o gay nen
cac benh vien phoi, vien mang nao, vien c tim, viem
than, vien tuy xng
Salmonella: gay ngo oc co the dan en chet
ngi
Clostridium perfringens :gay ngo oc cho ngi
Theo Quyet nh Bo Y Te 867, nam 1998: oi vi
san pham tra hoa tan dung trc tiep, khong qua x
lytrc khi x dung:
Vi sinh vat
TSVKHK
Coliforms
E.coli
S.aureus
Cl.perfinens
Samonella(*)
B.cereus

Gii han cho phep lg hay 1ml

thc pham
104
10
0
3
10
0
10

(*)samonella: khong c co trong 25g thc pham

Trang 2

2.2.2 Xac nh moi nguy sinh hoc

kiem soat:

va bien phap

Trang 3

Moi nguy sinh hoc

1. Thanh phan, vat lieu:
_ Nguyen lieu : co the
nhiem
Bo vi sinh vat gay
benh
Nam moc , nam men
Chat
thai
con
trung,chuot bo
_ Nc : co the cha
Vi sinh vat gay benh,
bao t
Vi sinh vay nguon goc
t phan
2. Bao quan nguyen lieu :
co the nhiet o, o am
tang cao lam vi sinh vat
phat trien
2.
Bao
quan
thanh
pham :co the nhiem chat
thai con trung , nhiet o

Bien phap kiem soat

Kiem tra phan loai
Th vi sinh vat
Kiem tra cam quan
Th vi sinh vat
Kiem soat nhiet o,
o am tai kho
bao quan
GMP ve bao ve con
trung chuot
Kiem tra ngoai quan
trc s dung

2.3 Moi nguy hoa hoc(B)

2.3.1 Hieu biet ve moi nguy:
Moi nguy hoa hoc co the la:
_ Cac oc to t nhien
_ cac loai hoa chat
_ Thuoc tr sau
_ D lng thuoc thu y
_ Cac phu gia va phu pham mau khong chap nhan
c
_ Phan huy
2.3.1.1 Moi nguy trong thanh phan cua la che
Trong thanh phan hoa hoc cua la che, tanin va cafein
co v tr ac biet trong viec tao nen pham chat cua
nc che, tao v chac , mau sac nc, hng thm
Ngoai ra chung con co tac dung dc ly :tamin tr hoi
mieng, l mieng, trung thc cafein kch thch an ngon
ma khong map, thong tieu, tao cam giac hng phan
cho ngi uong
Trang 4

Tuy nhien, ban khong nen dung qua nhieu hp chat

hoa hoc nh cafein, theobromin, cac glucosid nen de co
phan ng ly hoa vi cac thuoc uong, anh hng ti
tac dung cua thuoc. Thng khong nen dung nc
che, nhat la che ac, khi uong cac thuoc :
An than, gay ngu nh : meprobamat, diazepan, hydrat
cloral
Cha hoat chat la cac alcaloid, dotanin co trong
che, gay tua vi cac alcaloid, lam thuoc kem
hoac mat tac dung
Cac thuoc cha chat sat(vien sat) v tamin ket
hp vi sat tao thanh nhng hp chat khong tan, lam
han che s haa thu sat cua c the, co nguy co gay
thieu mau va lam tang cho rang tr nen vang hoac
en
Cafein co the gay roi loan chuyen hoa ng.
Nghien cu mi ay cua My cho thay cafein lam giam
o nhay cam cua c the vi insulin_hoocmon ieu hoa
nong o ng trong mau. Viec s dung qua nhieu
cafein cung lam tang lng hoocmon gay stress va
khien huyet ap tang nhe. Trong mot nghien cu, ngi
ta dung cafein hoac gia dc(placebo) tiem vao tnh
mach tay cho 12 ngi tnh nguyen, roi o nong o insulin
va hoocmon gay tress trong mau cua ho. Cafein c
tiem vi lieu 3 mg/kg(ngi nang khoang 55 kg c
tiem lieu 160 mg). Ket qua cho thay, nhng ngi
tiem cafein, o nhay cam vi insulin giam 15%. ieu
nay co ngha la c the ho se lay i t ng t mau
cung cap cho te bao lam nguon nang lng
Ham lng cafein cho phep trong 1 coc tra 333ml:70 mg
2.3.1.2 Moi nguy phu gia thc pham:
Trong san pham tra hoa tan, ngoai cac thanh phan
chnh tao nen hng v cho san pham nh tra tinh che,
ng, acid citric, hng trai cay t nhien con co cac
phu gia khac nham giup san pham co thi gian lu
thong tren th trng lau ma khong b h hai. Chang
han cac chat bao quan nh acid benzoic, nati benzoat
,chat chong ong von:natri nhom silicat Cac chat
nay co the c che hoat ong hay tieu diet vi khuan
gay h hong thc pham ma khong lam cho thc pham

Trang 5

b anh hng trang thai ben ngoai cung nh mui v,

chat lng
Hien nay, hau het cac loai san pham nc giai
khat tren th trng eu s dung nhng loai chat nay
va co khong t loai s dung ham lng vt qua qui
nh cho phep. Ngay ca mot so thc pham het han s
dung, nhieu nha san xuat cung cho chat bao quan
vao e tiep tuc ban tren th trng
Tnh trang nay khien cho con ngi c moi ngay lai t
ua vao c the mnh mot lng nhieu hn lng hoa
chat co hai. Nhng chat nay co tac dung c che
enzym oi vi cac vi khuan th chac chan cung gay
nen nhng c che oi vi hoat ong cua enzym trong
he tieu hoa cua con ngi. T thc te o, ngi tieu
dung va ke ca nha san xuat nen co s suy ngh, can
nhac ky lng trc khi s dung chat bao quan cho
thc pham
Theo Quyet nh 876/1998/Q( BYT cua Bo y te, cac
chat tren tuy nam trong danh muc cho phep s dung
nhng lao qui nh het sc ngat ngheo ve ham lng
dung cho moi loai thc pham. Chang han, tieu chuan
cho phep cua natri benzoa la khong c vt qua 600
mg/kg, cua chat chong von Natri nhom Silicat(554) la
1g/kg
Mot so phu gia va pham mau thc pham khac b cam
s dung trong thc pham do FDA xac nh chung tao
moi ngu tiem an cho sc khoe cong ong
2.3.1.3 Moi nguy clng d thuoc tr dch hai
Thuoc bao ve thuc vat la loai hoa chat co the tieu
diet hoac phong tr dch hai. Dch hai la sinh vat, visinh
vat,cac loai sau hai, cac loai gam nham co kha
nang gay hai cho cay trong va lng thc
Thuoc bao ve thc vat gom cac loai:
_ Thuoc tr sau
_ Thuoc tr ve
_ Thuoc tr oc sen
_ Thuoc tr gam nhap
_ Thuoc tr vi khuan
_ Thuoc tr nam moc
_ Thuoc tr co

Trang 6

Thuoc bao ve thc vat co hieu lc oi vi dch hai

bang nhieu cach khac nhau nh qua ng ruot, qua
mieng , qua da, qua ht th
S dung thuoc bao ve thc vat e tr dch hai la
bien phap tch cc nhng trong la che sau thu hoach,
trc khi a vao san xuat van con ton d mot lng
thuoc th se co nguy c gay ngo oc cho ngi s dung
Theo Quyet inh 867/1998/Q cua Bo y te, mot so loai
thuoc tr dch hai c phep s dung va gii han ton
d cho phep trong san pham che:
Ten thuoc tr dch
hai
Cartap
Chlorpyrifos_methy
Deltamethrin
Dicofol
Methrin
Permethin

Gii han ton d toi a

(mg/kg)
20
0.1
10
5
0.1
20

2.3.1.4 Moi nguy kim loai nang

Nc dung trong qua trnh tach chiet lay dung dch
nc che t che na thanh pham
co the b nhiem kim loai nang, t o se i vao trong
san pham thanh pham
C the con ngi khong co kha nang ao thai kim
loai nang. Do o neu s dung nhieu san pham b
nhiem kim loai nang, ham lng tch tu kim loai trong c
the ngay cang nhieu, lam cho c the nhiem oc mang
tnh va phat sinh nhieu loai benh nguy hiem. V vay kim
loai nang la mot moi nguy ang ke can c kiem
soat
Theo Quyet nh 867/1998/Q_BYT cua bo y te, ham
lng kim loai cho phep trong san pham che hoa tan la:
Ten kim loai
Asen
Ch
ong
Thiec
Kem

Ham lng cho phep(mg/kg)

1
2
150
40
40
Trang 7

Thuy ngan
Cadini
Antimon

0.05
1
1

2.3.2 Xac nh moi nguy hoa hoc va bien phap

kiem soat
Moi nguy hoa hoc
_ Ngyen lieu : co the
ton d
thuoc bao ve thc
vat
hoa chat o nhiem t
nhien
_ Thanh phan : co the
ham lng cafein, tanin
qua nhieu
s dung qua gii han
cho phep phu giac
phep s dung
co phu gia thc pham
khong c phep s
dung
_nc co the nhiem
kim loai nang, oc to,
hoa chat x ly

Bien phap kiem soat

Lay mau kiem tra
Giup c s san xuat
nguyen lieu ap dung
GAP
Lay mau kiem tra

Lay mau kiem tra

2.4. Moi nguy vat ly (C)

2.4.1 Hieu biet ve moi nguy:
Moi nguy vat ly la co the la cac manh thuy tinh
hay kim loai lan trong nguyen lieu au vao hay trong qua
trnh san xuat.
S va cham gia cac kim loai vi nhau, ac biet
trong cac may tron hoac cac thiet b khac co bo
phan kim loai de b gay me, nh cac bang tai dang
li kim loai, dung cu bang kim loai... co the la nguon
a kim loai va thc pham trong qua trnh san xuat.
Nhng manh lim loai co the gay thng tch cho
ngi s dung san pham o. V vay phai gii han ti
han san pham la khong co manh kim loai trong san
pham. Gii han ti han la gii han phat hien. Hoi
Trang 8

ong anh gia moi nguy cho sc khoe thuoc FDA a

ung ho cac quy nh cam san pham co manh kim loai
kch thc 0,3 (8 mm) hoac ln hn.
2.4.2. Xac nh moi nguy vat ly cho bien phap
kiem soat:
Moi nguy vat ly
_ Nguyen lieu nhiem ban
at a, kim loai, thuy tinh
_ Trong qua trnh che bien
co the b nhiem kim loai

Bien phap kiem soat

Kiem tra cam quan

nh ky kiem tra cac

thiet b e phat hien
cac phan b hong hay
b mat

Cho san pham qua may

do hay may tach kim
loai

Lay mau kiem tra

2.5. Bang tong hp ke hoach HACCP trong san

xuat tra hoa tan:
Moi khau trong quy trnh san xuat tra hoa tan co
the ton tai ca ba moi nguy sinh hoc, hoa hoc, va vat
ly hay cung co the ton tai mat hay hai moi nguy. V vay
thuy thuoc vao moi khau ma ta se xay dng chien
lc kiem soat cac moi nguy cho phu hp.
Sau ay la bang tong hp ke hoach HACCP trong
toan bo quy trnh san xuat tra hao tan. Bang nay ch
la v du minh hoa mot phan trong chien lc kiem soat.

Trang 9

Ho s

traTham

Phan loai tach bo tap chat

Ho s san xuat

Ho s san xuat
Ho s tiep nhan

Xem xet lai ho s giam

sat va hanh ong sa
cha trong mot tuan ke
t ngay ghi chep

hangLoai bo lo hang va nh ch nha cung cap Ho s tiep nhan

Ban sao giay chng
Ho nhan
s tiep nhan nguyen lieu

Ho s
traTham
Ho s tiep nhan nguyen lieu Xem xet lai ho s
giam sat va hanh
ong sa cha trong
tuan
ke t
han loai tach bo tap
Loaichat
bo lo hang qua gii han
Ho s tiep nhan
Homot
s
nguyen
tiep
nhan
lieu
nguyen lieu
Xem xet lai
ngay ghi chep
ho s giam
sat va hanh
ong sa
cha trong
Ho s tiep nhan nguyen lieu
mot tuan ke
t ngay ghi
chep

ong sa chaCac hanh

Trang 10

Trang 11

Nhan vien KCS

Huy me san xuat

X ly en khi at chat lng

X ly en at yeu cau chat lng

ong sa chaCac hanh

Nhan vien Huy me san xuat

KCS

Nhan
vien
kiem tra
chat
lng
(KCS)

Nhan
vien KCS

Ai

Giam sat

Trang 12

Lay mau i
kiem tra

Moi me san xuat

Tung lan cung cap

Tng lan cung cap

Tan suat

Lay mau i Moi me san xuat

kiem tra

Lay mau
kiem tra

Th vi
sinh vat

naoThe

Trang 13

Lng phu gia

Kiem soat

Lng phu gia s dung

Nong o kim loai nang

Cai g

Trang 14

Khong c su dung

Ham lng cho phep theo quyet nh 867/1998/Q-BYT cua bo y te

Ham lng cho phep theo quyet nh 867/1998/Q-BYT cua bo y te

Gii han cho phep theo quyet nh 867/1998/Q-BYT cua bo y te

Gii han ti han cho moi bien phap phong nga

Trang 15

Xem xet lai ho

s giam sat va
hanh ong sa
cha trong mot
tuan ke t
ngay ghi chep

chep Xem xet

lai ho s
giam sat
va hanh
ong sa
cha trong
mot tuan
ke t
ngay ghi

traTham

S dung qua nhieu

ph gia cho phep s
dung

Nhiem kim loai nang

Vi sinh vat gay benh

co nguon goc t
phan

Moi nguy ang ke

Co phu gia thc pham khong cho

Phoi tron (HACCP3)
phep su dung

S dung nc
khau tach chiet
(HACCP2)

iem kiem soat

ti han (CCP)

Trang 16

Cong
nhan
san
xuat

Ngi
van
hanh

Ai

Xac nh nguon tao ra manh kim loai

Huy moi san pham b may do kim
tm thay trong san pham va sa cha
loai phat hien ra
cac thiet b h hong

Cach ly san pham ieu chnh nhiet

va lu e anh o hay o dai cua
gia
chu trng say

ong sa
Cac hanh
cha

Ho s
kiem tra
dan
nhan

Ban in
t
thiet
b gi
d
lieu

Ho s

Trang 17

S co mat
cua manh
kim loai

naoThe

Noi dung Bang may do

thong
kim loai
bao san
pham co
s dung
phu gia
tren san
pham

Thi gian
say va
nhiet o
say

Cai g

Giam sat

Bang
mat

Thiet b
hien so
ghi d
lieu
thi gian
va
nhiet
o

Moi goi
thanh pham,
cung voi
viec kiem
soat hoat
ong cua
may do kim
loai trc khi
hoat ong

Mot nhan
lay t
moi hop
cha nhan
c da
vao khau
dong goi

Kiem tra
lien tuc
bang mat
moi me

Tan suat

2.6. Ket luan

Trang 18

ang Moi
ke nguy

Tiep nhan tra

thanh phan Manh kim loai
(HACCP5)

Say (HACCP4)

soat ti iem
han (CCP) kiem

Cac phu
gia s
dung

Khong
tieu diet
c het
vi sinh vat

Khong co manh kim loai

(vi kch thc co the
phat hien c) trong san
pham

Tat ca cac nhan san

pham eu phai thong
bao ve cac loai phu gia
su dung trong san pham

Thi gian say va nhiet

o u e vi sinh vat va
bao t cua no khong
phat trien

bien phap Gii han ti

phong nga han cho moi

Vi bat ky san pham thc pham naofcungx can phai

ap dung he thong HACCP. Mac du viec ap dung he thong
HACCP ch thch ng vi he thong san xuat mi, nhng viec
au t khong gay ton kem lam oi vi nganh san xuat
thc pham cung nh oi vi chnh phu. Mot so nghien cu
a chng minh rang neu ap dung he thong HACCP se lam
giam bt chi ph cua ngi tieu dung, cua chnh phu va
cua nganh san xuat thc pham danh cho cac benh do thc
pham gay ra. Hn na mot so nghien cu con cho biet
trong nhieu trng hp con giam chi ph quay mo cong
nghiep nh thc hien HACCP la rat ln va giup cho qua
trnh thu hoi von nhanh.
Thc tien a chung minh rang HACCP lam giam thiet
hai sau thu hoach trong toan bo day chuyen san xuat thc
pham, va bang cach nay no a ong gop vao viec tang
lng thc thc pham tieu dung thc te va am bao an
toan thc pham. Khi ngh ve HACCP ta khong ch coi o la
mot quy nh mi ma phai tnh en nhng tac dung thiet
thc cua no oi voi viec kinh doanh thc pham

Trang 19

MUC LUC
Noi dung
Chng 1 M au
1.1

V tr san pham tren th trng

1.2

Tong quat ve HACCP

1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3

HACCP la g
Nguon goc
Nhng li ch cua HACCP

Chng II HACCP trong san xuat hoa tan

2.1 S o quy trnh san xuat tra hoa tan
2.2 Moi nguy sinh hoc (A)
2.3 Moi nguy hoa hoc (B)
2.4 Moi nguy vat ly (C)
2.5 Bang tong hp ke hoach HACCP trong san
xuat tra hoa tan
2.6 Ket luan
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Tai lieu lp c ban GMP&HACCP_ Chi cuc tieu
chuan o lng Tp HCM
2. Ky thuat thc pham ai cng_ Khoa ai hoc tai
chc trng ai hoc Bach Khoa Ha Noi xuat
ban (1969)
3. Quyet nh 867?1998.Q BYT cua bo Y te
4. www. Vinaseek.com
5. www.vista.gov.vn/congnghe/gcvtm/15mota.htm

Trang 20