ECL

ENGLISH COURSE

ADVANCED
English as a crucial language.

ECL ENGLISH COURSE

Acknowledgments
Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary Electronic Edition. Version 1.1.
Courtney, Rosemary - Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs.
Fisk English Course Books Basic one / two, Book four, Book five, Book six,
Advanced two, Free Conversation.
Longman Dictionary of English Idioms.
Englis2Go Magazine Readers Digest
Swan, Michael and Walter, Catherine How English Works A Grammar Practice
Book With Answers. Oxford.
The New Penguin English Dictionary

Planned and Prepared by

Ricardo Fernandes Marques

Copyright
RICARDO FERNANDES MARQUES
Rua Antnio Gonalves 109 Porto Velho
So Gonalo, R.J
Brasil

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CONTENTS
LESSON TWENTY-ONE

THERE TO BE == USING ALL THE PERFECT TENSES AND MODAL VERBS

PRESENTED.
HAVE GOT
NOT STANDARD WORDS

LESSON TWENTY-TWO

HOW LONG ______IT TAKE ______ TO __________?

VERB+OBJECT+INFINITIVE == EXPRESSING INFORMAL ORDERS.

LESSON TWENTY-THREE

EMBEDDED QUESTIONS == THEIR USAGES.

WISH STRUCTURES

LESSON TWENTY-FOUR

PASSIVE VOICE == USING ALL OF THE TENSES PRESENTED.

TO BE ABLE TO

LESSON TWENTY-FIVE

VERBS FOLLOWED EITHER BY - ING FORM OR INFINITIVE -- DIFFERENT

IDEAS.
VERBS OF PERCEPTION.
NON-PROGRESSIVE VERBS
VERBS FOLLOWED EITHER BY - ING FORM OR INFINITIVE NO CHANGE
OF MEANING.
VERBS FOLLOWED BY - ING FORM

LESSON TWENTY-SIX

FUTURE CONTINUOUS == ITS USAGE.

SO THAT / IN ORDER / SO AS (NOT)TO

LESSON TWENTY-SEVEN

USED TO / WOULD
TO BE USED TO/ TO GET USED TO / TO BE ACCOSTUMED TO / TO GET
ACCOSTUMED TO.
TO BE SUPPOSED TO
GET

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LESSON TWENTY-EIGHT

HAD BETTER
WOULD RATHER
LIKE
EMPHATIC USE OF DO, DOES AND DID IN AFFIRMATIVES

LESSON TWENTY-NINE

ADDITION==FURTHERMORE / MOREOVER / IN ADDITION / BESIDES

CONTRAST== EVEN THOUGH / THOUGH / HOWEVER
CONCLUSION == BECAUSE / THEREFORE / SO
PLACING ADVERBS

LESSON THIRTY

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
BOTH . AND
NOT ONLY BUT ALSO
NEITHER .. NOR

EITHER . OR
CONJUNCTIONS

LESSON THIRTY-ONE

GIVING DIRECTIONS
EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES
CONTRACTED FORMS
DO AND MAKE
PREPOSITIONS USED WHEN TALKING ABOUT ADDRESSES
WORKING WITH COMPARATIVE PAIRS
VERBS +POSSESSIVE + ING FORM

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LESSON 21

There to be
Can

there

be

solution for this problem?

Could

there

be

game here

tomorrow?

Can

there

be

classes

next Friday?

Could

there

be

concert in Rio

next weekend?

Should

there

be

another

meeting

next week?

Must

there

be

an

explanation for this?

Have

there

been

many

accidents here

lately?

Has

there

been

much

work here

recently?

Had

there

been

situation like that

Before?

Must

there

have

been

beautiful girls at the party?

Could

there

have

been

an explanation for that?

Should

there

have

been

another party like that?

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LESSON 21

Yes / No

there can cant

be

Yes / No

there could couldnt

be

Yes / No

there can/may cant/may not

be

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solution for
this problem.
game here
classes

tomorrow.
next
Friday.

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Yes / No

there could/might couldnt/might not

be

concert in Rio

Yes / No

there should shouldnt

be

another

meeting

next
weekend.
next week.

Yes / No

there must there doesnt need to (have to)

be

an

Yes / No

there have havent

been

many

explanation
for this.
accidents here

lately.

Yes / No

there has hasnt

been

much

work here

recently.

Yes / No

there had hadnt

been

before.

Yes / No

there must there mustnt*

In this case mustnt is used.

have

been

Yes / No

there could couldnt

have

been

Yes / No

there should shouldnt

have

been

situation like
that
beautiful
girls at the
party.
a reason for
that.
another party
like that.

Prohibition

LESSON 21

Exercises
1. Create questions using the words in parentheses.
a. _______________________________________________________________________________?
(Can there party)
b. _______________________________________________________________________________?
There

mustnt

be

concerts here.

(Could there meetings)

c. _______________________________________________________________________________?
(Have there problems)
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d. _______________________________________________________________________________?
(Had there phone calls)
Have / Has got = Do / Does... have

e. _______________________________________________________________________________?
(Should there classes)

2. Give long answers for these questions below.

a. Where can there be another congress?
____________________________________________________________________________________
b. When should there be another lecture?
____________________________________________________________________________________
c. What must there be here?
____________________________________________________________________________________
d. How often should there be parties in your opinion?
____________________________________________________________________________________
e. Why cant there be a soccer game on TV next Saturday?
____________________________________________________________________________________

LESSON 21

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Have you got any idea what we are talking about?

Have you got a car? = Do you have a car?
Yes Ive got a car. = Yes I have a car.
No I havent got a car. = No I dont have a car.
No I aint got a car. = No I dont have a car.
Have you gotta do this? = Do you have to do this?
Yes Ive gotta do this. = Yes I have to do this.
No I havent gotta do this. = No I dont have to do this.
No I ain`t gotta do this. = No I dont have to do this.
Have got is not present perfect in this use. It is the same of have. It gives the
same idea of simple present :( possession).

Not Standard Words

am not
are not
aint

is not

have not
has not

wanna

want to

gonna

going to

gotta

got to / have got to or have got a

LESSON 21
Lose weight fight disease! Eat these super foods
by Brian Hindo

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Expecting food to change your life may seem like a lot to ask of your bran muffin.
But the right food will increase your energy, help you manage your weight, and
contribute to warding off major illness. The latest scientific research shows that the
following foods deliver great benefits.
FAT-BURNERS
The mineral calcium is the latest weight-loss star. This was first discovered in a
U.S. study of blood pressure. People in the study who ate two cups of yogurt a day
lost an average of almost 5 kilograms of body fat in one year. And they didnt even
eat less food on a daily basis than others in the study.
A follow-up study found that people on a high-calcium diet lost more weight and fat
than people on a low-calcium diet. Again, both groups ate the same number of
calories. But the ones who lost the most weight consumed the equivalent of more
than three daily servings of dairy products. Canned fish, cheese, milk, tofu, and
yogurt are among the foods rich in calcium. Broccoli and kale are non-dairy highcalcium options.
FOODS YOU CAN FILL UP ON
Foods rich in fiber have few calories relative to their weight. That means you can eat
large portions of these foods without fear of calorie overload. Fiber also aids weight
loss because its filling. Most high-fiber foods take a lot of chewing. This helps set
off the sensors that tell your body it is getting full. Also, you absorb the food more
slowly so you feel full longer. You will find lots of fiber in bran cereals, fruits,
legumes, whole-grain breads, and vegetables.
PROTEIN POWER
Researchers have found that eating a meal with plenty of protein leaves you feeling
more satisfied for longer than a meal loaded with low-quality carbohydrates. Your
body takes longer to digest protein. That leads to a gradual increase in blood sugar.
Many high carbohydrate meals are absorbed quickly. That sends blood sugar
speeding up and down your body, depleting your energy. Beans, nuts, fish, cottage
cheese, and yogurt are some good choices of healthy, protein-rich foods.
DISEASE-FIGHTERS
Many foods contain antioxidants, but fruits and vegetables may be the richest
source. Antioxidants neutralize molecules known as free radicals before they can
harm arteries and other cells. This helps protect you from heart disease, high blood
pressure, cancer, and diabetes. Antioxidants work best when consumed in foods,
LESSON 21

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not pills. The National Cancer Institute in the U.S.A. now recommends that men eat
nine daily servings of fruit and vegetables, and that women eat between five and
nine. A serving equals a piece of fruit, a half-cup of cut vegetables, a cup of lettuce,
or a small glass of juice. A typical salad delivers two to three servings. The following
are among the foods that contain lots of antioxidants: berries, broccoli, Brussels
sprouts, cantaloupe, citrus fruit, leafy greens, purple grape juice.
MEDITERRANEAN MAGIC
The traditional Mediterranean diet contains lots of fruits, vegetables, legumes,
cheese, yogurt, fish, whole grains, and wine. It also has healthy fats from nuts,
olives, and olive oil. Fish and nuts provide healthy protein. The produce delivers
antioxidants. Researchers found that Greek adults who regularly ate a
Mediterranean diet were least likely to die from heart disease and cancer.
TOMATO SURPRISE
Harvard scientists discovered that eating plenty of pizza seems to lower the risk of
prostate cancer. The protective ingredient is tomato sauce or, more specifically, the
plant pigment lycopene in tomato sauce. Lycopene is most concentrated in cooked
tomato products like sauce, ketchup, and tomato soup. Cooking also makes it easier
for the body to absorb. Preliminary research on women suggests that a diet rich in
lycopene and tomato sauce may lower a womans risk for breast and other cancers,
as well as heart disease. Other lycopene options include papaya, guava, and
watermelon.
Article excerpted from The English2Go magazine issued in February 2005.
1. What are your eating habits?

2. What do you most like to eat?

3. Do you practice any kind of physical exercise?

4. How often do you see your doctor?

5. What do you think about going on a diet?

LESSON 21

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Exercises
1. Point out the verb tenses used in the text and explain them:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Using an English English dictionary get an explanation for
the following words or phrases and create your own examples:
a. the latest ______________________________________________________________________
b. manage _______________________________________________________________________
c. follow-up ______________________________________________________________________
d. overload _______________________________________________________________________
e. aids ___________________________________________________________________________
f. filling ________________________________________________________________________
g. chewing _______________________________________________________________________
h. loaded _________________________________________________________________________
i. leads __________________________________________________________________________
j.

likely _________________________________________________________________________
LESSON 22

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How long does it take you to ?

How long

does

it

take

me

How long

did

it

take

you

to set the
table?
to come here?

How long

will

it

take

him

to do that?

How long

would

it

take

her

How long

may

it

take

it

to read that
book?
to eat it up?

How long

might

it

take

us

How long

can

it

take

you

How long

is

it

going to
take

them

to finish this
project?
to paint this
room?
to buy some
food?

LONG ANSWERS
It

takes

you

10 minutes

It

took

me / us

half an hour

to set the
table.
to come here.

It

will

take

him

30 minutes

to do that.

It

would

take

her

7 hours

It

may

take

it

5 minutes

to read that
book.
to eat it up.

It

might

take

us / you

15 days

It

can

take

us

2 hours

It

is

going to
take

them

20 minutes

to finish this
project.
to paint this
room.
to buy some
food.

LESSON 22

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EXPRESSING INFORMAL ORDERS

What
Where

do
does

you
he

want
expect

me
us

to do?
to go?

Whom

did

you

ask

to bring

the books?

When

did

she

tell

him

to travel?

Why

did

she

beg

him

not to leave?

Whom

did

you

invite

to come to

your party?

Where

did

her parents

allow

her

to go?

What

did

you

advise

him

not to do?

What

do

her parents

permit

her

to do?

Who

ordered

us

to stay

home?

LONG ANSWERS
I/We
He

want
expects

you
us/you

to study
to go to

more.
the beach

I/We

asked

Mark

to bring

the books.

She

told

him

to travel

She

begged

him

not to leave

because

I/We

invited

to come to

my/our party.

Her parents

allowed

all my/our
friends
her

to go to

the movies.

I/We

advised

him

not to go

home.

Her parents

permit

her

to talk to

her friends

Uncle Sam

ordered

us

to stay

home.

with his sister.

tomorrow.
she loves him.

whenever she
wants.

LESSON 22
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Create questions.
1. What do you__________ ________ __________ ________________?
2. Will ____ _________ ______ _____ ________ _________tomorrow?
3. Where ______ _______ _________ _______ ________ ___________?
4. Would ______ ______ ___________ ________ ______ ___________?

Expressions and Useful Phrases

Wear your heart on your sleeve:
To make your feelings and emotions obvious rather than hiding them
FEEL LIKE sth
1
to have a desire for something, or to want to do something, at a
particular moment:
I feel like (going for) a swim.
I feel like (having) a nice cool glass of lemonade.
"Are you coming to aerobics?" "No, I don't feel like it today."
2

[+ ing form of verb] to want to do something that you do not do:

He was so rude I felt like slapping his face.

Powerful words
BUT = EXCEPT
Ive invited everybody for the party, but Helen.
AGO=BACK IN THE PAST
How long ago did you travel to Spain?
I traveled to Spain three years ago.

LESSON 22
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Exercise
1. Make questions for the answers and answers for the questions in
the following dialogue.
a. _______________________________________________________________________________?

b. It usually takes me 10 minutes.

a. Very interesting! ____________________________________________________________.

b. ________________________________________________________________________________

a. Oh I see! When will there be another party like that?

b. ________________________________________________________________________________

b. How often do you ____________________________________________________________?

a. ______________________________________________________________.What about you?

b. ___________________________________________.At what time should I pick you up?

a. ________________________________.Oh! Dont forget to bring_____________________!

b. I wont!

a. _________________________________________________________________________________

LESSON 22

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You can be a Millionaire in your 20s!

by Brian Hindo

Learn how these young people have built fortunes in fields as varied as landscaping,
specialty foods, and extreme sports equipment.
By his own admission, Mark Herman was a spoiled kid. His parents died when he
was very young, and he then lived in Florida with his rich, adoring grandmother
and her second husband. But after she died in 1994, her husband, Bill, wasnt as
tolerant. When Hermans behavior became bad, Bill threw him out of the house.
Herman was 17. Herman had to sleep on the streets for a while. Then he found a job
cooking hamburgers at Burger King. Herman eventually began working for
landscapers. And at 21, he marched into the offices of one of the biggest Sarasota,
Florida, landscaping companies. He said he could improve the companys sales. He
was hired, and was soon bringing in almost 50,000 dollars a month in sales.
Herman saved up money from his weekly 600 dollar paychecks and extra work he
did on weekends. At age 25, with the help of a 30,000 dollar loan, he bought a tiny
landscaping company. He named it Herman & Associates, Inc. Today, at 28,
Herman is the owner of a fast-growing, multimillion-dollar landscaping business.
He has 15 employees and 351 clients. He says Herman & Associates did more than
1.5 million dollars in sales in 2004, and he expects nearly 2 million dollars in
2005.
As Hermans success shows, it is possible for people to make their fortunes while still
in their 20s. Some like Herman and Farrah Gray of Chicago did it in old
industries. Others, like Adam Stites, did it with new technologies. What do they all
have in common? Confidence. Creativity. Ambition. Hard work. They all came up
with big ideas and then went after them with dedication and plenty of nerve. Some
good luck didnt hurt either. Consider Stites. The 25-year-old is chief executive of
Xtremez, Inc., an online supplier of equipment for extreme sports. His business
employs 24 people. He expects to sell almost 10 million dollars worth of equipment to
customers all over the world this year. Stites started the company at age 15, using
his parents computer in the basement of his home. He was influenced by people who
were buying books online at Amazon.com. Stites thought that paintball enthusiasts
would want a place to shop online too. We benefited from being in the right place at
the right timea product that was up-and-coming, and a medium, the Internet, that
was up-and-coming, he says. Where did he learn how to run the business? He says
he got much of the knowledge he needed by participating in an organization he
joined when he was 22. The group is for people under 40 who own a business. The
LESSON 22

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great value to him was getting to listen to other members talk about methods that
worked best for them.
Farrah Gray, 20, seemed born with ambition and a salesmans soul. Growing up on
Chicagos South Side, he regularly pestered his mother, a consultant, to let him
attend business meetings with her. When he was just eight years old, his mothers
business partner encouraged him to start a business group with his friends. The
kids raised more than 15,000 dollars to fund their ideas. The money came from the
executives who served as the clubs speakers, instructors, and mentors. Some of the
businesses failed, of course. But some worked out. One of Grays favorite personal
projects was a specialty food manufacturer called Farr Out Foods. It targeted the
youth market, and its biggest hit was a strawberry-vanilla pancake syrup. Farr
Out Foods had 1.5 million dollars in orders by the time Gray sold it in 2001. He got
a little more than 2 million dollars for the company. He then bought InnerCity, a
New York-based celebrity magazine for urban African Americans in the 16-34 age
group. He says he publishes 300,000 copies eight times a year. He has also written a
book called Reallionare: Nine Steps to Becoming Rich from the Inside Out. Part of it
tells his life story. The other part gives advice on how to become a success. Gray says
he has been motivated by his familys experience: "To see how hard my mother
worked, and how little money we had so much of the time that motivated me to go
after millions of dollars."
Their extraordinary business success has forced these young millionaires to grow up
very quickly. They have needed unusual maturity to earn the respect of their
workers, some of whom are twice their age. "Youre young enough to be my son,
people have told Gray. Herman has heard people say to him: I was doing this while
you were in the womb."
They do not live in luxury, but they have all set themselves up with real estate,
stocks, and other investments. Farrah Gray has even created a foundation, www.
farrahgrayfoundation.com. It gives money to programs that help educate inner-city
youths. How does he explain his huge success? "Yes, I was born yesterday," he says,
"but I stayed up all night."
10 Tips to Start a Successful Business
1 Dont be afraid to think big. At eight years old, Gray had the ambition to ask for
money to start a business. Get an idea, then act on it.
2 Make something people need. There has to be a market for what you offer. Ian
Andrusyk and Travis Schaffner, 24-year-old friends from Iowa, found something
missing in the computer industrygood customer service. They stepped in to
provide it.

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3 Find an industry you love. Stites combined a love of paintball and computers. If
you love the business youre in, youll be motivatedand know howto do it well.
4 Take a chance. Andrusyk borrowed almost 4,000 dollars when he was just 15.
Herman borrowed 30,000 dollars to start his own business.
5 Study. Herman took online courses in landscape design. Gray does research in
the library.
6 Act older than your age. Herman impressed clients and employees by dressing
and speaking well at a young age. It inspires confidence and projects seriousness.
7 Work hard. When his college-age friends went to bars during the week, Stites
often stayed home to work. To be successful at a young age, you might need to give
up some social activity.
8 Find a good mentor. Stites, Herman, and Gray go to older businessmen for
advice. Learn from people who have experience.
9 Delegate. You cant do everything yourself, especially as a business grows.
Andrusyk, Schaffner, and Stites hired management teams to supervise employees.
10 Save, dont spend. Herman makes sure to put profits back into his business
rather than spending all of his money on material things. Its the difference between
chasing a quick dollar and growing a lasting business.
Article excerpted from The English2Go magazine issued in February 2005.
1. What are your plans for the future?

2. Do you intend to become a millionaire?

3. What would you do if you had lots of money?

4. Do you think you are, or would be able to run a business?

5. Have you ever had any great idea you thought you would succeed in it?

LESSON 22

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Exercises
1. Point out some verb tenses, modal verbs and structural rules used
in the text and explain them:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Using an English English dictionary get an explanation for
the following words or phrases and create your own examples:
a. then ___________________________________________________________________________
b. for a while _____________________________________________________________________
c. eventually ____________________________________________________________________
d. loan ___________________________________________________________________________
e. nearly ________________________________________________________________________
f. plenty of nerve ________________________________________________________________
g. benefited _____________________________________________________________________
h. up-and-coming _______________________________________________________________
i. pestered _______________________________________________________________________
j.

take a chance _________________________________________________________________

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Embedded Question
Do you know what they are for?

Can you tell me where the post office is?

Do you know where Linda lives?
Do you know what she did yesterday?
Could you imagine why she had to go?
Can you tell me where youre going?
Does she know what I am doing here?

The post office is next door.

She lives near the post office.
She went out with a friend of ours.
She had to solve an unusual problem.
Im going to get some new books.
Shes got no idea of what youre doing here.

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I wish I had you in my arms tonight

WISH CASES
I wish to see the manager right now!

FORMAL to want to do something.

I wish you all the best.

We wish you every success in the future.
I wish you a Merry Christmas.

To hope or express hope for another

person's success or happiness or pleasure
on a particular occasion.

I wish she were here.

I wish she werent so stupid.

Expressing sth that is contrary to a

present fact.

I wish she had gone to the movies with me.

I wish she hadnt broken up with me.

Expressing sth that is contrary to a past

fact.

I wish she would call me tonight.

I wish she wouldnt get angry at me.
I wish she'd shut up for a moment and let
someone else speak.

Expressing sth that is probably contrary

to a future fact. Used to express
annoyance with someone's behavior.

Complete.
1. She wishes she_____________________________________________.
2. I wish I had _______________________________________last night.
3. I wish you ________________________________________________.
4. They wish they were _______________________________________.

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Powerful words
TO CARE (to want, to like) Formal. Used in polite suggestions and offers
Would you care to come with us?
TO CARE FOR (to like)
I dont care for apple pie.
She knows he cares for her.
Would you care for some beer?
TO CARE ABOUT (to mind, to be concerned)
Some people dont care about what they wear.
Everybody cares about their reputation.
TO TAKE CARE OF (to look after)
She takes care of her little sister every night.

Phrasal Verbs

Ward off
Throw out
Come up with
Go after
Grow up
Work out
Give up
Stay up
Save up
Bring in
Step in
Set sb up

Point out

To prevent something unpleasant from

harming or approaching you.
To force someone to leave a college,
school, house or organization.
To suggest or think of an idea or plan.
To chase or follow someone in order to
catch them. INFORMAL to try to obtain
something.
To gradually become an adult.
To happen or develop in a particular way.
If you give up a habit, such as smoking, or
something such as alcohol, you stop doing
it or using it.
To go to bed later than usual.
To keep money so that you can buy
something with it in the future.
To make money.
To become involved in a difficult situation
or argument in order to help find a
solution.
To establish someone or yourself in a
business or position.
To tell someone about some information,
often because you believe they are not
aware of it or have forgotten it.
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Exercises
1. Make embedded questions for these answers below.
a. _______________________________________________________________________________?
He traveled to England because of his inheritance.
b. _______________________________________________________________________________?
Hes been doing this for almost a year.
c. _______________________________________________________________________________?
She calls him every other day.
d. _______________________________________________________________________________?
Mark wont marry Diana because he found out he doesnt love her.

2. Give long answers for these questions below.

a. What should you ward off?
___________________________________________________________________________________.
b. Have you ever had to step in a huge problem and couldnt solve it?
___________________________________________________________________________________.
c. Have you ever had to give up anything? What?
___________________________________________________________________________________.
d. When was the last time you came up with an interesting idea?
___________________________________________________________________________________.
e. How often do you stay up?
___________________________________________________________________________________.
f. What have you been saving up for?
___________________________________________________________________________________.

LESSON 24
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Active Voice

do

exercises

every day.

Jane

cleans

the house

on Mondays.

Mark and
Paul
They

painted

the house

last summer.

will

fix

the car

He

would

invite her

for the party.

They

are

organizing

the books

at the library.

We

were

doing

the dishes

a few minutes ago.

He

is

going to

fix breakfast

as soon he gets up.

He

was

going to

set the table

when she called him out.

have

read

that book

since last week.

She

has

prepared

cakes

since she went on vacation.

They

had already

set up

the restaurant

will have

corrected

those tests

when you decided to lend them

the money.
by the end of the week.

She

would have

called him

could have

fixed the car

She

should have

canceled

if shed had his

phone number.
if they had
brought it to me.
the meeting

yesterday.

They

must have

found

tomorrow.

a solution for that

problem.

LESSON 24

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Passive Voice

Exercises

are

done

(by me)

every day.

The house

is

cleaned

by Jane

on Mondays.

The house

was

painted

by Mark and Paul

last summer.

The car

will be

fixed

(by them)

tomorrow.

She

would be

invited

The books

are being

The dishes

(by him)

for the party.

organized

(by them)

at the library.

were being

done

(by us)

a few minutes ago.

Breakfast

is

(by him)

as soon he gets up.

The table

was

That book

has

going to be
fixed
going to be
set
been read

Cakes

have

The
restaurant
Those tests

had
already
will have

He

would
have
could have

The car
The meeting
A solution

should
have
must have

been
prepared
been set up
been
corrected
been called

(by him)

when she called him out.

(by me)

since last week.

(by her)

since she went on vacation.

(by them)

when you decided to lend them

the money.
by the end of the week.

(by me)

if shed had his phone number.

been fixed
been
canceled
been found

if they had brought it to me.

(by her)

yesterday.

(by them).

LESSON 24
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SENTENCES WITH DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECT - Passive voice

She was given some flowers (by him).
He gave her some flowers.
Some flowers were given to her (by him).

Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary Tips

Meet, See, Visit, or Get to know?
Meet is only used about people. It is not
used to mean 'visit a place or thing'. For
this meaning use see or visit.
Annie and Paul met on holiday.
People love to travel and see different
places.

People love to travel and meet different

places. Wrong
When you get to know someone, you
gradually learn more about them.
It's too soon to think about marriage,
we're still getting to know each other.

Create your own sentences.

1. Meet _____________________________________________________.
2. Visit _____________________________________________________.
3. See ______________________________________________________.
4. Get to know_______________________________________________.

LESSON 24

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Exercises
1. Make active voice questions for the passive voice answers below.
a. ___________________________________________________________________________?
Dinner is being cooked by me tonight.
b. ___________________________________________________________________________?
He is going to be invited for next Saturday night party.
c. ___________________________________________________________________________?
Her new project was turned down by the new board of directors.
d. ___________________________________________________________________________?
He was sent some letters when he finally graduated from university.

2. Change the following sentences to the passive voice and vice versa.
a. The policeman arrested the thieves at school yesterday,
___________________________________________________________________________.
b. The student broke the chair last weekend.
___________________________________________________________________________.
c.

She was convinced to come here by her classmates.

___________________________________________________________________________.

d. Joanne was looked down on by her friends.

__________________________________________________________________________.
e.

He will ask her out next time he sees her

__________________________________________________________________________.

f.

We will be forced to give him an explanation next time he sees us.

__________________________________________________________________________.

LESSON 24
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TO BE ABLE TO
Long Answers
What

are

you

able

to do

right now?

Were

you

able

to drive

Will

he

be able

to lift

when you were 18 years

old?
those heavy boxes?

Would

you

be able

to back her up

in case I die?

Are

you

going to be able

to finish the project

this afternoon?

Was

she

going to be able

to graduate high school

in the end of the year?

Should

you

be able

to analyze

the situation?

Right now,

I/we

am/are

able

to solve this problem.

Yes
No

I/we

was/were
wasnt/werent

able

to drive

when I/we was/were

18 years old.

Yes
No

he

will
wont

be able

to lift

those heavy boxes.

Yes
No

I/we

would
wouldnt

be able

to back her up

in case you die.

Yes
No

I/we

am/are
am not/arent

going to
be able

to finish the project

this afternoon.

Yes
No

she

was
wasnt

going to
be able

to graduate high
school

in the end of the

year.

Yes
No

I/we

should
shouldnt

be able

to analyze

the situation.

Create your own sentences using to be able to.

1. __________________________________________________________.
2. __________________________________________________________.
3. __________________________________________________________.
4. __________________________________________________________.
5. __________________________________________________________.
LESSON 25
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Special Verbs
Verbs followed either by - ING FORM or INFINITIVE -- different ideas.
Verbs
INFINITIVE
- ING FORM
REMEMBER
Refers to an action that
Refers to an action which
comes afterwards.
happened beforehand.
Examples:
I always remember to do that.
I cant remember doing that.
FORGET
Refers to an action that comes
Refers to an action which
afterwards.
happened beforehand.
Examples:
I always forget to do that.
I cant forget doing that.
STOP
Refers to the interruption of Refers to the ending of an action.
an action in order to perform
another.
Examples:
I stopped to smoke.
I stopped smoking.
MEAN
Means intend.
Means involve.
Examples:
When she said that, did she
Loving her means having
really mean to stay here?
problems.

Verbs

SEE
HEAR
NOTICE

Verbs of Perception
INFINITIVE
Means that one observes the
entire action.
I saw him cross the street.
I heard somebody groan.
I noticed her stare at him.

- ING FORM
Means that one observes the
action in progress.
I saw him crossing the street.
I heard somebody groaning.
I noticed her staring at him.

LESSON 25
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Non-Progressive Verbs
Verbs of thinking, attitudes, opinions or expressing emotions and possession are not
used in Continuous Tenses (Progressive Forms).
believe

need

belong

own

contain

prefer

forget

realize

hate

remember

like

suppose

love

understand

matter
Some verbs have progressive forms with one meaning but not with another. The
following do not usually have progressive forms:
have (=possess)

see (=understand)

appear (=seem)

think (=have the opinion that)

look (=seem)

feel (=have the opinion that)

Verbs followed either by - ING FORM or INFINITIVE no change of meaning.

Verbs
INFINITIVE
- ING FORM
BEGIN
He began to work yesterday.
He began working yesterday.
START
He started to work yesterday.
He started working yesterday.
CONTINUE
He continued to talk.
He continued talking.
HATE
She hates to go shopping.
She hates going shopping.
LIKE
I like to swim.
I like swimming.
LOVE
I love to read.
I love reading.
LESSON 25
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Verbs followed by - ING FORM

Verb + - ING
They denied cutting down those trees.
admit*
avoid
cant help
consider
deny

Verb + POSSESSIVE + - ING

He didnt understand her turning
down his proposal.
appreciate
excuse
explain
prevent
understand

enjoy
finish
mind
postpone
recommend*
regret
suggest*
The verbs with a * can also be used with a That-clause
She admitted making a mistake.
She admitted that she had made a mistake.
LESSON 25

Exercises
Powerful words
TO LOOK = TO SEEM
You look tired out today. What did you do yesterday?
TO LOOK AT
Please, Im down on my knees asking you to Look at me!
TO LOOK FOR= TO SEARCH, TO SEEK
Shes been looking for it since yesterday.
TO LOOK LIKE = TO SEEM
Jon looks like his mother.
TO LOOK FORWARD TO = to feel pleased and excited about something that is
going to happen.
I'm looking forward to Christmas this year.
Im looking forward to seeing her again.

1. Make sentences using the following verbs.

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a. SEE___________________________________________________________________________.

b. WONDER_____________________________________________________________________.

c. REMEMBER_________________________________________________________________.

d. APPRECIATE_________________________________________________________________.

e. UNDERSTAND______________________________________________________________.

f. HAVE_________________________________________________________________________.

g. LOVE_________________________________________________________________________.

h. STOP_________________________________________________________________________.

i. NEED_________________________________________________________________________.

j.

CANT HELP_________________________________________________________________.

k. ENJOY________________________________________________________________________.

l. LIKE__________________________________________________________________________.

m. SEE___________________________________________________________________________.

n. HEAR________________________________________________________________________.
LESSON 25
How to Answer the Toughest Job Interview Questions
by Nelson Wang

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Employers want to hire people who are prepared, poised, an enthusiastic. To find out
if you have those qualities, they may ask these questions.
TELL ME ABOUT YOURSELF. This request appears simple. But it can be difficult.
Thats because youre not given any direction as to how to respond. As a result,
many people give a lengthy and rambling self-history. And this is definitely not
what employers want. The best strategy is to give a brief overview of your
background and skills, says Martha Russell of Russell Career Services in Battle
Ground, Washington. Describe how they relate to the job youre applying for. And
keep your answer short, less than two minutes, when appropriate.
WHY DO YOU WANT TO LEAVE YOUR CURRENT JOB? This question can be
tricky. If you answer by complaining about your job and your boss, your
interviewer may think you have a poor attitude. Try not to speak negatively about
your job or your boss. Instead, show how your current job isnt leading you toward
your future goals. "Talk about it in terms of what your expectations are," says
Barry Chung, a vocational psychologist at Georgia State University. "Talk about
what you want to achieve, and how the opportunity isnt there at your current place
of employment."
WHAT ARE YOUR STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES? Talking about your
strengths may be difficult. You may feel as if youre boasting. But you need to
communicate what youre good at and what you have experience doing. One good
way is to discuss your strengths in terms of past accomplishments youre proud of.
Or you can talk about work related activities that you really enjoy. "Most people who
really enjoy doing something usually do it well," says Annie Stevens of U.S. career
coaching company Clear Rock, Inc. In terms of weaknesses, you generally dont
want to talk about any serious ones. So its best to mention a minor weakness and
then talk about what youre doing to improve it.
TELL ME ABOUT A TIME WHEN YOU? These types of requests ask how you have
handled a certain situation. Interviewers call them behavioral questions. They are
used to determine your ability to deal effectively with a situation you will encounter
in the job youre applying for. An example might be, "Tell me about a time when you
worked with a difficult customer." Or, "Tell me about a time when you had to lead
others." You should come prepared with examples of
LESSON 25
challenging situations youve faced in the past. Tell the interviewer how you used
your skills, experience, and knowledge to handle them in a positive way. Martha
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Russell advises her clients to think of answers to these types of questions as "STAR"
statements: describe the Situation, talk about the task, outline the Action you had
to take, and discuss the Result.
HOW MUCH MONEY DO YOU WANT? Most career experts advise holding back
your answer as long as possible. The main reason is that you may ask for less
money than your potential employer is prepared to pay. "The rule is that the person
who speaks first loses," says Annie Stevens. If your interviewer presses you to
answer the question, try to avoid giving specific numbers. Give a range instead, but
be careful not to choose too low a figure at the bottom of the range.
WHY ARE manhole covers ROUND? Interviewers at software company Microsoft
often ask questions like this one about manhole covers. Theyre generally not
looking for a "right" answer. They are interested in seeing how you reason through
an unfamiliar problem. Dont be afraid to ask for some time to think about the
question. Barry Chung suggests that you try to answer the question in a number
of different ways. Use a different set of assumptions for each answer to show your
ability to think quickly. Above all, you want to demonstrate how you have arrived
at your answer.
WHEN HAVE YOU stumbled IN YOUR CAREER AND HOW DID YOU
RECOVER? Interviewers know that nobody succeeds all the time. They want to see
when you have stumbled, and how you respond to setbacks. The best way to answer
this question is with honesty and perspective on what you learned from the
situation. "When I ask this question, Im looking for how the interviewees handled a
stressful situation and how they reacted to and solved a problem," says Annie
Stevens. "Did they blame others? Or did they take responsibility for it themselves?
That tells me a lot about them."
Article excerpted from The English2Go magazine issued in February 2005.

1. Do you remember your first job interview? How was it?

2. Do you think tests and interviews help to find good employees?

3. Imagine you are the interviewer. What would you ask the interviewee?

4. How would you feel in a job interview nowadays? Would you answer the
questions sincerely or just give the right answer?

LESSON 25

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Exercises
1. Point out some verb tenses, modal verbs and structural rules used
in the text and explain them:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Using an English English dictionary get an explanation for
the following words or phrases and create your own examples:
a. rambling _____________________________________________________________________
b. tricky ________________________________________________________________________
c. boasting ______________________________________________________________________
d. accomplishments _____________________________________________________________
e. challenging ___________________________________________________________________
f. task ___________________________________________________________________________
g. assumptions _________________________________________________________________
h. stumbled ______________________________________________________________________
i. setbacks _______________________________________________________________________
j.

poised _________________________________________________________________________
LESSON 26

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Future Continuous

What
She

will
will
she

Where

tomorrow
evening?
evening.
in the
afternoon?

at the club

will you

bebeplaying
doing
tennis
be studying

When

will he

be moving to

Paris?

Who

will

be helping her

at the party

tonight?

Why

will you

be traveling

to Santa Fe

next week?

We can use Future Continuous to say that something will be going on at a certain
time in the future.
This time tomorrow Ill be swimming at the club.
The Future Continuous is also used for planned or expected future events.
Professor Marques will be giving a lecture tomorrow evening.
In polite enquires the future continuous suggest What have you already decided?
giving the idea that we are not trying to influence people. Compare:
Will you be traveling this evening? (just asking about plans)
Are you going to travel this evening? (maybe pressing for a decision)
Will you travel this evening? (request or order)

LESSON 26

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I /We

will

be studying

at the library

in the
afternoon.

He

will

be moving to

Paris

next weekend.

Chris

will

be helping her

at the party

tonight.

to Santa Fe

next week,
because I/we
need to.

I/We

will

be traveling

Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary Tips

Search or Search for?

If you search a place or person, you look
for something in that place or on that
person:
The police searched the man/the house for
weapons.
If you search for something or someone,
you look for that thing or person.
The police searched for the stolen
computers but they were never recovered.
The police searched the stolen computers
but they were never recovered. Wrong

LESSON 26

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SO THAT / SO AS (NOT) TO / IN ORDER (NOT) TO

Used before you give an explanation for the action that you
have just mentioned.

SO THAT

I deliberately didn't have lunch so (that) I would be

hungry tonight.

SO AS TO

I always keep fruit in the fridge so as to keep insects off it.

SO AS(NOT) TO

I called her in advance so as not to lose time.

IN ORDER TO

I didnt call her in order to avoid future problems.

IN ORDER (NOT)TO

I agreed to her suggestion in order not to upset her.

Exercises
1. Make sentences using the following words.
a. IN ORDER TO _______________________________________________________________.

b. SO THAT ____________________________________________________________________.

c. SO AS TO ___________________________________________________________________.

d. SO AS NOT TO _____________________________________________________________.

e. IN ORDER NOT TO _________________________________________________________.

f. SO THAT ____________________________________________________________________.

g. SO AS NOT TO _____________________________________________________________.

h. IN ORDER TO _______________________________________________________________.

LESSON 27

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Do you miss your childhood? What did you use to do?

USED TO
We use USED TO to describe past habits. USED TO + verb is for talking about
situations or regular activities in the past which no longer happen or exist.
NOTE: No duration of time is mentioned in USED TO constructions.
The Simple past should be used instead.
RIGHT: They worked for us for seven years.
WRONG: They used to work for us for seven years.
I used to play with the kids where I lived.
I used to visit my grandparents every weekend in the morning.
I didnt use to answer my parents back.
When we were younger, we used not to be allowed to drink coffee. (more formal)

WOULD
used to talk about things in the past that happened often or always:
He would always turn and wave at the end of the street.
She would love me all night long when we were younger.
When I sat down it would jump on my legs and cover me with horrible caresses. *
When I got up to walk it was between my legs and I would almost fall. *
*Poe, Edgar Allan. The Black Cat.
TO BE USED TO + VERB ING
The expression be used to something/doing something is for talking about
something which you have done or experienced a lot before.
Im pretty used to walking 4 kilometers a day.
She isnt used to talking in public.
We are used to working overnight.
LESSON 27

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TO GET USED TO + VERB ING

It has the same idea of TO BE USED TO.
However It is usually used with auxiliary or modal verbs.
They will never get used to dealing with difficult situations.
She cant get used to cleaning the house.
If she had money she would soon get used to spending money.

TO BE ACCUSTOMED TO + VERB ING

Familiar with something.
I'm not accustomed to being treated like this.
Im not accustomed to getting told off.

TO GET ACCUSTOMED TO + VERB ING

Familiar with something.
However It is usually used with auxiliary or modal verbs.
She will quickly get accustomed to living with him.
I dont think he can get accustomed to doing this.

TO BE SUPPOSED TO
Used to talk about what is generally believed, what people are expected to do, or
what is intended.
Im supposed to clean the house tomorrow.
As a teacher Im supposed to clear the doubts away and guide the students
through difficult subjects.
Youre not supposed to be here.
Yesterday, I was supposed to do the dishes but I forgot to do it.

LESSON 27
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Exercises
1. Complete the following sentences bellow.
a. I cant get used to ____________________________________________________________.

b. She will never get used to ____________________________________________________.

c. They would ___________________________________________________________________.

d. They are supposed to __________________________________________________________.

e. I used to ___________________________________________________when I was young.

f. I dont know if I will get accustomed to_______________________________________.

g. She would _______________________________________________________ every night.

h. I will never ___________________________________________________________________.

i. She is ________________________________________________________________________.

j.

They used to __________________________________________________________________.

k. Janet would get used to_______________________________________ if she had a car.

l. Mark was supposed to ________________________________________________________.

m. They can never get ___________________________________________________________.

LESSON 27
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GET
TO ARRIVE

I always get home at about 10 to 11:00 P.M

TO BUY

I need to get some food.

TO OBTAIN

He wont get what he wants doing this.

TO RECEIVE

She got red roses on her birthday.

TO BECOME

The teacher got really mad when I told him that.

TO UNDERSTAN OR HEAR STH

I didnt get what he said.

TO TRAVEL SOMEWHERE IN A
TRAIN, BUS OR OTHER VEHICLE.

Well get a taxi to the station.

Which bus do I need to get?

Create your own sentences.

1. Get (arrive) _______________________________________________.
2. Get (buy) _________________________________________________.
3. Get (become) ______________________________________________.
4. Get (hear) ________________________________________________.
5. Get (travel) _______________________________________________.
6. Get (receive) ______________________________________________.
7. Get (obtain) _______________________________________________.

LESSON 28
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HAD BETTER(NOT) / SHOULD(N`T)

We use had better to give strong advice to people including ourselves. It is more
urgent than should or ought to.
He had better study more.

He should study more.

Theyd better look for another house

They should look for another house.

What had he better do now?

What should he do now?

He had better not leave home so early.

He shouldnt leave home so early.

WOULD RATHER(NOT) / WOULD PREFER (NOT) TO

I would rather go home now.

I would prefer to go home now.

She would rather buy an apartment.

She would prefer to buy an apartment.

Where would you rather go now?

Where would you prefer to go now?

He would rather not travel tonight.

He would prefer not to travel tonight.

I would rather die than work there.

I would prefer to die to work there.

LESSON 28

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LIKE
LOOK LIKE

In a way that suggests. To seem

It looks like Im getting crazy. He looks like his father.

SOUND LIKE

In a way that suggests.

They sound like a bunch of bees.

TASTE LIKE

In a way that suggests.

This coffee tastes like dishwater!

SMELL LIKE

In a way that suggests.

His mouth smells like sewage!

SEEM /FEEL LIKE

Similar to:
It seems/feels like ages since we last spoke.

IF YOU LIKE

used for asking if someone agrees with a suggestion:

We can leave now if you like.

EMPHATIC USE OF DO, DOES AND DID IN AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES.

We use the emphatic form when the listener has doubts about what he is listening.
I do study English every day.
She does know how to prepare delicious cakes and pies.
He did park the car in front of the house last night.

LESSON 28

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Create your own sentences.

1. Smell like ________________________________________________.
2. Taste like ________________________________________________.
3. Look like ________________________________________________.
4. Feel like _________________________________________________.
5. If you like _______________________________________________.
6. Sound like ___________________________________________________________.
Create your own sentences working on emphatic forms.
1. Do ______________________________________________________.
2. Did _____________________________________________________.
3. Does ____________________________________________________.
4. Do ______________________________________________________.
5. Did _____________________________________________________.
6. Does _________________________________________________________________.

LESSON 28
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Create your own sentences using would rather.

1. __________________________________________________________.
2. __________________________________________________________.
3. __________________________________________________________.
4. __________________________________________________________.
5. __________________________________________________________.
6. ________________________________________________________________________.
Create your own sentences using had better.
1. Stomach ache______________________________________________.
2. Sore throat________________________________________________.
3. Backache_________________________________________________.
4. Pneumonia________________________________________________.
5. Headache_________________________________________________.

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LESSON 29

Introducing additional and important facts or contrasting and concluding ideas.

ADDITION
FURTHERMORE

She is really beautiful and furthermore shes got money.

IN ADDITION

She is really beautiful and in addition (to it) shes got

money.

MOREOVER

She is really beautiful and moreover shes got money.

BESIDES

She is really beautiful and besides, shes got money.

CONTRAST
ALTHOUGH

Although it was raining she went to the beach.

EVEN THOUGH

Even though it was raining, she went to the beach.

THOUGH

It is a lie, though it is well disguised under false

pretences.

HOWEVER

She went to the beach, however it was raining

BUT

She likes pricey things, but she doesnt have money.

CONCLUSION
BECAUSE

She buys clothes and jewels every weekend because her

father is rich.

THEREFORE

She has lots of money; therefore she can travel wherever

she wants to.

SO

He has an important meeting tonight, so it is better he

prepares himself and rest a bit before it.

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LESSON 29

PLACING OF ADVERBS
After verbs of movement, such as Go, Run, Walk (INTRANSITIVE VERBS,
therefore no DIRECT OBJECT), the normal order of adverbs is Place, Manner
and Time. When all three appear, however, it is also common for the adverb of time
to precede the verb in similar cases.

They went to the club together last night.

P
M
T
She ran to school suddenly this morning.
P
M
T
Yesterday, she walked back home quickly.
T
P
M
With TRANSITIVE VERBS (sentences with a DIRECT OBJECT), the more
common order of the adverb is Manner, Place, and Time. When all three appear.
Even so, the element of time can still come before the verb in theses sentences.
She kept the clothes carefully in the wardrobe last night.
M
P
T
He locked the cat calmly in the living room yesterday.
M
P
T
Last Monday, they put the money back quickly in the safe.
T
M
P

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LESSON 29

Create your own sentences using the following adverbs.

Place: downtown, club, school, church, mall.
Manner: quickly, fast, slowly, suddenly, together.
Time: tomorrow, yesterday, last night, Thursday morning.

1. __________________________________________________________.
2. __________________________________________________________.
3. __________________________________________________________.
4. __________________________________________________________.
5. __________________________________________________________.
Manner: wisely, fast, willingly, easily, sincerely.
Place: home, beach, school, church, mall.
Time: ten minutes ago, after work, before lunch.
1. __________________________________________________________.

2. __________________________________________________________.
3. __________________________________________________________.
4. __________________________________________________________.
5. __________________________________________________________.

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LESSON 29
Adverbial phrases that frequently have front position:
Up to now, I havent seen anything new.
Before that, nobody could imagine she would be able to leave.
Just then the lights went out.
Of course she will bring her daughter along.
By now, she must be home.
At last she paid me a visit.
Later on, they phoned me to give me more details.
Once in a while, my sister pays me a visit.* usually at the end of a sentence.

Create your own sentences.

1. Up to now ________________________________________________.
2. Of course ________________________________________________.
3. At last ___________________________________________________.
4. Later on _________________________________________________.
5. By now __________________________________________________.
6. Before that ___________________________________________________________.
7. Just then _____________________________________________________________.
8. Once in a while ______________________________________________________.

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LESSON 29
Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary Tips
Lay or Lie?
Be careful not to confuse these verbs.
Lay means 'put down carefully' or 'put
down flat'. This verb is always followed
by an object. Laying is the present
participle. Laid is the past simple and the
past participle.
She laid the papers on the desk.
Lie means 'be in a horizontal position' or
'be in a particular place'. This verb is
irregular and is never followed by an
object. Lying is the present participle.
Lay is the past simple and lain is the
past participle.
The papers were lying on the desk.
The papers were laying on the desk.
Wrong.
I lay down and went to sleep.
I laid down and went to sleep. Wrong.
The regular verb lie means 'not say the
truth'. Lying is the present participle.
Lied is the past simple and the past
participle.
He lied to me about his age.

Create your own sentences.

1. Lay ______________________________________________________.
2. Lie ______________________________________________________.
3. Lain _____________________________________________________.
4. Lied _____________________________________________________.
5. Laid _____________________________________________________.
6. Lay (past) ________________________________________________.

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LESSON 30

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
BOTH

AND

NOT ONLY

BUT ALSO

EITHER

OR

NEITHER

NOR

Both Mark and Bob need to go home earlier today.

Both Joann and Penelope have good grades.
I not only woke up late but also forgot to call her.
If this project fails it will affect not only our department, but also the whole
organization
We can either eat now or after the show - it's up to you.
Either you leave now or I call the police!
On weekends I either eat in or at my parents house.
Either Paul or Shirley is at home now.
Either Mark or his parents are at home now.
Neither my mother nor my father went to university.
They speak neither French nor German, but a curious mixture of the two.
I neither know nor care what's happened to him
Neither Jack nor Liz has a car.
Neither the boys nor the girls have tests today.

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LESSON 30
CONJUNCTIONS
PROVIDED THAT

He's welcome to come along, provided that he behaves himself.

UNLESS

Unless it starts raining, Ill meet you in front of the mall.

SEEING THAT

Seeing that the project is over, I think we should celebrate.

SINCE
AS LONG AS

I've been very busy since I came back from holiday

As long as you accept the rules, we can start playing.

EVEN IF

Even if you give her flowers, she wont accept your excuses.

WHILE

She was cooking while her husband was setting the table.

AS
AS IF
IN CASE
NOW THAT

She told me she met him as she was going back home.
Do not talk to me as if I was a child!
Please, Take care of my pets in case I die.
Now that she became millionaire, she wont even look at us.

Create your own sentences.

1. Provided that _____________________________________________.
2. Unless ___________________________________________________.
3. Seeing that _______________________________________________.
4. Since ____________________________________________________.
5. As long as ________________________________________________.
6. Even if ___________________________________________________.
7. While ____________________________________________________.
8. As _______________________________________________________.
9. As if _____________________________________________________.
10. In case ___________________________________________________.
11. Now that _________________________________________________.

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LESSON 30

Create your own sentences.

1. Both ... and ________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.

2. Either or _______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.

3. Neither nor _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________.

4. Not only but also _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________.

5. Both ... and ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________.

6. Either or _______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.

7. Neither nor _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________.

8. Not only but also _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________.

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LESSON 31
Paradise City

GIVING DIRECTIONS
Go straight ahead

Walk (Go) past

On the next block

Turn left(Make a left)

Walk (Go) back

Beside

Turn right(Make a right)

On the right

Up/Down

Turn at the corner of

On the left

In front of

Walk (Go) across

Up ahead

Behind

Walk (Go) to the corner of

Walk (Go) half a block

Next to

EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES
What a lovely house shes got!
What a beautiful dress she was wearing at the theater last night!
What a wonderful idea! The snack bar is in front of the park.
What an honest mayor he is!
How stupid he is! The theater is next to the church.
How fast she types! Well have time for shopping.
How carefully he makes the bed!

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LESSON 31

Answer the following questions according to the map above.

1. How can I get to the post office?
__________________________________________________________.

2. How can I get to the snack bar?

__________________________________________________________.

3. How can I get to the shopping center?

__________________________________________________________.

4. How can I get to the theater?

__________________________________________________________.

5. How can I get to the apartment building?

__________________________________________________________.

6. How can I get to the city square?

__________________________________________________________.

7. How can I get to the bank?

__________________________________________________________.

8. Where is the park?

__________________________________________________________.

9. Where is the church?

__________________________________________________________.

10. Where is the library?

__________________________________________________________.

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LESSON 31
Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary Tips
change (noun) + preposition
When you use change as a noun, be careful to use the correct preposition. Use
change in to describe a gradual change from one situation to a different one.
There has been a change in the attitude of local people over the last few months.

There has been a change on the attitude of local people over the last few months.
Wrong
Use change of when something such as an address or job is being replaced by a
different one.
Can you give me your change of address?
Use change to in order to describe a change which someone makes so that
something is different but not completely different.
We may have to make some changes to the design.

We may have to make some changes in the design. Wrong

CONTRACTED FORMS
WILL
ILL

WOULD
ID

TO BE (PRESENT)
IM

HAVE
IVE

HAD
ID

YOULL

YOUD

YOURE

YOUVE

YOUD

HELL

HED

HES

HES

HED

SHELL

SHED

SHES

SHES

SHED

ITLL

ITD

ITS

ITS

ITD

WELL

WED

WERE

WEVE

WED

YOULL

YOUD

YOURE

YOUVE

YOUD

THEYLL

THEYD

THEYRE

THEYVE

THEYD

WHATLL

WHATD

WHATS

WHATVE

WHATD

WHENLL

WHEND

WHENS

WHENVE

WHEND

WHERELL

WHERED

WHERES

WHEREVE

WHERED

THATLL

THATD

THATS

THATS

THATD

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LESSON 31

Do or Make?
Do usually means to perform an activity or job.
I should do more exercise.

I should make more exercise. Wrong

Make usually means to create or produce something.
Did you make the dress yourself?
Did you do the dress yourself? Wrong

DO
DO HARM

MAKE
MAKE THE BED

DO GOOD

MAKE A MISTAKE

DO ONES BEST

MAKE AN EFFORT

DO BUSINESS

MAKE COFFEE

DO (SOMEONE) A FAVOR

MAKE MONEY

DO ONES HAIR

MAKE A SUGGESTION

DO A PROJECT

MAKE A FUSS

DO THE SHOPPING

MAKE NOISE

DO THE IRONING

MAKE A PHONE CALL

DO ONES ACCOUNT

MAKE PROGRESS

DO 100 MPH/KPH

MAKE ARRANGEMENTS

DO THE DISHES

MAKE DISHES*

DO EXERCISES

MAKE EXERCISES *

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LESSON 31

Prepositions used when talking about addresses.

Where do you live?
I live at 109 Antnio Gonalves st. So Gonalo Rio de Janeiro Brazil.
I live on Antnio Gonalves St.
I live in So Gonalo.
I live in Rio de Janeiro.
I live in Brazil.

Comparative Pairs
They are used to indicate that two circumstances increase or decrease in intensity or
amount at the same time. The second clause is often the result of the first one.
The more you study the better you are.
The less you eat the more tired youll get.
The faster the better.
The less attention you pay the worse you are at school.
The more you eat the fatter you will get.
The less you study the lower your grades will be.

Verbs +Possessive +-ING

This structure is used when we need to change a verb into a noun and in addition to
it, indicate possessiveness.
I go out with friends at night. She hates it.
She hates my going out with friends at night.
She comes here to help us every other day. I admire it.
I admire her coming here to help us every other day.
He tries to please her. She loves it.
She loves his trying to please her.
He played the guitar very loudly. This disturbed his neighbors.
His playing the guitar very loudly disturbed his neighbors.
She gets to work late every day. This is going to affect her job.
Her getting late to work every day is going to affect her job.

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LESSON 31

Dont Go There
by Ron Martinez

Mothers, Moms and Mommies

A few years ago I received an e-mail from a Brazilian colleague of mine regarding a
professional matter. Her English is excellent, but a comment she made near the end
of the e-mail caught my attention:
And your mommy? How is she?
It wasnt strange for her to mention my mother in the e-mail (in fact, it was
appropriate because my mother was sick). But her use of the word mommy was a
little odd in this case.
The words mother, mom, and mommy all mean the same thing. But mommy
is usually said by a child or to a child.
Mom is used informally by adults and young adults, and mother is the neutral
word. So it sounded a little strange for my colleague to ask a man who is almost 40
years old about his mommy.
The differences in appropriate use of words that have the same meaning is called
register. This concept is particularly important for speakers of Portuguese, and
Romance languages in general. In English we often have two versions of a word
(especially nouns). For example, to say inventar in English, depending on the
context, you can use make up or invent. But consider the following dialogue:
Thats a funny joke. Did you make that up?
No, I read it in Readers Digest.
It would sound strangely formal to say, Thats a funny joke. Did you invent it?

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LESSON 31
Most native speakers of English would understand you if you said, I descend the
stairs rather than go down the stairs, I started learning the piano but desisted
instead of stopped, or even that you hold your respiration instead of your breath
underwater. But theyll also think that you are either a writer from the 19th century,
or that you really need a vacation! As always, a good dictionary can help avoid
awkward situations.
I wonder if the Beatles would have had as much success if the register of their songs
had been different:
- She loves you, indeed, indeed, indeed.
- I want to secure your hand.
- Shes abandoning the abode.
- All you require is love.
- Currency cannot purchase love.
I dont knowsomehow it just doesnt feel the same.
Article excerpted from The English2Go magazine issued in December 2005.

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