Carolyn Ren

1/2

January 7, 2009

ME 203 Assignment #2
1. Nagal, page 46, Q9, 11, 12.
dy
y (2 sin x)
Q9:
dx

dy
Q11:
dx
dv
Q12: x
dx

sec 2 y
1 x2
1 4v 2
3v

2. Nagal, page 65, Q1, 5.

Q1: ( x 2 y x 4 cos x)dx x 3 dy
Q5: y 2 dx (2 xy cos y )dy 0

3. Nagal, page 66, Q 11, 12, 15, 18

Q11. (cos x cos y 2 x )dx (sin x sin y

2 y )dy

Q12. (e sin y 3 x )dx

(e cos y

Q15. cos dr

e )d

Q18. [ 2 x

y2

( r sin

cos( x

1 3
y )dy
3

y )]dx [ 2 xy

4. Nagal, page 71, Q9, 11, 13, 14

2
2
Q9. (2 y 2 y 4 x )dx (2 xy

x)dy

cos( x

y ) e y ]dy

2
2 xy )dx x 2 dy 0
Q11. ( y
Q13. (2 y 2 6 xy)dx (3xy 4 x 2 )dy 0
1
3x 2 )dy 0
Q14. (12 5 xy)dx (6 xy
n

x y , multiply ODE by , and then make it exact such as

Hint for Q13 and Q14: assume
M
N
. Normally this step should lead to an equation with a similar format of:
y
x
(2m 3n 1) y (6m 4n 2) x . The only way to make this equation valid is the coefficients of x and
y on both sides are zero such as: (2m 3n 1) 0, (6m 4n 2) 0 . Then try to solve n and m.

5. Nagal, page 79, Q11, 14, 15

2
xy)dx x 2 dy 0
Q11. ( y
y
sec( ) y
dy
Q14.
d

Carolyn Ren

Q15.

2/2

x2 y2
3xy

dy
dx

NOTE: ODEs that have the form of

dy
dx

rewriting the ODE in the standard form of

px y

y
,q x
x

0 . Since q x

Nagal, page 46, Q9, 11, 12.

ce 2 x cos x
1
1
11. y
sin 2 y arctan( x) c
2
4
12. 1 4v 2 cx 3 / 8
9. y

Nagal, page 65, Q1, 5.

1. linear
5. exact

Nagal, page 66, Q 11, 12, 15, 18

x2

11. exact, cos y sin x

x

12. exact, e sin y

e
15. exact, r cos
2
18. exact, xy sin x

y2
1/ 3

y
c
y

0
ey

Nagal, page 71, Q9, 11, 13, 14

11. x

x2
y

x2 y

x4

13. x 2 y 3

2 x3 y 2

14. 3x 4 y 2

x5 y 3

Nagal, page 79, Q11, 14, 15

11. y
14. y
15. x 2

x
ln x c
arcsin ln
3

4 y 2 x2

0
x2

F
dy
dx

y
x

are also called homogeneous ODEs because if

px y

q x , it becomes

0 , it is homogeneous ODE.

Numerical Solutions:

9. x 2 y 2

January 7, 2009

dy
dx

y
x

0 , where

Assignment #2
1. Page 46.
Q9:

dy
dx

y (2 sin x)

Separable!
Step 1: separate
Step 2: integrate

General solution

Q11:

dy
dx

1
dy (2 sin x)dy
y
1
dy
(2 sin x)dx
y
ln y 2 x cos x C

ce( 2 x

cos x )

sec 2 y
1 x2

Separable!
(1)

1
dy
sec 2 y

1
dx
1 x2
1
dx
1 x2

cos 2 ydy
From table
(2)

cos 2 ydy
1
1 x2

1
y
2

1
sin 2 y
4

arctan x

General solution:

1
y
2

1
sin 2 y
4

arctan x c

1 4v 2
3v

dv
Q12: x
dx
Rewrite:

dv
dx

1 4v 2
)/ x
3v

separable!

3v
1
dv
dx
2
x
1 4v
3v
dv
(1 2v)(1 2v)
3
1
1
(
)dv
4 1 2v 1 2v
3 1
1
[ ln(1 2v)
ln(1
4 2
2
3
ln(1 4v 2 ) ln x C
8
8
ln(1 4v 2 )
ln x C
3

Integrating:

1 4v

Cx

1
dx
x
ln x C
2v)]

ln x C

8
3

2. Page 65
2
Q1: ( x y

(1)

x 4 cos x)dx

Rewrite:

dy
dx
dy
dx

x2 y
1
y
x

Linear
(2)

Check exactness:

x 3 dy
x 4 cos x
x3

0
1
y
x

x cos x

Not separable!

x cos x
(no product of y or its derivatives in the standard form)
M
M
y
M
y

x2 y
x2
N
x

x 4 cos x ,

N
N
x

x3
3x 2

Not exact!

Q5: y 2 dx (2 xy cos y )dy

(1) Check exactness: M y 2

N 2 xy cos y
M
N
2y
2y
y
x
M
N
Exact!
y
x
(2) Rewrite in standard form
dy
y2
Not linear (product of y), not separable!
dx
2 xy cos y

3. Page 66
Q11. (cos x cos y

2 x )dx (sin x sin y

2 y )dy

N
(sin x sin y 2 y )
Exactness check: M cos x cos y 2 y
M
N
cos x sin y
cos x sin y
y
x
M
N
Yes, exact! (F(x, y) exists)
y
x
Solve for F(x, y): F

Mdx

(cos x cos y 2 x)dx

x2

cos y sin x
Determine g(y):

g ( y)

F
sin y sin x 0 g ( y )'
y
F
N
sin y sin x g ( y )'
y
g ( y)
y 2 C1
g ( y )' 2 y
F cos y sin x x 2 y 2 C1

General solution F ( x, y ) C
cos y sin x
or cos y sin x

x2
x2

y2
y2

C1 C
C 0

sin x sin y 2 y

Q12.

(e sin y 3 x )dx (e cos y

e x sin y 3x 2

Exactness check: M

M
y
M
y

e x cos y
N
x

Solve for F(x, y): F

Determine g(y):

x3

F
y

e x cos y

g ( y )'

1
y
3

e sin y
x3

e x cos y

1
3

y3

1
y
3

1
3

C1
C1

(r sin
e )
N
0 sin
x

r sin

Yes, exact!

Mdr

r cos

2
3

e )d

Solve for F (r , ) : F (r , )

cos dr

g( )

r sin

g ( )' N (r , )

g ( )' e

General solution: r cos

2
3

g ( y)

Exactness check: M cos

M
sin
y
M
N
y
x

F (r , )

e x cos y

g ( y )' N

2
3

( r sin

N
x

1
y
3

g ( y)

General solution: e x sin y

Determine g ( ) :

e x cos y

(e x sin y 3 x 2 )dx

Mdx

F ( x, y )

cos dr

Yes, exact!

e x sin y

Q15.

1 3
y )dy
3

g( )
r cos

e
C1

C1

r sin

Q18.

y2

[2 x

cos( x

y )]dx [ 2 xy

y ) e y ]dy

cos( x

Check exactness: M 2 x y 2 cos( x y )

M
0 2 y sin( x y )
y
M
N
Yes, exact!
y
x

Solve for F(x, y): F

y ) e y )dy

Ndy
xy 2

Determine g(y):

(2 xy cos( x
y) e y

sin( x

2 xy cos( x y ) e y
N
2 y sin( x y ) 0
x

h( x )

F
y 2 cos( x y ) h( x)' M
x
h( x)' 2 x
h( x) x 2 C1
xy 2

F ( x, y )
General solution: xy 2

sin( x

y) e y

sin( x
y) e y

x2

2x

x2
C

y2

cos( x

y)

C1
0

4. Page 71
Q9. (2 y

2 y 4 x 2 )dx (2 xy

x)dy

Of exact equation form Mdx Ndy 0

M 2 y 2 2 y 4x 2
M
y
M
y

Check exactness:

N
x

4y 2
N
x

0
N

2 xy

2y 1

Not exact!

Try integrating factor:

1
N

M
y
f ( x ) dx

N
]
x

1
(4 y 2 2 y 1)
2 xy x
1
dx
x

(2 y 1)
x(2 y 1)

1
x

f ( x)

Only

Multiply ODE by

( 2 xy 2

4 x 3 ) dx

2 xy

(2 x 2 y

x 2 ) dy

Check exactness:
M
y
M
y
Find F(x, y): F

N
x

(2 x 2 y

F
2 xy 2
x
h( x)' 4 x 3

(y2

2 xy )dx

x 2 )dy

x 2 y 2 x 2 y h( x)

2 xy h( x)'

h( x )

x4

C1

x4

x 2 dy

General solution x 2 y 2 x 2 y

Q11.

4 xy 2 x

Yes, exact!

Ndy

Determine h(x):

N
x

4 xy 2 x

2 xy 2

2 xy 4 x 3

Check exactness: M y 2 2 xy
N
x2
N
M
2 y 2x
2x
y
x
M
N
Not exact!
y
x
Try integrating factor:
1
[
N
Try another one:
1
[
M

M
y

N
]
x

N
x

M
]
y

e
Multiply ODE by

f ( y ) dy

1
(2 y 2 x 2 x)
x2
1
y

2
dy
y

2x
)dx
y

(1
M

2 xy

( 2 x 2 y 2 x)

1
y2

2 ln y

x2
dy
y2
N

(2 y 4 x)
x2

f ( x)
2 y 4x
y 2 2 xy

2
y

f ( y)

M
y
M
y

Check exactness:

Find F(x, y): F

(2 y 2

1 2
x
y

2x
y2

Yes, exact!
2x
)dx
y

(1

F
2x
y
y2
g ( y )' 0

General solution x

N
x

N
x

Mdx

Determine h(x):

Q13.

2x
y2

g ( y )'

g ( y)

C1

1 2
x
y

g ( y)

2x
y2

6 xy )dx (3 xy 4 x 2 )dy

xn ym
(2 x n y m 2 6 x n 1 y m 1 )dx (3x n 1 y m

As suggested: assume
Multiply ODE by :

2(m 2) x n y m

6(m 1) x n 1 y m

3(n 2) x n y m

Divide by x n y m and group the same term together

(2m 3n 1) y

(6m 4n 2) x

2m 3n 1 0
}
6m 4n 2 0
xy

4 x n 2 y m )dy

M
N
y
x
M
2(m 2) x n y m 1 6(m 1) x n 1 y m
y
N
3(n 2) x n y m 1 4(n 2) x n 1 y m
x

Make it exact:

So,

m 1, n 1

4(n 2) x n 1 y m

Find F(x, y): F

Mdx

6 x 2 y 2 )dx

General solution x 2 y 3

2x3 y 2

(12 5 xy)dx (6 xy

2x3 y 2
3x 2 y 2

g ( y)
4x 2 y

3x 2 )dy

xn ym

Assume

Multiply ODE by

(12 x n y m

:
M
y
N
x

Make it exact:

M
y

5 x n 1 y m 1 )dx (6 x n 1 y m

12mx n y m

N
x

3x n 2 y m )dy

5(m 1) x n 1 y m

6(n 1) x n y m

3(n 2) x n 1 y m

(12m 6n 6) x n y m

(12m 6n 6)

(3n 1 5m) x n 1 y m

(3n 1 5m) xy

12m 6n 6 0
}
3n 1 5m 0
So,

x2 y3

F
3x 2 y 2 4 x 2 y
g ( y )'
y
g ( y ) C1
g ( y )' 0

Determine h(x):

Q14.

(2 xy 3

2, n

x3 y 2

Find F(x, y): F

Determine h(x):

Mdx

(12 x 3 y 2

5 x 4 y 3 )dx

F
6 x 4 y 3x 5 y 2 g ( y )'
y
g ( y ) C1
g ( y )' 0

General solution 3 x 4 y 2

x5 y3

3x 4 y 2
N

x5 y3

g ( y)

6 x 4 y 3x 5 y 2

5. Page 79
Q11.

(y2
dy
dx

Rewrite:

Let v

xy)dx x 2 dy

y
,
x

xy

y2

y
x

dv
dx

x2
dy
dx

Substitute into ODE: v

Let v

dy
d
y

v v2

1
v

ln x C

1
ln x c

y
sec( )

Separable!

1
dx
x

vx

x
ln x c

dy
d

Separable and integrate:

dv
d

v
dv
d

Substitute into ODE: v

Back to y:

dv
dx

y
sec( ) y

dy
d

Rewrite:

y2
x2

1
dv
v2

Separable and integrate:

Q14.

dv
d

sec(v) v

dv
1
d
sec(v)
sin v ln
C
v arcsin(ln
C)
v

arcsin(ln

C)

sec(v)

Separable!

x2 y2
3xy

dy
dx

Q15.

dy
dx

Rewrite:

Let v

y
,
x

1 x
3 y
dy
dx

1 y
3 x
v

dv
dx

Substitute into ODE: v

dv
x
dx

Separable and integrate:

1
3v

v
1 4v

1
v
3

dv
dx

1
ln x
3

1
ln 1 4v 2
8

Back to y:

x2

x2

x2

4y2

x2

4y2 x2

Cx
3

1 4v 2

Cx

8
3

4y2

2
3

Cx

Cx

4v
3x

1
dx
3x

) dv

1
1
(
) d 1 4v 2
8 1 4v 2

y
1 4
x

1
v

8
3

8
3

1
dx
3x
c

Separable!