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Introduction
Graphical Methods
Packed Towers
SHR 6.1
Introduction
Trayed
tower
Goals:
minimize mass transfer resistance to
achieve equilibrium on each tray
minimize bubble carry-over to tray below
minimize liquid entrainment to tray above
minimize weeping of liquid through
holes in tray
Types of Trays
perforated
valve cap
bubble cap
SHR 6.1.1
Spray
gas phase is continuous
(low liquid depths, high gas
flow rates)
Bubble
low gas flow rates swarms of bubbles
Emulsion
Cellular Foam
(think blowing bubbles
in chocolate milk)
Structured Packing
Unstructured Packing
SHR 6.1.2
Packed Towers
SHR 6.1.3
Other Configurations
Spray tower
very low pressure drop
use for absorption only when
solute is highly soluble in the
liquid (e.g. SO2 in flue gas)
Bubble column
absorption
high pressure drop
use when solute is poorly
soluble in liquid
use when slow chemical
reactions occur that require
long residence time
Centrifugal contactor
short residence time
compact
Analysis Approach
Trayed towers:
analyze each tray as an equilibrium problem
what assumption here???
write coupled equations for mass & energy balances between trays
SHR 6.3
Graphical Methods
Some Terminology
Assume that only solute is transferred from
one phase to another (no vaporization of
liquid or condensation of gas carriers).
L
V
x
y
X
Y
Absorber
Solute enters in gas.
Liquid absorbent enters
from top of column.
Note different
tray ordering
convention...
Yi
Xi
Yi+1
yi
Ki =
=
xi
Yi/(1+Yi )
Xi/(1+Xi )
Stripper
Solute enters in liquid.
Stripping agent enters
bottom of column.
SHR 6.3.2
X0 L + Yn+1 V = Xn L + Y1 V
solute flow rate in
Yn+1 = (Xn
Absorber
L0
X0 ) 0 + Y1 (absorber)
V
We know
these.
Yn = (Xn+1
L0
X1 ) 0 + Y0 (stripper)
V
design
variable
SHR 6.3.3
Yn+1 = (Xn
This is the best we can achieve
given the inlet constraints.
0
V
(YN +1 Y1 )
0
L =
XN X0
KN
L0min
V 0 (YN +1
YN +1/[YN +1 (KN
yN +1
=
=
xN
Y1 )
1)+KN ]
X0
0
Corresponding
L
0
(fraction stripped)
equation for a Vmin =
KN
stripper:
YN +1/(1+YN +1 )
Absorber
Solute enters in gas.
Liquid absorbent enters
from top of column.
XN/(1+XN )
L0min
=V
yN +1 y1
yN +1/KN
x0
If X0 0 then:
As V , Lmin.
Examples
Yn+1 = (Xn
L0
X0 ) 0 + Y1
V
YN+1
V'
L'
KX
YN+1
Y1
V'
X0
XN
L'
L'
V'
Y1
X0
KX
Y1
XN
X0
KX
XN
SHR 6.3.4
Yn+1 = (Xn
Y
i
assumed to be in equilibrium
Stage "i"
Xi
equilibrium
relates Yi
and Xi.
L0
X0 ) 0 + Y1
V
Algebraic Approach
Operating line:
L0
X0 ) 0 + Y1
V
Yn+1 = (Xn
If Ki is a function of composition:
1. Guess Xi. (note that Yi is known from
operating line).
2. Calculate Ki.
3. Update guess for Xi and return to step 2 if
not converged.
L0
X1 ) 0 + Y0
V
Stage Efficiency
Complex function of:
tray design/geometry
fluid dynamics on trays
Typically less than 50%
efficient (10%-50%)
trays are not at equilibrium!
more viscous liquids typically lead
to lower efficiencies (inhibit mass
transfer)
Nt
Eo
Na
# theoretical
(equilibrium) stages
# actual stages
KML L
log Eo = 1.597 0.199 log
L
2
KML L
0.0896 log
L
SHR 6.7
Packed Columns
SHR 6.7
Analysis Options
Option 1: graphical techniques
HETP is known
HETP = (height) / (number of theoretical equilibrium stages)
lT
Use methods previously discussed to get number of trays/stages
solve for height given number of stages
= HETP Nt
Operating Lines
Here, x and y are
bulk compositions.
y=x
L
V
+ yout
xin
L
V
y=x
L
V
+ yin
xout
L
V
J = ky (y
Gas
yI )
r = Ja = ky a(y
bulk gas
composition
y or p
yI )
= kx a(xI
gas
com film
pos
ition
xI or cI
x)
Interface
y*
Liquid
x*
yI or pI
liq
co uid
mp fil
os m
itio
n
y = yI
kx a
(x
ky a
relative resistance of
mass transfer between
the two phases
xI )
r = Ky a (y y ) = Kx a (x
1
1
K
=
+
Ky a
ky a kx a
1
1
1
=
+
Kx a
kx a Kky a
bulk liquid
composition
x or c
x)
Making Connections...
ng
(y, x)
A
ti
a
er
p
O L
x
e
il n
+
x in
yo
ut
Applicable
for small x, y.
bulk gas
composition
y or p
(yI , xI )
AB line: y = yI
(y , x)
Operating line: y = x
= Ky (yAb
yI or pI
y*
What do AE and
AF represent?
yA )
kx a
(x
ky a
L
V
y Ab
=
KA
yA
= x Ab K A
xA
Liquid
x*
xI or cI
(y, x )
B
gas
com film
pos
ition
um x
i
r
ilib y=K
u
q e,
E
C
rv
cu
= F
Interface
Gas
li
co quid
mp fil
os m
itio
n
xI )
bulk liquid
composition
x or c
comes from
equating r in
bulk and interface.
+ yout
xin
L
V
1
1
1
=
+
Kx
KA k y
kx
1
1
KA
=
+
Ky
ky
kx
Ky aS
V
lT
0
Ky aSlT
dl =
=
V
V dy = Ky a(y
Z
yin
yout
y )S dl
dy
y y
yin
dy
V
lT =
Ky aS yout y y HOG:
Height of a (gas) transfer unit (HTU)
| {z } |
{z
} NOG:
Number of (gas) transfer units (NTU)
HOG
NOG
A
For y* = Kx (constant K), and linear
NOG =
ln
operating line (dilute solute),
A 1
A = L/(KV )
(A 1) (yin Kxin ) 1
+ /A
A (yout Kxin )
A - Absorption factor
see SHR 5.4.1 for derivation of A.
Given Ky (overall gas-phase MTC), flow rates (L/V), and K, we can get lT.
HOG:
NOG:
Nt:
HETP:
in
at
(y, x)
A
r
e
p
O L
x
= F
y
e
il n
+
x in
y ou
m
u
i
ibr =Kx
l
i
qu e, y
E
C
rv
u
c
(y, x )
E
A = L/(KV )
(yI , xI )
(y , x)
HETP = HOG
Nt = NOG
A
1
A
1
ln (1/A)
ln (1/A)
Example
!
3,500 lbmol/hr
water
L, xin
V, yout
T=30 C
P=20 atm
HETP = HOG
HOG
V, yin
2,500 lbmol/hr
2% ethylene oxide in
inert gas
L, xout
A
1
V
=
Ky aS
ln (1/A)
A = L/(KV )
1
1
K
=
+
Ky a
ky a kx a