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ISBN No.

978-9937-2-3466-5

s'nkltsf] dGtJo
g]kfn k|1fk|lti7fg g]kfnsf] ;f+:s[lts, eflifs / wfld{s
ljljwtfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL ;du| jf\dosf] ;+/If0f / ;+aw{g ugf{sf
lglDt ;\ul7t ;+:yf xf] . g]kfnsf bz{g, ;+:s[lt, efiff, ;flxTo,
;\uLt, snf, gf6\o, ;fdflhs zf:q cflbsf] cWoogcg';Gwfg
u/fO{ ltgsf] k|fl1s k/Dk/fnfO{ ;an agfpg @)!$ ;fn c;f/ (
ut] g]kfn Ps]8]dL -kl5 /fon g]kfn Ps]8]dL / g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f
k|lti7fg_sf] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . @)^@)^# ;fnsf]
hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;kmntfaf6 g]kfndf ;\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf]
:yfkgf eof] / g]kfn k|1fk|lti7fg g]kfnsf ;a}hfltsf efiff,
;flxTo, ;+:s[lt, bz{g / ;dfhzf:qh:tf jf\do;Fu ;DalGwt
k|1fsf] s]Gb| aGof] . g]kfnL jf\dosf oL k|To]s ljifo / logsf
ljleGg ljwfdf cWoogcg';Gwfg u/fO{ k|sfzgdf Nofpg', k'/fgf
1fgsf] ;+zf]wg / lj:tf/sf ;fy} gofF 1fgsf] :yfkgf ug'{ / g]kfnsf
nf]kf]Gd'v hfltsf efiff, lnlk, ;+:s[lt, >'ltk/Dk/f, hLjgk4lt /
;flxTosf] vf]hL u/L ltgnfO{ hf]ufpg' klg o; k|lti7fgsf] k|d'v
bfloTj xf] . PSsfO;f}F ztfJbLsf] ljZj:t/Lo b'|tj]uL 1fgk|jfxaf6
g]kfnL k|fl1s hut\nfO{ / g]kfnsf gjLg k|fl1s pknlAwaf6
ljZj;d'bfonfO{ nfeflGjt t'Nofpg] tkm{ klg of] k|lti7fg ;hu 5 .
jf:tjdf g]kfnsf ;Dk"0f{ If]qsf] k|fl1s pGgog / ;[hgfTds
;d[l4sf lglDt cu|0fL e"ldsf v]Nb} /fhwfgL aflx/ klg cg's"n
jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ul/lbg' o; k|1fk|lti7fgsf] bfloTj / sd{If]q
klg xf] .
g]kfnleq tyf g]kfn aflx/sf] l;f] g]kfnL k|fl1s hut\sf
;a} ljfg\ljb'ifL, ;|i6fb|i6f tyf k|1fsdL{xsf] ;b\efj ;xof]u,
uf]i7L, ljrf/dGygdf ;xsfo{ / k|fl1s j}rfl/s cfbfgk|bfgaf6 g}
g]kfnL k|1fhut\ ljZjsf] 1fgnx/L;Fu xf]:6]df x}F;] ub}{ g]kfnsf
1fgk/Dk/fsf] ;d'Ggog ug{ / /fli6o uf}/jsf] >Lj[l4sf] sfo{df
;dof]lrt of]ubfg ug{ g]kfn k|1fk|lti7fg ;kmn x'g]5 eGg] b[9
ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' .

a}/fuL sfOFnf
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g]kfn k|1fk|lti7fg

k|sfzsLo
g]kfn k|1fk|lti7fgsf ljlw sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ Pjd\
nIodWo] g]kfnL efiffdf n]lvPsf efiff, ;flxTo, ;+:s[lt,
;fdflhs zf:q / bz{g;DaGwL pTs[i6 s[ltxnfO{
c\u|]hLnufotsf cGt/f{li6o efiffdf cg'jfb u/L k|sflzt
u/]/ ljZjahf/df k'ofpg] / cGt/f{li6o ljleGg efiffdf
n]lvPsf pTs[i6 /rgfTds s[ltnfO{ g]kfnL efiffdf cg'jfb
u/L k|sflzt ug]{ sfo{ klg kb{5g\ . o:t} cGtef{lifs
cg'jfbdfkm{t 1fg / snfsf] cGtb]{zLo cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ x]t'n]
g]kfn k|1fk|lti7fgcGtu{t ljZj;flxTo / cg'jfb ljefu
u7g eO{ sfo{/t 5 . jflif{s sfo{of]hgfcGtu{t g} of] ljefun]
hfkfgL cfVofgsf/ of;'gf/L sfjfaftfsf] b n]s gfdsf]
pkGof;nfO{ g]kfnL efiffdf cg'jfb u/fO{ o; tfn pkGof;
kf7s;fd' k|:t't u/]sf] 5 .
cfVofgsf/ of;'gf/L sfjfaftf g]kfnL kf7ssf nflu gofF gfd
xf]Og . of] cl3 g} pgsf ;x;|;f/; tyf lxdb]z gfdsf
b'O{ cfVofgx g]kfnL efiffdf cg'jfb eO{ k|sflzt eO;s]sf
5g\ . g]kfnL kf7sdf dfq xf]Og cfVofgsf/ sfjfaftf cfgf
sfnhoL cfVofgdfk{mt cGt/f{li6o hut\df klg /fd|};Fu
kl/lrt gfd /x]sf 5g\ . pgsf] of] k|l;l4 / pgsf sndsf]
rdTsf/nfO{ ;/fxgf ub}{ o;kN6 g]kfn k|1fk|lti7fgn] pgsf]
b n]s gfdsf] c\u|]hL efiffdf cg"lbt pkGof;nfO{ tfn sf]
kdf g]kfnL efiffdf kfGt/0f u/fO{ k|sfzdf NofPsf] 5 .
cGt/f{li6o hut\df Vofltk|fKt s[ltnfO{ g]kfnL efiffdf
kfGt/0f u/L k|sfzg ug]{ g]kfn k|1fk|lti7fgsf] k"j{k/Dk/fs}
qmddf of] s[lt klg kf7s;dIf cfPsf] 5 . klxnf cg"lbt eO{

k|sflzt ePsf s[ltx h:t} o; s[ltn] klg g]kfnL kf7ssf]

?lrnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{5 eGg] ck]Iff k|1fk|lti7fgsf] /x]sf] 5 .
s'g} klg efiffsf] ;[hgfTds s[ltsf] csf]{ efiffdf kfGt/0f
Pjd\ cg'jfb ug]{ sfo{ c;fWo} hl6n sfo{ xf] . Pp6f efiffdf
n]lvPsf ;[hgfTds s[ltleq /x]sf tt\efiff af]Ng] hfltsf
;f+:s[lts d"No, dfGotf, k/Dk/f Pjd\ To; efiffsf]
cleJolQmsf] afGsL / snf cGtlg{lxt /xg] x'Fbf To;nfO{
h:tfsf] t:t} kfGt/0f ug'{ cg'jfbssf nflu 7"n} r'gf}tLk"0f{
sfd xf] . k|:t't s[lt d"n hfkfgL kf7af6 c\u|]hL efiffdf
kfGt/0f eO{ To;af6 g]kfnL efiff cg'jfb ul/Psf] xf] . o;/L
cfVofgsf/sf] cleJolStn] b'O{ efiffdf a;fOF ;b}{ o; kdf
cfpg'kbf{ d"n kf7sf slt df}lns s'/fx x/fP / slt cfP
To;sf] a]Un} ljj]rgf cfjZos k5{ . oxL cg"lbt s[ltdf
lbOPsf] k|f=8f= uf]ljGb/fh e/fO{sf] dGtJon] n]vs, pgsf]
s[lt Pjd\ cg'jfbs / pgsf] cg'jfbsnfaf/] lj:t[t ljj/0f
k|:t't u/]sfn] tt\;DaGwdf kf7snfO{ oyf]lrt ;"rgf k|jfx
u/]sf] xfd|f] 7DofO 5 .
o; s[ltsf cg'jfbs >L ljho /f}lgof/ g]kfnL / d}lynL
efiffsf pbLodfg ;|i6f Pjd\ cg'jfbs klg x'g\ . pgLaf6
cg"lbt k|:t't tfn pkGof; k|sfzg ug]{ bfloTj k|1f
k|lti7fgnfO{ k|fKt ePsf] 5 . kf7saf6 k|fKt x'g] of] cg"lbt
s[ltaf/]sf] k|ltlqmofn] lgZro klg pgnfO{ cg'jfb sfo{df
cl3 a9\g c k|]l/t unf{ / c klg s[ltx k|1fk|lti7fgn]
k|sflzt ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt xf]nf eGg] ck]Iff xfdLn] /fv]sf 5f}F .
cGTodf g]kfn k|1fk|lti7fgsf] ljZj;flxTo tyf cg'jfb
ljefu / o; s[ltsf cg'jfbs ljho /f}lgof/sf sfo{sf]
;/fxgf ub}{ wGojfb;lxt of] dGtJo oxLF 6'\UofpF5' .
wGojfb .

-ufk|;fb pk|]tL_
pks'nklt
g]kfn k|1fk|lti7fg

dGtJo
b]zsf] o'ufGtsf/L cfGbf]ngkl5 /fhtGq o'usf] ;dflKt /
u0ftGq o'usf] pbo x'g] dxjk"0f{ 36gf z[\vnfsf] sf/0f g]kfn
k|1fk|lti7fg s]xL ;dosf nflu g]t[TjljxLg /Xof], Tof] s'/f
;j{ljlbt} 5 . t/ ha g]kfn /fi6n] gofF u0ftflGqs o'udf k|j]z
uof] / gjLg k|fl1s ;+:s[ltsf] lgdf{0f uof], To;;Fu} Pp6f gjLg
ljefusf] klg k|fb'ef{j eof] ljZj;flxTo / cg'jfb ljefu . xfn
b]znfO{ h;/L ;dfj]zL / gofF g]kfn agfpgsf] nflu ;a}n]
nflukg'{ k/]sf] 5, To;/L g} g]kfn k|1fk|lti7fgsf] o; ljefun]
klg cfgf] b]zsf ;a} efiffsf] ;flxTonfO{ Pscfk;df kl/ro
u/fpgsf] nflu cg'jfbsf] dfWodaf6 cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 . olt
dfq xf]Og j}lZjs :t/df klg g]kfnsf] ;flxTonfO{ ljZjdf /
ljZj;flxTonfO{ g]kfndf klg kl/lrt u/fpg] p2]Zo af]s]sf] o;
ljefun] cfgf] lhDd]jf/Lcg'k cfgf sfo{nfO{ tLj| ultn] cufl8
a9fPsf] 5 .
;Dk"0f{ ljZjnfO{ Pp6f s'6'Dasf kdf :yflkt ug{ /
PstfcleGgtfsf] kfjg;"qdf afFWgsf] b[li6af6 cg'jfbsf] dxj
c;lGbUw 5 . k|To]s JolQmsf nflu ljb]zsf] cg]s efiffxdf bIf
x'g' ;Dej 5}g . t;y{, ljleGg b]zxsf] efiff;flxTo, /Lltl/jfh,
kj{pT;j / ljrf/;Dkbfl;t nfeflGjt x'gsf nflu olb ljZjsf]
s'g} Ps efiffnfO{ vf]Hbf Tof] efiff cg'jfb g} xf] .
cfh cg'jfbsf] e"ldsf of] b[li6af6 cTolws k|f;\lus
eO;s]sf] 5 . h;/L tLj|ultsf] jfxg, tTsfn ;~r/0fsf nflu
;~rf/dfWod, j}rfl/s Pj+ af}l4s cfw'lgstf cfh cfjZos /
clgjfo{ eO;s]sf] 5 . jf:tjdf cg'jfb dfq} Ps :jtGq ljifo
Pj+ dxjk"0f{ ljwfsf] kdf cfgf] ljz]if :yfg agfO;s]sf] 5}g
a? p;sf] Jojl:yt tj/af6 pQ/f]Q/ ljsf; klg x'Fb} uO/x]sf]
5 . cg'jfb Pp6f k|ljlw klg 5, snf klg 5, lj1fg / lzNk klg
5 . To;}n] ljZj;Eotfsf] ljsf;df cg'jfbsf] e"ldsf ;/fxgLo
/x]sf] 5 .
o;}sf] kmn:jk tfn pkGof; tkfO{+ ;a}sf] ;fd'Gg] 5 .
hfkfgL n]vs of;'gf/L sfjfaftfsf] pkGof; b n]ssf] c\u|]hLaf6
g]kfnLdf tfn n] gfd cg'jfb ePsf] 5 . g]kfnL ;flxTodf
clxn];Dd sl/a Ps ;o pkGof; ljZj;flxToaf6 leofOPsf] 5 .

ljZj;flxTosf o:tf cd/s[ltxn] xfd|f] g]kfnL efiff / ;flxTo

lj:tf/df tyf n]vs kf7ssf] af}l4s ljsf;, lh1f;f / r]tgfdf
dxjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 .
hfkfgL ;flxTosf] ljleGg ljwfaf6 g]kfnLdf cg'jfb
ul/Psf] 5 . o;} l;nl;nfdf g]kfndf hfkfgL n]vs of;'gf/L
sfjfaftf cTolws k|]dn] k9g] n]vs x'g\ . pxfFsf] lxdb]z / ;x;|
;f/; h:tf sfnhoL s[lt g]kfnLdf cfO;s]sf 5g\ . ;Dat\ !*((
df hGd]sf sfjfaftfsf] lhGbuL b'vn] el/Psf] 5 . To;}n] pxfFsf]
;flxTosf klg j]bgf, kL8fsf] k|efj a9L k/]sf] 5 . ;fg} pd]/df
cfgf] kl/jf/sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;b:osf] cj;fg / ltLo ljZjo'4n] Wj:t
hfkfgsf] b'vn] el/Psf] sfjfaftfsf] hLjg / ;flxTodf o;s]f
uDeL/ k|efj k/]sf] 5 . hLjgsfnsf] cGTo;Dddf sfjfaftf
l8k|];gsf] klg l;sf/ eP / ToxL l:yltdf !(&! df cfTdxTof
u/]/ pgn] cfgf] OxnLnf ;dfKt u/] .
cGttM aL;f}F ztfAbLsf dxfg\ ;h{ssf] s[lt tfndf
ce"tk"j{ df]xgL 5 . lstfa ;fgf] 5 . of] Pp6f k'?ifk|wfg pkGof;
xf], h;df ck/fw ug]{ 3'dGt]sf] syf /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] k|d'v
kfqsf gfd df]df]O{ luDk]O{ xf], h;sf] afNosfn Pp6f tfnsf
jl/kl/sf] a:tLdf lat]sf] x'G5 . Nof;Jofsdf rn]sf] luDk]O{sf]
syf afNosfnsf] tfn;Fu hf]l8G5 . Tof] hLjgsf] cFWof/f] kIf 5 .
tfnsf cg]s cy{ / k|tLsfy{ 5g\ . p;sf] afa' klg tfnd} 8'a]/
d/]sf] lyof] . tfn o;/L hLjgsf] k|tLs xf] ;fy}, t[i0ff, OR5f /
d[To'sf] klg . tfn pkGof;sf] k|d'v kfq luDk]O{ jf:tljs
hLjgnfO{ k5\ofO/x]5 t/ o;dfly ljho k|fKt ug{ ;Qm}g ToxL
s'/f o; pkGof;sf] d"n ;f/ /x]sf] 5 .
o;leq k;]/ of] dxfg\ n]vssf] n]vgLsf] hfb' x]g{ kfOG5 .
cg'jfb ljefu tkfO{+ ;fd'Gg] o;nfO{ k:s]/ of] s'/fdf ljZj:t 5
ls, p;n] tkfO{+ ;dIf Pp6f cb\e't / /f]rs ;flxTo nfPsf] 5 .
o;nfO{ k9]/ tkfO{+xnfO{ Pp6f af}l4s cfgGb / ;Gt'li6 ldNg]5 /
dnfO{ cfzf 5 / tkfO{+x k]ml/k]ml/ o:t} /f]rs cGo cg'lbt
s[ltx k9\g ?rfpg'x'g]5 .
cGtdf cg'jfbstf{ ljho /f}lgof/nfO{ /fd|f] cg'jfb
ug'{ePsf]df wGojfb 5 .
k|f1 8f= ;+hLtf jdf{
;b:o, cg'jfb ljefu
g]kfn k|1fk|lti7fg

cg'jfbsLo
;'sf ztfAbL gfof] sf7df8f}F vf8ndf efl;Psf], lhGbuL eg] Ps
df]x/ . hfltk];fn] j}Zo IfqL eP klg g a]kf/, g ;d/df xf]ldof] .
a? nfluof] k7gkf7gdf . clg laofFln/xFbf w"nf] 6s6SofOdf xft
kof] lszf]/fj:yfdf d'Unfgsf ;x/xsf /]lndfO{ r9\g] a]nf
P=Pr\=lXjn/sf sfpG6/af6 lslgPsf] ;:tf] ef/tLo ;+:s/0fsf]
n]s, hfkfgLaf6 c\u|]hLdf cg"lbt . cg'jfbssf] dft[efiff hfkfgL
/ bf];|f] cyjf t];|f] efiff c\u|]hL ePsfn] / b'j} ;+;f/sf] k|ToIf
cg'ej / ;fIffTsf/n] ;lhnf] eof] xf]nf .
t/ kfFrf}F efiff c\u|]hL / rf}yf] efiff g]kfnL ePsf] d ahfl/of
d}lynefifLnfO{ ;f/} ;f:tL . tyflk uf]ljGb ;/n] Pstfsf eGg'
ePcg';f/ cg'jfbsf] ef/L af]s]/ plSnPF, Ps 8f8';Dd t hf]ufO{
k'ofpFnf eg]/ . ef}uf]lns sl7gfOsf] klg sd tuf/f] lyPg .
;dy/df x's]{a9]sfnfO{ l9:sf, y'Dsf ub}{ lxdfn} l5rf]Ng'k/] x'Fb}g
sGtlahf]s < nl8Pnf, k5fl/Pnf eGg] sqf] 8/ k};f t sdfOPg,
nfluPg klg, t/ yf]/ax't sdfPsf] cd"t{ gfd klg w/fkdf kg]{
qf; .
t}klg yfn]sf], dgn] vfPsf] sfd ul/xfNg] c7f]6;fy tfn cg'jfb
u/]F d}n] klxnf] k':tsfsf/df . k|1fsf] cg'jfb ljefusf] Dof8d
;+hLtfn] sfo{ lbg'eof] / uf]ljGb ;/n] prfn]/ dxf;fu/sf] l8ndf
k'ofOlbg'eof] . k|1fn] ToxLF k|lti7flkt x'g xf}:ofof], x};] uof] d
cls~rgsf] xf]:6]df p7]F . z]if kf7s, ;dfnf]rs, lj1
kfGt/sf/n] kl/dfh{g ug{ ;Nnfx;'emfj lbg'x'g]5 eGg] ljZjf;
lnPsf] 5' .
c:t'
ljhos'df/ /f}lgof/

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k|1fk|lti7fgsf] cg'jfb tyf ljZj;flxTo ljefucGtu{tsf]
kl/of]hgfdf ePsf] o; cg"lbt u|Gysf] cWoog / ;Dkfbg u/L
To;dfly e"ldsf n]Vg] cj;/ k|fKt x'g' Ps ;'of]u 7fGb5' .
tfnsf] lsgf/fdf pleP/ b'O{ zAb
d]/f Ps hgf efO 5g\ ljhos'df/ /f}lgof/ . bfh'efO ;Fu}
5f}F emG8} tLg bzsb]lv . xfdL b'j} c\u|]hL k9fO/x]5f}F lqe'jg
ljZjljBfnodf . pgL klg n]lv/xG5g\, g]kfnLdf c\u]|hLdf . a9L
;flxTo n]V5g\ s]xL cGo klg . pgL dw'ks{df, ul/dfdf, zf/bfdf,
sflGtk'/, sf7dfG8" kf]:6, /fOlh g]kfn / cGo 5fkfdf klg
cfO/xG5g\ . ljz]if u/L cg'jfb pgsf] ?lrsf] / Ifdtfsf] If]q xf] .
c\u|]hLg]kfnLdf }eflifs Ifdtf ePsfxn] cg'jfbdf 7"nf] of]ubfg
ug{ ;Qm5g\, ltgLxsf] w]/} vfFrf] 5 . d]/f efO tLdWo] Ps x'g\ .
c pgL tf dft[efiff d}lynLdf g\ wfl/nf 5g\ . sxfF kfpg'
tLgrf/ /df rNg] y'Fuf h:tf] dfG5] <
gofF l;h{gf tof/ ePkl5 ljhon] dnfO{ k7fpF5g\, ;"lrt
ub{5g\ . d k9\5', k|z+;f ub{5' . olts}df Ps lbg b'O{ jif{cl3 pgL
tfn lnP/ cfP . tfn eGg' ls tnfp eGg' ls kf]v/L eGg' ls < s'g
a9L lk|o nfU5 d eGg ;lQmgF . kf]v/L eGbf dw];df Tof] kb cgf}7f]
nfUnf, tfn eGbf kxf8df, tnfp eGbf lxGbLlt/ 3':5 ls h:tf]
nfU5 . of] c\u|]hL n]s (LAKE) zAbsf] cg'jfb .
g]kfnL ;flxTodf k'is/zdz]/ /f0ffn] u/]sf] /fO8/ Xofuf8{sf]
lzb]lv ljhon] u/]sf] b n]s -tfn_ ;Dd cfOk'Ubf emG8} Ps ;o
pkGof; g]kfnLdf cfO;s]sf b]lvG5g\ . oL tf ljZj;flxToaf6
leofOPsf cd/ s[lt x'g\ . o:tf s[ltsf] xfd|f] ;flxTo lj:tf/df,
n]vskf7ssf] gjr]tgf lgdf{0fdf dxjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5,
/xg]5 .
hfkfgL ;flxToaf6 gf6s, sljtf, pkGof; / cGo ljwf;d]t
g]kfnLdf cg"lbt ePsf] 5 .
tLdWo] of;'gf/L sfjfaftf cTolws k|]dn] kl9g] n]vs x'g\ .
pgsf] lxdb]z / ;x;| ;f/; h:tf sfnhoL s[lt g]kfnLdf cfO;s]sf 5g\ .
cfh sfjfaftfsf] csf]{ pkGof; b n]stfndfly kl/rofTds
e"ldsf n]Vg] cj;/ kfpFbf clws v';L nfu]sf] 5 . d k|:t't /rgfdf

b'O{ s'/f /fVt5' ;j{k|yd, sfjfaftfsf] kl/ro / pgsf pkGof;df

b n]ssf] :yfg bf];|f] s'/f b n]ssf] cg'jfbdf ljhosf] snd .
olt ug'{sf] sf/0f s] xf] eg] cg'jfb ubf{ ;|f]tefiffn]vs
k|sfzs clg d"n s[ltl;t ;Da4 ;a} hfgsf/L kf/bzL{ x'g'kb{5 .
To;} u/L nIo efiffdf To;sf] :yfgaf/] cfjZos hfgsf/L klg
lbg'kb{5 .
dxfg\ ;flxTosf/ sfjfaftf
sfjfaftfsf l;h{gf ljZj;flxTosf ;femf lglw x'g\ . ltgdf
pgsf] hLjg / l;h{gfdf bf];|f] ljZjo'4n] Wj:t hfkfgsf] b'v
;';fpF5 . pgsf] hLjg klg b'vn] 3]l/Psf] lyof] .
;+jt\ !*(( df hGd]sf sfjfaftf b'O{ jif{sf] pd]/df 6'x'/f
eP . To;kl5 afh]ah}sf lhDdf nfu] t/ aHo} klg ;ftjif]{ gfltnfO{
5f8]/ laltg\ . pgL kGw|jif]{ x'Fbf afh] lat] . o;/L ;Dk"0f{ cfkmGthg
u'dfPkl5 sfjfaftfnfO{ o; ;+;f/ PSnf] eof], pgL kl/ToQm eP /
s]xL ;do dfjnklsf gft]bf/;Fu a;] . ;f]/ jif{sf] pd]/b]lv :s'n
sn]h ljZjljBfnokl nfu] . pgL :gfts k'Ubfv]l/ cg]s k"j{jtL{
n]vsaf6 k|efljt eO;s]sf lyP . To;kl5 ;dsfnLg ;fyLxsf]
;d"x agfP/ pgL k9\g, n]Vg / s[lt k|sfzg ug{ yfn] .
sfjfaftfn] ;}Go ;]jfk|lt ljt[i0ff k|s6 u/], bf];|f] ljZjo'4k|lt
s'g} pT;fx b]vfPgg\ . pgn] eg]sf 5g\ ;fg}df kl/jf/sf ;Dk"0f{
;b:osf] cj;fg ePkl5 tL s'/fsf] d]/f] n]vgdf k|efj 5, To;eGbf
klg o'4sf] cToGt} uDeL/ k|efj k/]sf] 5 . capk|fGt d s]jn
zf]ssfJo n]Vg ;dy{ x'g]5' .
jf:tjdf pgn] hLjgel/ lrGtf / cj;fbsf] 8\sf xflg/x] .
To;}sf/0fn] pgn] ;w}Fel/ d[To'5fof, lg/fzf / c;kmntfsf lrq
b]lv/x], ToxL s'/f n]v], To;dfly of}g]R5fsf] ct[lKt ef]u], ToxL n]v] .
sfjfaftf cfgf] ;dosf cu|r]t lyP . pgL klZrdsf
3gTjjfb, cleJo;gfjfb, bfbfjfb h:tf ;dsfnLg snf,
cfGbf]ngl;t kl/lrt lyP . pgn] gofF zlQmn] gofF s'/f n]v], vf;
u/L syf / pkGof; .
bf];|f] dxfo'4 ;lsFbf k"/f ePsf] pgsf] :gf] sG6Llxdb]z pQ/L
hfkfgsf] b"/:y ;x/df /lrt k|]dsyf xf] . w]/}n] o;nfO{ sfjfaftfsf]
df:6/lk; 7xofPsf 5g\ . pgsf cGo s[lt x'g\ yfph]G8 qm]Gh,
g]kfnLdf ;x;| ;f/;, of] klg b'ef{Uok"0f{ k|]dsf] syf xf], b xfp; cj\
l:nlk Ao'l6h\, Ao'6L PG8 :of8g];\, / b cf]N8 Soflk6n .

pgsf] o'4]t/ l;h{gfdf yfph]G8 qm]Gh;x;| ;f/; / b ;fpG8

cj\ dfpG6]gkj{tsf] k|ltWjlg dxjk"0f{ s[lt x'g\ .
yfph]G8 qm]Ghdf hfkfgL ;+:s[ltdf cfwfl/t Pp6f
lrofpT;jsf] k[i7e"lddf n]lvPsf] / lg/fzfhgs k|]dsf] syf 5 .
o;sf] gfos cfg} :juL{o lktfhLsL k|]ldsflt/ cfslif{t x'G5, kl5
Tof] gf/Lkfq d/]kl5 p;}sL 5f]/Llt/ . t/ 5f]/Ln] p;nfO{ 5f]8]/
efU5] . o;sf] uDeL/ cy{ 5 lrofpT;jdf k|o'Qm efF8fjt{g
lr/:yfoL 5g\ k/Gt' ltgdf ;+nUg x'g] dfgj / ltgLxn] k|s6 u/]sf]
k|]d If0fe\u'/ . o:tf k|sf/sf uf]Ko / Joflerfl/s s'/fsf lyd,
c;Dej k|]dsf lyd, cf;Gg d[To'sf lyd pgLleq ufl8Psf zlQm x''g\ .
b ;fpG8 cj\ dfpG6]gdf klg oxL lyd kfOG5 . o;
pkGof;sf] gfossf] klg cfgf ;Gtfgk|lt s'g} k|]d 5}g, cfgL
kTgLk|lt klg s'g} jf;gfk|]d 5}g . of] a'9];sfnlt/ 9Ns]sf] k'?if
cfg} 5f]/fa'xf/Llt/ cfslif{t x'G5 . p;sf] To; gf/Lk|ltsf] k|]d csf]{
:juL{o ;fyLsf] ;Demgfn] k|lt:yflkt x'G5 . cGTodf Tof] syf To;}
5f]l8Psf] 5 .
sfjfaftfn] cfgf clwsf+z syf ck"/} 5f8] slxn] tf
kf7snfO{ l/; p7\g] cj:yfdf g6'\UofO{ . t/ pgL hfgLhfgL To;f]
ub{y] lsgeg] pgnfO{ nfU5 syfsf] cGToeGbf 36gfsf] k|:t'lt
lzNk w]/} dxjk"0f{ s'/f x'g\ .
o;/L dfgj b'v / ct[lKtsf n]vs sfjfaftfsf] cGTosfn
klg b'vb /Xof] . pgn] !(&@ df cfTdxTof u/] . t/ sltn] of]
;+of]usf s'/f dfq xf] eGb5g\, oBlk cfTdxTof g} xf] eGg] ts{
alnof 5g\ ;a}df oxL k/]sf] 5, lsgeg] pgL a'9];sfnsf] kfls{G;g
ladf/n] u|:t lyP, pgnfO{ unfpg]df cg}lts k|]d ;DaGw klg csf]{
sf/s lyof] . To;dfly cfgf ldq ldl;dfn] cfTdxTof u/sf] ;s
klg ylkof] . t/ pgn] s'g} ;'O;fO8n gf]6 5f]8]gg\, OR5fkq 5f]8]gg\,
Uof; ;'F3]/ pgsf] cGTo eof] . of] s'/f /x:odoL eP tfklg Pp6f
;\s]t k|:6 5 cfgf] cleGg ldq ldl;dfn] !(&) df cfTdxTof
u/]kl5 pgnfO{ cg]s b'M:jKgn] 5f]Kg yfn] . eG5g\ pgL emG8} #))
/ft nuftf/ tl;{/x], b'M:jKgn] 5f]lk/x] . pgnfO{ vfln ldl;dfsf]
e"tn] v]lb/Xof] . pgL cToGt} l8k|]:8 d'8df lyP / pgn] cfgf
;fyLefOnfO{ eGy] c/] st} hfFbf Kn]g S|of; eOlbP/ ;dfKt x'g dg{_ kfP x'GYof] .
tfnleq k|j]z
ca dfq} d ;DalGwt s[lt5]p cfpg rfxG5' cfhsf] ljZn]io
s[lt b n]stfn . of] pkGof; ;fgf] 5 !^) k[i7sf] . of] /]Osf]

;'lsd'/ff/f c\u|]hLdf cg'lbt / kfOk/ a'S;f/f k|sflzt s[lt xf] .

of] hfkfgLaf6 ;Lw} g]kfnLdf cfPsf] geP/ aLrdf c\u|]hL dfWoddf
k;]kl5 dfq g]kfnLdf cfPsf] ltLos cg'jfb -;]s]G8/L 6fG;n];g_
xf] . w]/} s[lt g]kfnLdf o;} u/L cfPsf 5g\ . sfjfaftfsf yfph]G8
qm]Gh / :gf] sG6L klg o;} u/L cfP . oBlk Pp6f /fd|f] ;+of]usf] s'/f
s] 5 eg] sfjfaftf :jo+ ;kmn cg'jfbs lyP / hfkfgL ;flxTonfO{
c\u|]hLdf k'ofpg pgn] 7"nf] k|oTg u/]sf lyP .
b n]stfn Pp6f n'sLl5kL ck/fw ug]{ 3'dGt]sf] syf xf] .
3/af/ljxLg df]df]O{ luDk]O{ o;sf] k|d'v kfq xf] . of] cg]s c1ft
ck/fwsf] sf/0fn] ck/fwaf6 plDsg rfxg] eu'jf xf] . o;/L efUbf
e]l6Psf cfOdfO{sf] kl5 nfUg' p;sf] ulx/f] dfgl;s Kof; egf}F ls
/f]u ePsf] 5 . pm tL gf/Lsf] ;f}Gbo{k|lt x'?Ss x'G5 oBlk p;sf
;f/f OR5f cw'/} /xG5g\ .
b n]stfndf luDk]O{sf] afNosfn lat]sf] Pp6f tfn ePsf]
;Gbe{ af/Daf/ cfpF5 . Tof] hnfzo, jl/kl/sf] a:tL, To;sf]
/x:ofTdstf / ;f}Gbo{ clg cuDotfdf Tof] rNb5 .
luDk]O{sf] syf Nof;Aofsdf 5 . afNosfnsf] tfn;Fu Tof]
hf]l8G5 . hLjgsf] cFWof/f] kIf 5 ToxfF . tfnsf cg]s cy{ /
k|tLsfy{ 5g\ . p;n] tfnsf h:tf cfFvf u/]sf o'jtLsf] lk5f u5{,
p;sf] afa' klg tfnd} 8'a]/ d/]sf] lyof] . tfn o;/L hLjgsf] k|tLs
xf], t[i0ffsf], OR5fsf] / d[To'sf] klg . luDk]O{ jf:tljs hLjgnfO{
k5fO/x]5 t/ o;dfly ljho k|fKt ug{ ;Qm}g . p;sf s'k uf]8f,
;+;f/sf ;f/f abgfdL vk]/ lxF8]sf uf]8fn] p;sf] Joy{, l;l;km;sf]
s'bfOnfO{ ;\s]t ub{5g\ . p;n] cGTodf Pp6L j]ZofnfO{ sfvsf]
gfgL;Fu} 5f]8]/ efU5, stfslt luDk]O{ bofkfq klg nfUb5 . pm Ps
;fdfGo JolQm xf], clt ;fdfGo . cfkm" s'k 5' eGg] xLgTjaf]w 5,
gf/Laf6 pm k|]d / :g]x rfxG5 / cfgf] ljZjf; ltgLxaf6 a9fpg
rfxG5 . pm s'k ePs}n] afFb/sf h:tf uf]8fk|lt ;bf lrlGtt 5 .
of] Pp6f pbf;, e|i6 / ljs[t dgf]u|lGyn] o'Qm :s'nl6r/sf] Joyf xf] .
syfsf cg]s k|;\u :d/0fLo 5g\ 6ls{; afydf :gfg, ToxL
s]6L;Fusf] cfsif{0f, lx;fsf];Fusf] ;DaGw, cf]Gbf;Fusf] syf,
j]Zof;Fusf] syf, h"gsL/L aNg] /ft, cfl/tfsf] hLjgL lrq, o'4
cjz]ifsf lrqx t/ s'g} s'/fsf] klg ;dfwfg 5}g, of ;n{Ss k/]/
cl3 a9\g] k/Dkl/t syf h:tf] 5}g .
b n]stfnsf cg]s JofVof 5g\ . tfnn] ;f/f /x:o
lglnlbG5 dfgjdgn] em}F . dfgjz/L/, hLjhGt' tfndf 8'afOG5,
d/]sf / Ho"Fb} klg ;f/f rf]l/Psf ;fdfg ToxLF ofFlsG5, lx+;f ug]{

xltof/, ck/fwL / ck/fw To;}df . jf:tjdf luDk]O{sf] rl/qem}F

/x:odo Tof] tfn / cg]s ck/fw n'sfpg] dgdf tfbfTDo 5 .
luDk]O{sf] afa'sf] ;fg}df xTof ePsf] lyof] . Tof] ck/fwL kQf
nfu]g . luDk]O{ cfkm}F Tof] tfnsf] 5]p5fp 9'lsx]5{ . ;;fgfdf tfnsf
5]p dfdf 3/df s's'/n] 6f]s]/ /StfDd] kf/]kl5, lRr bfFt lgsfn]sf]
d';f kqm]/ Tof] tnfpdf ofFs]sf] ;lDemG5 . afNosfnsf] Tof] ;Demgf
/St, d[To' / tnfpn] p;nfO{ cfhLjg v]lb/x] . dfjnL alxgL
ofof]O{nfO{ p;n] tnfpdf 8'afpg] rfxgf /fv]sf] lyof] . ldlrnfO{
dfg]{ OR5f /fv]sf] lyof], csL{ o'jtL tfdfsfnfO{ ljBfno hLjgb]lv
k5fP/ a/afb} u/]sf] lyof], cf]GbfnfO{ d[To'lrq b]vfPsf] lyof] .
syf c;DalGwt h:tf] 5 t/ k|of]u ul/Psf] ctLtsf]
k[i7e"ldn] luDk]O{sf afNosfnsf sd{ / s'sd{sf emNsf, eTs]sf]
kfl/jfl/s l:ylt / cfk/flws dfgl;stf NofO/xG5 .
pkGof;df To:tf] k|an 36gf 5}g 36gfx 5g\, /]vLo
5}gg\, Nof;Aofssf emNsf, afNosfn / ctLt, ck/fw, ck/fw
r]tgf, cGwsf/, cg}lts, c;'Gb/ / eok|b cGwsf/, ;f}Gbo{ ljgfzsf]
ltvf{ . km"nx l6Kg], RofTg], dfg]{, ofFSg] /x:odo cfk/flws r]tgf .
t/ slt ;'Gb/ k|:t'lt .
luDk]O{ n'sLl5kL ck/fw ug]{ ;w}F sfdft'/ h:tf] o'jtLxsf]
u'Kt l;sf/L . pkGof; v'Nbf luDk]O{ efu]/ k'u]sf] gofF ;x/df :gfg
ul//x]sf] x'G5 Ps o'jtLsf] xftaf6 jf:k:gfg, d;fh /
;fkm;kmfOsf] cfgGbdf /dfO/x]sf] ;'ulGwt 5 ;f/f . p;sf] dg
3'ld/xG5 afNosfndf p7]sf] ofof]O{k|ltsf] sfdgf, xfO{:s'n l6r/
x'Fbf cfg} 5fqf lx;fsf]nfO{ k5fP/ b'v lbPsf] 38L, kGw|jif]{
dfrLnfO{ rfx]sf] sNkgf=== :gfg3/sL k/L;Fusf jf0fL . oL ;f/f
JolQm;Fu hf]l8Psf] leqleq} a'lgPsf] syf 5 ldofsf]sf] Pp6L
pbf;, b'vL ;'Gb/L h;n] k};fsf] nflu Pp6f cfl/tfgfds a"9fnfO{
cfgf] of}jg a]rL . tL ;'Gb/Lsf] k};f rf]/]/ cyjf ltgnfO{ k5fpg]
x'Fbf ltgsf] Aofu x'l/{P/ k};fl;t} ;8sdf em/]kl5 Tof] l6k]/ df]h ug{
s'w]sf] ck/fwL luDk]O{ s'k 5, ck"0f{ 5, afFb/sf h:tf v'f 5g\,
gf\uf], 3'd]sf] rfp/L k/]sf . Tof] b]vfpg p;nfO{ ;/d 5 .
luDk]O{sf ;f/f ljrf/x p;s} :jefjsf 5g\ PSn},
cFWof/fdf l;sf/sf kl5 nfUg] ck/fwL . cFWof/f s'gfsfgL vf]Hb},
emf]8L / of; vf]Hb}, kvf{n, vf8L / lgh{g 7fpFlt/ 8'Ng] Ps 5fof .
pkGof;sf] leqL syf
b n]stfndf sfjfaftfn] Pp6f k|of]ufTds z}nLsf] pkof]u
u/]sf 5g\ . of] z}nL pgsf cGo pkGof;df kfOFb}g . Pp6f cj:yfdf

x'Fbfx'Fb} lje|flGtn] 5f]K5, csf]{ syf cfpF5 . kf7snfO{ Pp6f syfleq

csf]{ k;]sf] xf] cyjf luDk]O{nfO{ oyfy{df e|flGtn] 5f]k]sf] xf] eGg]
s'/f 5'fpg d'l:sn kb{5 .
o;df Pp6f cFWof/f] syf 5 bf];|f] ljZjo'4kl5sf] ljgfz /
dflg;sf] kltt cj:yf, cFWof/f uNnL / lgs[i6 hLjg, v'nf
of}gJofkf/ / p7\g g;Sg] dflg;sf g}lts k/fhox . o:tf
ljz]iftfx sfjfaftfsf cGo s[ltdf klg kfOG5 . o;df a]nfa]n}
crfgs ablng] j0f{gx / To:t} cfsl:ds cGTox cfO/xG5g\ .
:jfefljs kn] aUg] syf sd} 5 . of] syf luDk]O{sf] hLjgrqm xf] .
To;f] t ;x;| ;f/; klg cw"/} dflgG5 . sfjfaftfsf] afgL lyof]
PskN6 n]lvPsf] syfnfO{ lg/Gt/ rnfO/xg], abln/xg] . To;}n] xf]
ls b n]stfn klg cw'/f]em}F nfUb5, ck"0f{em}F . PskN6 cfPsf d"n
rl/q cGTodf km]l/ kms]{/ cfpFb}gg\ .
luDk]O{sf] Jojxf/ g} ljkyufdL, clglZrt / cuDo 5 . Pp6f
pbfx/0f 5 syfsf] cGTolt/ pm Pp6f vfN8fdf n'ls/x]sf] 5
cfkm"n] k|z+;f u/]sL o'jtL Tof] af6f] lxF8f];\ / To;sf] bz{g u/f}Fnf
eGg] cfzf ub{5 . To;/L k|tLIff ul//x]sf a]nf 9'\ufsf] r]kaf6
pd|]sf] Pp6f hnL km"n l6k]/ rkfpg yfN5 . p;sf] hLjg} o:tf
ljlrqtfsf] If0fn] el/Psf] 5 . p;sf] dl:tisdf rNg]
c;Da4tfxnfO{ hf]8\g klg slxn] tf d'l:sn kb{5 . s] lyof], s]
x'Fb} 5, s] x'g]5 eGg] cg'dfg ug}{ ;lsFb}g . To;}n] oyfy{ ;do /
slNkt 36gf, :j}/sNkgf / :jKgjt\ b[Zox, e|flGt / emNsfx
af/Daf/ hf]l8G5g\ . To;}n] syfn] a]nfa]n} af6f] la/fPh:tf] nfU5 .
t/ h] eP klg aL;f}F ztfAbLsf Ps dxfg\ ;h{ssf] o; s[ltdf
cb\e't df]xgL 5Fb} 5 . lstfa ;fgf] 5, o;leq k;]/ sfjfaftfsf]
n]vgLdf /x]sf] hfb' x]g{ kfOG5, Tof] x]g{ nfos 5, cg'e"t ug{ nfos
5 . To;f] tf ;dfnf]rsxn] sfjfaftf a'g ;j{k|yd yfph]G8
qm]Gh;x;| ;f/; / :gf] sG6Llxdb]zaf6 k|j]z ug'{ klg eg]sf 5g\
tfklg olt k[i7e"ld a'lem;s]kl5 b n]stfnleq} k:tf klg Tof]
cfgGb k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]df d ljZj:t 5' .
cg'jfb lzNkleq k|j]z
d}n] w]/} ;do nufP/ k9]F, eflifs kn] xfd|f kf7snfO{ Wofg
/fv]/ k9]F, cg'jfbsf] wd{ ;Dem]/ k9]F . ;s]kl5 cg'jfbsnfO{ lbPF .
pgn] cIf/zM d]/f] ;Nnfxsf] kfngf u/] . clg kl/dfh{g u/] . Tof]
kl/dflh{t k|lt km]l/ k9]F . s]xL zAbf]Rrf/0fsf] nflu hfkfg a;]/
cfpg'ePsf efiffljb k|f= 8f= dfwjk|;fb kf]v/]nHo";Fu ;Nnfx lnPF .
of] Ps uDeL/ sfo{ lyof] .

slt s'/f 5'6\5g\, slt s'/f cgg'jfb x'G5g\, slt s'/f w]/} jf
yf]/} eP/ cfpF5g\ . s] ug'{ < To;df s'g} pkfo 5}g . cg'jfbsd{sf]
k|s[lt g} To:t} x'G5 . eP;Ddsf] pkfo nufP/ x'g ;Sg] sfd ljhon]
u/]sf 5g\ . pgL g]kfnsf Ps cToGt} ;kmn cg'jfbsdWo] Ps
ulgg]5g\ . cg'jfb ubf{ ckgfOPsf ;a} pkfosf] aofg ul/;fWo 5}g
t/ Pp6f s'/f k|:6 5 of] ltLos cg'jfb ePsfn] hfkfgL
g]kfnLaLrsf ;f+:s[lts eflifs cGt/x Ps}rf]l6 cg'jfbdf k:g
kfPgg\ . tL s'/f c\u|]hL cfFvfdf k;]/ dfq g]kfnLdf cfPsfn] slt
s'/f lkmN6/ ePsf] cyjf cg's"lnt ePsf] x'g ;S5 . s]xL kbx
cfP PNd 6L, lu\Suf] 6L h;sf] Osf]nf]hLsf] cGt/n] cg'jfb gx'g
klg ;S5 . dw];df x'g] jg:klt kxf8df gePem}F xf] . jg:klt, j[If,
k|f0fL, x/]s j:t' :yfgk/s x'g ;S5g\ . xfdLn] ToxL /fVof}F . PNd
6LnfO{ Ps vfnsf] j[If eg] klg df}jf cyjf dx'jfsf] v eg] klg
ck"/f] nfU5 . sltko ;f+:s[lts cGt/sf s'/f 5g\ rf/Dof6sf]
sf]7f, lrofkj{, h"gsL/L pT;j=== nufot cg]s ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts
Jojxf/sf dfGotfsf s'/f . To;sf] cg'e"ltsf] nflu hfkfg} k'Ug'k5{ .
ofYnL6\; km'6nfO{ uf]8fsf cf}Fnfsf aLrsf] 3fp elgPsf] 5,
cf}Fnfsf sfksf] 3fp klg xf]nf To:t} s'g} zAb g]kfnLdf lyPg .
c\u|]hLaf6 ofqf ub}{ g]kfnLdf k'Ubf w]/} s'/f 5'6]sf x'G5g\ .
;f+:s[lts, wfld{s, eflifs, ef}uf]lns, bfz{lgs cGt/xn] cg'jfb x'g
g;s] tfklg h]hlt /xG5 ToxL g} cg'jfb xf] . of] nfexflg
ldl;Psf] v]n xf] . To;}n] elgG5 A live sparrow is better than
a stuffed eagle. e'; vfFb]/ 78fOPsf] d[t rLneGbf lhpFbf] eFu]/f]
g} plrt x'G5 . of] Pp6f lhpFbf] eFu]/f] xf], km'/km'/ p8\g ;S5 .
o;sf] k|d'v p2]Zo xf] xfd|f kf7snfO{ Ps dxfg\
;flxTosf/sf] cd/s[ltdf k|j]z u/fpg' . ;f] s'/f Odfgbf/Lk"j{s
;DkGg ePsf] 5, s'zntfk"j{s, bIftfk"j{s . w]/} jif{kl5 hfkfgL
;flxToaf6 g]kfnLdf cfPsf] o; s[ltnfO{ cg]s :jfut 5 . d ;kmn
cg'jfbn] lbg] ;Gt'li6sf] Ps gd'gf k|:t't ug{ rfxG5' M

Miyako invited them to a Chinese restaurant in Ueno so

that they could look at the cherry blossoms at night in Ueno
Park. The park was thronged with people, the cherry trees
looked tired, and the flowering branches were not fully grown.
Even so, the color of the flowers deepened to pink in the electric
light. Whether she was naturally quiet or simply deferring to
Miyako, Machie did not talk much. She said that when she woke
up in the morning the cherry blossoms in her garden were a

beautiful sight, with petals strewn all over the pruned azalea
bushes below. She also mentioned that she had seen the setting
sun on her way to Keisuke's house, floating like the yellow yolk
of a soft-boiled egg among the blossoms of the cherry trees that
lined the moat. (74)

ldofsf]n] pgLxnfO{ pPgf] kfs{df /flt k}o'Fsf km"nx x]g{

;s"g\ egL ToxfFsf] Pp6f lrlgofF /]:6'/fFdf lgDTofO{ . kfs{df
dflg;xsf] 3'OFrf] lyof], k}o'Fsf vx ylst b]lvGy], / km"n km'Ng]
xfFufxdf d'gf /fd|/L knfO;s]sf lyPgg\ . t}klg lah'nLsf]
pHofnf]df k/]/ km"nxsf] / uf9f u'nfkmL b]lvGYof] . :jefjtof
zfGt eP/ xf] cyjf ldofsf]nfO{ cfb/ u/]/ xf] dfrL w]/} s'/f
ul//x]sL lyOg . pm laxfg Ao"FeFmbf p;sf] af/Ldf km'n]sf k}o'Fx
cfsif{s b]lvGy] eg]/ egL . ltgsf kqbnx tn 5fFl6Psf
ch]lnofsf ofel/ rf/}lt/ 5l/Psf lyP . p;n] s]O;'s]sf] 3/
cfpFb} ubf{ af6f]df c:tfO/x]sf] ;"o{ b]v]sf] s'/f klg egL . Tof] ;"o{
g/d u/L pl;g]sf] cG8fsf] kx]Fnf] efuem}F vf8naflx/ nx/} plePsf
k}o'Fsf km"nxdfem t}l//x]sf] lyof] .

cGTodf, ljZj;flxToaf/]sf] 1fg clt cfjZos eO/x]sf]

jt{dfg ;dodf of] pTs[i6 cg'jfbn] xfd|f kf7ssf] lIflth g\
km/flsnf] kfb}{ nfg]5 eGg]df d ljZj:t 5' . gofF jif{sf] of] cj;/df
;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL kf7s;dIf of] ;'Gb/ sf];]nLnfO{ klg lrgfpg kfPsf]df
d ljz]if cfgGb k|s6 ub{5' . of] ;f/f cfgGbsf] ;|f]t tf ljho efO
g} x'g\ . pg}nfO{ ljz]if awfO{ 5 . cfzf 5, cfpFbf lbgdf pgsf] csf]{
s[ltdfly klg o;} u/L e"ldsf n]Vg] cj;/ k|fKt x'g]5 .

;Gbe{
e/fO{, uf]ljGb/fh= cg'jfb cWoog kl/ro= sf7df8f}FM /Tg k':ts e08f/,
@)^$ .
. pQ/cfw'lgs ljdz{= sf7df8f}FM df]8g{ a'S;, @)^$ .
e]g'lt, n/]G;= b :SofG8Nh cj\ 6fG:n];g= nG8gM ?6n]h, !((( .
Kawabata, Yasunari. The Lake. Delhi: Piper Books, n.d.

-of;'gf/L sfjfaftf !*(( df hfkfgsf] cf];fsfdf hGd]sf lyP .

pgn] yfph]G8 q]mG;, :gf] sG6L, b ;fpG8 cj\ b dfpG6]g, n]s
h:tf pkGof; n]Vg'sf ;fy} cg'jfbx klg u/]sf lyP . pgsf k|yd
b'O{ s[ltx c\u|]hLsf ;fy} g]kfnLdf klg cg'jfb eO;s]sf 5g\ .
oxf pgsf] pkGof; n]ssf] kfGt/0f ul/Psf] 5 . cGo pkGof;df
e}Fm o; syfdf klg pgn] cfw'lgs JolQmsf] PsfsLkg, lg/fzf /
of}g;DaGwdfk{mt To;sf] zdg ug]{ k|of;nfO{ dL7f] kf/fn] k|:t't
u/]sf 5g\ . sfjfaftfsf] hl6n cfw'lgs hLjgk|ltsf] a'emfO /
To;nfO{ ;/n ;flxlTos ;Dk|]if0f ug]{ snfnfO{ sb/ ub}{ ;g\ !(^*
df pgnfO{ gf]an k'/:sf/af6 ;Ddflgt klg ul/of] . ;flxTotk{m pQm
k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug]{ pgL klxnf] hfkfgL x:tfIf/ lyP . pgn] !(&! df
cfTdxTof u/]/ b]xTofu u/] ._

luDk]O{ df]df]O{ sf?Ohfjfdf k'Ubf udL{ ofdsf] cflv/L

eO;s]sf] lyof] . t/ Toxf z/b\ Ct'em} efg x'GYof] . p;n]
kmnfl6gsf] ktn'g lsg]/ k'/fgf] ktn'g k]mof] . /flt lr;f] atf;
rNg'sf ;fy} s'lx/f] nfu]sfn] p;n] gof :j]6/ / sldh le/]sf]
lyof] . p;n] gLnf] a;f{tL klg lsGof] . tof/L kf];fssf nflu
sf?Ohfjf /fd|f] 7fp lyof] . p;n] Ps hf]8L cf/fdbfoL h'Qf;d]t
lsg]/ k'/fgf]nfO{ k;nd} 5fl8lbof] . t/ Pp6f sk8fdf kf]sf kf/]sf
k'/fgf n'uf lyP, tL s] ug]{ eGg] p;nfO{ bf]dg eof] . s'g} vfnL
3/df ldNsfOlbbf cfuf} udL{ ofdeGbf klxn] e]l6Ggg\ . Pp6f
uNnLsf] af6f] 3'Dbf p;n] vfnL 5fl8Psf] anfsf] ofn 5fDg
k'u]5 . t/ Toxf sf7 / sLnf c;/Nn} lyP . pm ofn kmf]g{
rfxb}gYof] . lsgeg] Tof]rflx u}/sfg'gL sfd x'GYof] .
kLl8tn] p;sf] ck/fwaf/] eGg g;Sg] x'bf luDk]O{n] cfk"m
;fRrLs} k|x/Lf/f vf]lhPsf] ck/fwL x' ls egL uDof] . p;n]
cfgf n'ufkmf6f k'/fgf] afs;df vfb]/ xn'f] dx;'; uof] . kf]sf]
kLwdf vfb\b} ubf{ p;n] lr;f] sfuhsf] vofsv'?s ;'Gof] . ls t
labf dfGg]x kmf]xf]/L lyP, ls t /vjfnL ug]{ cN5L lyof] .
lsgeg] sGt'/ vGofOPsf] lyPg . lasf]{ klg /fd|/L nfUb}}gYof] . t/
p;n] jf:tf u/]g .
sl/a tL; kfOnf lx8]kl5 pm df]l8of] . p;n] vfnL
afs;g]/ s'lx/f]df ;]tf k'tnLsf] e'mG8 d8fl/O/x]sf] b]v]h:tf]
7fGof] . pm /f]lsP/ k'gM kfOnf rfNg} nfUbf ;]tf] b[Zo p;sf]
6fpsfdfly u'Ho|f] . Tof] dfly b]jbf?sf vxdf dw'/f], gLnf]
k|sfz 5b}{ cb[Zo eof] . vx af6fsf b'j}lt/ nfd nfu]em} l7
plePsf lyP . ltgsf] cGTodf emlsemsfp k|sfzn] ;lhPsf]
3'dfp/f] 9f]sf lyof] . Tof]rflx 6s]{nL :gfg3/sf] d"nf/ lyof] .
au}rfdf k:tf luDk]O{n] cfgf] xftn] skfn d';fof] . p;sf]
skfn lrl6Ss ldn]h:tf] lyof] . jf:tjdf kQL -5'/f_n] cfk}m
ldnfP/ skfn sf6\g] p;sf] snfb]lv ;a} rlst lyP .
ToxfsL ;a}eGbf nf]slk|o ;';f/]n] p;nfO{ :gfgsf]7fdf
8f]ofP/ nuL . 9f]sf 9KsfP/ p;n] cfgf] Hofs]6 k'msfnL . p;n]
sDd/dfly a|f dfq nfPsL lyO{ .
{1|

s]6Ln] p;sf] a;f{tL vf]Ng nfUbf luDk]O{ Psl5g cgsgfO{

x]of] t/ cGttM p;af6 n'uf k'msflng dfGof] . luDk]O{sf] uf]8flt/
lgx'/]/ s]6Ln] p;sf df]hf tfg]/ lgsfnL .
luDk]O{ af:gfbf/ g'xfpg] ef8f]df k:of] . 6fOnsf] /n] ubf{
kfgL xl/o} b]lvGYof] . cQ/sf] uGw eg] Tolt dL7f] lyPg . t/
lzgfgf] eGg] ;x/df Pskl5 csf]{ ;:tf] xf]6ndf n'sLl5kL
3'ld;s]kl5 p;nfO{ ;f] af:gf k"mnxsf] e}m nfUg yfNof] .
ef8f]af6 lg:s]kl5 s]6Ln] p;nfO{ ;jf{} kvflnlbO{ . luDk]O{sf]
v'fdf 6'q'mSs a;]/ p;n] cfgf sf]dn cf}nfn] p;sf uf]8fsf
cf}nfxaLr klg wf]OkvfnL ul/lbO{ . p;n] s]6Lsf] 6fpsf]
lgofNof] . p;sf] skfn 3f6Lsf] kl5Nnf] efueGbf yf]/} tn;Dd
sfl6Psf] / cfOdfO{xn] skfn g'xfP/ 5f8\bfem} ;Lwf / v'nf
lkmlhPsf] lyof] .
oxfsf] skfn wf]Olbpm <
x < s] ufxsxsf] skfn klg w'g] u5f}{ / <
xh'/, d oxfsf] skfn wf]OlbG5' .
PSsfl; cfgf] skfn s:tf] ugfpg] xf]nf eG7fg]/ luDk]O{ kl5
;of] . slt eO;Sof] gwf]Psf] . To;df klg kQLn] dfq} 5fl6Psf] . t/
;fa'gsf] kmLhdf skfn /ul8Pkl5 6fpsf] cufl8kl lgx'/fP/ /
s'lxgfx 3'8fdfly 6]s]/ a:tfv]l/ luDk]O{sf] 8/ x/fof] .
yfxf 5 ltd|f] :j/ dL7f] 5 eg]/ <
:j/ /] <
xf] . ltdLn] af]Ng 5f8] klg ltd|f] :j/ dgdf al;/xG5 .
;w} To:tf] eOlbP kf] x'GYof] . nfU5, s'g} dL7f] / g/d s'/f d]/f]
leqL sfg x'b} d]/f] dl:tissf] cGtt{xdf l5b}{ 5 . ;fRr}, o;n] t
h:tf];'s} v'vf/ ck/fwLnfO{ ;d]t e]8fem} ;'wf] agfOlbg ;S5 .
cfRr] < d]/f] :j/ t clt nHhfn' / s]6L h:t} 5 .
nHhfn' xf]Og lg . of] t cf}wL dL7f] 5 . o;df s]xL b'vb
/ s]xL g/dsf] ;lDd>0f 5 . ;fy} of] tfhf / v'nf 5 . of]rflx
uflosfsf] :j/eGbf km/s 5 . s] ltd|f] s;};u dfof a;]sf] 5 <
cx 5}g . a;]sf] eP /fd|f] x'GYof] .
kv . ltdLn] af]ln/xbf d]/f] 6fpsf] a];/L gdn . To;f]
ubf{ d ltd|f] :j/ /fd|/L ;'Gg ;lQmg .
s]6L yfldO{ .
oxfn] olt nhfOlbg'x'G5 ls d af]Ng} ;lQmg, p;n] nfh
dfGb} egL .
{2|

b]jb"tsf] h:tf] af]nL x'g] s;}nfO{ e]6'nf h:t} slxNo}

nfu]sf] lyPg . kmf]gdf ltd|f] s]xL jrg ;'Gg kfP klg d ToxL
3lGsO/xg] :j/ ;'g]/ al;/xGy] .
luDk]O{sf cfvfdf emG8} cf;' el/of]] . s]6Lsf] af]nLn] p;sf]
dgdf ljz'4 xif{ / Gofgf] cfgGb el/lbof] . of]rflx zfZjt gf/Lsf]
:j/ lyof] ls ;x[boL cfdfsf] <
ltd|f] 3/ sxf xf] <
s]6Ln] hafkm kmsf{Og .
:ju{af6 cfPsL xf} <
P, xf]Og . lgOuftf xf] d]/f] 3/ .
lgOuftf < = = =lgOuftf dxfgu/ <
xf]Og . of] of}6f ;fg' ;x/ xf] .
:gfg3/sL s]6Lsf] :j/ dl;gf] / g/d eO;s]sf] lyof], ca
Tof] la:tf/} slDkt x'g yfNof] .
cxf, Tof] lxdk|b]z === To;}n] xf]nf ltdL Tolt uf]/L / ;'Gb/
b]lvPsL .
cx . ;'Gb/ 5'Og .
xf], 5f} . t/ ltd|f] :j/ vf; lsl;dsf] 5 .
s]6Ln] luDk]O{sf] skfn ldRg l;4fPkl5 afN6Lsf afN6L
tftf] kfgL vGofP/ To;nfO{ kvfnL, p;sf] 6fpsf] a8]dfgsf]
tf}lnof -?dfn_n] a]/L To;nfO{ ykykfpb} ;'sfO{ . p;n] lgs}kN6
skfn klg sf]l/lbO{ .
clg s]6Ln] luDk]O{nfO{ sDd/df 7"nf] ?dfn afw]/ afkm:gfg
ug]{ ef8f]df a;fnL . s]6Ln] rf/kf6] sf7sf] afs;sf cufl8sf]
kNnf vf]n]/ p;nfO{ la:tf/} leq 3r]8L . afs;sf] dflyNnf] efudf
/x]sf] tvtfdf p;sf] 6fpsf] c8fpg] 7fp lyof] . clg Tof] Toxf
/fd|/L ldln;s]kl5 p;n] afsL 7fpnfO{ Pp6f 9sgLn] 5f]lklbO{ .
lunf]l6g -6fpsf] l5gfpg] oGq_, p;n] dgdg} eGof] clg
p;n] lj:kmfl/t cfvfn] jl/kl/ x]of] . Kjfndf km;]/ p;n] 6fpsf]
bfofafof 3'dfof] . t/ pm 8/fPsf] s'/fsf] s]6Ln] jf:tf ul/g .
ufxsxn] k|foM To;f] eGg] u5{g\, p;n] egL .
luDk]O{n] 9f]sfb]lv ofn;Dd cfvf s'bfof] .
ofn nfOlbpm < s]6L pmlt/ hfb} lyO{ .
kb}{g .
ofn v'nf lyof] . ;fob afkm:gfgaf6 lg:sg] tftf] xfjfn]
sf]7f el/of] . :gfgsf]7faf6 lg:sg] pHofnf]n] aflx/ PNdsf]
{3|

vsf xl/of kftx 6lNs/x]sf lyP . Tof] v eg] chsf]

lyof] . To;}n] o;sf] afSnf] ofleq;Dd pHofnf] l5g}{ kfPsf]
lyPg . luDk]O{nfO{ nfUof]tL kftsf] cWof/f]nfO{ lrb}{ st}af6
lkofgf]sf] dw'/f] cfjfh cfO/x]sf] xf]nf . t/ pQm cfjfhdf s'g}
;Lt lyPg . p;nfO{ lje|d ePsf] x'g ;S5 .
s] ofnaflx/ s'g} au}rf 5 <
xh'/ .
ofnkl cw{gUg cj:yfdf dw'/f] xl/of] k|sfz kb}{ u/]sL
uf]/L s]6L eg] cs}{ b'lgofdf ePh:tL lyO{ . u'nfkmL 6fOn
cf]5fOPsf] eOdf pm vfnL v'f pleOPsL lyO{ . p;sf uf]8fx
;fRrL g} t?0ffj:yfsf k|tLs lyP t/ 3'8fk5fl8sf vfN6fdf eg]
sfnf bfux lyP .
luDk]O{nfO{ nfdf] :gfgsf]7fdf PSn} a:g'k/]df vlkg;Sg' x'G5
xf]nf Kjfnsf] 3]/f sl;P/ p;nfO{ c7fpg] xf] ls eg]/ cflQof],
8/fof] . cfgf] l;6d'lg /fk p7]sf] p;n] dx;'; ug{ ;SYof] .
p;sf] lk7" tftf] tvtfem} nfUg] j:t'df 9]l;of] . jf:tjdf afkmn]
ubf{ afs;sf] tLg}lt/ tfltPsf] lyof] .
d}n] oxf slta]/ a:g'kg]{ xf] <
;f] s'/f oxfd} e/ k5{ . t/ d]/f] ljrf/df sl/a b; ldg]6
a:g'k5{ xf]nf . ;w} cfpg] ufxsLx t o;df nueu kGw| ldg]6
a:5g\ .
p;n] 9f]s}g]/sf] n'uf /fVg] ns/dflysf] ;fgf] 38Ltk{m
x]of] . rf/kfr ldg]6 dfq} ePsf] lyof] . s]6L pmg]/ cfO{, p;sf]
lgwf/df Pp6f lr;f], leh]sf] ?dfn /flvlbO{ .
P a'e]m . o;n] /ut duhdf NofOk'ofp5 .
;Grf] dfGb} p;n] ca cfgf] uDeL/ cg'xf/ dfq sf7sf]
afs;aflx/ b]lvbf s:tf] pNn" h:tf] nfUbf] x' egL sNkgf ug{
;SYof] . p;n] cfgf] Gofgf] 5ftL / k]6 df8\g vf]Hof] . p;sf] hLp
RofkRofk lyof] . t/ Tof] kl;gf xf] jf afkm egL 7Dofpg ;s]g .
p;n] cfvf lrDd uof] .
ufxsL afkm:gfgdf ePsf] a]nfdf klg s]xL sfd ug'{kof]
egL s]6Ln] :gfg ug]{ ;'ulGwt ef8f]af6 tftf] kfgL lgsfnL / eO
;kmf ug{ yfnL To; a]nf 5fk5fk cfjfh cfof] . luDk]O{nfO{
Tof] cfjfh rfgdf 7f]lsg] 5fnxsf] h:tf] nfUof] . rfgdf b'O{
;d'b|L r/f cw{rGb|fsf/ kv]6f lkmhfpb} Pscsf{sf r'Rrf 7'f7'
ub}{ lyP . p;n] cfgf] hGd7fpsf] ;d'b| emnemnL ;lDemof] .
{4|

ca slt ldg]6 afsL 5 <

sl/a ;ft ldg]6 .
s]6Ln] k]ml/ Pp6f lr;f] ?dfn NofP/ luDk]O{sf] lgwf/df
/flvlbO{ . PSsfl; cfgGbdoL lr;f] dx;'; u/]/ p;n] cfgf]
6fpsf] cufl8 x'Tofof] .
cfx
s] eof], xh'/ <
;fob luDk]O{nfO{ afkmsf] Gofgf]n] 6fpsf] l/fof] ls eg]/
p;n] emfl/lbPsf] ?dfn s]6Ln] l6k]/ k]ml/ p;sf] lgwf/df /flvlbb}
;dfO/xL .
aflx/ lg:sg'x'G5 <
cx . s]xL ePsf] 5}g .
luDk]O{nfO{ nx8 rNof] . p;n] o; dL7f] af]Ng] s]6LnfO{
6f]lsof]df st} sf/}sf/ u'8\g] af6fdf k5fO/x]sf] lyof] . s]xLa]/ t
p;n] k]6L5]p nfda4 lu\suf] vx dfq x]g{ ;Sof] . pm
kl;gfn] lgy|'Ss} eO;s]sf] lyof] . sf7sf] afs;df 6fpsf] a];/L
c7fO/flvPsf] x'bf 3'Dg g;Sg] a'e]mkl5 p;n] cK7]/f] cg'xf/
nfof] .
s]6L p;sf] 5]paf6 x6L . pm luDk]O{sf] Jojxf/b]lv cln
lrlGtt h:tL b]lvO{ .
6fpsf] dfq aflx/ lgsfn]sf] a]nf x]bf{ d]/f] pd]/ slthlt
b]lvG5 < p;n] ;f]Wof] . t/ s]6Lrflx cndlnP/ s'g} hafkm lbg
;lsg .
d nf]Ug]dflg;xsf] pd]/ eGg} ;lQmg .
s]6Ln] p;nfO{ lgofn]/ x]g{ rflxg . luDk]O{n] cfk"m rf}t L;
nfu]sf] atfpg] s'/} lyPg . p;n] s]6L cem aL;d'lgsL xf]nL egL
;f]Rof] . p;sf s'd, k]6 tyf uf]8fxn] pm cIft s'df/L g} ePsf]
b]vfpy] . p;sf ufnfx tfhf / u'nfkmem} lyP . ltgdf nfnL
dfq nufOPsf] b]lvGYof] .
ca lg:sg kfP x'GYof] .
luDk]O{sf] :j/ zf]sfs'n lyof] . s]6Ln] p;sf] unfg]/sf]
tvtf x6fO{ . 3f6Ldf e'mlG8Psf] ?dfnsf] b'j} 5]p ;dfP/ p;sf]
6fpsfnfO{ cd"No j:t'em} la:tf/} tfgL . clg p;sf] hLpel/sf]
kl;gf k'l5lbO{ . luDk]Os
{ f] sDd/df 7"nf] ?dfn a]l/Psf] lyof] .
s]6Ln] leQf;u} /flvPsf] uhuh] vf6dfly ;]tf] tGgf cf]5fP/
p;nfO{ 3f]K6f] k/]/ ;'Tg egL . clg s'db]lv dfln; ug{ yfnL .
{5|

luDk]O{nfO{ dfln; eg]sf] d'8\sLn] lxsf{pg' / dNg' dfq geO{

vfnL xftn] ykykfpg' / wfk xfGg' klg xf] eGg] s'/f yfxf lyPg .
tL dfln; ug]{ xTs]nfx tf cToGt} sf]dn, Pp6L sGofsf lyP
k/Gt' p;n] lk7"df lg/Gt/ / dg]{ u/L wfk xflg/x]sL lyO{ . o;n]
ubf{ luDk]O{sf] Zjf;k|Zjf; tLj| x'g yfNof] . p;n] cfg} 5f]/fn]
d'8\sLn] ;f/f zlQm nufP/ lgwf/df xfg]sf] / 6fpsf] lgx'/fpbf
xfGofxfGo} u/]sf] ;lDemof] . slxn] xf]nf Tof] < === t/ clxn] o;
k'mRrLsf xftn] a];/L k[YjLsf] leQfn] lylrPsf] lrxfgdfly
lxsf{Psf] lxsf{o} lyof] . ofnvfgfsf cWof/f leQfxn] luDk]O{nfO{
rf/} lbzfaf6 5f]Kg yfn] . p;sf] hLpaf6 lr;f] kl;gf 5'6\of] .
s] ltdLn] kfp8/ 5ls{lbb} 5f} < p;n] ;f]Wof] .
xh'/ . oxfnfO{ c;lhnf] ef] <
P xf]Og, luDk]O{n] xQfl/b} eGof] . d]/f] k]ml/ kl;gf
5'l6/x]5, x}g t < yfxf 5, ltd|f] af]nL ;'g]/ klg c;lhnf] dfGg'
ck/fw h:t} x'g]5 .
s]6L x7ft\ dfln; ug{ /f]lsO{ .
d}n] ltd|f] :j/ ;'g]kl5 cyf]{s ;a} x/fP/ hfG5 . d clns
axlsPh:tf] nfUnf t/ s'g} :j/nfO{ k5fpg jf ;dfpg ;lsGg,
s;f] < dnfO{ of] ;do tf hLjgsf] k|jfx h:tf] nfU5 . cx,
To:tf] x'g' kb}{g . ltdLn] rfx]sf] a]nf cfgf] dL7f] :j/ k|of]u ug{
;S5f} t/ clxn]em} r'k nfu]/ a:5' eGof} eg] ltdLnfO{ s;}n]
af]Ng s/ nfpg ;Q}mg . jf:tjdf ltdLnfO{ PSsfl; cfZro{, l/;
jf b'v kbf{ af]N5f} t/ ltdLnfO{ g};lu{s :j/df af]Ng] gaf]Ng] xs
5 .
:gfg3/sL s]6L r'k nfu]/ luDk]O{sf lgtDa tyf lt3|fk5fl8
dfln; ul//xL . p;n] p;sf] uf]8fsf] vfN8fb]lv cf}nf;Dd
d'8\sLn] lyRt} /xL .
pQfgf] kgf]{;\ t . s]6Ln] olt dl;gf] :j/df af]nL ls
p;nfO{ ;'Gg xDd] g} kof] .
s;f] <
ca pQfgf] kgf]{;\ x} <
pQfgf] /] < lk7" kmsf{P/ klN6g eg]sL xf] < luDk]O{
sDd/df a]l/Psf] ?dfn ;dfP/} klN6of] . k"mnxsf] ;'jf;em}
s]6Ln] lgd]if dfq sDkg;fy u/]sf] ;fptL p;sf] sfgdf el/of] .
of]] p;sf] hLp 3'dfP;u} p;sf] kl5 nfUof] . p;sf sfgn]
o;cl3 slxNo} To:tf] cfgGbsf] cg'e"lt u/]sf lyPgg\ .
{6|

;fgf] u2fbf/ cf]5fgdf 9]l;P/ s]6Ln] luDk]O{sf kfv'/fx

ldlrlbO{ . p;sf :tgx luDk]O{sf] cg'xf/eGbf dfly lyP . p;sf]
a|f /fd|/L sl;Ph:tf] gnfu] klg p;sf] hLpsf] df;' ;]tf] sk8fsf]
5]pdf cln sl;Psf] lyof] . t/ p;sf] hLpaf6 pl5lPsf :tgx
cem kl/kSj eOg;s]sf nfUy] . p;sf] cg'xf/ cln k|frLg
:jksf] uf]nfsf/ lyof] . p;sf] lgwf/ Tolt rf}8f lyPg . t/
;fob p;sf] skfn k5fl8;Dd sf]l/Psf] / /f}x aflx/
glgsflnPsfn] lgwf/ cUnf] b]lvg'sf ;fy} p;sf 7"n7"nf cfvf
emg\ pHofnf -t]lhnf_ b]lvGy] . p;sf] 3f6L / s'daLrsf] df;'
kf]l6nf] lyPg . ;fy} p;sf dflyNnf kfv'/fx hjfgLn] el/Psf /
uf]nf lyP . p;sf] 5fnfsf] rdsn] cfv} ltld{/fPsf]n] luDk]O{n]
cfvf lrDd kfof] . s]6Lsf cfvfsf 9sgLk5fl8 p;n] l;sdL{n]
sLnf /fVg] vfnsf] afs; b]Vof] . To;el/ /x]sf ;fgf sLnfx
pHofnf]df 6lNs/x]sf lyP . luDk]O{n] cfvf p3f/]/ 5fgfdlGt/sf]
k6fO{tk{m x]of] . Tof] ;]tf] lyof] .
o; pd]/d} d]/f] z/L/ a"9f] ePsf] nfUb}g < To;f] x'gfsf
sf/0f d}n] ef]u]sf] sl7g hLjg xf], luDk]O{ kmtkmtfof] . t/ p;n]
cem klg pd]/ vf]n]sf] lyPg .
yfxf 5, d rf}tL; jif{sf] eP, a'of} <
xf] / < oxf Tof]eGbf sd pd]/sf] b]lvg'x'G5, s]6Ln] cfgf]
:j/df s'g} efj gNofO{ egL . pm luDk]O{sf] 6fpsfg]/ pleg] u/L
kms]{/ leQf;u} /x]sf] kfv'/f ldRg yfnL .
d]/f] uf]8fsf cf}nfx nfdf eO;s]sf 5g\, x} <7Ls
afb/sf em} . tL rfp/L kl/;s]sf 5g\ oBlk d lgs} 8'Ng] u5{' ===
cfgf] uf]8fsf cf}nfx b]v]/ d ;w} t;{G5' . t/ ltdLn] cfgf
;'Gb/ xftn] ltgnfO{ 5f]of} . d]/f] df]hf k'msflnlbbf ltdLnfO{ lbSs
nfu]g <
s]6Ln] hafkm kmsf{Og .
d klg hfkfgsf] ;d'b|L t6df a:g] dflg; x' . Toxf sfnf
rfgn] ubf{ af6f] vfN8fv'N8' 5 . d rfgdf uf]8fsf nfdf
cf}nf uf8\b} gff] v'f lx8\g] uy]{ .
luDk]O{n] cw{;To s'/fx uYof]{ . cfgf uf]8f s'k ePsfn]
ubf{ cfgf] o'jfj:yfdf p;n] sltkN6 e"m6f] af]n]sf] lyof] . t/
jf:tjdf cf}nf / uf]nLuf7faLrsf] dflyNnf] efu;d]t sfnf] / v;|f]
x'g'sf ;fy} sfkx rfp/L k/]sf / aflPsf cf}nfx htf klg
dls{g] vfnsf lyP . s]6Ln] dfln; ul//xbf pQfgf] k/]sf] luDk]O{n]
{7|

cfgf] uf]8f x]g{ g;s]kl5 xftx cfvfcufl8 NofO{ lgofNg

yfNof] . s]6Ln] luDk]O{sf] :tgeGbf cln dfly 5ftLb]lv
kfv'/f;Ddsf] df+;k]zL dfln; ub}{ lyO{ . luDk]O{sf xftx eg]
uf]8fhlt ;f/f] e2f lyPgg\ .
hfkfgL ;d'b|L t6sf] s'g efuaf6 cfpg'ePsf] xf] < s]6Ln]
:jfefljs :j/df ;f]wL .
s'g efu === luDk]O{n] c:ki6 :j/df af]Nof] . cfk"m
hGd]sf] 7fpaf/] dnfO{ af]Ng} dg nfUb}g . d km/s lsl;dsf]
dflg; x' . xfn d]/f] s'g} 3/ 5}g .
s]6Ln] luDk]O{sf] hGd:ynaf/] hfGg] vf;} rf;f] lnOg / s'g}
ljz]if rfv lnP/ ;'lg/x]sL h:tL lyOg . :gfgsf]7fdf s;/L
pHofnf] k:of] < s]6Lsf] z/L/df s'g} 5fof k/]sf] b]lvb}gYof] .
p;sf] 5ftL d;fh ubf{ub}{ s]6Ln] cfgf :tg cl3lNt/ x'TofO{ .
clg luDk]O{n] xft sxf /fVg] d];f] gkfP/ cfvf lrlDnof] . p;n]
kfv'/f tGsfpbf s]6LnfO{ :kz{ ug{ ;SYof] . p;nfO{ cf}nfsf] 6'Kkf]n]
dfq klg 5'bf yKk8 cfpg ;Sg] nfUof] / ;fRrL g} yKk8 nfu]/
pm eml:sof] . p;n] PSsfl; cflQP/ cfvf vf]Ng vf]Hbf k/]nf g}
p3fg{ ;s]g . ltgdf lgs} rf]6 nfu]sf] lyof] . p;nfO{ ?g dg
nfUof] t/ yf]Kk} cf;' cfPg . dfgf} tftf] l;of]n] 3f]r]em} cfvf b'Vg yfNof] .
luDk]O{sf] d'vdf s]6Lsf] xTs]nfn] geO{ 5fnfsf] gLnf] xft]
emf]nfn] nfu]sf] lyof] . p;nfO{ Toltv]/ xft] emf]nfsf] ;'Osf] ePg
t/ rf]6 nfu]kl5 ljrf/ ubf{ uf]8fg]/ emf]nf kl//x]sf] kfof] . ;f]
emf]nf cfk"mnfO{ xfGg} eg]/ xf] ls cfk"mlt/ To;} x'TofOPsf] xf] egL
7Dofpg ;s]g . t/ p;nfO{ lxsf{OPsf] xf] eGg] s'/f ;To lyof]
lsgeg] Toltv]/} p;sf] xf]; v'Nof] .
luDk]O{ lrRRofof] / cfk"mnfO{ Tof] gxfGg cfu|x ug{ yfNof] .
tTsfn p;n] tL dlxnfnfO{ ltdLn] cfgf] xft] emf]nf emfof}
eGof] . t/ cf}ifwLk;nsf] df]8af6 ptf nfu]kl5 dlxnfsf] kl5Nnf]
efu ufoa eof] . dfem af6fdf dfgf} p;sf] ck/fwsf] b'?:t
k|df0fsf] kdf vfln gLnf] xft] emf]nf lyof] . emf]nfsf] v'nf
efuaf6 xhf/xhf/ o]gsf gf]6xsf] la6f] lg:s]sf] lyof] . t/
k};fsf] la6f]eGbf klg xft] emf]nf g} p;sf] ck/fwsf] ;a'bk|df0f
x'g ;Sg]df klxn] Wofg tflgof] . efu]/ clg xft] emf]nf 5fl8lbP/
dlxnfn] dfgf} p;sf] sfdnfO{ ck/fw agfOlbPsf] lyof] . cflQP/
pm :jtM -oGqrflnt 9+un]_ emf]nf;Dd k'Uof] . Tof] l6k]kl5 dfq
xhf/xhf/ o]gsf] gf]6sf] la6f] b]v]/ tLg 5Ss kof] .
{8|

kl5af6 p;nfO{ cf}ifwLk;n g} lje|d xf] ls h:tf] nfUg

yfNof] . s'g} klg k;n gx'g] cfjf; If]qdf ;fgf], k'/fgf]
cf}ifwLk;n b]lvg' cfZro{hgs lyof] . t/ l;;fsf 9f]sfafx]s
p;n] gfDn]sL/fsf] cf]vtLsf] k|rf/ ug]{ ;fOgaf]8{ klg b]v]sf]
lyof] . cem crDd s] eg] cfjf; If]q ;'? x'g] 7fp, sf/ u'8\g]
af6fsf] df]8df cfd'Gg];fd'Gg] k|foM p:t} b'O6f kmnk"mn k;nx
lyP . b'j} k;ndf ;fgf sf7sf afs;df k}o' / eOP];]n' /flvPsf
lyP . dlxnfnfO{ k5fpbf luDk]O{n] p;nfO{ afx]s s]xL b]v]sf]
lyPg . clg s;/L PSsfl; b'j} kmnk"mn k;ndf p;sf cfvf k'u]
t < s] p;n] df]8 ;lDemg vf]h]sf] lyof] lsgeg] Toxfaf6
dlxnfsf] 3/sf] af6f] b]lvGYof] < kmnk"mnsf k;n Toxf ePs}
x'g'k5{ lsgeg] clxn] klg p;sf cfvfdf r ldnfP/ /flvPsf
eOP];]n' b]lvGy] . t}klg sf/ u'8\g] ;8ssf] df]8df Ps dfq k;n
x'g'kg]{ xf] . clg To; a]/ cndndf p;n] b'j}lt/ k;n ePsf]
eG7fGof] . p;n] kl5 kmnk"mn / cf}ifwLk;nx ;fRrLs} lyP egL
x]g]{ OR5fnfO{ o]gt]g bafof] . t/ j:t'tM af6f];d]t ;lDemg uf/f]
lyof] . ;f]af/] p;n] cfgf] lbdfudf 6f]lsof]sf] gS;f lvr]/ dfq
wldnf] tl:a/ agfpg ;Sof] . lsgeg] Toltv]/ ;aeGbf dxjk"0f{
s'/f] Tof] dlxnf s'g af6f] uO{ eGg] g} lyof] .
xf] . dlxnfn] emf]nf kmfNg} vf]h]sL lyOg xf]nL, s]6Ln]
luDk]O{sf] e'8L dfln; ul//xbf pm clgR5fk"j{s a/a/fof] .
rlst eP/ p;n] cfvf lj:kmfl/t uof] t/ s]6Ln] yfxf
kfpg'cufj} k]ml/ lrlDnof] . cfvfsf] efjn] s]6LnfO{ gs{sf] s'g}
;}tfgL r/fsf] ;Demgf u/fof] xf]nf . p;n] Ps dlxnfsf] xft]
emf]nfaf/] u'gu'gfPsf eP klg wGo, kmflnPsf] j:t' jf ;f] kmfNg]
JolQmaf/] s]xL af]n]sf] lyPg . p;n] k]6 PSsfl; a6fl/g / k'mNg
yfn]sf] cg'ej ug{ yfNof] .
sfps'tL nflu/x]5, axfgf agfpb} luDk]O{n] af]Nof]
To;kl5 s]6Ln] dfln;sf] ult ;':t kf/L . ca eg] p;nfO{ ;fRrL
sfps'tL nfUof] . clg pm a];/L xf:g yfNof] .
7Ls To; a]/;Dd luDk]O{sf] c8sn s] lyof] eg] Tof]
dlxnfn] emf]nfdf ePsf] k};fsf nflu p;n] k5fPsf] eG7fg]/ ;f]
kmfn]sL jf kmfnL lxsf{PsL lyO{ . cyf{t\ pm oltljg 8/fO{ ls
emf]nf 5f8]/ s'n]nd 7f]sL . t/ p;n] emf]nf kmfNg} egL rfx]sL
lyOg xf]nL . jf:tjdf p;n] cfk"mn] af]s]sf] ;fdfgn] lxsf{P/
luDk]O{nfO{ 5]plt/ n8fpg rfx]sL lyO{ t/ Tof] tLj| ultsf] If0fdf
{9|

xftaf6 emf]nf k'mlTsof] . h];'s} ePsf] lsg gxf];\ luDk]O{ / Tof]

dlxnf ;fob cToGt} glhs ePsL lyP x'gg\ dlxnfn] ;f]
3'dfpgf;fy luDk]O{sf] d'vdf nfUof] . cfjf;Lo If]qdf pgLx
k|j]z ugf{;fy p;n] yfx} gkfO{ b"/L 5f]6\ofP/ dlxnfsf] lk5f ug{
yfNof] . s] dlxnfn] pm cfk"mglhs} cfOk'u]sf] rfn kfP/ p;dfly
emf]nf x'ofpb} efu]sL xf] <
p;sf] dg;fo n'6\g' lyPg . emf]nfdf Toltljlw k};f xf]nf
eGg] s'/f g p;n] z\sf u/]sf] lyof] g ljrf/ . ck/fw l;4 ug]{
To:tf] k|:6 k|df0f x6fpg egL xft] emf]nf l6Ktf To;leq p;n] b'O{
nfv o]g k]mnf kf/]sf] lyof] . PsPs nfvsf b'O{ s/s/] Aof
gf]6sf la6fx / kf;a's x'g'sf] cy{ dlxnf Aofaf6} kmls{/x]sL
x'g'kg]{ xf] . cfk"mnfO{ ToxLaf6 k5fOPsf] nfu]sf] x'g ;S5 .
emf]nfdf Aof gf]6sf b'O{ la6fafx]s Ps xhf/ 5 ;o gub o]g
dfq lyof] . kf;a's vf]n]/ x]bf{ dlxnfn] b'O{ nfv o]g
lgsfln;s]kl5 ;QfO; xhf/ o]g jf o:t} /sd afsL df}Hbft
/x]sf] kfof] . dlxnfn] clwsf+z art /sd lemls;s]sL lyO{ .
luDk]O{n] kf;a'saf6 yfxf kfof]dlxnfsf] gfd ldofsf]
ldh'sL /x]5 . p;sf] k};f lng] dg;fo geO{ dlxnfsf] cgf}7f]
cfsif{0faf6 dfq tflgPsf] eP p;n] k};f / kf;a's lgZro klg
kmsf{OlbGYof] . t/ p;n] tL ;a kmsf{pnf eGg] ck]Iff ug{
;lsb}gYof] . p;n] dlxnfnfO{ k5fPe}m k};fn] lbdfu ePsf]
;hLj k|f0fL;/x p;nfO{ k5fPsf] lyof] . luDk]O{n] k};f rf]/]sf] of]
klxnf] 36gf lyof] . a? p;n] k};f rf]/]sf] geO{ k};f cfk}m cfO{
hfg gdfg]sf] xf] .
p;n] xft] emf]nf l6Ktf k};f rf]g]{afx]ssf] s'/f p;sf] dgdf
cfPg . p;n] cfk}ml;t ck/fwsf k|df0f /x]sf] yfxf kfP/
Hofs]6leq emf]nf n'sfpb} uf8Lx s'lb/x]sf] af6f]tk{m nlDsof] .
t/ s:tf] km;fb eg] Tof] cf]e/sf]6 nfpg] df};d lyPg . pm
glhssf] k;ndf l5of], Ps 6'qmf rf/s'g] sk8f lsGof] / xft]
emf]nfnfO{ To;df a]/]/ s'n]nd 7f]Sof] .
luDk]O{ Pp6f 3/sf] dflyNnf] tnfsf] sf]7fdf 8]/f u/L
al;/x]sf] lyof] . p;n] ;fgf], df6fsf] cu]g'df kf;a'ssf ;fy}
ldofsf] ldh'sLsf] xft] ?dfn tyf c s]xL ;fdfgx hnfOlbof]
p;n] kf;a'sdf n]lvPsf] 7]ufgf gl6k]sf] x'gfn] Tof] ;bfsf nflu
;dfKt eof] . p;n] k};f kmsf{pg] s'/f klg k]ml/ dgdf NofPg .
8l9/x]sf kf;a's, xft] ?dfn tyf sfOof]n] lk/f] /fu cfpg
{ 10 |

yfNof] . 5fnfsf] xft] emf]nf klg 89fPsf] eP emg\ tLj| b'u{Gw

pTkGg x'g] x'gfn] luDk]O{n] To;sf] 6'qmf6'qmf kf/L lbgsf] PsPs
6'qmf u/L hnfpg yfNof] p;n] auln;, nfnL tyf afsf wft'bf/
efu h:tf gaNg] j:t'xnfO{ dWo/ftdf vf8ndf kmflnlbof] .
s;}n] tL k]mnf kfl/xfn] klg ;fdfGo Wofg gtfGg] vfnsf j:t'df
kl/0ft ePsf lyP . nfnLsf] /xnkxn aflx/ lgsfNg nfUbf p;sf
xft y/{ sfd] .
luDk]O{n] Wofgk"j{s /]l8of] ;'Gof] / kqklqsf k9\of] . t/
p;n] b'O{ nfv o]g tyf kf;a's;d]tsf] xft]emf]nf rf]/L ePsf] s'g}
;dfrf/ k]mnf kf/]g .
c=== d}n] ;f]r]h:tf] dlxnfn] k|x/LnfO{ s'g} va/ u/]sL
5}g . p;nfO{ To;f] ug{af6 /f]Sg] s'g} s'/f x'g'k5{, luDk]O{ dgdg}
u'gu'gfof] / leqL dgsf] cWof/f]df s'g} dw'/f] aQL PSsfl; an]sf]
cg'ej uof] . dlxnfsf] leqL dgdf luDk]O{n] k5fO/x]h:tf] ;Gb]x
pTkGg ePsf]n] ubf{ ;fob p;n] Tof] dlxnfnfO{ k5fO/x]sf]
lyof] . pgLx b'j} hgf Pp6} gf/sLo ;+;f/sf afl;Gbf x'g'k5{ .
;f] s'/f p;n] cfg} cg'ejaf6 x]g{ ;SYof] . p;n] ldofsf] ldh'sL
cfk"m h:t} x'g ;Sg] s'/f ;f]r]/ cfgGb dfGg'sf ;fy} p;sf] 7]ufgf
gl6k]sf]df ;f/} k5'tf] dfGg yfNof] .
luDk]O{f/f k5fObf ldofsf] ;fRrL g} 8/fPsL x'g'k5{ t/
p;nfO{ d];} gx'g] u/L dhfsf] cfgGb klg cfPsf] x'g'k5{ . s]
jf:tjdf dfgj;+;f/df PstkmL{ cfgGbsf] cg'e"lt x'g ;S5 < s]
cGo sltko ;'Gb/ dlxnf ;x/df x'bfx'b} p;n] ldofsf]nfO{ g}
k5fpg] vf; ;f]r agfpg' nfu" kbfy{sf] b'Jo{;gLf/f ;fyLsf]
b'v a'e]mh:tf] lyPg <
p;n] k5fPsL klxnL dlxnf lx;fsf] tfdfsL jf:tjdf
To:t} vfnsL dlxnf lyO{ . Toltv]/ pm clns sd pd]/sL, dL7f]
:j/sL wgL :gfg3/sL s]6LeGbf klg sd pd]/sL, s]6L dfq lyO{ .
lx;fsf] dfWolds sIffdf k9\g] s]6L / luDk]O{sL r]nL lyO{ . clg tL
b'O{aLrsf] ;DaGwaf/] yfxf ePkl5 p;nfO{ lzIfs kbaf6 lgsflnof] .
luDk]O{n] s]6LnfO{ p;sf] 3/sf] aflx/L f/;Dd k5fPsf]
lyof] . t/ k|j]zf/sf] eJotf b]v]/ rlst x'b} ToxL /f]lsPsf]
lyof] . 9'fsf] kvf{ndf hl8t / kmnfd] 8G8Ldf a]l/Psf] l8hfOg
ePsf] 9f]sf v'nf lyof] . lx;fsf]n] kms]{/ hfnLaf6 p;nfO{ x]/L .
;/ lx;fsf]n] luDk]O{nfO{ af]nfO{ . s]6Lsf] kx]nf] cg'xf/
cf}wL pHofnf] x'g yfNof] . luDk]O{nfO{ cfgf ufnf klg wkSs
pHofnf] ePsf] dx;'; eof] .
{ 11 |

P, tfdfsL d}of, ltd|f] 3/ oxL xf] < luDk]O{n] wf]q] :j/df

eGof] .

oxf s]nfO{ cfpg'eof], ;/ < xfdLnfO{ e]6\g cfpg'efsf] xf]

<
Pp6f lzIfsn] cfgL r]nLnfO{ n'Qm} p;sf] 3/;Dd lk5f
ug'{sf] s'g} ;/n JofVof x'g ;Qm}g . t/ luDk]O{n] 9f]sfkfl/ x]/L
3/sf] k|z+;f ub}{ eGof] M xf] . dnfO{ v';L nfu]sf] 5 ls o:tf] /fd|f]
3/ n8fOtfsf hnfOPg . crDd 5 .
xfd|f] 3/ t hnfOPsf] lyof] . xfdLn] of] 3/ n8fOkl5
lsg]sf xf} .
n8fOkl5 /] < === ltd|f a'af s] ug'{x'G5, tfdfsL d}of <
xh'/sf] oxf s'g} sfd 5, ;/ < lx;fsf]n] hfnLsf]
csf]{klaf6 luDk]O{dfly s8\s] gh/ nfpb} egL .
xf], xf] . jf:tjdf uf]8fsf cf}nfaLr 3fp ePsf] 5 ===
tfdfsL d}of, ltd|f a'af;u ;f] /f]u lgsf] kfg]{ /fd|f] cf}ifwL 5 /] .
To;f] eGbf luDk]O{n] cfk"mn] Toqf] eJo k|j]zf/sf] ;fd'Gg] cfgf]
5fnfsf] /f]uaf/] lsg s'/f lgsfn]sf] x'nf eg]/ cf;' emf/f}nf h:tf]
uof] . t/ lx;fsf]sf] gh/n] p;nfO{ Ps6s x]l//of] .
uf]8fsf cf}nfaLr 3fp ePsf] /] <
xf], uf]8fsf cf}nfaLrsf] 3fpsf] cf]vtL . ltdLn] :s'ndf
cfgL ;fyL;u Tof] /f]u lgsf] kfg]{ cf]vtLaf/] s'/f u/]sf]
;lDemG5f}<
s]6Lsf cfvfn] pm s]xL ;lDemg vf]h]sL h:tf] a'lemof] .
3fp olt lau|]sf] 5 ls d lx8\g ;lQmg . s[kof cfgf
a'af;u ;f] cf]vtLaf/] ;f]w]/ ltdL cfOlbg ;S5f} < d oxf
klv{/xG5' .
s]6L klZrdf z}nLsf] 3/leq ljnLg ePsf] olsg
eO;s]kl5 luDk]O{ efUg yfNof] . p;nfO{ cfg} s'k v'fn]
k5fO/x]sf] h:tf] nfUof] .
lx;fsf]n] cfk"mlj?4 kl/jf/ jf :s'ndf va/ unL{ h:tf]
nfu]g t/ luDk]O{sf] 6fpsf] lgs} b'Vg yfNof], p;sf] cfvfsf] 9sgL
a6fl/g yfNof] / To; /ft pm /fd|/L ;'Tg klg ;s]g . h;f]t;f]
lgb|f nfu] klg pm a]nfa]nfdf eml:s/xGYof] . Ao"e]msf] a]nf x/]skN6
p;n] cfgf] lr;f] lgwf/ 5fDYof] . clg p;sf] 6fpsfsf] kl5Nnf]
efusf] ljiffQm c+z Toxfb]lv lgwf/dfly x'b} hfbf 6fpsf] /lGsg
yfNYof] .
{ 12 |

lx;fsf]sf] 3/sf] 9f]sfb]lv efu]/ glhssf] j]Zofno If]qdf

ef}tfl/O/xbf p;sf] 6fpsf] b'Vg yfln;s]sf] lyof] . pleg g;s]/
luDk]O{ Jo:t ;8ssf] aLrdf 6fpsf] ;dfpb} lgx'l/P/ lx8\of] .
6fpsf] b'Vg'sf ;fy} l/u6f klg rNg yfn]sf] lyof] . dfgf}+ pkxf/
lr6\7f lht]sf] 3f]if0ff ug]{ 306L p;sf] 6fpsfdf aHg yfn]sf] lyof] .
306Ln] x'Olsb} kl5kl5 cfO/x]sf] bdsnaf/] klg ;r]t u/fof] .
s] u/]sf] < Ps dlxnfsf] 3'8fn] luDk]O{sf] s'ddf xNsf
nfUof] . kms]{/ x]bf{ Tof] dlxnf n8fOkl5 j]Zofno If]qdf k|foM
b]lvg] of}gJofkf/ ug]{ s]6Lxem} nfuL .
ce}m la;Grf] h:tf] nfu]/ luDk]O{ l3;fl/b} a6'jfx lx8\g]
af6f] sf6L Pp6f k"mndfnfsf] k;nsf] ofndf 9]l;g k'Uof] . p;sf]
lgwf/ ofnsf] l;;fdf 7f]lsg k'Uof] .
ltdL dnfO{ k5fO/x]sL xf] < luDk]O{n] dlxnfnfO{ ;f]Wof] .
d}n] tkfO{+nfO{ k5fPsL 5' h:tf] tf nfUb}g .
d}n] ltdLnfO{ k5fPsf] h:tf] klg nfu]sf] 5}g, 5 t <
;fRr} .
tL dlxnfsf] hafkm bf]wf/] lyof] . xf] pQ/ lbPsf] v08df
p;n] c s]xL eGyL xf]nL . t/ pm /f]lsPkl5 cwL/ eP/ luDk]O{n]
;f]Wof] M d}n] k5fPsf] xf]Og eg] ltdLn] k5fPsL x'g'k5{ .
h] eP klg s] km/s k5{ / <= = =
dlxnfsf] z/L/ ofndf k|ltlalDat b]lvGYof] . pm l;;feGbf
k/ k"mnxdfem pleO/x]sL h:tf] b]lvGYof] .
s] ul//xg'ePsf], x < pleP/ a:gf];\, l56f] . dflg;xn]
tkfO{+nfO{ g} x]l//x]sf 5g\ . s]xL efsf] xf] <
xf] . d]/f] uf]8fsf cf}nfaLr 3fp ePsf] 5 .
pxL s'/f p;sf d'vaf6 lg:sbf luDk]O{nfO{ cfk}mdfly
cfZro{ nfUof] .
of] 3fp slt;f/f] b'V5 eg] d lx8\g} ;lQmg .
tkfO{+ s:tf] l/;p7\tf] dfG5] dnfO{ oxf xfdL b'j} hgf uO{
df]h ug{ ;Sg] Pp6f /fd|f] 7fp ePsf] yfxf 5 . tkfO{+n] h'Qfdf]hf
k'msfNg'k5{ .
d cn] tL x]/]sf] dg k/fpGg .
d x]lb{g . tkfO{+sf v'f t s'g} xfntdf x]lb{g ===
ltdLnfO{ ;nf{ x}, xf]; u/ .
of] ;g{ ;Q}mg . dlxnfn] luDk]O{nfO{ p;sf] kfv'/f ;dfP/
prfnL . ef], cfpgf];\ .
{ 13 |

b]a|] xftn] cem lgwf/ ;dfpb} luDk]O{ k"mndf b]lvg] dlxnfsf]

cg'xf/ lgofNb} lyof] . Toltv]/} l;;feGbf k/ k"mnxdfem csL{
dlxnfsf] cg'xf/ b]lvof] . k"mndfnf a]Rg] ;fx'gL log} kf] x'g\ ls
egL luDk]O{ 3f]l/of] . ofnsf] csf{kl /x]sf] ;]tf] nfx'/] k"mnsf]
u'R5f lng egL bflxg] xft l;;flt/ a9fPe}m u/L pleof] . k;nsL
;fx'gLn] p;nfO{ kftnf] cfvLef} v'DRofpb} x]l/g\ . 7"nf] l;;fsf]
ofndf xft c8\sfP/ kfv'/f sfl6g] 8/n] pm dlxnftk{m 9lNsof] .
p;n] o]gt]g cfk"mnfO{ ;dfnL .
ca gefUgf];\, x} < eGb} p;n] PSsfl; hf]8n] 5ftL lrdf]l6lbO{ .
P]of
luDk]O{sf] ;f; lkmof] . lx;fsf]sf] 3/af6 efu]/ cfk"m lsg
j]Zofno If]qdf cfP eGg] s'/f /fd|/L a'g ;s]g . t/ o;
dlxnfn] lrdf]l6lbbf p;sf] lbdfun] a'g yfNof] . dfgf} s'g}
tfn5]psf kxf8af6 aUg] dL7f] atf;n] p;nfO{ :kz{ ubf{ h;/L
p;n] tfhf dx;'; uof] . j;Gt ofdsf] pQ/fw{df em} lr;f] atf;
rn]h:tf] lyof] . t}klg lxpn] 9flsPsf] tfn p;sf] cfvfdf kof]
;fob tfnhlts} 7"nf] kmnk"mn k;nsf] ofndf cfgf] xft
sfl6Pnf eGg] 8/n] xf]nf . p;sf] dfjnL ufp x'b} aUg] tfn lyof]
Tof] . tfnsf] lsgf/df Pp6f ;x/ klg lyof] t/ p;sf]
dfjnL3/rflx ufpdf lyof] .
Tof] tfn s'lx/fn] 9flsPsf] lyof] . clg lxpkfl/ l8ng]/sf
;a} s'/f cgGt 7f9f ePh:tf] nfUy] . luDk]On
{ ] cfgL dfdfsL 5f]/L
ofof]O{nfO{ e'mSSofP/ Tof] a/kmdfly lx8fpg eg]/ nUof] lsgeg]
afns} 5bf p;nfO{ ofof]O{;u l/; p7]/ o;nfO{ ;/fk]sf] lyof] .
p;sf] b'i6tfk"0f{ OR5f s] lyof] eg] v'fdlg /x]sf] a/km efl;P/
ofof]O{ kfgLdf 8'lahfcf];\ . ofof]O{ luDk]O{eGbf b'O{ jif{ h]7L lyO{ t/
pm a9L 56\6' lyof] . pm b; jif{sf] x'bf p;sf] a'afsf] cfZro{hgs
d[To' ePsf] lyof] . cfdfn] cfk"mnfO{ 5f8L dfOt kmls{g] xf] ls eGg]
qf;n] luDk]O{n] ofof]O{eGbf a9L 56\6" aGg] k|of; ug'{ cfjZos}
lyof] . csf]{tk{m ofof]O{ cfk"m j;Gtdf pbfpg] ;"o{sf] Gofgf] kfO{
x's]{sL x' eGg] s'/fsf] efg lbGyL . c sf/0fdWo] cfdfnfO{
gu'dfpg] ;fob oxL uf]Ko OR5fn] xf]nf p;nfO{ klxnf] k|]d,
dfdfsL o; 5f]/Lk|lt tfg]sf] . afnssf kdf tfnsf] 5]j}5]p
ofof]O{;u 8'Ng' / kfgLdf cfgf hf]8L 5fof x]g'{ ;a}eGbf
cfgGbbfos nfUYof] . 8'Nb} tfndf x]bf{ nfUYof] dfgf} cfgf 5lj
;bf;j{bf kfgLdf o;} u/L ;u;u} lxl8/xg]5g\ .
{ 14 |

t/ p;sf] v';L w]/} l6s]g . rf}wkGw|sL ePkl5 s]6Ln]

luDk]O{nfO{ lal;{Ph:tf] eof] pm b'O{ jif{ h]7L lyO{ / luDk]O{
ljk/LtlnL xf] eGg] a'e]msL lyO{ . ;fy} p;sf] a'afsf] d[To'kl5
dfjnLx a'afsf gftfuf]tfnfO{ 3[0ff ug{ yfn] . ofof]O{n] p;;u
lr;f] Jojxf/ ug'{sf ;fy} v'nf kdf 3[0ff uyL{ . o;} a]nf p;n]
a/km k'm6]/ ofof]O{ leq To;df 8'af];\ egL rfx]sf] lyof] . kl5
ofof]O{sf] gf};]gfsf clws[t;u laxf eof] / luDk]O{n] pm ljwjf
ePsf] s'/f yfxf kfof] .
k"mnsf] k;ndf /x]sf] Psbd ;kmf vfn] l;;fn] luDk]O{nfO{
tfndflysf] a/kmsf] ;Demgf u/fof] .
ltdLn] dnfO{ lrdf]6\g] cf6 s;/L uof} < luDk]O{n] 5ftL
dNb} dlxnfnfO{ eGof] . ltdLn] kSs} 3fp agfOlbof} .
3/ kms]{kl5 kTgLnfO{ b]vfpgf];\ .
d]/f] s'g} kTgL 5}g .
Tof] ;f]lrPs} s'/f xf]
xf]Og, ;fRrL eg]sf] xf] . d cljjflxt :s'n lzIfs x',
luDk]O{n] zfGt efjn] eGof] .
clg d cljjflxt :s'n k9\g] s]6L x', dlxnfn] hafkm lbO{ .
pm lg/y{s s'/f ub}{ 5] eGg] a'e]m/ p;n] dlxnfsf]
cg'xf/tk{m x]g{ klg rfx]sf] lyPg t/ :s'n] s]6L eg]sf] ;'g]/
p;sf] 6fpsf] k]ml/ b'Vg yfNof] .
s] uf]8fsf cf}nfsf] 3fp b'lv/x]5 < w]/} glx8\gf];\ eg]sL
d}n] === dlxnfn] p;sf uf]8f lgofnL .
cfk"mn] p;sf] 3/sf] 9f]s};Dd k5fPem} lx;fsf]n] cfk"mnfO{
k5fPsL eP / o:tL dlxnf;u k]mnf kf/]sL eP s] eGyL xf]nL
eg]/ luDk]O{ uDg yfNof] . p;n] eL8df rf/}lt/ kmgg cfvf
s'bfof] cl3Nnf] 9f]sfaf6 nf]k eP/ lx;fsf] gkms]{ klg sDtLdf
pm p;nfO{ cem klg cfgf] x[bodf k5fO/x]sL lyO{ eGg] kSsf
lyof]
ef]lnkN6 luDk]O{n] lx;fsf]sf] hfkfgL efiffsf] sIff lnof] .
lx;fsf] sIffsf]7fsf] 9f]sfdf klv{/x]sL lyO{ .
;/, cf]vtL, p;n] xtfl/b} p;sf] vNtLdf s]xL s'/f
l5/fpb} egL .
6fpsf] b'v]sf] x'gfn] p;n] sIffsf] tof/L u/]sf] lyPg . clg
clgbf] /ftn] ubf{ / yfs]sf] x'bf p;n] ljBfyL{xnfO{ s]xL n]Vg]
sfd lbof] . Ps hgf s]6fn] xft p7fof] .
{ 15 |

;/, s] d s'g} /f]uaf/] n]Vg ;S5' <

x'G5, h] eP klg x'G5 .
pbfx/0fsf nflu === o:tf] g/fd|f] ljifoaf/] af]Ng nfu]sf]df
dfkmL rfxG5' === uf]8fsf cf}nfaLr x'g] 3fpaf/] klg n]Vg ;S5' <
PSsfl; 7"nf lvTsf 5'6\of] . t/ ;a} hgf To; s]6fnfO{ g}
x]b}{ lyP . luDk]O{lt/ s;}n] s'g} pT;'stf lnP/ x]bf{ klg x]/]gg\ .
jf:tjdf pgLx p;dfly geO{ s]6fdfly xfl;/x]sf lyP .
d]/f] ljrf/df Tof] klg x'G5 . Tof] ;"rgfd"ns x'g ;S5
lsgeg] dnfO{ ;f]af/] s]xL klg yfxf 5}g, luDk]O{n] To;f] eGb}
lx;fsf]sf] d]rlt/ x]of] . ljBfyL{x k]ml/ xf:g yfn] t/ Tof] xf;f]
g} p;sf] caf]wkgfsf] kIf lnb} lyof] . 6fpsf] lgx'/fP/ n]lv/x]sL
lx;fsf]n] pmlt/ x]l/g . t/ p;sf -lx;fsf]sf_ sfg /ftf eO;s]sf
lyP .
lx;fsf]n] cfgf] n]v b]vfpg Nofpbf luDk]O{n] To;sf]
zLif{s d]/f lzIfsaf/] cfgf ljrf/x ePsf] b]Vof] . p;nfO{ ;f]
n]v cfk"maf/] x'g ;Sg] nfUof] .
tfdfsL d}of, sIff ;s]kl5 al;/fv n luDk]O{n]
lx;fsf]nfO{ eGof] . lgd]if dfq :jLs[lt hgfpb} p;n] cfvf p7fP/
p;nfO{ x]/L . p;n] -luDk]O{n]_ cfk"mnfO{ x]b}{ ul/Psf] dx;'; uof] .
ofn;Dd k'u]/ lx;fsf]n] s]xLa]/;Dd v]nd}bfglt/ x]l//xL .
;a} 5fq5fqfn] cfcfgf lgaGw u'?nfO{ a'emfO;s]kl5 pm
kms]{/ cfgf] d]r;Dd cfOk'uL . tL n]vx ldnfP/ /flv;s]kl5
luDk]O{ h'?Ss pleof] . xndf gk'u];Dd p;n] s]xL eg]g . lx;fsf]
sl/a b'O{ xftsf] km/sdf p;sf] kl5kl5 cfO{ .
cf]vtLsf nflu wGojfb . luDk]O{ kmgSs kmls{of] . s]
ltdLn] d]/f] uf]8fsf cf}nfaLr ePsf] 3fpaf/] s;}nfO{ ;'gfof} <
cx .
s;}nfO{ ;'gfOgf} <
cx . t/ d}n] cf]GbfnfO{ rflx ;'gfP . pm d]/L ;a}eGbf
ldNg] ;fyL xf] .
cf]Gbf d}of . s] ltdLn] p;nfO{ ;'gfOlbof} < ===
cf]GbfnfO{ dfq} eg] .
PskN6 s;}nfO{ elg;s]kl5 c ;a}nfO{ eg];/x g} xf] .
xf]Og, To:tf] 5}g . of] s'/f cf]Gbf / d]/f] aLr dfq /xg]5 .
xfdLn] Pscsf{nfO{ x/]s s'/f eGg] afrf u/]sf 5f} .
ltdLxsf] 3lgi7tf Tolt;Dd 5, x} <
{ 16 |

xh'/ . d}n] cf]Gbf;u cfgf a'afsf] 5fnfsf] /f]uaf/] s'/f

u/]sf] ;'g]/} ;f] s'/f tkfO{+n] yfxf kfpg'ePsf] xf] .
xf] / < To;f] eP cf]Gbf d}of;u ltdL s'g} s'/f
n'sfplbgf} < c, of] ;xL xf]Og . /fd|/L ;f]r t . ltdLx lbg/ft
;u} a;]/ cfgf] dgdf cfPsf a;} s'/f ;f6f;f6 u/] klg ;a yf]s
atfpg'rflx ;Dej x'b}g . pbfx/0fsf nflu s'g} /flt cfk"mn] b]v]sf]
;kgf ef]lnkN6 laxfg} lal;{Psf] s'/f lncf} . clg ;f] s'/f cf]Gbf
d}ofnfO{ eGg ;lQmgf} . ;f] ;kgf ltdLn] pm;u 5'lP/ p;nfO{
dfg{ rfx]sf]af/] klg x'g ;S5 .
d}n] To:tf ;kgf b]v]sL 5}g .
h] xf];\, cfk"mn] ;a} s'/f af8\g] vfnsf] 3lgi7 ;DaGwdf
ljZjf; ug'{ Ps aLeT; sNkgf xf], s]6Lxn] cfgf sdhf]/L
n'sfpg] cfj/0f xf] . k"0f{ ;hutf :ju{ cyjf gs{df eP klg
dfgj;+;f/df Tof] kfOb}g . cf]Gbf d}ofaf6 s'g} s'/f gn'sfpg'sf]
cy{ ltd|f] s'g} cl:tTj gx'g' xf], ltdLn] cfgf] hLjg cfkm} gafRg'
xf] . cfk"mk|lt k"0f{ Odfgbf/ eP/ d}n] eg]sf] s'/fk|lt ljrf/ u/ .
lx;fsf]n] eg] luDk]O{sf] ts{ a'g ;lsg cyjf pm lsg
cfk"m;u To;/L s'/f ul//x]sf] xf]nf eGg] cYof{pg ;lsg .
d}n] ldqtfdf lsg ljZjf; ug{ x'Gg < p;n] cGttM
lj/f]w hgfO{ .
uf]Kotflagf ldqtf c;Dej 5 . tLlagf ldqtf dfq geO{
cGo s'g} dfgjLo ;+j]u afRg ;Qm}g .
s] < s]6Ln] ce}m s'/f a'g g;s]h:tL lyO{ . d
cf]Gbf;u x/]s dxjk"0f{ s'/f u5'{ .
cfZro{ 5 === ltdLn] clt dxjk"0f{ cyjf dxjxLg
s'/fx, h:t} ;d'b|L lsgf/df /x]sf afn'jfsf s0faf/] s'/f u5f}{
eg]/ kTofpg uf/f] nfU5 . ltd|f a'af / dnfO{ nfu]sf] 5fnfsf]
/f]unfO{ slt dxj lbG5f} yfxf 5}g . ltdLn] ;f] s'/fnfO{ aLrdf
st} /fV5f}, xlu <
luDk]O{sf zAbx olt 3f]Rg] vfnsf lyP ls lx;fsf]nfO{
s;}n] xfjfdf e'mlG8/x]sf] cj:yfdf PSsfl; tn ahfl/lbPh:tf]
nfUof] . p;sf] cg'xf/sf] / p8]/ uof] / pm /f]nL h:tL eO{ .
luDk]O{n] eg] zfGt d'b|fdf, a'emfpg] lsl;dn] s'/f ul//of] .
s] ltdLn] cf]GbfnfO{ cfgf] kl/jf/df 36\g] ;a} s'/f
atfp5f} < ltdLn] To:tf s'/f eP/ kmsfpg atfp5f} h:tf]
nfUb}g . ltdL p;nfO{ cfgf a'afsf] Jofkfl/s uf]Kotfaf/] t
{ 17 |

elGbgf} lg < kSs} elGbgf}, s;f] < ;+of]ujz ltdLn] cfh cfgf]
lgaGwdf d]/f] af/] n]v]sL /}5f} h:tf] nfU5 . t/ n]vdf ePsf
ltdLn] cf]GbfnfO{ geg]sf s]xL s'/fx 5}gg\ t <
lx;fsf]n] luDk]O{nfO{ uxel/ 5]8\g] cfvfn] x]/L . pm r'k
nfu]/ al;/xL .
ltd|f a'afn] n8fO ;lsPkl5 s'g Joj;foaf6 Toltljg
;kmntf k|fKt ug'{eof] eGg] dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . t/ d ltd|L cf]Gbf
xf]Og, tfklg ltdLn] dnfO{ ;f]af/] s'g} a]nf eg, d lj:tf/df ;'Gg
rfxG5' .
luDk]O{sf] :j/ ;f]rL;DemL eg]sf] gnfu] klg p;sf
zAbxdf wDsL k|:6 3lGsGYof] . Tof] 3/ p;sf a'afn] n8fOkl5
lsg]sf eP pgn] s'g} cfk/flws jf sfnfahf/L h:tf] u}/sfg'gL
sfd u/]sf] z\sf ug'{ :jfefljs xf] . cfk"mn] p;nfO{ k5fPsf]
s'/f geGb]nL eg]/ hfgfhfgL luDk]O{n] p;sf a'afsf] s'/f lemSof] .
;fy} cl3Nnf] ;fem cfk"mn] ;f]r]sf] s'/f klg luDk]O{n]
;lDemof]lx;fsf]n] p;nfO{ elGbg] 5}g . h] ePsf] eP klg pm
cfh p;sf] sIffdf cfPsL, p;nfO{ uf]8fsf cf}nfaLr ePsf]
3fpsf] cf]vtL lbPsL / d]/f lzIfsaf/] cfgf ljrf/x eGg]
zLif{sdf n]v n]v]sLn] p;n] 8/fpg'kg]{ s'g} sf/0f g} lyPg .
luDk]O{sf] cr]tg dgn] lx;fsf]nfO{ k5fPsf] x'g ;S5 .
dfgf} p;sf] ;f}Gbo{af6 cfslif{t eO{ /S;Ln] dflQP/ jf lgb|fdf
lx8]/ k5fPsf] xf];\ . s]6Ln] p;dfly hfb' ul/;s]sL cyf{t\ 6'gf
jf df]lxgL nfO;]s]sL lyO{ . ;fy} cl3Nnf] lbg k5fOPsf] s'/fn]
lx;fsf]nfO{ cfgf] cfsif{0f zlQmaf/] rgfvf] agfpg'sf ;fy} p;df
klg Ps cb[Zo cfgGb el/lbPsf] x'g'k5{ . h] xf];\, p;sf] dgdf
o;/L pT;'stf hufpg], To; /x:odoL s]6Ln] lgs} 7"nf] t/
p7fOlbPsL lyO{ .
lx;fsf]nfO{ wDSofPkl5 s'/f ;lN6of] eg]/ luDk]O{n] s]6Llt/
b[li6 nufpbf xnsf] 5]pdf pleP/ gf]a'sf] cf]Gbfn] pgLxnfO{
x]l//x]sL b]Vof] .
ltd|L ;fyL lrlGtt 5] . pm ltdLnfO{ klv{/x]sL 5] lg .
x]/ . luDk]O{n] lx;fsf]nfO{ hfg lbof] . clwsf+z s]6Lem} pm s'b]/
cf]Gbfg]/ uOg, a? 6fpsf] d'G6fP/ lx8\b} la:tf/} p;sf] k5fl8
k'uL . tLgrf/ lbgkl5 luDk]O{n] lx;fsf]nfO{ wGojfb lbof] .
Tof] cf]vtLw]/} /fd|f] 5 . wGojfb . dnfO{ k"/} la;]s
eof] .
{ 18 |

P ;fRr} xf] / < lx;fsf] lx:;L k/L . p;sf ufnfdf

dgdf]xs vfN8fx k/] .
t/ kl5 uP/ klxn]h:tL nhfn', cfsif{s lx;fsf] /lxg pm .
a? p;sf] luDk]O{;u o:tf] ;DaGw a9\of] ls cf]Gbfn] p;sf] lj?4
kf]n vf]lnlbO{ . cGTodf luDk]O{ :s'naf6 lgsflnof] .
:gfg3/sL ;';f/]n] sf?Ohfjfsf] 6sL{ :gfg3/df p;sf]
k]6sf] dfln; ul//fVtf luDk]O{n] oltsf jif{kl5 klg lx;fsf]sf
a'af eJo klZrdf z}nLsf] 3/df ulx/f] cf/fds';L{df klN6P/ 3fp
ePsf] uf]8fsf] 5fnf sf]fpb} u/]sf] b[Zoaf/] sNkgf uof] .
Px] === uf]8fsf cf}nfaLr 3fp ePsf] dflg;n] slxNo}
6sL{ :gfg ug'{ x'b}g Sof/ . afkmn] o;nfO{ vKg} g;Sg] u/L
lrnfpg] agfp5 xf]nf, luDk]O{n] 7f ub}{ xf:of] . s] uf]8fsf
cf}nfaLr 3fp ePsf] s'g} dflg; oxf klxn] cfPsf] /x]5 <
c ===
s]6Ln] uDeL/ eP/ p;sf] s'/fsf] hafkm lbO/x]h:tL lyOg .
xfdL h:tf dflg;nfO{ uf]8fsf cf}nfaLr x'g] 3fpaf/] s]
yfxf x'G5 / < To:tf] 3fp g/d / clt g} :ofxf/;';f/ ul/Psf
uf]8fdf x'G5, xf]Og t < dtna of] hLjgsf] Ps ;To dfq xf]
sdnf] uf]8fdf v;|f] 3fp ;5{ . afb/sf] h:tf] xfd|f] uf]8fdf
;fl/lbbf klg sL6f0f' nfUb}gg\ . 5fnf clt s8f / afSnf] eO;s]sf]
x'G5 . af]Ng] qmddf p;nfO{ s]6Ln] /ul8lbbf p;sf kmf]xf]/L]
k}tfnfdf uf]/f cf}nf g/d / lr;f] eO{ 6fl;Psf] dx;'; eof] .
uf]8fsf cf}nfaLr x'g] 3fp d]/f] klg 5]p5fp kg]{ 5}g .
luDk]O{ uDeL/ eof] . ;Grf] dx;'; eO/x]sf a]nf p;n] o:tL
;'Gb/ :gfg3/sL s]6L;u lsg 5fnf;DaGwL /f]usf] s'/f lemSof]
xf]nf < s] p;n] ;fRrL ;f] s'/f lgsfNg'kg]{ lyof] / < p;n] To;
lbg lx;fsf];u e"m6f] af]n]sf]n] xf]nf .
luDk]O{ lx;fsf]sf] 3/cufl8 pleof] / To; s]6Ll;t uf]8fsf
cf}nfaLr ePsf] 3fpsf nflu s'g} cf]vtLsf] gfd ;f]Wof]] . t/ Tof]
s'/f e"m6f] lyof] / Tolts} lrKn]/ cfPsf] lyof] . Tof] e"m6 af]n]sf]
tLg jf rf/ lbgkl5 3fp lgsf] eof] egL lx;fsf]nfO{ wGojfb lbbf
p;n] bf];|f] e"m6 af]Nof] . p;sf] uf]8fsf cf}nfaLr 3fp ePs}
lyPg . p;n] sIffdf ;f]af/] s]xL yfxf 5}g eGbf ;frf] s'/f u/]sf]
lyof] . ;fy} lx;fsf]n] p;nfO{ lbPsf] cf}ifwL kmflnlbPsf] lyof] .
clg j]Zofj[lQ If]qdf dlxnfnfO{ cfgf] uf]8fsf cf}nfaLr 3fp eO{
lx8\g} g;Sg]h:tf] ePsf] 5' eGbf e"m6sf] l;nl;nf emg\ alnof] x'b}
{ 19 |

uof] . e"m6f] s'/f PskN6 elg;s]kl5 slxNo} x/fpb}g, a? To;n]

xfdLnfO{ k5fO/xG5 . luDk]O{n] cfOdfO{nfO{ k5fPem} p;n]
af]n]sf e"m6xn] p;nfO{ k5fO/x]sf lyP . ;fob ;f] s'/f
ck/fwsf] xsdf klg nfu" x'GYof] . ck/fw PskN6 u/]kl5 To;n]
p;nfO{ ;f] ck/fw gbf]xf]ofP;Dd k5fO/xG5 . v/fa afgL
eg]sf To:t} x'G5g\ . luDk]O{n] klxnf]kN6 Pp6L cfOdfO{nfO{
k5fPkl5 bf];|f], clg cg]sf}nfO{ k5fpb} uof] === cfOdfO{nfO{
k5fpg] afgL uf]8fsf cf}nfaLr x'g] 3fp h:t} 5'6\t}g of]
x/fpb}g, a? lkmlhG5 . Pp6f avf{df ePsf] 3fp c:yfoL kdf
lgsf] x'g ;S5 t/ ;f] 3fp k]ml/ csf]{ avf{df knfP/ cfp5 .
x]/, d]/f] uf]8fsf cf}nfaLr 3fp ePsf] 5}g . dnfO{ ;f]af/]
s]xL yfxf 5}g, luDk]O{n] cfkm}nfO{ xsf/];l/ ;f] s'/f KofRr
lgsfNof] . p;n] lsg cfOdfO{nfO{ k5fpbf cfpg] cfgGbsf]
s'/fnfO{ uf]8fsf cf}nfaLr x'g] 3fp h:tf] l3gnfUbf] s'/f;u bfh]sf]
xf]nf < s] klxnf] e"m6n] p;nfO{ csf]{ e"m6 af]Ng afWo u/]sf] xf] <
t/ clxn] luDk]O{sf] lbdfudf PSsfl; Pp6f ljrf/ k'mof],
;fob lau|]sf] uf]8fn] ubf{ nfh nfu]/ p;n] PSsfl; lx;fsf]sf]
3/cufl8 ;f] s'/f lgsfn]sf] lyof] ls < olb To;f] xf] eg] s]
cfOdfO{nfO{ k5fpg] p;sf] afgL o; v/faL;u ;DalGwt lyof]
ls < lsgeg] k5fpg] sfd t uf]8fn] uy]{ . ;f] s'/f ;f]r]/
p;nfO{ cfZro{ nfUof] . s] p;sf] z/L/sf] s'g} v/fa cn]
;f}Gbo{sf] rfxgf ul//x]sf] lyof] < s] v/fa uf]8fn] ;'Gb/ dlxnfnfO{
k5fpg] s'/f O{Zj/sf] of]hgfcGtu{t kYof]{ <
:gfg3/sL s]6Ln] luDk]O{tk{m lk7" kmsf{P/ p;sf] 3'8fb]lv
tn uf]8f;Dd dfln; ul/lbO{ . o;f] ubf{ p;sf uf]8f s]6Lsf
cfvfd'lg k/] .
n k'Uof], luDk]O{n] cln cK7]/f] dfGb} eGof] . p;n] cfgf]
uf]8fsf nfdf cf}nfnfO{ sqmSs kfb}{ v'DRofof] .
clg s]6Ln] ;'dw'/ s0f{lk|o :j/df ;f]wL, tkfO{+sf gx
klg sf6\g] xf] ls <
g < === P uf]8fsf gx === s] ltdLn] ;fRrL g}
sfl6lbG5f} t < cfgf] cK7]/f]kg n'sfpg luDk]O{n] cufl8 eGof],
xf] t, ;fRr} nfd} eO;s]sf /x]5g\, x}g t <
s]6Ln] cfgf] xTs]nf] p;sf] k}tfnfdfly /fVt} xftn] xNsf
:kz{ ub}{ afb/sf em} v'lDrPsf] nfUg] p;sf] uf]8fsf cf}nfx
tGSofOlbO{ . cln nfd} ePsf /x]5g\ ===
{ 20 |

clg p;n] Wofg lbP/ ;lhnf];u luDk]O{sf g sf6\b} u/L .

ltdLnfO{ oxf ;w} e]6\g kfpbf /dfOnf] nfU5, luDk]O{n]
eGg yfNof] . p;n] cfgf] uf]8fsf cf}nfx s]6Lsf] lhDdfdf
;'lDkO;s]sf] lyof] . ltdLnfO{ hlxn] e]6\g rfx] klg cfpg ;S5' .
dnfO{ ltd|f] dfln;sf] cfjZostf k/]sf] a]nf ltdLnfO{ kmf]g ug{
ldN5, xf]Og t <
eOxfN5 lg .
ltdL o;f] cfsne'msn dfq e]6 x'g] dflg; t x}g lg .
ltdL d]/f nflu gfd7]ufgf yfxf gePsf] s'g} ckl/lrt t xf]Ogf}
lg < ltdL d]/f nflu To:tf JolQm h:tf] xf]Ogf} h;nfO{ d}n] o;
;+;f/df u'dfp5' / h;nfO{ gk5fP;Dd k]ml/ e]l6Ggg\ . ;'Gbf
cgf}7f] nfUg ;S5 ===
p;n] cfgf] g/fd|f] b]lvg] uf]8f clxn] cfgf xftdf lnO{ To;sf
g sfl6/x]sL o; s]6LnfO{ b]vfPem} o;cl3 slxNo} k"/} b]vfPsf] lyPg .
;f] s'/f 3f]Tnb} ubf{ p;sf cfvfdf v';Lsf cf;' /;fP .
;'Gbf cgf}7f] nfu] lg ltdLnfO{ ;frf] s'/f eGb} 5' . s]
ltdLn] slxNo} To:tf] cg'ej u/]sL 5f} === af6fdf s'g}
ckl/lrtnfO{ e]6\tf x'g] ulx/f] k5'tf]sf] cg'e"lt u/]sL 5f} < d}n]
k|foM To:tf] cg'ej u/]sf] 5' . d dgdg} ;f]R5', s:tf] lx:;L k/]sf]
dflg; cyjf Sof /fd|L cfOdfO{ cyjf pm h:tf] cfsif{s
dflg; d}n] slxNo} b]v]sf] 5'Og . To:tf] cg'ej af6fdf 8'ln/xbf
cyjf l;g]dfxndf s'g} ckl/lrt;u} al;/xbf cyjf ;\uLt
sIfaf6 cf]n{+b} ubf{ x'G5 . t/ PskN6 ltgLxn] Tof] 7fp 5f]8]kl5
d pgLxnfO{ ;fob cfgf] h'gLdf k]ml/ slxNo} e]6\ltg eGg] s'/f
yfxf 5 === sf]xL 6Ss cl8P/ 7fKk} cghfg dflg;;u t
af]Ng ;St}g lg, s;f] < ;fob ToxL hLjg xf], t/ To;f] x'bf d
lg/f; eP/ dg]{5' . s;f]s;f] dnfO{ l/lQPsf] / vfnL dx;';
x'G5 . d pgLxnfO{ k[YjLsf] csf]{ 5]p;Dd k5fpg rfx] klg
;lQmg . To;/L s'g} dflg;nfO{ k5fpg] Pp6} pkfo xf] p;nfO{
dfl/lbg' .
cfk"m a/flnPsf] efg u/L luDk]O{n] nfdf] ;f; k]mof] . clg
p;n] 3'dfp/f] kf/fn] cufl8 eGb} uof], jf:tjdf, d clns
a9fOr9fO ub}{ 5' . ;f}efUojz ltd|f] :j/ ;'Gg dg nfu]sf] a]nf
kmf]g ug{ ;S5' . t/ ufxsLxeGbf km/s ;d:of ltdLdf 5, xf]Og
t < ltdL s'g} vf; ufxsLnfO{ dg k/fP/ pm k]ml/ cfcf];\ eGg]
rfxgf ug{ ;S5f} . t/ pm cfpg]gcfpg] jf slxNo} gcfpg] s'/f
{ 21 |

p;df e/ k5{ . slxn]sfxL g/fd|f] nfUb}g < k]ml/ klg dnfO{ t of]
ckl/xfo{ nfU5 .
s]6Ln] uf]8fsf gx sf6\t} ubf{ luDk]O{n] p;sf s'dsf
kftf sf]dn lk7"kl la:tf/} rnfodfg ePsf] x]l//of] . sfd
l;4fO;s]kl5 klg cem lk7" kmsf{P/} s]xLa]/ /f]lsO{ .
tkfO{+sf xftsf gx klg sf6\g] xf] ls < ;f]Wb} pm
kmgSs kmsL{ . luDk]O{n] 5ftLdfly kf/]/ xft x]of] .
tLrflx uf]8fsf cf}nfhlt nfdf ePsf /}g5g\ . Tolt
kmf]xf]/ klg 5}gg\ lg .
t/ p;sf] af]nLdf c:jLs[ltsf] cfef; gkfP/ s]6Ln] p;sf
cf}nfsf gx klg sfl6lbO{ .
luDk]O{n] cg'dfg uof]:gfg3/sL s]6Ln] of] dfG5]sf] dgdf
s]xL b'i6tf n's]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] 5gs kfO{ xf]nL] . cfk"mn] ev{/}
la;'4Ldf af]n]sf] s'/f cfkm}nfO{ ;d]t eofjx nfUof] . s] s;}nfO{
k5fpg'sf] cGTo xTof ug'{ xf] < p;n] ldofsf] ldh'sLsf] xft]
emf]nf l6k]sf] dfq} xf] . p;nfO{ k]ml/ e]6\g] 5f6 5}g . ;fob af6fdf
ckl/lrtx;u x'g] 5f]6f] hDsfe]6eGbf w]/} km/s lyPg pQm e]6
klg . pm lx;fsf] tfdfsLaf6 klg cnlUu;s]sf] lyof] / p;nfO{
e]6\g klg uf/f] lyof] . p;n] k5fPsf cfOdfO{nfO{ cGTo};Dd}
k5fPsf] lyPg . lx;fsf] tyf ldofsf] b'j}nfO{ ca slxNo} ge]6\g]
u/L p;n] o; nf]saf6} u'dfO;s]sf] x'g ;S5 .
lx;fsf] / ofof]O{sf cg'xf/ ljlrq efjsf ;fy crfgs
p;sf cfvfcufl8 pleP . luDk]O{n] ltgLxsf] cg'xf/ :gfg3/sL
s]6Lsf] cg'xf/;u bfHof] .
o:tf] :ofxf/ / Wofg k'ofP/ klg ufxsL gkms]{ laTof;
k5{ xf]nf .
P xf]Og . lsg x'GYof] < of] t sfd} xf] .
To:tf] :j/df of] t sfd} xf] eg]sf] ;lDembf crDd
nfU5 .
s]6L csf{lt/ x]g{ yfnL . luDk]O{n] nhfPe}m u/L cfvf
5f]Kof] . v'lDrPsf] cfvfn] p;n] s]6Lsf] ;]tf] a|f emNns x]of] .
a|f k'msfn, luDk]O{n] PskN6 lx;fsf]sf] a|f ;dft]/ eg]sf]
lyof] . lx;fsf]n] dflgg . p;n] a|fnfO{ hf]8n] c7fpb} cufl8
tfGbf Onfl:6s r'l8of] . cndlnP/ lx;fsf]n] cfgf :tg p3f/}
/xg lbO{ 6'n'6'n' a|f x]l//xL . luDk]O{n] a|f s]xLa]/ cfgf bfof
xftdf ;dfO/fv]/ Psfkl ldNsfOlbof] .
{ 22 |

p;n] cfvf p3f/]/ g sf6\t} u/]sL s]6Lsf] bfof xftnfO{

lgofNof] . ltgtfs lx;fsf] o; s]6LeGbf slt sfG5L lyO{ xf]nL <
b'O{ jif{ < ls tLg jif{ < s] lx;fsf] :gfg3/sL ;';f/]em} uf]/L
eO;s]sL lyO{ < luDk]O{n] s'?d] sDkgLsf] ;"tL sk8fdf 5flkPsf]
uf9f gLnf] a'fsf] 5fksf] uGw ;'g ;SYof] . s]6fs]6Ldf p;n]
nfpg] u/]sf] lsdf]gf] o;}af6 ag]sf] x'GYof] t/ To;sf] uGw
lx;fsf]n] :s'nsf] kf];fssf] kdf nfpg] gLnf] pmgL sk8fsf]
:s6{sf] /n] ubf{ p7]/ cfpYof] . cfgf uf]8f :s6{df 3';fb}{ ubf{
lx;fsf] ?g'sf ;fy} pm klg emG8} /f]Psf] lyof] .
luDk]O{nfO{ cfgf] ;f/f tfut g sfl6/x]sf bflxg] xftsf
cf}nfaf6 lgv|]/ em/]h:tf] cg'ej eof] . s]6Ln] Tof] ;dfP/ gx
s}rLn] ldnfP/ sfl6lbO{ . p;n] PskN6 cfgf] dfjnLdf /x]sf]
tfnsf] a/kmdfly ofof]O{;u xft]dfnf] ub}{ lxl8/fVtf oxL xft
n'lnPsf] ;lDemof] .
s] ef] < eGb} ofof]O{ lsgf/df kms]{sL lyO{ . luDk]O{n]
p;sf] xft a];/L ;dfPsf] eP pm;d]t a/kmd'lg k'l/GyL xf]nL .
ofof]O{ / lx;fsf] cfsne'msn dfq} e]l6g] a6'jf h:tf JolQm
lyPgg\ . p;nfO{ ltgLxsf gfd / 7]ufgf yfxf ePsf] dfq xf]Og,
To;eGbf k/ ltgLx;u p;sf] ;DaGw} lyof] clg ltgLxnfO{
s'g} a]nf klg e]6\g ;SYof] . t}klg p;n] ltgLxnfO{
k5fO/xGYof] / cGttM ltgLxaf6 5'lg afWo eof] .
sfg s] u < ;kmf ulb{pm < s]6Ln] ;f]wL .
sfg /] < sfgdf s] ug]{ / <
;kmf ulb{G5' . h'?Ss p7]/ a:g';\ t <
luDk]O{ h'?Ss p7]/ uhuh] vf6df a:of] . p;nfO{ nfUof]
s]6Ln] p;sf] sfgsf] nf]tL la:tf/} dnL, To;kl5 tTsfn} Pp6f
cf}nf sfgdf 3';f/]/ leq ;':t/L 3'dfO{ . af;L xfjf aflx/
lgsflnPkl5 luDk]O{nfO{ sfg xn'f] eO{ tfhf ;'jf; el/Psf]
cg'e"lt eof] . p;n] lg/Gt/ dL7f], sDkgsf :j/x ;'Gb} ubf{
ltgsf ;'dw'/ :kGbgx rf/}lt/ lkmlhP . s]6Ln] csf{ xftsf
cf}nfn] la:tf/} luDk]O{sf sfgleq :kz{ ub}{ lyO{ .
s] ul//fsL < ;kgLem} nflu/f5, luDk]O{n] cgf}7f] cfgGb
dfGb} eGof] . ;fRrL kms]{/ x]bf{ cfg} sfg x]g{ ;s]g . clg s]6Ln]
cfgf] afx'nf yf]/} p;sf] cg'xf/tk{m 3'dfpb} k]ml/ sfgdf 3';f/]/
la:tf/} 3'dfO{ .
dfgf} b]jb"tn] sfgdf dfofk"j{s ;fptL ul//x]y] . Toxfleq
u'lD;Psf cGo dfgjLo :j/x klg ;kmf eOlbP/ ltd}| dfq
{ 23 |

;'dw'/ :j/ ;'g]/ a:g kfP x'GYof] . e"m6f s'/fx klg x/fP/
hfGy] ===
s]6Ln] cfgf] cw{gUg z/L/ luDk]O{sf] gff] z/L/5]p Nofpbf
pmleq :juL{o ;Lt el/P/ cfof] .
oxfnfO{ d]/f] ;]jf dg kof] xf]nf .
dfln; ;ls;Sof] . luDk]O{ ce}m al;/xbf ;';f/]n] p;nfO{
df]hf nfpg ;3fpg'sf ;fy} p;sf] sldhsf 6fs nufOlbO{ / h'Qf
klx/fP/ t'gf aflwlbO{ . k]6L / 6fO{ dfq p;n] cfkm} afWof] .
pmrflx :gfg3/aflx/ lr;f] lkO/xbf s]6L p;sf] 5]j}df pleO/xL .
s]6Ln] luDk]O{nfO{ d'Vo f/;Dd 8f]ofOlbO{ . /ft 5f]k]sf]
au}rfdf 6]Qmf luDk]O{n] a8]dfgsf] dfs'/fsf] hfnf] emnemnL b]Vof] .
To; hfnf]df cGo sL/fkm6\of\u|f;u} b'O{ jf tLgj6f ;]tf cfvf
cNe]msf lyP . tL ;'Gb/ ;]tf 3]/fx ltgsf gLnf kv]6fdf tyf
cfvfjl/kl/ b]lvGy] . ltgn] cfgf kv]6f rndnfPsf eP tL
wfufsf TofGb|fx r'l8g ;Sy] . t/ kv]6fx bf]la|Psfn] r/fx
Tof] hfnf]df u'6d'l6P/ clNem;s]sf lyP . dfs'/f] eg] aLrdf ;]tf
cfvftk{m lk7" kmsf{P/ e'mlG8Psf] lyof] . p;nfO{ r/fsf r'Rrfx
glhs kbf{ p;sf] z/L/df 7']/ l5ofl5of kfnf{ eGg] 8/ lyof] .
luDk]O{n] cWof/f] hntk{m cfvf s'bfof] . p;sf] dfjnLsf]
tfnsf] kNnf] lsgf/df /flqsf] cfuf] wkSs aln/x]sf] lyof] .
p;nfO{ cfk"m cWof/f] kfgLdf 5fof kg]{ cfufsf nKsfxtk{m
/x:ofTds 9\un] jf ghflgbf] kf/fn] 8f]l/O/x]sf] efg eof] .

{ 24 |

ldofsf] ldh'sLn] cfgf] ofG8Aofu / To;leq /x]sf] b'O{

xhf/ o]g x/fP tfklg k|x/Ldf uOg . jf:tjdf Tof] p;sf]
hLjgdf uDeL/ c;/ kfg]{ w]/} 7"nf] /sd lyof] . t/ cfgf
kl/l:yltn] ubf{ p;nfO{ /sd x/fPsf] af/]df ph'/L ug{ uf/f] eof] .
To;}n] ;fob luDk]O{n] lzGz';Dd klg efUg' k/]g xf]nf . oBlk
rf]/LeGbf klg /sdn] ubf{ pm ef}tfl/g afWo ePh:tf] lyof] .
p;n] k};f lnPsf] s'/fdf s'g} z\sf lyPg t/ ldofsf]n]
cfgf] Aofu emf/]kl5 p;}nfO{ af]nfpb} luDk]O{n] k5fPsf] x'bf
;fob p;n] rf]/L u/]sf] gx'g ;S5 . g ldofsf]nfO{ cfk"m
luDk]O{f/f n'l6Psf] nfUof] . p;}n] cfgf] Aofu nu]sf] s'/f dflgg .
p;n] af6fdfem Aofu x'ofpbf Toxf luDk]O{ dfq lyof] . To;}n]
p;dfly z\sf ug'{ lgs} :jfefljs lyof] . t/ luDk]O{n] Tof] Aofu
l6k]sf] rflx gb]v]sL x'bf c s;}n] l6k]sf] klg x'g ;S5 .
leq k:gf;fy} ldofsf]n] sfd ug]{nfO{ af]nfO{ .
;flrsf] P ;flrsf] d]/f] ofG8Aofu . === d}n] x/fP .
s[kof, uP/ Tof] vf]h t . Tof] pm Toxf cf}ifwLk;nsf] ;fd'Gg]
x'g'k5{ . l56f] hfpm s'b
xj;\ .
ltdL tTsfn} uOgf} eg] c s;}n] nlub]nf .
ldofsf] nfdf] ;f; k]mb}{ dflyNnf] tnf pSnL . csL{ sfd ug]{
tfr' kl5kl5 cfO{ .
ld;, xh'/sf] ofG8Aofu x/fof] eGg'ef <
tfr' eg] ;flrsf]sL cfdf lyO{ . p;n] To; 3/df cfgL
5f]/LnfO{ ;u} sfddf nfpg'eGbf cl3b]lv g} sfd ug]{ uyL{ . Pp6L
PSnL cfOdfO{sf] ;fgf] 3/df b'O{b'O{ hgf sfd ug]{ rflxg] lyPg .
t/ tfr'n] 3/sf] g}lts c:ki6tfsf] kmfObf p7fO{ gf]s/eGbf
dflysf] :t/df k'lu;s]sL lyO{ . slxn]sfxL tfr'n] ldofsf]nfO{
Dofd / slxn]sfxL ld; eGg] uyL{ . t/ cfl/tf eGg] a"9f] dflg;
Tof] 3/df cfpbf tfr'n] ldofsf]nfO{ ;w} Dofd eGg] uyL{ .
Ps lbg ldofsf]n] grfxbfgrfxb} tfr';u dg k'msfpg vf]hL .
yfxf 5, xfdL Sof]tf]df x'bf d cfgL kl/rfl/sf;u PSn}
x'bf dnfO{ ld; eGg ?rfpyL . t/ cfl/tf ;u} x'bf d
{ 25 |

cfl/tfeGbf w]/} sfG5L eP klg p;n] Dofd eGg] uyL{ . dnfO{

ld; eGbf xf]RofPh:tf] nfu] klg pm dk|lt bof u/]e}m nfUYof] .
p;n] dnfO{ lar/L dfGyL . t/ To; s'/fn] dnfO{ lvGg
agfpYof] . To; s'/fsf] tfr'n] hafkm lbO{, To;f] eP d klg
xh'/nfO{ To;} u/L af]nfp5', / To; a]nfb]lv p;n] ;w} To;} u/L
af]nfpg] uyL{ .
t/ ld;, xh'/n] af6fdf lx8\bf cfgf] ofG8Aofu emf/]/
5fl8lbg'ePsf] s'/f cgf}7} nfU5, xf]Og t < xh'/n] cfgf] Aofu dfq
af]Sg'ePsf] lyof], xf]Og t < xh'/n] cyf]{s s]xL af]Sg'ePsf] lyPg .
cfgf lrD;f cfvf Roft]/ tfr'n] ldofsf]nfO{ x]l//xL .
p;sf cfvf lj:kmfl/t gx'bf klg af6'nf b]lvGy] / ltgsf]
af6'nf]kgn] g} ltgnfO{ ;fgf] tyf rlst agfpYof] . sf6Ls'6L
cfgL cfdfe}m b]lvg] ;flrsf]n] cfvf Roft]/ x]bf{ tL ;'Gb/ b]lvGy]
t/ tfr'sf cfvf Rofltbf aflx/ lg:sg nfu]e}m b]lvGy] . tL st}
czfGt / s]xL n'sfO/x]e}m nfUy] dfgf} ltgsf] ulx/fOdf s]xL
n's]sf] xf];\ . tL Psbd ;kmf, kx]nf v}/f lyP . To;n] p;sf] efj
s]xL lr;f] b]lvGYof] .
p;sf] uf]/f] cg'xf/ klg ;fgf] / af6'nf] lyof] . ub{g afSnf]
lyof], :tg 7"n7"nf lyP . p;sf] ef/L hLp ;fgf] uf]8f;Dd k'u]e}m
lyof] . p;sL 5f]/Lsf ;fgf kfp clt ;'Gb/ / ldn]sf lyP . t/
tfr'sf uf]8f hLpsf] ef/n] lylrPe}m lyP . cfdf5f]/L b'j} hgf
xf]rf lyP .
p;sf] ub{gsf] p7]sf n'D;fn] ubf{ tfr'nfO{ k5fl8 6fpsf]
lgx'/fpg uf/f] kfYof]{ . To;}n] p;n] ldofsf]nfO{ x]g{ cfvf prfn]/
dfl:t/ x]g'{kYof]{ . o;n] ubf{ ldofsf]nfO{ tfr'n] p;nfO{ 5]8\g] u/L
x]l//x]sL xf] ls eGg] efg x'GYof] .
d}n] Aofu v;fn]sf] s'/f eg] lg, ldofsf]n] sfd
ug]{xnfO{ xKsfpg] u/]sf] :j/df egL . To;sf] k|df0f:jk,
d;u d]/f] ofG8Aofu 5}g . x]/
t/ ld;, tkfO{+n] ;f] Aofu tf pm Toxf cf}ifwLk;nsf]
;fd'Gg] emf/]sf] eGg'ePsf] x}g < tkfO{+nfO{ Tof] x/fPsf] 7fp yfxf 5
/ Tof] l5d]sd} 5 . To;f] eP, Tof] s;/L x/fpg ;S5 t <
ofG8Aofu h:tf] ;fdfg ===
d}n] Tof] emf/] t eGb} 5' .
5ftf h:tf] s'g} s'/f 5f8]/ cfpg' t a'lemG5 t/ Aofu
xftaf6 emfg'{ eg]sf] === dfg], afb/ t vaf6 emb}{gg\ lg .
{ 26 |

tfr'n] /f]rs 9n] t'ngf u/]sL lyO{ .

cfk"mn] emf/]sf] dx;'; x'gf;fy tkfO{+n] l6Kg ;Sg'x'GYof] .
lsg l6Kg'ePg t <
xf] d l6Kg ;Sy] . s] Joy{sf] s'/f u/]sL cfk"mn] s'g} s'/f
emf/]sf] a'gf;fy Tof] ;fRrL g} x/fPsf] eGg ;lsGg lg
ldofsf]nfO{ cfk"m dfly pSn]b]lv g} af6fdf nfpg] n'uf nfP/}
ple/x]sf] s'/f dx;'; eof] . n'ufx /fVg] klZrdf z}nLsf] b/fh /
hfkfgL z}nLsf n'ufx /fVg] 3/f{ t dfly ;f9] rf/ Dof6sf]
sf]7fdf lyP . ldofsf]nfO{ cf7 Dof6sf] sf]7f5]psf] sf]7fdf n'uf
km]g{ ;lhnf] nfUYof] . a"9f] cfl/tf Toxf a:g cfpbf p;n] / a"9f]
cfl/tfn] Tof] cf7 Dof6sf] sf]7f k|of]u ug]{ uy]{ . t/ p;sf
n'ufx dflyNnf tnfdf x'g' eg]sf] eOtnfdf tfr'sf] ljg} k|efj
/x]sf] 5n{} x'GYof] .
s[kof, tn uP/ d]/f nflu Pp6f lr;f] ?dfn NofOb]pm g .
To;nfO{ lr;f] kfgLdf lgrf]/ . dnfO{ xNsf kl;gf cfO/x]5 .
ldofsf]n] cfgf] cg'/f]wkl5 tfr'n] tn} a:g'kg]{ ;f]rL . ToltGh]n
p;n] cfgf] hLpsf] kl;gf k'5\g rfxGyL .
xj;\ . s] d /ul8lbpm < d lk|mhaf6 a/kmsf 6'qmf /fv]sf]
kfgLsf] ef8f] Nofp5' .
kb}{g, wGojfb, ldofsf]n] cfvf tb}{ egL .
tfr' tn emb}{ ubf{ ;fd'Gg]sf] 9f]sf pl3|of] .
d}n] cf}ifwLk;nsf] ;fd'Gg]b]lv uf8Lsf] 3'Orf] ePsf]
;8s;Dd k"/} rxfl/;s], t/ dflnSgL xh'/sf] ofG8Aofu sxL klg
lyPg, ;flrsf]n] egL .
dnfO{ cfZro{ nfu]sf] 5}g . dfly s'b]/ hf / dflnSgLnfO{
eg\ . s] t}n] k|x/Ldf ph'/ xfln;\ <
xfDn] ph'/ xfNg'k5{ h:tf] nfU5 / <
t Tolt la;'4L s;/L x'g ;S5];\ < clxn] uP/ lgj]bg lbOxfn\ .
;flrsf] P ;flrsf] ldofsf]n] dflyNnf] tnfaf6 8fsL .
ltdLn] ;f] s'/f l/kf]6{ ug'{ kb}{g . Aofudf s'g} dxjk"0f{ s'/f] 5}g .
;flrsf]n] hafkm lbOg t/ tfr' Pp6f sf7sf] ls:tLdf
xfyd'v w'g] ef8f] af]Qm} dfly pSnL . ldofsf]n] cfgf] :s6{
k'msfn]/ s6\6'df lyO{ .
Dofd, xh'/sf] lk7" dlnlbpm < tfr'n] clt g} ljgd|
efjdf ;f]wL .
kb}{g, wGojfb .
{ 27 |

ldofsf] tfr'nfO{ cfk"mn] lgrf/]/ Nofpg nfPsL ?dfnn]

cfk}m hLp k'5\g yfnL . p;n] tGSofPsf] uf]8faf6 k'5\g yfn]/ a"9L
cf}nfxaLr ;kmf u/L . ldofsf]n] sRofss'r'Ss kf/]/ eOdf
ldNsfOlbPsf] :6ls l6k]/ /fd|/L k6fP/ /fvL .
ef], ltdLn] wGbf dfGg' kb}{g . d tL wf]OxfN5' lg, eGb}
ldofsf]n] ?dfn tfr'tk{m kmfnL .
;flrsf] dfly pSnL . p;n] 5]j}sf] ;f9] rf/ Dof6sf]
sf]7fsf] 9f]sfg]/ xft /fv]/ lgs} lgx'l/b} egL, d kmls{;s] . Aofu
Toxf /x]g5 . pm Kof/L t/ yf]/} hf]s/ h:tL b]lvGyL .
tfr'n] s8fOsf ;fy cfgL 5f]/LnfO{ To:tf ljgd| efj
l;sfPsL lyO{ . t/ cfk"mrflx ldofsf]k|lt 9'nd'n] efj b]vfpyL .
pm kl/l:yltcg';f/ slxn] lgs} ljgd| x'GyL eg] slxn] clt ?vf]kg
cyjf lr;f] ldqtf b]vfpyL . p;n] ;flrsf]nfO{ a"9f] cfl/tf aflx/
hfg nfUbf p;sf] h'Qfsf] t'gf aflwlbg l;sfPsL lyO{ . cfl/tf
6fpsf] cyjf cg'xf/sf] g;f lgs} b'Vg] :gfo'/f]uaf6 u|:t lyof] .
;flrsf] p;sf] uf]8fdf lgx'l//x]sf] a]nf slxn]sfxL pm p;sf]
s'ddf xft /fv]/ pleGYof] . ldofsf] plxNo}b]lv cfl/tfnfO{
5f]/Ltk{m tfGg] tfr'sf] of]hgfb]lv kl/lrt lyO{ . t/ tfr'n] g} ;q
jifL{of 5f]/LnfO{ To; of]hgfdf nfPsL eGg] s'/fdf pm cem olsg
lyOg . tfr'n] ;flrsf]nfO{ cQ/ nfpg nfpyL . ldofsf]n] PskN6
o;af/] vf]hLlgtL ubf{ tfr'n] hafkm lbO{, p;sf] hLpaf6 lgs}
s8f uGw cfp5 .
xh'/n] ;flrsf]nfO{ yfgfdf uO{ l/kf]6{ ug{ lsg eGg'x'Gg <
tfr'n] an u/L .
ltdL lgs} hf]8 lbO/x]sL 5f} .
t/ Tof] x/fpg' nfhdbf]{ nfUb}g oxfnfO{ < To;df slt
k};f] lyof] <
To;df k'mL k};f] lyPg . ldofsf]n] cfvf lrDd u/L
ltgdfly lr;f] ?dfn /fvL . pm s]xLa]/ l:y/ a;L . p;sf] d'6'
k]ml/ lgs} 9's9's ug{ yfNof] .
ldofsf];u b'O6f kf;a's lyP . Pp6f tfr'sf] gfddf hDdf
ug{ p;s} ;Nnfxcg';f/ a"9f] cfl/tfaf6 uf]Ko /flvPsf] lyof] .
csf]{ p;sf] cfg} gfddf lyof] / o;}af6 p;n] b'O{ nfv o]g
lems]sL lyO{ . p;n] o;af/] tfr'nfO{ s]xL eg]sL lyOg . a"9f]
cfl/tfn] o;af/] ;'g]/ k|Zgxsf] tftL nfpg ;Sg]5 . To;}n] Tolt
rf8f] s'g} s'/f gv':sfpg pm rgfvf] lyO{ .
{ 28 |

b'O{ nfv o]g ldofsf]n] cfgf] hjfgL u'dfPsf] Ifltk"lt{:jk

lyof]k"mnsf] Tof] Ifl0fs kmqmfO h'g p;n] cfwf dl/;s]sf], k'mn]sf]
a"9f]nfO{ cfgf] z/L/ ;dk{0f u/]/ v]/ kmfn]sL lyO{ . To; k};fdf
ldofsf]sf] cfg} /ut au]sf] lyof] . t/ Tof] k};f x/fPsf] xf] eg]
Ps} If0fdf uof] / ca pm;u afsL s]xL /x]g . p;n] ;f] s'/f
kTofpg} ;lsg . s;}n] k};f vlr{+bf ;f] /sd uO;Qmf klg
;lDemG5 . t/ cfk"mn] hf]ufO/x]sf] k};f x/fpbf hu]8f u/]sf]
;Demgf klg tLtf] x'g cfp5 .
t}klg ldofsf]n] k};f x/fpbf Ifl0fs /f]df~rcfgGbfg'e"lt
dx;'; u/]sf] s'/f c:jLsf/ ug{ ;lsg . cfk"mnfO{ k5fpg]
dflg;af6 8/fP/ efUg';f pm Psflt/ ts]{/ PSsfl; pn]{sf]
cfgGbnfO{ kG5fpg ;SyL .
jf:tjdf ldofsf]nfO{ :jo+n] ofG8Aofu gemf/]sf] s'/f yfxf
lyof] . Aofu cfk"mnfO{ lxsf{pg k|of]u ul/Psf] cyjf cfk"mdfly
kmflnPsf] egL luDk]O{nfO{ yfxf gePe}m ldofsf]n] klg olsg;fy
;f] Aofu cfk"mn] Tof] dflg;nfO{ xfGg k|of]u u/]sf] cyjf To;dfly
kmflnlbPsf] ;Demgf ug{ ;lsg . t/ p;n] kSsf klg tLj| kn]
k|ltlqmof u/]sL lyO{ . p;sf] xft PSsfl; sqmSs k/]/ nlof],
clg Tof] nfO afx'nf tyf 5ftL;Dd To;f] ;b}{;b}{ k'Uof] . cGttM
p;sf] ;f/f z/L/ b'vb /f]df~rn] sfld/x]sf] lyof] . dfgf} Tof]
dflg;f/f k5fO/lxbf cfk"mleq ;lNs/x]sf] s'g} c:ki6 ;+j]bgf
PSsfl; blGsg nfu]sf] lyof]emG8} dfgf} a"9f] cfl/tfsf] 5fofdf
u'dfPsf] cfgf] hjfgLn] x7ft\ k'g?HhLljt eO{ abnf lnPsf]
lyof] . Tof] s'/f ;xL eP, b'O{ nfv o]g a6'Ng nfdf lbg /
dlxgfxdf ef]u]sf] ;/dafktsf] Ifltk"lt{ ldofsf]n] To; 38Ldf
k|fKt u/L / To;}n] Tof] /sd ;DejtM laTy} u'd]sf] lyPg .
t/ Toltv]/ b'O{ nfv o]gsf] To; b'3{6gf;u s'g} ;DaGw
lyPg . ldofsf]n] ofG8Aofun] Tof] dflg;nfO{ lxsf{pbf cyjf
pmdfly x'TofOlbbf k};faf/] e';'Ss} lal;{;s]sL lyO{ . ofG8Aofu
cfgf] xftaf6 sltv]/ v'l:sof] eGg] s'/fsf] rfn;d]t kfOg
p;n] . ;fy} PSsfl; kms]{/ efUg nfUbf p;nfO{ Aofusf]
;Demgf;d]t ePg . o; cy{df cfk}mn] Aofu emfl/lbPsL x' eGg]
s'/f ubf{ ldofsf] ;To af]ln/x]sL lyO{ jf:tjdf Tof] dflg;nfO{
lxsf{pg'cl3;Dd klg p;n] Aofu / leq /x]sf] k};f b'j} yf]saf/]
e'ln;s]sL lyO{ cfk"mnfO{ s'g} dflg;n] k5fO/x]sf] s'/f p;dfly
pn{+bf] 5fn;l/ cfOnfUof] / Tof] 5fn x/fP/ hfbf ofG8Aofu klg
x/fO;s]sf] lyof] .
{ 29 |

cfgf] 3/sf] d"n 9f]sfdf k|j]z ubf{ ldofsf]nfO{ cfgGbn]

cfgf] z/L/ sqmSs agfOlbPsf] cg'ej eof] . To;}n] pm xtfl/b}
n';'Ss dfly pSn]sL lyO{ .
d cfk}m n'uf k]mg{ rfxG5' . To;}n] s[kof tn hfpm,
tfr'n] cfgf 3f6L / afx'nf k'l5lbPkl5 ldofsf]n] p;nfO{ egL .
xh'/ :gfgsf]7fdf n'uf k]mg'{eP x'G5 lg < tfr'n]
ldofsf]nfO{ z\sfn' gh/n] x]b}{ egL .
d lx88'n ug{ rfxGg .
P t/ xh'/n] cf}ifwLk;nsf cufl8 === uf8Lx u'8\g]
af6f]af6 kms{+bf Aofu x/fpg'ePsf] olsg 5 < === ;fob d yfgfdf
uO{ ;a} s'/f a'g ;S5' .
dnfO{ Tof] sxf x/fof] ;Demgf 5}g .
lsg 5}g <
lsgeg] dnfO{ s;}n] k5fpb} lyof] ===
pQ]hgfsf] ;a} nIf0f d]6\g kfpg] u/L PSn} a:g rfxg]
;'/df ldofsf]sf] hLe|f] g/fd|f] u/L lrlKnof] .
k]ml/ < tfr'sf af6'nf cfvf 6\jfNn k/] .
xf], d ltdLnfO{ eG5', ldofsf]n] hf]8 lbP/ egL . t/
To;f] eGg gkfpb} p;df /x]sf] cfgGb p8]/ uof] / pm l/Qf] /
lr;f] cg'ej ug{ yfnL .
s] xh'/ cfh ;Lwf 3/ cfpg'eof] < cyjf xh'/n] cfgf]
k5fl8 Pp6f dflg; tfg]/ Nofpg'eof] < To;}n] xf] xh'/n]
ofG8Aofu x/fpg'ePsf] <
tfr' cem Toxf al;/x]sL ;flrsf]tk{m kmsL{ .
;flrsf], t oxf cem s]sf nflu xlNn/x]sL x <
;flrsf]sf cfvf rlst b]lvGy] / Pp6} v'fdf n8a8fP/
hfbf p;sf] cg'xf/ nfhn] /ftfDd] eof] .
t/ ldofsf]nfO{ klxn] klg nf]Ug]dflg;xn] k5fpg] u/]sf]
s'/f ;flrsf] hfGbyL . a"9f] cfl/tfnfO{ klg yfxf lyof] . luGhfsf]
s]Gb|df ldofsf]n] a"9f] dflg;;u ;fptL u/]sL lyO{, x]gf]{;\ dnfO{
s;}n] k5fpb} 5
s] /] a"9f] dflg; kms{g yfNof] .
cx . gx]gf]{;\ .
lsg gx]g]{ < ltdLnfO{ k5fPsf] s'/f s;/L yfxf eof] <
P, d x]g{ ;S5' . pM gLnf] vfn] of6 nfPsf] cUnf] dflg;
xf] hf] ev{/} csf]{ lbzfaf6 u'lh|of] .
{ 30 |

d}n] Vofn} ul/g . s] pm u'lh|g nfUbf ltdLn] s'g} ;\s]t

uof} / <
pNn" s'/f gug'{xf];\ s] d}n] p;nfO{ Ps ;fwf/0f a6'jf xf}
cyjf d]/f] hLjgdf s'g} e"ldsf v]Ng} nfu]sf] sf]xL xf} egL
;f]Wg'kg]{ xf] / <
s] ltdL v';L 5f} <
jf:tjdf d p;nfO{ ;f]Wg rfxG5' . p;n] dnfO{ sxf;Dd
k5fpg]5 egL afhL yfkf} . d tkfO{+;u afhL nfpg rfxG5' . t/
d 58L lnP/ lx8\g] a"9f] dflg;;u eP eg] sfd nfUb}g . To;}n]
tkfO{+ pm Tof] bhL{ k;ndf uO{ p;nfO{ x]l//fVg'xf];\ . pm ;8ssf]
cGTo / k5fl8;Dd} dnfO{ k5fof] eg] dnfO{ udL{df nfpg] ;]tf]
/sf] ;'6 l;nfOlbg'knf{ . t/ lk|o, dnfO{ ;]tf] ;d/ ;'6} rflxG5
lng]grfxL xf]Og .
ltdLn] xfof} eg] lg < = = =
x] . To;f] eP tkfO{+ ;f/f /ft d]/f] kfv'/fdf cfgf]
6fpsf] c8fP/ ;'Tg kfpg'x'g]5 .
ltdLn] kms]{/ p;nfO{ x]g{ cyjf pm;u af]Ng pko'Qm x'g]
5}g, a'of} .
Tof] tf kSs} 5 .
a"9f] cfl/tfn] Tof] afhL xfg{ vf]h]sf] lyof] . p;n] cfk"m xf/]
eg] ldofsf]n] ;f/f /ft cfgf] kfv'/fdf 6fpsf] c8fP/ ;'Tg lbg]
cf; /fv]sf] lyof] . t/ e';'Ss lgbfO;s]kl5 pm cem ToxL x'g]
cyjf gx'g] s'/f hfGg t ;lsGg egL ;f]Rtf pm dgdg} pbf;
eP/ xf:t} bhL{ k;ndf l5of] . p;n] ldofsf] tyf p;nfO{
k5fpb} u/]sf] dflg;nfO{ x]l//xbf cfk"mleq cgf}7f] hjfgL
k|:k'm6g ePsf] dx;'; uof] . Tof] O{iof{ eg] lyPg . O{iof{ lgif]lwt
lyof] .
3/df cfl/tfn] 3/sf] /]vb]v ug]{ lgx'df Pp6L ;'Gb/L /fv]sf]
lyof] . pm tL;dfemsL lyO{, ldofsf]eGbf b; jif{ h]7L . nueu
;Q/Lsf] a"9f] cfl/tf oL b'O{ dlxnfsf kfv'/fdf 6fpsf] c8fP/,
ltgLf/f 3f6Ldf ;xf/f lbP/ / ltgsf :tg d'vdf r';]/ a:tf oL
b'O{ t?0fLxnfO{ cfdfsf] kdf sNkgf uYof]{ . lsgeg] a"9f]
dflg;n] Pp6L cfdf;u dfq} dgsf] zflGt k|fKt ug{ ;SYof] . p;n]
ldofsf] / 3/ /]vb]v ug]{ dlxnf b'j}nfO{ Pscsf{sf e"ldsfaf/]
;r]t u/fO;s]sf] lyof] . p;n] ldofsf]nfO{ b'j} hgf 8fxf ug{ yfn]
eg] cfk"m l/;n] cfuf] eO{ b'j}nfO{ rf]6 k'ofpg ;S5' egL t;f{Psf]
{ 31 |

lyof] cyjf To;n] ubf{ pm x[bof3ft eO{ dg{ ;SYof] . pm cfg}

af/] dfq ;f]Rg] u/]e}m nfUYof] t/ jf:tjdf cfl/tf pTkL8g;DaGwL
:gfo'/f]uaf6 u|:t lyof] . ldofsf]nfO{ p;sf] d'6' sdhf]/ /x]sf]
yfxf lyof] lsgeg] p;n] cfl/tfsf] 5ftLnfO{ cfgf g/d xftn]
a]:;/L lyRg] uyL{ / p;n] rfx]sf] a]nf cfgf] ;'Gb/ ufnf p;sf]
5ftLdf /flvlbg] uyL{ . t/ 3/ /]vb]v ug]{ pd]sf]gfds dlxnf
O{iof{af6 k"0f{tof d'Qm ePh:tL lyOg . nfdf] cg'ejaf6 ldofsf]n]
s] c8sn sf6L eg] cfl/tf p;sxf k'u]/ /fd|f] Jojxf/ ubf{
pd]sf]sf] O{iof{n] ubf{ cfg} 3/af6 wlkP/ cfPsf] x'g'k5{ .
ldofsf]nfO{ hjfgLn] el/k"0f{ pd]sf] Pp6f a"9f] dflg;k|lt Toltljg
O{iof{ unL{ eGg] s'/f nHhf:kb nfu]/ dgdf lgs} lg/fzf 5fof] .
a"9f] cfl/tfn] k|foM pd]sf]nfO{ 3/]n'kgsf] gd'gfsf] kdf
k|z+;f ul//xg] x'bf ldofsf] :jo+ c;n s]6L x'g'kg]{ ck]Iff ul/Psf]
;f]Rg] uyL{ . t/ a"9f] cfl/tfn] b'j} dlxnfnfO{ cfdft'No 5ljdf
rfx]sf] s'/f k|:6 lyof] . p;sL cfg} cfdfsf] cfk"m b'O{ jif{sf] x'b}
kf/kfr's] eO;s]sf] lyof] / ;fdf ;f}t]gL cfdf cfPsL lyO{ .
a"9f]n] ldofsf]nfO{ Tof] syf sltkN6 elg;s]sf] lyof] .
ltdL cyjf pd]sf] h:tL s'g} dlxnf em8\s]nL cfdfsf]
kdf eP klg d]/f] :ofxf/ ug{ cfPsL eP d slt v';L x'Gy]
xf]nf . a"9f] ldofsf]sf] ;fy -;flGgWo_df aRrf h:t} /dfpg]
uYof{] .
tkfO{+ eGg ;Sg'x'Gg . tkfO{+ d]/f] ;f}t]nf 5f]/f] x'g'ePsf] eP
d tkfO{+dfly s/fpy] . tkfO{+ eo/ s]6f] ePsf] x'g'kg]{ xf] .
d Kof/f] aRrf] lyP .
em8\s]nf] ;Gtfgsf] kdf kfPsf] b'Jo{jxf/sf] Ifltk"lt{
:jk clxn] a'9];sfndf c;n cfdfcem b'O{b'O{j6L cfdf kfpg'
ePsf] 5 . tkfO{+ efUozfnL x'g'x'bf] /x]5, xf]Og t < ldofsf]n]
cln Jo\Uo ub}{ egL .
d ;fRrLs} efUozfnL /x]5' . ;f]sf nflu d cfef/L 5',
cfl/tfn] hafkm lbof] .
jf:tjdf p;n] d cfef/L 5' s;/L eGg ;S5 <
ldofsf]n] dgdg} ljrf/ ubf{ l/; p7]/ cfof] . t/ p;n] ;Q/L5]p
k'Ug nfu]sf] ldlxg]tL a"9fsf] To:tf] Jojxf/af6 hLjgaf/] s]xL
l;Sg'k5{ eGg] s'/f klg ga'emL /xg ;lsg .
cfl/tfrflx ldofsf]n] latfpg] lgliqmo hLjgk|lt cwL/ x'g
yfn]h:tf] lyof] . PlSnPsL ldofsf];u ug{nfos s'g} sfd lyPg .
{ 32 |

pm cfgf] hjfgL / hfu/ Pp6f a"9f] dflg;sf cfudgxsf]

lg/y{s cf;df hLjg latfP/} u'dfO/x]sL lyO{ . ldofsf]nfO{ cfgL
sfd ug]{ s]6L tfr' s;/L Tolt k'mlt{nL /xg ;s]sL xf]nL egL
cfZro{ nfUYof] . p;}n] ldofsf]nfO{ a"9fn] ;w} e|d0fdf lnP/ hfbf
xf]6nsf lanx k]mg]{ ;Nnfx lbPsL lyO{ . tfr'n] ldofsf]nfO{ ;xL
vr{eGbf a9Lsf lanx agfpg / kl5 afsL /sd cfk"mn] kfpg]
Joj:yf ug{ eg]sL lyO{ . t/ ldofsf]nfO{ To:tf] s'/f ldnfpg]
xf]6n eP klg To; lsl;dsf] lxgfldgfn] cfk"mnfO{ b'vL t'Nofpg]
eGg] nfUof] .
xh'/nfO{ To:tf] nfU5 eg] sDtLdf pxfn] lbg] alS;;af6
kmfObf p7fpg ;Sg'x'G5 . Dofd, xh'/n] xf]6nsf] lan hf]l8Psf]
sf]7fdf ltg{ ;Sg'x'G5 . >Ldfg\ cfl/tfnfO{ /fd|f] alS;; ltg{
nufpg'xf];\ . pxfn] kSs} klg cg'xf/ x]/]/} klg w]/} alS;;
lbg'x'g]5 . xh'/ sf]7fdf hfg'cl3 pxfn] tLg xhf/ lbP eg] Ps
xhf/ y'ltxfNg'xf];\ / Tof] k};f cfgf] y}nLdf cyjf rf]nLleq
ge]l6g] u/L /fVg'xf];\ .
s:tf] uhasf] ljrf/ /x]5 dnfO{ ltdLdfly cfZro{
nfU5 . slt nf]eL / 5'NofxL ===
t/ sfd ug]{ dlxnfsf] tna x]/L To;nfO{ nf]e dfq dfGg
;lsGg .
Tof] 5'b| s'/f] xf]Og, a'g'eof] . xh'/;u x/]s ;]G6dfly
gh/ /fVg'l;jfo eljiosf nflu hu]8f /fVg] c s'g} pkfo 5}g .
xfdL h:tf dlxnfn] lbglbg} / dlxgfdlxgfdf k};f y'kfg}{k5{,
tfr'n] hf]8 lbb} egL . Dofd, d xh'/sf] kIfdf 5' . d s;/L
xh'/sf] hjfgL Tof] nf]eL, /utr';fxf a"9f]dfly v]/ uO/x]sf] x]/]/
al;/xg ;S5' / <
cfl/tfn] pgLxnfO{ e]6\tf tfr'n] k;n] s]6Le}m p;nfO{
v';L kfg{ tTsfn} cfgf] af]nL k]ml/xfNyL . clxn] ev{/} p;n]
ldofsf];u b'i6 :j/df s'/f ubf{ ldofsf]sf] dgdf PSsfl; lr;f]
k:of] . t/ jf:tjdf p;sf] :j/ jf zAbn] ldofsf]nfO{ sfDg afWo
kf/]sf] lyPg of] t ldlxg]t u/L hu]8f ug{ nfUg] ;dosf] bfhf]df
;don] p;sf] cfg} zf/Ll/s hjfgLnfO{ b|'tultn] aufP/ nu]sf]df
pTkGg ePsf] lr;f] lg/fzf lyof] .
ldofsf]sf] kfngkf]if0f tfr'sf] eGbf km/s 9n] ePsf]
lyof] . o'4sf] cGTo;Dd ldofsf] ljnf;L jftfj/0fdf, u'nfkmsf]
cf]5fg elgg]df, x'sf{OPsL lyO{ . Toltv]/ xf]6nsf] lanaf6
{ 33 |

5';5'; k};f sdfpg] s'/f lj/n} ;f]Rg ;lsGYof] . ldofsf]n] tfr'sf]

ljgfzsf/L ;Nnfxaf6 p;sL gf]sgL{n] efG;faf6 5';5'; ;fdfg
rf]/]sf] x'g ;Sg] nv sf6L .
p;n] tfr'nfO{ ?3fvf]sLsf nflu cf]vtL lng k7fpbf klg
;flrsf]nfO{ ;f]xL s'/f lng k7fpbf nfUg] df]neGbf kfrb; o]g
a9L kg]{ uYof{] . tfr'n] o:tf ;fgf /sdx hDdf u/]/ slt k};f
hf]ufpg ;s]sL xf] egL ldofsf] ;flrsf]dfk{mt hfGg OR5's lyO{
t/ tfr'n] cfgL 5f]/LnfO{ ;d]t s'g} k};f lbPsf] ;\s]t;Dd klg
gx'bf p;n] p;nfO{ cfgf] kf;a's gb]vfPsf] x'g ;S5 . ldofsf]n]
oL ;;fgf 7uLxnfO{ xNsf 9n] lnP klg sldnfe}m 5';5';
hf]ufpg] egL tfr'sf] ;NnfxnfO{ a]jf:tf ug{ uf/f] eof] . tfr'sf]
hLjg :j:ytfsf] kdf / ldofsf]sf] hLjg /f]usf] kdf lng
;lsG5 . ldofsf]sf] hjfgL / ;f}Gbo{ laTyfdf u'ld/x]sf] lyof] eg]
tfr'n] cfgf] hLjgsf] lgd]if klg gu'dfO{ aflr/x]sL lyO{ . tfr'n]
o'4df dfl/Psf] cfgf] nf]Ug]n] cfk"mnfO{ lgs} ;s; u/fPsf] egL
;'Gbf ldofsf]n] pT;'stfk"j{s ;f]wL, s] p;n] ltdLnfO{ ?g afWo
kfof] <
xf], xh'/ d s/fP / /f]P/ d]/f cfvf /ft} gePsf /
g;'lgPsf] s'g} lbg} lat]g . PskN6 p;n] ;flrsf]dfly lrD6f
kmfNbf p;sf] 3f6Ldf rf]6 nfUof] . ;fgf] vt cem klg Toxf,
p;sf] 3f6Lk5fl8 5 . xh'/ x]g{ ;Sg'x'G5 . d]/f] ljrf/df Tof] vt
;a}eGbf alnof] k|df0f xf] .
k|df0f, s]sf] <
c, ld;, d s;/L aofg u <
ltdL h:tf] klg s'g} dflg;nfO{ ;tfpg] eg]sf] ;'Gbf t
nf]Ug]dflg;x vt/gfs} x'g'k5{, ldofsf]n] ;'wf] ePsf] :jf kfb}{
egL .
xh'/, ;fRr} xf] t/ o;nfO{ csf]{ tl/sfn] x]g'{k5{ .
Toltv]/ Tof] s'/f] ofp/f]af6 ;Ddf]lxt x'g' h:tf] lyof] . d cfgf]
>Ldfg\k|lt olt ljd'Uw lyP ls d cGt st} x]g{ ;lQmgy] . t/
xfdL Tof] ;Ddf]xgaf6 PskN6 d'Qm eO;s]kl5 ;a yf]s ldn]/
cfof] .
tfr'sf zAbn] o'4df cfgf] klxnf] k|]d u'dfPsL s]6Lsf
;Demgfx u/fPsf] efg eof] .
ljnfl;tfdf x's]{sL ldofsf] k};fk|lt clnslt pbf;Lg lyO{ /
clxn] b'O{ nfv o]g p;sf nflu 7"nf] /sd eP klg p;n] Tof]
{ 34 |

Ifltaf/] jf:tf ul/g . h] eP klg ldofsf]sf] kl/jf/n] o'4df b'O{

nfv o]geGbf lgs} a9L g} u'dfO;s]sf] lyof] . t/ s'/f] s] lyof] eg]
olt /sd ldnfpg klg pm;u ca s'g} pkfo lyPg . p;n] s] ug]{
egL s'g} pkfo k'm/]g . lsgeg] p;n] Tof] k};f vf; sfdsf nflu
cfg} Aof vftfaf6 lems]sL lyO{ . 7"n} /sd ePsfn] Tof] kfOP/
l/kf]6{ ePdf kqklqsfdf ;f]af/] lj1fkg x'g ;S5 / ofG8Aofudf
kf;a's ePsfn] gfd7]ufgf x]g{ ;lsG5 / Tof] l6Kg] dflg;n] Aofu
;Lwf p;sf] 3/d} NofOlbg cyjf k|x/Ln] p;nfO{ ;"lrt ug{
;S5 . ldofsf]n] tLgrf/ lbg;Dd ;"Idtf;fy kqklqsf x]/L .
p;sf] gfd7]ufgf cfk"mnfO{ k5fpg] dflg;nfO{ ;d]t yfxf ePsf]
eGg] nfUof] . jf:tjdf p;}n] Aofu rf]/]sf] xf] egL pm 3f]TnL .
xf]Og eg] p;n] Tof] l6k] jf gl6k] klg kSs} cfk"mnfO{ cufl8;Dd
k5fO/xg] lyof] . ;fob Aofun] lxsf{OPkl5 pm cflQP/ efu]sf]
x'g ;S5 .
ldofsf]n] cfl/tfnfO{ luGhfdf udL{ ofddf nfpg] ;'6sf]
;fdu|L lsGg nfPsf] nueu Ps ;ftfkl5 g} cfgf] ofG8Aofu
u'dfO{ . To; ;ftf a"9f] ldofsf]sf 3/df cfPg . ofG8Aofu
x/fPsf] 36gfsf] b'O{ lbgkl5 /fltlt/ eg] pm b]lvof] .
xfdL tkfO{+nfO{ k]ml/ e]6\g kfpbf slt v';L 5f} . tfr'n]
p;nfO{ ;xif{ :jfut ub}{ p;sf] leh]sf] 5ftf lnO{ . xh'/ lx8]/
cfpg'ePsf] xf] <
xf] . df};d 8/nfUbf] 5 . d]/f] ljrf/df ca jiff{ nfUof]
Sof/ .
o;n] xh'/sf] a]yf aNemfof] Sof/, xh'/ < === ;flrsf] P
;flrsf] tfr'n] 8fQm} egL, pm g'xfpb} 5] . pm a"9f] dflg;sf]
h'Qf k'msfNg ;3fpg egL gf} v'f l;s'jf -kf]r{_lt/ em/L .
g'xfpg] ;fdfg tof/ eP d Goflgg rfxGy] . cfhe}m lr;f]
/ lgs} l7lx/fpg] ePkl5 ===
dnfO{ nfU5 o;n] xh'/nfO{ c;/ u5{ . p;sf ;fgf
rlDsnf cfvfdfly /x]sf ;fgf cfvLeO ;xfg'e"ltdf a6fl/P . x/],
s:tf] laTof; . xfdLnfO{ xh'/ cfh /flt cfpg] ck]Iff gePsfn]
;flrsf] xh'/eGbf klxn] g'xfpg] sf]7fdf l5/L xfln5] . d s]
u <
s]xL 5}g .
;flrsf] P ;flrsf] g'xfpg] sf]7faf6 em lgl:sxfn\ x} .
eO /fd|/L k'5\ x} < ;kmf kf/];\ === rf/}lt/ /fd|/L ;kmf wf]P;\ ===
{ 35 |

tfr' sNofaNof ub}{ lx8L / g'xfpgsf nflu r'nf]dfly lsTnL

/fv]/ Uof; afn]/ dfq kmsL{ .
a"9f] cfl/tf ce}m a;f{bL le/]/} eOdf v'f tGSofP/ dNb} lyof] .
xh'/nfO{ g'xfpg] sf]7fdf x'bf ;flrsf]n] dlnlbP x'G5 <
ldofsf] vf]O <
c, Dof8d ;dfrf/ ;'Gg lyP6/ hfG5' eGb} x'g'x'GYof] . d]/f]
ljrf/df pxf l5} kms{g'x'G5 lsgeg] pxf ;dfrf/ ;'Gg dfq
l;g]dfxn hfg'ePsf] xf] .
dfln; ug]{ dflg; af]nfpg ;lsG5 <
x'G5, xh'/ . oxfsf] ;w} dfln; ug]{ dlxnfnfO{ af]nfpm < ===
tfr' pleP/ a"9fsf n'uf lng uO{ .
xh'/ k|foM g'xfpg] sf]7fdf n'uf k]mg'{x'G5, xf]Og / < p;n]
kms]{/ ;f]wL . tfr'n] PskN6 k]ml/ ;flrsf] eg]/ 8fsL, clg
egL, d ca dfln; ug]{ dlxnfnfO{ af]nfpg hfb} 5' .
s] ;flrsf] lgl:s;sL <
xf], xh'/, pm lgl:s;sL === ;flrsf]
nueu Ps 3G6fkl5 ldofsf] 3/ cfpbf a"9f] cfl/tf
dflyNnf] tnfsf] ;'Tg] sf]7fdf Ps hgf dlxnf;u dfln; u/fpb}
lyof] .
dnfO{ b'Vt} 5, p;n] ;fgf] :j/df eGof] . ltdL o:tf]
jiff{df lsg aflx/ lg:Sof} < g'xfPkl5 tfhf dx;'; ug]{5f} .
x'G5 .
ldofsf] yrSs a;]/ To;} b/fhdf 9]l;O{ . p;n] cfl/tfnfO{
b]v]sf] xKtf k'u]sf] lyof] / cfl/tfsf] cg'xf/ v/fgL /sf] /
lgGofp/f] ePh:tf] b]lvGYof] . p;sf ufnf / xftdf kx]nf s':tf
bfux 68\sf/} b]lvGy] .
d ;dfrf/ x]g{ uP . d ;dfrf/ x]bf{ /f]dfl~rt x'G5' . ptf
hfbf d ;dfrf/ ;'Gg 5f8]/ skfn g'xfpg hfg rfx] t/ Ao'6L
kfn{/ aGb eO;s]sf] lyof], To;}n] === ldofsf]n] a"9f] dflg;sf]
skfn lgofnL h'g ev{/} wf]Psf] h:tf] b]lvGYof] .
d ltd|f] skfndf nfpg] 6lgs -bjfO{_ sf] uGw ;'g ;S5' .
;flrsf]n] lgs} cQ/ nfp5], xf]Og t <
d}n] p;sf] hLp lgs} ugfp5 egL ;'g]sf] 5' .
x'Dd .
tnsf] g'xfpg] sf]7fdf uP/ ldofsf]n] cfgf] skfn wf]O{ . p;n]
;flrsf]nfO{ af]nfP/ ;'Svf ?dfnn] /u8]/ skfn k'5\g nufO{ .
{ 36 |

ltd|f] uf]8f slt /fd|f] ldofsf]n] cfgf s'lxgfx 3'8fdf

6]sfP/ 7Ls cfgf cfvfcufl8 /x]sf] ;flrsf]sf k}tfnf 5'g egL
xft tGSofpb} egL . p;n] cfgf gff s'ddflyaf6 s]6Lsf xftsf]
sDkg dx;'; u/L . ;fob cfgL cfdfsf] :jefj kfPsL
;flrsf]sf klg cf}nfx rln/xg] vfnsf lyP . t/ p;n]
ldofsf]sf ;fdfgaf6 rnfOPsf nfnLx, sl;/bfgLdf kmflnPsf,
eflrPsf sfOofx cyjf skfndf nfpg] em/]sf lrD6Lx dfq}
rf]yL{ . s]6Ln] p;sf] ;f}Gbo{sf] k|z+;f / 8fxf ug]{ eP/ To;f] u/]sL
egL ldofsf]nfO{ yfxf lyof] .
g'xfO;s]kl5 ldofsf] ;]tf] eOdf ly;n k"mnsf] h:tf] a'f
ePsf] ;"tLsf] lsdf]gf]dfly xNsf sf]6 le/]/ a"9f] dflg;sf] uf]8f dNg
yfnL . p;sf] 3/df ;/]kl5 lbgx' o:t} ug'{kg]{ xf] ls egL pm 3f]TnL .
Tof] dfln; ug]{ dlxnf 7Ls 5] <
cx 5}g . dsxf cfpg]rflx a9L c;na9L cg'ejL /
ljj]szLn 5] .
s'g} dlxnf 5] <
xf] .
3/sf] /]vb]v ug]{ pd]sf]sf nflu dfln; ug'{ klg b}lgs
sfd g} xf]nf eGg] ;f]r]/ ldofsf]nfO{ lbSs nfUof] / p;sf xft
kmqSs un] . cfl/tfn] p;sf] cf}nf] lnP/ cfgf] 9f8sf] kLwdf
/x]sf] vfN8f]df lyRof] . ldofsf]sf] cf}nf] kl5lNt/ g'lxof] .
d]/f] ljrf/df d]/f h:tf nfdf, ;n{Ss ldn]sf cf}nf Tolt
7Ls x'Ggg\ .
c === ;fob, To:tf] kSs} xf]Og . t/ Pp6L o'jf, dfofn'
s]6Lsf cf}nfx Tolts} 7Ls x'G5g\ .
ldofsf]nfO{ Ps y/L lr;f]kg ;b}{ cfgf] 9f8;Dd k'u]sf]
cg'ej eof] / p;sf] cf}nf] vfN8f]af6 lrlKnof] . a"9f] dflg;n]
p;sf] cf}nf] k]ml/ ;dfof] .
;flrsf]sf h:tf 5f]6f cf}nf a9L 7Ls x'G5g\ eGg] nfUb}g /
tkfO{+n] ;flrsf]nfO{ yf]/} cEof; ug{ lbg'xf];\ g .
a"9f] dflg; df}g a:of] . ldofsf]nfO{ PSsfl; /flbu]sf]
df+;lk08df ;}tfg1 sf] Pp6f cg'R5]bsf] ;Demgf eof] . p;n]
!

/]dG8 /flbu] -!()#@#_ cNkfo'd} laTg] k|mfG;]nL pkGof;sf/ tyf

slj . pgL b'O{j6f pkGof;sf nflu k|l;4 5g\b 8]len Og b n]; /
b sfpG6 cj\ cfu]{n; an . pgL dxfg\ l/Daf]sf] k|efjdf /]l;gsf h:tf
b'vfGt /Rg] JolQm lyP .
{ 37 |

lkmlnd x]l/;s]kl5 Tof] pkGof; k9]sL lyO{ . d ltd|f] hLjg b'vL

agfpg rfxGg . d /f]O/x]sf] 5' lsgeg] d ltd|f] lglDt w]/} g} j[4
eO;s]sf] 5' dfy]{n] eGof] . k|]dsf] of] cleJolQm cfgf]
afn;'netfdf dxfg\ lyof] . d}n] o;kl5 cg'ej ug'{k/]sf
efjfj]ux Pp6L pGgfO;jif]{ s]6LnfO{ cfk"m lgs} pd]/sL eP egL
;f]r]/ ?b} u/]sf] b]Vtf pn{g] tLj| efjgfnfO{ k'gM aofg ug'{ slxNo}
;Dej x'GgYof] . dfy]{sf] k|]dL ;f]/jif]{ hf]agdf lyof] . pGgfO;sf]
pd]/df dfy]{ cfk}m klg kRrL;jif]{ ldofsf]eGbf t?0fL lyO{ clg
o; a"9f] dflg;sf xftdf cfgf] :jo+sf] hjfgL b|'tultn] IfL0f
eO/x]sf] s'/fk|lt ;r]t ldofsf] pQm cg'R5]b k9]/ lgs} plUg
lyO{ . cfl/tfn] ;w} eGg] uYof]{ ls ldofsf] cfgf] pd]/eGbf a9L
t?0fL b]lvGyL / ;f] s'/f] a"9f]sf k"jf{u|xL cfvfdf dfq ;To nfUg]
geO{ ;a}n] ldofsf]nfO{ jf:tljseGbf a9L t?0fL ePsL 7fGy] . t/
ldofsf]n] cfgf] hjfgLk|lt a"9fsf] nfnflot cfgGbn] p;nfO{
To;f] eGg afWo kf/]sf] s'/f] a'g ;SyL . p;nfO{ s] 8/ lyof] eg]
ldofsf]sf slnnf, t?0ffj:yfsf u'0fx x/fpg]5g\ / Ps lbg
p;sf] z/L/sf] ;'u7g ;dfKt x'g]5 . ;Q/L5]p k'u]sf] dflg;n]
cfgL kRrL;jif]{ k]|ldsfdf cem nfj0o vf]Hg' cgf}7f] / cg'lrt
lyof] t/ ldofsf] k|foM a"9f]sf] s'/f plwGg e'Ng] uyL{ / p;sf]
hfu/ b]v]/ cfk"m a9L t?0f ePsf] eP x'GYof] eGg] sfdgf uyL{ .
ldofsf]sf] hjfgLk|lt nfnflot cfl/tf p;sf] dft[Tjk"0f{ jfT;Nosf]
klg rfxgf uYof]{ . ;f] k"/f ug]{ ljrf/ /fVtfg/fVt} ldofsf]nfO{
slxn]sfxL cfk"m ;fRrL g} cfdft'No ePsf] e|d x'GYof] .
cfl/tf 3f]lK6P/ ;'lt/x]sf] a]nf ldofsf]n] cfgf a"9L cf}nfn]
p;sf sl6x lylr/xGyL . ldofsf] cfgf :tgx k'mQ aflx/
lgl:sg] u/L yf]/} cufl8 g'xL .
d]/f rfsdf pleg] k|of; ug]{ xf] ls < cfl/tfn] eGof] .
ltdLn] ltgnfO{ la:tf/} v'fn] lyr] x'Gg / <
cx, d To;f] ug{ rfxGg === ;flrsf]nfO{ To;f] ug{ eG5' .
pm xf]rL 5] / p;sf uf]8f ;fgf ePsfn] p;n] /fd|/L lyR5] .
pm aRrL 5] . p;n] nfh dfGnL .
dnfO{ klg nfh nfU5, ;flrsf] dfy]{eGbf b'O{ jif{ /
dfy]{sf] k]|dLeGbf Ps jif{ sfG5L /x]sf] s'/f ;f]Rt} p;n] egL . t/
To;n] s] km/s kf5{ / <
tkfO{+ afhL xf/]sfn] cfpg' gePsf] xf]Og t <
{ 38 |

P, Tof] s'/f], a"9f]n] kmgSs 6fpsf] kmsf{pg] s5'jf h:t}

cfgf] 6fpsf] kmsf{P/ eGof] . xf]Og, d tf ;f/} 6fpsf] b'v]/ kf]
gcfPsf] .
To;f] eP tkfO{+sxf dfln; ug{ cfpg] dlxnf a9L dg k/]/
xf]nf .
c === xf] ls Sof xf] . cf}, d}n] afhL xf/]sfn] ltdL dnfO{
cfgf] kfv'/fdf 6fpsf] c8fP/ ;'Tg lbGgYof} .
P, s]xL 5}g . d ;'Tg lbG5' .
cfl/tf a'9f}nLdf cfgf uf]8f / lt3|fsf] dfln; u/fpg'
cyjf p;sf :tgn] cfgf] d'v 9fSg' a9L pko'Qm al;laofnf]
ePsfn] Toxf cfpg] u/]sf] ldofsf]nfO{ /fd|/L yfxf lyof] . Jo:t
a"9fn] ldofsf]sf] 3/df latfpg] oL ;Gtf]ifhgs ;donfO{
sdf/fsf] d'lQm eGg] uYof{] . tL zAbn] ldofsf]nfO{ cfg} bf;tfsf]
emNsf] lbGy] .
;"tLsf] lsdf]gf] nfP g'xfPkl5 ?3fvf]sL nfUg ;S5 .
wGojfb, k'Uof], cfl/tfn] sf]N6f] k]mb}{ eGof] . p;n] ck]Iff u/]e}m
cfk"mn] kfv'/fsf] tlsof agfO{ ;'Tg lbg] s'/f] k|efjzfnL /of] . pm
dfln; ubf{ub}{ yfls;s]sL lyO{ .
h] xf];\, gLnf] of6 nfPsf] dflg;e}m s;}n] k5fpbf
ltdLnfO{ s:tf] nfU5 <
cfxf, w]/} dHhf nfU5 . To;df p;sf] of6sf] /sf] s'g}
dtna 5}g, p;n] hfgfhfgL k'm? eP/ af]nL .
xf], dnfO{ nfU5 ltdLnfO{ s'g} dflg;n] k5fP;Dd To;
-/_sf] s'g} dxj x'b}g, t/ = = =
cl:t Pp6f gf}nf] dflg;n] dnfO{ l5d]ssf] cf}ifwLk;n;Dd
k5fof] / To; 36gfdf d]/f] ofG8Aofu x/fof] . d 8/fPsL
lyP .
s] /] < Ps ;ftfdf b'O{b'O{ hgfn] k5fPsf <
ldofsf]n] cfl/tfnfO{ cfgf] kfv'/fdf 6fpsf] c8fpg lbb}
;xdltdf 6fpsf] xNnfO{ . aflx/ 3'Dg hfbf cfgf] ofG8Aofu
x/fPsf]df a"9fnfO{ tfr'e}m s'g} cfZro{ nfu]g . p;nfO{ csf]{
dflg;n] k5fPsf]df cf}wL cfZro{hgs nfu]/ c s'/fsf] z\s}
ug{ e'n]h:tf] lyof] . p;sf] cfZro{ efjn] ldofsf]sf] dgdf
cfgGbsf] nx/ k}bf uof] . cfl/tfn] cfgf] cg'xf/ p;sf :tgdf
uf8]/ ltgsf Gofgf cfsf/nfO{ cfgf xftn] cfgf] lgwf/df lyRof] .
d]/f] .
{ 39 |

xf], tkfO{+sf], ldofsf]n] aRrf;l/ em hafkm lbO{ / a"9f],

k'mn]sf] skfnnfO{ lgofNb} l:y/ klN6/xbf p;sf cfvfdf cf;'
6nknfpg yfn] . p;n] aQL lgefO{ . cWof/f]df p;sf] ofG8Aofu
l6Kg] dflg;sf] t}l//x]sf] cg'xf/ b]lvof], Tof] cg'xf/ h'g p;nfO{
k5fpg lg0f{o u/]nuQ} ?g vf]h]h:tf] lyof] .
cfTyf === pm s/fPsf] x'g' k5{ . Psbd} g;'lgg] eP klg
ldofsf]nfO{ cfk"mn] Tof] cfjfh kSs} ;'g]h:tf] nfUof] .
/ p;n] cfgf] dgsf] cfvfn] Tof] dflg;nfO{ cfk"mlt/ kms]{/
x]g{ egL /f]lsPsf] b]vL / lemldSs ub}{df p;sf] skfnsf] rds,
p;sf sfg tyf 3f6Lg]/sf] csf] rdsn] Tof] dflg;nfO{ lgs}
b'vL t'Nofof] / d"R5f{ kg'{cufj} p;sf] x[boaf6 Tof] blaPsf] qmGbg
lgl:sof] . p;nfO{ s/fpb} u/]sf] ;'g]/ ldofsf]n] kms]{/ p;sf] b'vL
cg'xf/nfO{ x]/L / 7Ls Toltv]/} p;n] cfk"mnfO{ k5fpg] lg0f{o
uof] . pm pbf; b]lvGYof], cfg} ;+;f/df 8'a]e}m . ldofsf]nfO{
pmleqsf] cWof/f]kg k'mTs]/ cfk"mleq k;]sf] cg'ej eof] .
ldofsf]n] ;'?df PskN6 kms]{/ x]/]sL dfq lyO{ . p;n] k]ml/
otfplt x]/]sL lyOg . g p;n] Tof] dflg;sf] cg'xf/} ;lDemg
;SyL . p;n] cem klg cWof/f]df cfgf cf;' yfDg k|of; ub}{
u/]sf] p;sf] wldnf] cg'xf/ t}l//x]sf] b]vL .
ltdL abdf; 5f}, x}g t < s]xLa]/kl5 cfl/tf
kmtkmtfof] . ldofsf]n] s'g} pQ/ lbOg, lsgeg] cf;'n] ubf{ p;sf]
3f6L cj?4 lyof] .
ltdL ;}tfg cfOdfO{ xf} . Toltljg nf]Ug]dflg;n] k5fpg]
s'/f ;f]rf} t === s] ltdLnfO{ cfk}m;u 8/ nfUb}g < ltdLleq s'g}
;}tfg -b'/fTdf_ n's]/ a;]sf] x'g'k5{ .
P]of ldofsf] sqmSs k/L .
PskN6 j;Gtsf] k|f/Dedf cfgf :tgx b'Vg yfn]sf]
p;n] ;DemL . p;n] klxn]sf] cfg} lgZrn gUg z/L/nfO{ x]g{
;s]sf] cg'ej u/L . pm pd]/eGbf ;fgf] b]lvP klg zf/Ll/s kn]
p;n] k"0f{ gf/LTj k|fKt ul/;s]sf] cg'ej u/L .
tkfO{+ slt lgi7'/L x'g'x'bf] /x]5 of] tkfO{+sf] Go'/flNhofn]
ubf{ xf]nf . p;sf] dg cGt} a/flnO/x]sf] lyof] . p;n] s;/L
Pp6L ;'zLn s]6L cfgf] z/L/ k]ml/P;u} lgi7'/L x'g k'u]sL /lx5'
egL 3f]l/O/x]sL lyO{ .
lsg lgi7'/L eg]sL < a"9f] cfl/tfn] ;Lwf hafkm lbof] .
s] s'g} dflg;n] ltdLnfO{ k5fpbf /dfOnf] nfU5 <
{ 40 |

xf]Og, /dfOnf] dflGbg .

t/ ltdLn] cfgGb dx;'; u/] eg]sf] x}g < ;fob d h:tf]
a"9f] dflg;sf] ;+;u{n] ltdLnfO{ 6/f]{ / k|ltzf]w efjn] el/k"0f{
agfPsf]n] xf]nf .
s]k|lt k|ltzf]wsf] efj <
d]/f] ljrf/df ltd|f] hLjg jf b'ef{Uoxsf] k|ltzf]w .
d o;df /dfp5' ls /dfplbg === t/ s'/f] Tof] Tolt
;lhnf] 5}g .
cx, Tof] jf:tjdf ;lhnf] 5}g . s;}sf] hLjg;u abnf
lng' Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g .
s] tkfO{+ d h:tL t?0fL;u nfu]/ cfgf] hLjgk|lt abnf
lnb} x'g'x'G5 <
x < a"9f]nfO{ s] af]n" h:tf] eof] t/ elg/of] . cx, d}n]
abnf lng nfu]sf] x}g . ltdLn] To;} eGg] lhqmL u5f}{ eg] d]/f]
ljrf/df a? ddfly xdnf u/L k|ltzf]w lnOb} 5 .
ldofsf] p;sf s'/fdf Wofg lbO/x]sL lyOg . a"9fnfO{ cfgf]
ofG8Aofu x/fPsf] s'/f ;'gfO;s]sLn] To;leq 7"n} /sd /x]sf]
s'/f klg pNn]v ul/xfnf}nf eGg] ;f]lr/x]sL lyO{ . clg p;n]
cfk"mnfO{ ;f]sf] Ifltk"lt{ uYof{] . t/ b'O{ nfv o]g lgs} g} 7"nf] /sd
lyof] . p;n] slt /sd dfUg] xf] < oBlk Tof] /sd a"9fn] g} lbPsf]
lyof] . p;n] ;f] /sd cfk"mv';L vlr{g ;SyL lsgeg] Tof] p;sf]
hu]8f wg lyof] . p;n] cfgf] efOnfO{ ljZjljBfnodf egf{ ug{
k};f rflxof] eg]/ To;sf nflu a"9fnfO{ ;lhn} dnfO{ d2t
ugf]{;\ eGg ;S5] .
pgLx s]6fs]6L x'b} klg dflg;xn] k|foM pm / p;sf]
efOn] ln kl/jt{g ug'{k/]sf] lyof] eGy] . t/ cfk"m cfl/tfsL k|]dL
-/vf}6L_ ePb]lv ;DejtM ;a} cfzf d]l6O;s]sfn] ldofsf] cN5L /
sft/ eP/ cfPsL lyO{ . p;n] s;}n] /vf}6Lsf] ;'Gb/tf
a9fOr9fO ug{ ;S5 t/ >LdtLdf Tof] x'g' jf gx'g'n] km/s kfb}{g
eGg]h:tf pvfg k9\bf cWof/f]n] p;nfO{ uNof{Dd} 5f]k];l/ eP/
lgs} b'vL x'GyL . p;sf] cg'xf/df /x]sf] ujf{g'e"lt nf]k eO;s]sf]
lyof] . s'g} nf]Ug]dflg;n] p;nfO{ k5fpbf Tof] uj{ efj k]ml/
pn]{/ cfpYof] t/ dflg;xn] cfk"mnfO{ ;f}Gbo{s} sf/0fn] dfq
gk5fpg] s'/f ldofsf]nfO{ yfxf lyof] . cfl/tfn] eg]e}m pmleq
lg:sg an ul//x]sf] s'g} b'i6fTdf x'g'k5{ .
h] xf];\, ltdL cfuf];u v]ln/x]sL 5f}, a"9f]n] eGof] .
yfxf 5, nf]Ug]dflg;xaf6 Tolt ljlw k5fOg';}tfgnfO{
lgDTofpg';l/ xf] .
{ 41 |

xh'/, x'g ;S5, ldofsf]n] la:tf/} hafkm lbO{ . ;fob

nf]Ug]dflg;xaLr ;}tfgxsf] hdft} a:5g\ t/ tL ltgLxeGbf
km/s x'g'k5{ / ;fob pgLxsf] cfg} km/s ;+;f/ x'bf] /x]5 .
s] of] ltd|f] JolQmut cg'ej af]ln/x]sf] xf] < ltdLn] t
dnfO{ t;f{of} . ltdLn] s'g} xflg k'ofpg ;S5f} . d eG5', ltdL
;fdfGo d[To' j/0f ulb{gf} x} .
dnfO{ xfd|f] kl/jf/sf s'g} s]6Ls]6Ldfly To:tf] 36gf t
36\g] xf]Og eGg] kL/ nfU5 . s]6Le}m ;'zLn d]/f] ;fgf] af/jif]{ efOn]
;d]t OR5fkq n]lv5f8]sf] 5 .
lsg < = = =
vfln Pp6f ;fgf] ljifonfO{ lnP/p;sf] ;a}eGbf ldNg]
;fyL;l/ cfk"m ljZjljBfno hfg gkfpg] x' ls eGg] ;f]r]/ dfq .
;f] 36gf o;} jif{ j;Gt ofddf 36f] . p;sf] ;fyL ldh'gf] wgL
kl/jf/sf] x'g'sf ;fy} k|ltefzfnL klg 5 . p;n] d]/f] efOnfO{
k|j]z k/LIffdf ;3fpg] / hfrdf pQ/ klg n]lvlbg];d]t afrf
uof] . d]/f] efO klg :s'ndf /fd|f] 5 t/ pm slt 8/5]?jf 5 eg]
p;nfO{ hfrtfsf d"R5f{ k?nf eGg] nfUof] / To:t} eof] klg . d]/f]
ljrf/df hfr pQL0f{ eP/ klg ljZjljBfnodf egf{ x'g gkfpg] x'
ls eGg] kL/n] pm a9L cflQPsf] x'g'k5{ .
ltdLn] Tof] s'/f] dnfO{ klxn] slxNo} elggf} .
Tof] eGg'df d}n] s'g} t's b]lvg .
Psl5g /f]lsP/ pm k]ml/ eGg yfnL .
p;sf] ;fyL ldh'gf] rnfv / ldlxg]tL b'j} ePsfn] p;nfO{
s'g} ;d:of ePg t/ d]/L cfdfn] efOsf] egf{sf nflu k};f
ltg'{kof] . pm b; kf; u/]sf] v'l;ofnL dgfpg d}n] pgLxnfO{
pPgf]df /flqef]hsf nflu lgDTofP / To;kl5 xfdL ;a} hgf
lrl8ofvfgfdf /flt k}o' k'mn]sf] x]g{ uof} cyf{t\ cfgf] efO, ldh'gf]
/ p;sL s]6L;fyL;u .
xf] / <
d}n] s]6L;fyL eg] klg pm cem klg kGw| jif{sL dfq} 5] .
xfdLn] k}o'sf k"mnx x]/]sf] lrl8ofvfgfdf dnfO{ Ps hgfn]
k5fof] . pm cfgL >LdtL / 5f]/f5f]/L;u} lyof] t/ cfZro{,
p;n] pgLxnfO{ 5f8]/ dnfO{ k5fpg yfNof] .
ltdL To:tf] sfd lsg u5{f} < k|:6tof cfl/tf rlst lyof] .
d To:tf] u5'{ / < === dnfO{ ldh'gf] / p;sL s]6L;fyLk|lt kf]
O{iof{ eof] / dnfO{ nfU5 d pbf; b]lvGy], a; . of] d]/f] bf]if xf]Og .
{ 42 |

xf], of] ltd|f] bf]if xf] . ltdLnfO{ o;df dHhf nfU5, x}g <
Tof] lgs} s7f]/ zAb xf] . d tkfO{+nfO{ ljZjf; lbnfp5' ls
dnfO{ To;df slxNo} dHhf nfUb}g . d}n] cfgf] ofG8Aofu
x/fPsf] lbg olt 8/fPsL lyP ls d}n] Aofun] To; dflg;nfO{
lxsf{P cyjf d}n] ;f] Aofu p;}dfly kmfn]sf] x'gk' 5{ . d olt lvGg
lyP ls s'g s'/f u/] egL olsg 5}g . To; Aofudf lgs} k};f
lyof]sDtLdf d]/f nflu Tof] 7"n} /sd lyof] . d Aof uPsL lyP
/ cfgL cfdfnfO{ lbg egL s]xL gub lems]sL lyP . pxfn]
efOnfO{ ljZjljBfnodf egf{ u/fpg a'afsf] ;fyLn] lbg'ePsf] C0f
ltg'{kg]{ lyof] .
To;df slt k};f lyof] <
Ps nfv o]g . ldofsf]n] hfgfhfgL cfwf /sd eg]/ ;f;
yfd]/ a;L .
cfDd} . Tof] t lgs} 7"nf] /sd xf] . To;f] eP Tof] /sd
s;}n] rf]l/lbof], xf] <
ldofsf]n] cWof/f]df 6fpsf] xNnfO{ . cfl/tfn] p;sf s'dx
xlNnPsf] / d'6' 9's9's u/]sf] dx;'; ug{ ;SYof] . t/ ldofsf]n]
eg] cfwf dfq} /sd u'dfPsLdf nlHht x'gfsf ;fy} 8/fPsL klg
lyO{ . a"9fsf xftn] p;nfO{ la:tf/} ;'d;'DofP . ldofsf]nfO{ a"9fn]
sDtLdf cfwf /sd lbg] s'/f olsg eP klg pm k]ml/ ?g yfnL .
s/fpg' kb}{g . t/ ltdLn] To:tf] sfd ub}{ uof} eg] s'g}
lbg ltdLdfly 7"nf] ;d:of cfOkg]{5 . ltdLn] cfk"mnfO{
nf]Ug]dflg;x k5fpg] u/]sf] egL ug]{ s'/fdf lgs} lj/f]wfef;
b]lvG5 . a'of} < cfl/tfn] p;nfO{ la:tf/} xsfof] .
pm ldofsf]sf] kfv'/fdf lz/ /fv]/ lgbfP klg ldofsf] eg]
;'Tg ;lsg . udL{ ofdsf] cf/Dedf kg]{ kfgL kl//of] . pm Toxf
klN6/xbf p;sf] dgdf s] cfof] eg] cfl/tf ;'t]sf] cj:yfdf
p;sf] 3'/fO dfq ;'g]/ s;}n] p;sf] pd]/af/] c8\sNg ;tm}gYof] .
ldofsf]n] cfgf] kfv'/f x6fO{ . To;kl5 ldofsf]n] cfgf] csf]{
xftn] cfl/tfsf] 6fpsfsf] nflu l;/fgL nufOlbO{ cfl/tfn] cfgf]
6fpsf] prfn] klg Ao"e]mg . p;n] ev{/} cfl/tfn] k|of]u u/]sf] zAb
/ cfk"m5]p ;'lt/x]sf] o; a"9f] gf/Lb|f]xLdf emlNsg] lj/f]wfef;af/]
;f]rL h;n] cfk"mnfO{ k"0f{tof Pp6L gf/Lk|lt ;dlk{t ul/lbPsf]
lyof] . ldofsf]sf ljrf/n] p;nfO{ cfk}mk|lt 3[0ff hufOlbP . p;n]
gf/LxnfO{ slt 3[0ff uYof{] egL s;}n] gegLsg} p;n] yfxf
kfO;s]sL lyO{ . pm tL;k}tL;sf] x'b} p;sL >LdtLn] O{iof{sf]
{ 43 |

cfj]zdf cfP/ cfTdxTof u/]sL lyO{ . To; a]nfb]lv Pp6L

dlxnfsf] O{iof{n] p;sf] dgdf slt ulx/f] 8f]a kf/]sf] lyof] eg]
s'g} dlxnfn] yf]/} klg O{iof{ b]vfpbf cfl/tf xhf/ dfOn k/
pl5lP/ a:Yof] . of t uj{n] of lg/fzfn], ldofsf]n] slxNo} klg
cfl/tfk|lt O{iof{ ul/g . t/ dlxnf ePsLn] O{iof{;DaGwL s'g}
jfSof+z k'mlTsxfNYof] / cfl/tfn] o:tf] gdL7f] cg'xf/ nfpYof] ls
p;sf] O{iof{ hd]/ lg/fzfdf kl/0ft eOxfNYof] . t/ a"9fn] O{iof{sf]
8/n] dfq} gf/LxnfO{ 3[0ff ug]{ eg]sf] xf]Og h:tf] nfU5 . g
pd]/n] ubf{ To;f] u/]sf] xf] . :jefj}n] gf/Lk|lt ]if /fVg] dflg;k|lt
s;/L s'g} cfOdfO{ O{iof{ dx;'; ug{ ;SyL egL ldofsf]nfO{
cfZro{ nfUYof] / p;n] cfk"mnfO{ cfg} efjgfsf nflu b'TsfyL{ .
t/ pd]/sf] leGgtfaf/] ;f]Rtf cfl/tfn] dlxnfxnfO{ 3[0ff cyjf
dfof ug]{ s'/f ;f]Rg' p;nfO{ xf:of:kb nfUof] .
ldofsf]n] cfgf] efOsf] ;fyL / p;sL k|]ldsfaf/] yf]/}
O{iof{;fy ;DemL . ldh'gf]sf] dfrLgfds Pp6L s]6L ;fyL ePsf]
s'/f p;n] s]O;'s]dfk{mt ;'g]sL lyO{ t/ p;n] klxnf]kN6 To;
s]6LnfO{ b; sIff kf; u/]sf] v'l;ofnL dgfpbf dfq b]v]sL lyO{ .
d}n] slxNo} o:tf] lgbf]{if ;f}Gbo{ b]v]sL lyOg, s]O;'s]n]
PskN6 eg]sf] lyof] .
kGw|s} pd]/df k|]dL kfpg' rf8f] ePg / < ldofsf]n]
hafkm lbO{ clg cfk}mnfO{ ;Rofpg u/]e}m ykL, t/ Sofn]G8/
jif{sf] lx;fan] uGbf pm ;q jif{sL 5], xf]Og t < cr]n kGw|jif]{
s]6Lxn] k|]dL agfpg kfpg] s'/f ;f]rf} t tL slt efUodfgL
x'g\ t/ s]O, s'g} cfOdfO{df x'g] lgZ5n ;f}Gbo{ eg]sf] s] xf] eGg]
s'/f t ;fRrL g} a'5;\ eGg] nfU5 < d]/f] ljrf/df x]/]/ dfq} Tof]
a'g ;lsGg h:tf] nfU5 .
P xf], d a'g ;S5' .
t/ To;df s] x'G5 < dnfO{ eg t .
d To:tf] k|Zgsf] hafkm s;/L lbg ;S5' <
t}n] ;f]r]sf] x'gfn] dfq} klg pm rf]vf] / dfofn' b]lvG5] /],
xf] <
dnfO{ olsg 5 tkfO{+n] p;nfO{ b]v]kl5 a'g'x'g]5 .
dlxnfx lgi7'/L x'G5g\, yfxf 5 . pgLx t h:t} g/d
lbnsf x'b}gg\, s]O .
;fob p;n] cfgL lbbLn] eg]sf] s'/f ;De]m/ xf]nf ldofsf]
klxnf]kN6 dfrLnfO{ e]6\tf s]O;'s]eGbf p;sf] ;fyLrflx cfdfsf]
{ 44 |

3/ x]/L cK7]/f] dfgL nhfpb} lyof] . ldofsf]n] cfgf] efOsf

;fyLxnfO{ cfk"msxf af]nfpg gldNg] x'bf p;n] cfdfsf] 3/df
ltgLxnfO{ e]6\g] Joj:yf ldnfPsL lyO{ .
d p;nfO{ klg dg k/fpg]5', s]O, ldofsf]n] kl5Nnf]
sf]7fdf p;sf] gof o'lgkmd{ nfpg ;3fpb} efOnfO{ eg]sL lyO{ .
P, nf d}n] klxn] df]hf nfpg'kg]{ /x]5 . s]O;'s] eOdf
a:of] . ldofsf] cfgf] gLnf] d'hf kfl/Psf] :s6{ lkmhfP/ p;sf]
;fd'Gg] a;L .
ldh'gf]nfO{ awfO{ lbg glal;{g", x} < d}n] p;nfO{ dfrLnfO{
klg ;u} Nofpg eg]sL 5' .
xh'/, kSs} eG5' .
ldofsf]nfO{ cfgf] nHhfn' efOk|lt b'v nfUof] lsgeg] p;n]
klg dfrLnfO{ dg k/fPsf] z\sf eof] ldofsf]nfO{ .
ldh'gf]sf] kl/jf/n] pgLxaLrsf] dfoflk/tLsf] s8f lj/f]w
u/]/ dfrLsf cfdfafa'nfO{ kq n]v] /], yfxf 5 . pgLxn] To:tf]
ckdfghgs kq kfP/ lgs} d'/d'l/Psf lyP egL d}n] ;'g] . dfrL
cfh n'sLl5kL cfpb} 5], s]O;'s]n] pQ]lht eP/ eGof] .
dfrLn] 5fqf x'bf nfpg] u/]sL dfemLxsf] h:tf] rf]nL
nfPsL lyO{ . p;n] ljZjljBfnodf egf{ kfPafkt s]O;'s]nfO{
awfO{ lbg egL dL7f] af:gf cfpg] kx]nf] nx/] k"mnsf] y'uf NofPsL
lyO{ . Tof] y'uf s]O;'s]sf] 8]:sdfly Pp6f l;;fsf] udnfdf
;hfOof] .
ldofsf]n] pgLxnfO{ pPgf] kfs{df /flt k}o'sf k"mnx x]g{
;s"g\ egL Toxfsf] Pp6f lrlgof /]:6'/fdf lgDTofO{ . kfs{df
dflg;xsf] 3'Orf] lyof], k}o'sf vx ylst b]lvGy] / k"mn k'mNg]
xfufxdf d'gf /fd|/L knfO;s]sf lyPgg\ . t}klg lah'nLsf]
pHofnf]df k/]/ k"mnxsf] / uf9f u'nfkmL b]lvGYof] . pm
:jefjtof zfGt eP/ xf] cyjf ldofsf]nfO{ cfb/ u/]/ xf] dfrL
w]/} s'/f ul//x]sL lyOg . pm laxfg Ao"embf p;sf] af/Ldf k'mn]sf
k}o'x cfsif{s b]lvGy] eg]/ egL . ltgsf kqbnx tn 5fl6Psf
ch]lnofsf ofel/ rf/}lt/ 5l/Psf lyP . p;n] s]O;'s]sf] 3/
cfpb} ubf{ af6fdf c:tfO/x]sf] ;"o{ b]v]sf] s'/f klg egL . Tof] ;"o{
g/d u/L pl;g]sf] cG8fsf] kx]nf] efue}m vf8naflx/ nx/}
plePsf k}o'sf k"mnxdfem t}l//x]sf] lyof] .
pgLx lsof]ldh' xnsf] 5]pdf /x]sf cWof/f, Psnf;sf
9'] v'8\lsnfx emb}{ ubf{ ldofsf]n] dfrLnfO{ egL, dnfO{ nfU5
{ 45 |

;fob d tLgrf/ jif{sL x'bL x' === d d]/f] afaf lgsf] x'g'xf];\ egL
cfk"mn] agfPsf sfuhsf ;f/;x o; xndf e'mG8fpg cfgL
cfdf;u cfPsf] ;DemG5' .
dfrL df}g lyO{ t/ v'8\lsnf emb}{ ubf{ ldofsf];u} 6Ss
cl8P/ lsof]ldh' xntk{m x]/L .
pgLxsf cufl8 /x]sf] ;\u|xfno hfg] af6f]df lgs} eL8
ePsfn] pgLx lrl8ofvfgftk{m df]l8P . tf];f] ljxf/glhs
7"n7"nf 9'f 5flkPsf] :yfgdf /fsf an]sf] b]v]/ pgLx Tot}
nfu] . af6f5]p 9'fsf nfnl6gx 6r{nfO6df kfZj{5fof
-l;n'Pt_;/L plePsf lyP . ;fy} k}o'sf k"mnxsf nfdf xfufx
pgLxdfly k'lu/x]sf lyP . k"mn x]g{ cfpg] dflg;x
nfnl6gk5fl8sf] vfnL 7fpdf 3]/f xfnL al;/x]sf lyP . pgLx
/S;L lkO/x]sf lyP / ;d"xsf dfemdf d}gaQLx aln/x]sf lyP .
pgLxtk{m s'g} h8fxf n8a8fpb} cfO/x]sf] a]nf ldh'gf]n]
dfrLnfO{ cfgf] k5fl8 n'sfP/ /Iff uYof]{ . tL b'O{eGbf cln k/
/x]sf] s]O;'s] pgLx / h8fxfaLr pleP/ b'j}nfO{ hf]ufpg
vf]h]h:tf] uYof{] . Tof] dflg;af6 hf]lug dfrLn] s]O;'s]sf] s'd
;dfpbf ldofsf] s]O;'s] Tolt axfb'/ ePsf] b]vL rlst x'GyL .
6r{xsf] pHofnf]df dfrLsf] k/ emg\ ;'Gb/ b]lvGYof] .
p;sf] cg'xf/ uDeL/ lyof], p;sf cf]7x sl;Psf lyP / p;sf
ufnfsf] /n] Tof] s]6L d}gaQLsf] pHofnf]df k|fy{gf ul//x]sL xf] ls
eGg] nfUYof] .
ldofsf], dfrLn] PSsfl; ldofsf]sf] k5fl8 n'Qm} / pm;u
6fl;b} egL .
s] eof] <
d]/f] :s'nsL ;fyL === pm Toxf, cfgf] a'af;u . pgLx
d]/f] 3/glhs} a:5g\ .
t/ ltdL lsg n's]sL < ldofsf]n] ;f]wL . p;n] rf/}lt/
x]b}{ dfrLsf] xft ;dfP/ lxl8/xL . pgLx b'j} hgf dlxnf eP
klg ldofsf]n] dfrLsf] xft 5'bf emG8} v';Ln] lrRRofO{ . s:tf]
uhasf] ;+j]bgf eof] . p;n] dfrLsf] xft cfgf] xftdf g/d /
lr;f] dx;'; u/L . ;fy} pm o'jtLsf] ;f}Gbo{af6 lgs} k|efljt eO{ .
t/ p;n] olt dfq eGg ;sL, dfrL, ltdL v';L b]lvG5f} .
dfrLn] c;xdltdf 6fpsf] xNnfO{ .
P, lsg xf]Og < ldofsf]n] dfrLsf] cg'xf/df rlst eP/
x]/L . p;sf cfvfx 6r{nfO6df 6lNs/x]sf lyP . s] ltdLn]
slxNo} b'v hfg]sf] x'g ;S5 <
{ 46 |

dfrL r'k nfu]/ cfgf] xft tn emf/L . ldofsf] cfk"m cGo

s]6L;u xft]dfnf] u/]/ lx8]sf] slt jif{ laTof] egL ;f]lr/x]sL lyO{ .
p;n] ldh'gf]nfO{ klxn] klg k|foM e]l6/x]sL x'gfn] To; /ft
p;sf] ;f/f Wofg dfrLdfly s]lGb|t lyof] / s]6LnfO{ x]b}{ ubf{
p;sf] dgdf eo/ ulx/f] lg/fzf pn]{/ cfof] h;n] ubf{ cfk"m
PSn} / 6f9f hfg kfP x'GYof] eGg] nfUof] . p;n] cfOGbf st} hfbf
af6f] sfl6/x]sL dfrLnfO{ b]vL eg] PskN6 kl5 kms]{/ dfrLsf]
6f9f hfb} u/]sf] 5ljnfO{ lgofln/xf}nf h:tf] nfUof] . s]
dflg;xn] ldofsf]nfO{ p:t} t/ lgs} a9L zlQmzfnL efjgfn]
ubf{ k5fO/xg] xf] <
efG;fdf s'g} ef8f] em/]sf] cyjf 7f]lsPsf] cfjfh ;'g]/
ldofsf]sf] ctLt:d/0f e eof] / pm k]ml/ jt{dfgdf kmsL{ .
d';fx k]ml/ cfP xf]nfg\ . p7]/ efG;fdf hfg] ls ghfg] egL pm
cgsgfO/xL . Toxf PseGbf a9L d';f x'g'k5{ ;fob tLgj6f
d';f klg x'g ;S5g\ . ldofsf]n] ltgLxsf ;fgf, ;n{Ss k/]sf,
To; ofdsf] jiff{df ?e]msf z/L/xsf] sNkgf u/L To; a]nf pm
cfg} lr;f] skfndfly xft /fv]/ la:tf/} lr;f] dx;'; ub}{
To;nfO{ lylr/xL .
a"9f] cfl/tfsf] 5ftLdf s'g} u?f] j:t' ePe}m 3'Dof] . pm
lgs} 8/nfUbf] u/L a6fl/P/ sqmSs kof] . ldofsf]nfO{ nfUof]
a"9fn] k]ml/ s'g} ;kgf b]Vt} 5 / emls{+b} pm csf{kl kmsL{ . a"9fnfO{
k|foM b'M:jKgn] 3]g]{ uYof]{ / ldofsf]nfO{ o:tf cj/f]wxdf afgL
kl/;s]sf] lyof] . p;sf] 3f6L c7fpg nfu]e}m p;sf s'dx
tndfly ug{ yfn] / p;n] cfgf] kfv'/fn] s'g} j:t'nfO{ x6fpg
vf]Hbf ldofsf]sf] 3f6Ldf g/fd|/L nfUof] . pm a/a/fO/of] .
ldofsf]n] p;nfO{ emsemSofpg'kYof]{ t/ ldofsf]sf] z/L/ sqmSs
k/]/ c/l/Psf] lyof] / pmleq xNsf q"m/ efj hfUof] .
cfx, cfx a"9fn] ;kgfdf ldofsf]sf] z/L/ 5fDg egL
cfgf kfv'/f xNnfpb} s/fof] . slxn]sfxL pm ldofsf];u 6fl;g
k'Ubf gAo"emLsg} zfGt eOxfNYof] t/ cfh /flt p;sf] cfg}
a/a/fx6n] p;nfO{ Ao"emg afWo t'Nofof] .
cfx cfgf] 6fpsf] xNnfPkl5 pm ylst efjn]
ldofsf]glhs 6fl;g k'Uof] . ldofsf]sf] z/L/ la:tf/} g/d eP/
cfof] . o:tf] k6sk6s x'g] b'M:jKgdf cEo:t eO;s]sL ldofsf]n]
PskN6 eg];l/ k]ml/ eGg klg rflxg, s] tkfO{+n] 8/nfUbf] ;kgf
b]Vg'eof] < tkfO{+ lk/f]lnO/xg'ePsf] 5 .
{ 47 |

t/ a"9fn] c;lhnf] kf/fn] ;f]Wof], s] d}n] s]xL eg] / <

cx, eGg'ePg . lk|o, tkfO{+ vfln Pp6f g/fd|f] ;kgf b]Vt}
x'g'x'GYof] .
P s] ltdL ;f/f /ft Ao"e}m lyof} <
xh'/ lk|o, d Ao"lem/x]sL lyP .
;fRrL xf] < wGojfb .
a"9fn] ldofsf]sf] kfv'/f cfgf] ub{gd'lg tfg]/ Nofof] .
jiff{ ofddf of] emg\ g/fd|f] x'G5 . To;n] klg ;'Tg
g;lsPsf] xf]nf . p;n] dfgf}+ nlHht eP/ eGof], dnfO{ nfUof]
d]/f] a/a/fx6n] ltdLnfO{ Ao"emfof] .
d ;w} tkfO{+sf nflu Ao"emG5', ulx/f] lgb|fdf eP klg .
a"9f] cfl/tfsf] a/a/fx6 olt 7"nf] lyof] ls tNnf] tnfdf
;'lt/x]sL ;flrsf] klg Ao"lemg k'uL .
cfdf cfdf dnfO{ 8/ nfUof] . ;flrsf] t;]{/ tfr'sf]
hLpdf 6fl;O{ . tfr'n] p;sf] s'd ;dfP/ k5fl8 wsfnL .
8/fpg' kb}{g . dflns s/fpg'ePsf] dfq} xf] . pxf kf]
8/fpg'ePsf] xf], a'lem;\ . To;}n] pxf slxNo} PSn} ;'Tg ;Sg'x'Gg .
tnfO{ yfxf 5 pxfn] xfd|L dflnSgLnfO{ e|d0fxdf s;/L nfg'x'G5
/ Psbd} dfofk"j{s Jojxf/ ug'{x'G5 . pxf o;/L la/fdL gx'g'
ePsf] eP, pxf h:tf] a"9f dflg;nfO{ :jf:gLdflg;sf] cfjZostf
kb}{gYof] xf]nf . pxf vfln g/fd|f ;kgf b]Vg'x'G5, / To;df
8/fpg'kg]{ s]xL 5}g .

{ 48 |

Pp6f le/fnf] kfvfdf 5;ft hgf s]6fs]6L s/fpb}

plk|m/x]sf lyP . tLdWo] s]xL s]6Lx lyP / tL s]6fs]6L
lsG8/uf6{g -g;{/L :s'n_ af6 3/ kmls{/x]h:tf lyP . s;}sf
xftdf nflL lyP eg] gx'g]n] klg nflL lnO/x]h:tf] ul//x]sf lyP /
ltgLx ;a} hgf s'lk|P/ nflLdf a]:;/L 6]Qm} lxl8/x]sf lyP .
pgLx of] ;fd"lxs uLt ufO/x]sf lyP afh], ah}sf] v'f eflrof]
=== afh], ah}sf] v'f eflrof] === pgLxn] ufpg] zAb ltg} dfq
lyP . s]xL sf/0fjz cfgf afn;'ne s[ofsnfkdf d:t tL
s]6fs]6L cgf}7f] 9n] uDeL/ b]lvGy] / la:tf/} ltgsf xfjefj a9L
clt/l~ht / lx+;s x'g yfn] . Pp6L s]6L o;/L kmgkmgL 3'dL ls
pm nl8 g} xfnL .
P]of cfx cfx To; s]6Ln] Pp6L a"9L cfOdfO{n] em}
cfgf] lk7" /u8\g yfnL . t/ pm p7]/ k]ml/ ;fd"lxs uLt ufpg
yfnL, afh], ah}sf] v'f eflrof] ===
eL/sf] l;/fgdf cUnf] lsgf/ lyof] hxf s]xL ;Nnfx PSn}
gof 3f;df plePsf lyP . vx cUnf lyPgg\ / k'/fgf kbf{
cyjf ;fg{ ldNg] 9f]sfxdf b]lvPsf cfsf/sf ltgsf xfuflauf
j;Gt ofdsf] ;fem cfsfzdf nxnx/fO/x]sf lyP .
s]6fs]6L kfvfdf dfemdf lx+8\b} lIflthtk{m nfu] . p208
s[ofsnfk ul//x]sf ltgLxnfO{ af6fdf s'b\g] sf/af6 s'g} vt/f
lyPg lsgeg] af6fdf sd ;jf/L lyP / jl/kl/ lx8g] dflg; klg
sd} lyP . cem klg 6f]lsof]jl/kl/sf cfjf;Lo If]qxdf To:tf
7fp e]6\g ;lsGYof] .
tn le/fnfsf] k]mbaf6 Pp6L PSnL s]6L Pp6f s's'/ lnP/
pef] plSn/x]sL lyO{ . xf]Ogp;nfO{ k5fpb} Ps hgf c klg
lyof], luDk]O{ df]df]O{ t/ pm s]6Ldf r'n'{Dd} 8'a]sfn] p;nfO{ k"0f{
dflg; dfGg] s'/fdf z\sf lyof] .
pm af6fsf] Psfkl k]6Ldf nx/} plePsf lu\Suf] vsf
kftxsf] 5xf/Ldf lxl8/x]sL lyO{ . csf{lt/ Ps a8]dfgsf] 3/sf]
9'] kvf{n l7 plePsf] / k"/} le/fnf] af6f]df lkmlhPsf] lyof] .
To;sf] ;fd'Gg] ;8seGbf lgs} 6f9f o'4k"j{sf] Ps ;fdGtsf] dxn
plePsf] lyof] . o;sf] 9'] kvf{n ;fgf] lsNnfsf] vf8nem} ulx/f]
{ 49 |

vfN8f]df lgdf{0f ul/Psf] lyof] . To; ejgsf] kvf{nk5fl8 ;fgf]

;Nnf3f/Ltk{m Pp6f l9:sf] la:tf/} p7]sf] lyof] . ;Nnfsf xfufx
/fd|/L ldnfOPsf] s'/f cem x]g{ ;lsGYof] . ;Nnf3f/Ldfly xf]rf],
;]tf], vk8f 5fPsf] kvf{n b]lvGYof] . ;8s5]psf lu\Suf] vx
cUnf lyP / ltgsf klxnf ;fgf kftx xfuflaufnfO{ n'sfpg
;Sg]hltsf] afSnf lyPgg\ . c:tfpg nfu]sf] ;"o{ kftxnfO{ 5]8\b}
rlDs/x]sf] lyof] / x/]s kftsf] nDafO / d'v x]/L o;n] kx]nf
cWof/f 5fofx kl//x]sf lyP . s]6L eg] tfhf xl/of] k|sfzdf
g'xfPsL b]lvGyL .
p;n] ;]tf] pmgL :j]6/ / v;|f] ;"tL lhG; le/]sL lyO{ .
lhG; eg] v'OlnPsf] / v}/f] b]lvGYof] t/ k'5f/df rxlsnf /ftf
wsf{x lyP . p;n] cln 5f]6f] lhG; nfPsL lyO{ / p;sf] uf]/f]
5fnf sk8fsf] h'Qfdfly lrofO/x]sf] b]lvGYof] . p;sf] skfn
k5fl8 xnsf u/L kf]gL6]n -3f]8fsf] k'R5/em} e'mlG8Psf]
s]z;Hhf_sf] kdf aflwPsf] lyof] h;n] p;sf] nfdf] / sf]dn
3f6L 5n{ b]vfO/x]sf] lyof] . s's'/n] 8f]/L tflglbbf p;sf s'dx
cufl8 tflgGy] . luDk]O{ p;sf] ;kgLem} ;f}Gbo{df 8'a]sf] lyof] .
/ftf wsf{ / ;]tf] h'QfaLr b]lvg] 5fnfsf] /n] ;d]t p;sf]
x[bonfO{ ef/L agfOlbP/ pm dg{ cyjf p;nfO{ dfg{ rfx]h:tf]
cj:yfdf k'u]sf] lyof] . p;n] cfgf] ufpdf a:g] ofof]O{ / cfgL
5fqf lx;fsf] tfdfsLnfO{ ;lDemof] t/ pgLxsf] o; s]6L;u s'g}
t'ngf x'g ;Qm}gYof] . ofof]O{ uf]/L eP klg p;sf] 5fnfdf s'g}
rds lyPg . lx;fsf]sf] 5fnf sfnf] / rlDsnf] eP klg p;sf] /
;kmf lyPg . g To;df o; s]6Lsf] 5fnfem} lbJo ;'jf; lyof] .
luDk]O{ leqleq} l5ofl5of ePsf], zf]sfs'n dx;'; ul//x]sf] lyof] .
pm g slxNo} ofof]O{;u afNosfndf v]Ng] u/]sf] s]6f] x'g ;SYof] g
lx;fsf]nfO{ dfof ug]{ lzIfs x'g ;SYof] . j;Gt ofdsf] ;femsf]
;do eP klg luDk]O{sf ylst cfvfdf cf;' laemfpg nfu]sf]
lyof], dfgf} pm lr;f] atf;df lxl8/x]em} lyof] / 7Lssf] psfnf]
eL/df klg p;nfO{ ;f; k]mg{ uf/f] lyof] . 3'8fd'lg sdhf]/L / nfl
k/]sfn] pm s]6LnfO{ e]fpg ;ls/x]sf] lyPg . p;n] cem;Dd
To;sf] cg'xf/ x]g{ ;s]sf] lyPg . pm vfln pm;u} lx8]/ le/fnfsf]
l;/fgdf k'Ug / aft dfg{ rfxGYof] === ;fob, s's'/af/] s'/f ug{
rfxGYof] . c s'g} pkfo lyPg / of] df}sf klg ldNg] xf]xf]Og
luDk]O{nfO{ e/f];f ePg .
p;n] cfgf] vfnL xft prfn]/ otfplt xNnfof] . pm Ps
t lx8\b} ubf{ cfk"m;u kmtkmt ug]{ afgL:jk To;f] ul//x]sf]
{ 50 |

lyof], csf]{ s'/f cfk"m ;fgf] 5bf d';fsf] tftf] nf; l6Ktfv]l/ ePsf]
cg'e"lt ;De]m/ klg To;f] ul//x]sf] lyof] . To; d';fsf cfvf
rlst eP/ x]l//x]sf lyP eg] d'vaf6 /ut alu/x]sf] lyof] .
tfnglhs ofof]Os
{ f] 3/df a:g] ;fg' l;sf/L s's'/n] To; d';fnfO{
efG;fdf ;dft]sf] lyof] . s's'/n] To;nfO{ cfgf] a\uf/fn] Rofk]/
s] ug]{ eGg] d];f] gkfO{ ple/x]sf] lyof] . Tolts}df ofof]O{sL cfdfn]
s's/nfO{ s]xL eGb} p;sf] 6fpsfdf lxsf{Pkl5 p;n] d';fnfO{
la:tf/} Toxf emfl/lbof] . d';f] sf7sf] eOdf em/]kl5 s's'/
To;dfly emlD6g} nfUbf ofof]O{n] s's'/nfO{ cfgf kfv'/fdf RofkL .
ca, eof] :ofaf; /fd|f] s's'/ ofof]O{n] To;nfO{
cufnf] xfn]/ luDk]O{nfO{ d';f n}hfg egL .
p;n] To;nfO{ t'?Gt} l6Kof] / To;sf] d'vaf6 Psb'O{ yf]kf
/ut sf7sf] eOdf v;]sf] x]of] . o;sf] z/L/sf] Gofgf]kgfn]
p;nfO{ s'ts'Tofof] t/ o;sf cfvf z"Go / 6\jfNn x]l//x]sf] x'bf
klg tL cem klg ;'Gb/ b]lvGy] .
l56f], hfpm kmfn]/ cfpm
sxf <
tfndf kmfn] x'Gg / <
luDk]O{n] d';fnfO{ k'R5/df ;dft]/ xNnfpb} tfnsf] lsgf/
;Dd nu]/ ;s];Dd 6f9f / hf]8n] kmflnlbof] . cWof/f] /ftdf p;n]
Psnf;sf], kfgLdf 5Knf u/]sf] cfjfh ;'Gof] / atfl;b} 3/tk{m
s'bf] . ofof]O{n] cfk"mnfO{ To:tf] sfd ug{ nufPsLdf p;nfO{
g/fd|f] nfUof]h] eP klg pm alxgL kg]{, p;sf] 7"nf] dfdfsL 5f]/L
dfq lyO{ . Toltv]/ pm af/t]/ jif{sf] lyof] / d';fn] nv]6\t} u/]sf]
g/fd|f] ;kgf b]v]sf] lyof] .
cfgf] lhGbuLdf klxnf]kN6 d';f ;dft]kl5 s's'/n] x/]s
lbg efG;fdf s8f gh/ /fVg yfNof] dfgf} p;n] cfh;Dddf
l;s]sf] Ps dfq snf oxL lyof] . s's'/nfO{ s;}n] h] eg] klg
p;n] d';f g} ;'Gg] uYof]{ lsgeg] pm tTsfn} efG;ftk{m
s'lbxfNYof] . Tof] gkfpbf pm s'gfdf s'/]/ al;/x]sf] b]lvGYof] . t/
pm la/fnf] lyPg lg . b/fhaf6 vDafdfly s'b\b} u/]sf] d';fnfO{
x]/]/ Tof] s's'/ a]:;/L e'SYof] . p;sf cfvfsf] / k]ml/P/ cfpYof],
pm la/fdL / ljlIfKt b]lvg yfNYof] / luDk]O{nfO{ Tof] hgfj/ /
To;sf] WofpGgf b]v]/ 3[0ff nfUg yfNof] . p;n] ofof]O{sf]
l;nfOafs;af6 l;of] / s]xL /ftf] wfuf] lgsfn]/ To; s's'/sf]
kftnf] sfgdf l;of] 3f]lrlbg] df}sf klv{/of] . p;n] 7Ls cfk"m
{ 51 |

lx8\g'cl3 Tof] ug'{ ;jf]{Qd x'g] lgSof]{n uof] lsgeg] s's'/sf]

sfgdf l;of] / /ftf] wfuf] e'mlG8Psf] b]v]kl5 3/sf dflg;xn]
lgs} xNnf dRrfpg]5g\ / ofof]O{n] To;f] u/]sf] xf] eG7fGg]5g\ . t/
luDk]O{n] To;sf] sfgdf l;of] 5]8\g vf]Hbf s's'/ s/fpb} efUof] .
cfk"m ljkmn ePsf] a'e]m/ p;n] l;of] cfgf] vNtLdf n'sfof] /
3/lt/ nfUof], ofof]O{ / s's'/sf] tl:a/ sf]of], /ftf] wfufn] cg]s
7fpdf l;nfP/ cfgf] 8]:ssf] 3/f{df /fVof] .
luDk]O{n] d';f ;dfpg] s's'/sf] ;Demgfsf] k|; hf]8]/ To;
s]6L;u s'/f ug{] axfgf vf]Hof], p;n] s]6Ln] s's'/ NofPsf] cyjf
To:t} s'/f lems]/ klg ukm r'6\g rfof] t/ p;nfO{ jf:tjdf
s's'/x dg kb}{gy] / pm;u tLaf/] ug{nfos s'g} /f]rs s'/f g}
lyPg . h] xf];\, cfk"m ;f/} glhs uPdf To; s]6Lsf] s's'/n]
cfk"mnfO{ 6f]Sg] lglZrt lyof] . t/ To;}sf/0fn] pm s]6L;u} lx8\g
g;s]sf] eg] lyPg .
lx8\b} ubf{ p;n] lgx'/]/ s's'/sf] 3f6Laf6 8f]/L k'msfOlbO{ .
k'mSsf ePkl5 Tof] kz' s]6LeGbf cufl8 s'b]/ uof] clg k5fl8
s'b]/ cfO{ luDk]O{sf] uf]8fdf k'Uof] . To;n] p;sf h'Qf ;'g
yfNof] .
hf luDk]O{ s/fpb} kl5lNt/ plk|mof] .
k'ms' P k'ms' s]6Ln] s's'/nfO{ af]nfO{ .
x] eujfg\ u'xf/
k'ms' p;n] k]ml/ af]nfpbf s's'/ s'b]/ cfof] .
luDk]O{sf] cg'xf/sf] / pl8;s]sf] lyof] .
5f s:tf] 8/nfUbf] luDk]O{ n8a8fP/ yrSs a:of] .
p;n] s]6Lsf] Wofg tfGgsf nflu hfgfhfgL a9L n8al8Psf]
b]vfof] . t/ p;sf] 6fpsf] ;fRrL g} l/fPsfn] ubf{ cfvf lrDd
uof] . p;sf] d'6' lgs} 9's9's ul//x]sf] lyof] / p;nfO{ la;Grf]
ePh:tf] eof] . xftdf lgwf/ /fv]/ p;n] yf]/} cfvf p3fof] /
s]6LnfO{ k5fl8 kms]{/ gx]/Lsg} le/fnf]dfly uO/x]sf] b]Vof] / s's'/
eg] k]ml/ 8f]/Ldf aflwPsf] lyof] .
p;nfO{ qmf]wo'Qm ckdfgsf] t/n] 5f]Kof] . p;nfO{ nfUof]
;fob s's'/nfO{ p;sf] s'k uf]8faf/] yfxf eP/} p;sf h'Qf
;'3]sf] lyof] .
kVnf;\ d o; s's'/sf] sfg klg l;nfOlbG5',
kmtkmtfpb} pm le/fnf]dfly s'bf] . t/ s]6Lglhs k'Ubfgk'Ub}
p;sf] l/;sf] kf/f] eml/;s]sf] lyof] .
{ 52 |

dfkm ugf]{;\, ld; p;n] wf]q] :j/df af]nfof] .

s]6Ln] 6fpsf] dfq kmsf{P/ x]bf{ p;sf] kf]gL6]n xlNnP/
3f6Lsf] 3'r'Ss b]lvof] . luDk]O{sf] kx]nf] cg'xf/ aNg yfNof] .
s:tf] /fd|f] s's'/ /}5, ld; . s'g hfltsf] s's'/ xf] <
hfkfgL lzaf .
of] sxfaf6 cfPsf] xf] <
sf]z'af6 .
of] tkfO{+sf] cfg} s's'/ xf], x}g t < s] tkfO{+ ;w} o;}
;dodf o;nfO{ 3'dfpg nfg'x'G5 <
xh'/ .
;w} oxL af6f] <
s]6Ln] hafkm lbOg t/ p;nfO{ luDk]O{dfly vf;} z\sf
nfu]g . p;n] le/fnf]d'lg kms]{/ x]/]/ s]6Lsf] 3/ s'grflx xf]nf
egL ;f]Rof] . p;nfO{ gof kfn'jfdfem zfGt / cfgGbdoL 3/x
x'g'kg]{ nfUof] .
s] tkfO{+sf] s's'/n] d';f ;dfT5 <
s]6L Tolt;f/f] xfl;g .
la/fnfn] kf] d';f ;dfT5g\, xf]Og / < t/ yfxf 5, s's'/n]
klg ;dfT5 . xfd|f] 3/df jiff}{+ klxn] ePsf] Pp6f s's'/ d';f
;dfTg vlKk; lyof] .
s]6Ln] luDk]O{lt/ x]bf{ klg x]l/g .
t/ s's'/n] ;dfTg] d';f ltgLxn] vfb}gg\ Sof/ < === d
Toltv]/ ;fg} lyP / dnfO{ d';f kmfn]/ cfpg l3g nfUYof] .
luDk]O{nfO{ To:tf] 3tnfUbf] syf ;'gfpbf cfkm}dfly cfZro{
nfUof] t}klg d/]sf] d';f] p;sf] cfv}cufl8 emlNsof] . To;sf] d'vaf6
/ut r'lx/x]sf] lyof] / To;sf ;]tf, sl;Psf bft k|:6} b]lvGy] .
s's'/ Ps y/L ;fg' l;sf/L hftsf] lyof] . o;sf kftnf
wg'em} uf]8f lyP h'g sfld/xGy] . dnfO{ Tof] s'/f dg kb}{gYof] .
;+;f/df dfgjhflthlts} s's/xsf hflt x'G5g\ /], xf]Og t <
ltdL;u 8'Ng kfpg] of] s's'/ slt efUozfnL /x]5 ;fob p;n]
ev{/}sf] 8/nfO{ la;]{/ xf]nf luDk]O{ s's'/dfly lgx'of] / o;sf] 9f8
;'d;'Dofpg} nfu]sf] lyof] ls s]6Ln] 8f]/LnfO{ l56f] u/L bfofaf6
b]a|] xftdf ;f/]/ s's'/nfO{ luDk]Oe
{ Gbf 6f9f k'ofO{ . cfgf] cufl8
s's'/sf] cfsf/ 3'd]sf] b]v]/ luDk]O{n] s]6Lsf] uf]8fdf emG8} 5fb
xfln;s]sf] lyof] . t/ s'g} ceb| Jojxf/ ul/xfNg'cufj} Tof] s]6L
x/]s ;fem cfgf] s's'/ lnP/ lu\Suf] vsf] 5xf/Ldf lx8\g cfpg]
{ 53 |

/ pm eg] gbLlsgf/sf] l;/fgdf s'g} uf]Ko :yfgaf6 p;nfO{

x]l//xg kfpg] s'/fn] p;sf] dgdf cfzfsf] Hof]lt aflnlbof] . To;f]
ug'{ eg]sf] gof 3f;df gf} klN6g' h:tf] lyof], p;nfO{ Tolt
xfO;Grf] dx;'; ePsf] lyof] . xf], pm s]6LnfO{ gbLlsgf/sf]
dflyaf6 x]l//xg]5 / pm ;w} le/fnf]df cfk"mlt/ cfO/xg]l5g\ ===
p;sf] v';Lsf] ;Ldf /x]g .
dnfO{ dfkm ug'{xf]nf . t/ tkfO{+sf] s's'/ ;'Gb/ 5 / dnfO{
s's'/x dg k5{ === d d';f ;dfTg] s's'/xnfO{ dfq ;xg
;lQmg .
To;sf] s'g} k|ltlqmof ePg . gbLlsgf/sf] d'lg k'u]/ s]6L
cfgf] s's'/;u} gof 3f;df pSnL . l9:sfsf] kfl/kl Ps hgf
5fq b]lvof] . s]6LnfO{ s]6fsf] clejfbg ug{ xft a9fPsf] b]v]/
luDk]O{nfO{ cf3ft eof] . s] pm s's'/nfO{ 8'nfpg nfg] axfgfdf
s]6f;u e]6\t} lyO{ < luDk]O{n] s] b]Vof] eg] s]6Lsf sfnf cfvf
/;fO/x]sf / dfofn] rlDs/x]sf lyP . PSsfl; Tof] s'/f yfxf kfP/
p;sf] lbdfu ;'Gg eof] / s]6Lsf cfvf sfnf] tfn;l/ b]lvP . pm
To;sf rf]vf cfvfdf kf}l8g, sfnf] tfndf gf} g'xfpg rfxGYof]
t/ pm lgs} lg/f; klg eof] . pm lg/f; eP/ lsgf/;Dd lx8]/
uof] / cfsfzdf 6\jfNn x]b}{ gof 3f;df klN6/of] .
Tof] ljBfyL{ ldh'gf] lyof], ldofsf]sf] efOsf] ;fyL / s]6L eg]
dfrL lyO{ . of] 36gf ldofsf]n] dfrL / ldh'gf]nfO{ s]6f] :s'n kf;
u/]sf] pknIodf v'l;ofnL dgfpg / /flt pPgf]df k}o' k'mn]sf] x]g{
lgDTofPsf] sl/a b; lbgcl3sf] xf] .
ldh'gf]nfO{ klg dfrLsf sfnf cfvfdf /;fPsf] pHofnf]
;'Gb/ nfUof] . sfnf k/]nfn] ltgnfO{ k"/} 9fs]h:tf] b]lvGy] .
d laxfg klxnf] j:t'sf] kdf ltdLn] cfgf cfvf
p3f/]sf] x]g{ rfxG5', ldh'gf]n] p;sf cfvfnfO{ k|z+;fk"j{s x]b}{
eGof] . p;nfO{ cfk"m ltgd} 8'Ag yfn]h:tf] nfUof] . ltdL Ao"embf
tL slt ;'Gb/ b]lvG5g\ eg .
d]/f] ljrf/df lgbfp/f b]lvG5g\ .
kSsf To:tf b]lvGgg\ . dfrL, d Ao"emg]lalQs}sf] If0fdf
ltdLnfO{ g} x]g{ rfxG5' .
dfrLn] 6fpsf] xNnfO{ .
:s'ndf d sDtLdf Ao"e]msf] b'O{ 3G6fkl5 x]g{ kfp5' .
ltdLn] ;f] s'/f klxn] klg elg;s]sf 5f} / d Ao"embf klg
ToxL b'O{ 3G6fsf] ;doaf/] ;f]Rt5' .
{ 54 |

To;f] eP Toltv]/ ltd|f cfvf lgbfp/f b]lvGgg\ <

dnfO{ yfxf 5}g .
s] hfkfg cfZro{hgs 5}g < dfg] ltdL h:tf dfofn',
sfnf cfvf ePsf dflg;x kfpg' <
p;sf sfnf cfvfn] p;sf cf]7 / cfvLef}sf] ;f}Gbo{
a9fpy] . p;sf] skfn klg cfvfsf] /;u kf}7]hf]/L v]Nb} l6lnSs
6lNsPh:tf] lyof] .
ltdL 3/af6 lx8\bf s's'/nfO{ 8'nfpg nu]sf] egL eGof
5f} < ldh'gf]n] ;f]Wof] .
cx, elgg . t/ d]/f] ;fydf s's'/ 5 / d]/f] njfOaf6 s'/f
a'lemG5 .
ltd|f] 3/sf] olt;f/} glhs e]6\g' vt/fk"0f{ x'b}g / <
d cfgf] kl/jf/nfO{ 9f6\g' /fd|f] dflGbg . d}n] s''s'/
gNofP, aflx/ hfg kfplbg . d h;f]t;f] pDs]/ cfP klg
pgLxn] d sxf uPsf] egL ;lhn} c8\sNg ;S5g\ lsgeg]
kmls{Pkl5 d nlHht dx;'; ug]{5' . t/ ;fob d]/f] eGbf ltd|f]
kl/jf/n] cg'dlt lbg a9L OGsf/ unf{ h:tf] 5 .
To;af/] s'/f gu/f} . xfdL b'j} hgf cfcfgf] 3/ kms{g'k5{
t/ xfdL oxf eOGh]n ltgLxnfO{ ;lDemg' Joy{ x'g]5 . d]/f]
ljrf/df vfln s's'/;u lg:s]sL x'gfn] ltdL nfdf] ;do oxf a:g
;lQmgf}, ls s;f] <
dfrLn] 6fpsf] xNnfO{ . tL b'O{ tfhf 3f;df a;] / ldh'gf]n]
s's'/nfO{ cfgf] sfvfdf /fVof] .
ca t k'ms'n] klg ltdLnfO{ lrGg yfn]sf] 5 .
s's'/xn] af]Ng ;s] p;n] 3/df uP/ s'/f nfpYof] xf]nf
/ xfdL Pscsf{nfO{ sbflk e]6\g ;Qm}gYof} .
e]6\g g;s] klg d s'y]{+ . h] xf];\, dnfO{ olsg s] 5 eg]
;a} s'/f ldNg]5 . d}n] ltd|f] ljZjljBfnodf egf{ x'g] lgwf]
ul/;s]sL 5' . clg k]ml/ xfdL Pscsf{nfO{ b'O{ 3G6fsf] ;dodf
e]6\g ;S5f}, xf]Og t <
b'O{ 3G6fsf] ;dodf === c === ldh'gf] kmtkmtfof] .
d]/f] ljrf/df xfdL b'O{ 3G6f kv{g} gkg]{ u/L Joj:yf ldnfpg
;S5f} .
d]/L cfdfnfO{ xfd|f] e]63f6sf] s'/f w]/} rf8f] ePh:tf]
nfU5 / To;}n] xfdLnfO{ ljZjf; ug'{x'Gg . t/ d}n] ltdLnfO{ rf8f]
e]6\g kfPsLdf v';L 5' . ;f/} ;fgL x'b} ltdLnfO{ e]6\g kfPsL eP
{ 55 |

kf] x'GYof] h:tf] sNkgf ub{5' . d}n] ltdLnfO{ k|fylds ljBfnodf

e]6]sL eP hlt ;fgL eP klg kSs} ltdLnfO{ lgs} rfxGy] xf]nf .
d ;fgL x'bL pgLxn] dnfO{ a'O{ r9fP/ oxf le/fnf];Dd af]s]/
Nofpy] / lsgf/df v]Ng 5fl8lbGy] . ltdL ;fg' 5bf slxNo} oxf
cfof} / <
cx, cfOg t .
;fRrL cfPgf} < d k|foM ;f]Rg] u5'{ ls d ;fgL x'bL
ltdLnfO{ o; le/fnf]df e]6\y] xf]nL . ;fob To;}n] d}n] ltdLnfO{
clxn] hlt g} dfof ug{ yfn]sL 5' ===
dnfO{ ;fg' 5bf oxf cfPsf] eP x'GYof] eGg] nfU5 .
d ;fgL x'bL ckl/lrtxn] dnfO{ ;f/} Kof/L 7fg]/ prfn]/
cufnf] xfNy] . ltgtfs d]/f cfvf emg\ 7"nf / af6'nf lyP . dfrL
kms]{/ ldh'gf]nfO{ cfgf 7"nf, sfnf cfvfn] x]/L .
s]xL ;docl3 dfWolds ljBfnoxn] 7Ls k/LIff
;s]kl5sf] ;df/f]x ul//x]sf] a]nf d s's'/nfO{ 8'nfpg nfb} lyP .
o; le/fnfsf] k]mbdf bfof kms{+bf Pp6f vf8n cfp5 hxf 8'f
ef8fdf kfOG5, ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 < d Tof] af6f] lx8\b} ubf{ d}n]
Toxf o; jif{ kf; u/]sf h:tf s]6fs]6LxnfO{ b]v] / pgLx
xftdf kf; u/]sf] k|df0fkq df]8]/ /fvL 8'fdf al;/x]sf lyP .
dnfO{ pgLx o;/L ;df/f]x dgfO/x]sf]df O{iof{ nfUof] . s]6Lx
xftdf k|df0fkq af]sL 8'fsf] /]lndf c9]; nfUb} cfgf s]6f
;fyLxnfO{ x]l//x]sf lyP . d}n] k|fylds ljBfno 5f8\g] a]nfdf
ltdLnfO{ e]6]sL lyOg . dnfO{ nfU5 Toltv]/ ltd|f] csL{ g} s]6L
;fyL lyO{ Sof/ .
xf]Og . d s'g} s]6L;u aflx/ 8'Ng] ulb{gy] .
xf] / < === dfrLn] cfgf] 6fpsf] otfptf 9NsfO{ . yfxf
5, Gofgf] x'g'cl3 kfgL hd]sf] vf8ndf lgs} hnL xf; x'g] u5{g\
/ 8'fx Toxfaf6 lx8\5g\ . dnfO{ PskN6 lxpdf a:g] xf; ls
kfgLxf; a9L lr;f] x'G5g\ egL 3f]l/b} u/]sf] ;Demgf 5 . d}n]
;'g]sL lyP ls tL lbp;f] l;sf/ x'gaf6 hf]lug oxf cfpy] /
;femkv d"n kxf8 / tfndf p8]/ hfGy] .
dnfO{ Tof] yfxf lyPg .
d}n] dO{ lbj;df uf8Lx u'8\g] af6fdf /ftf emG8f
kmx/fO/x]sf] b]v]sL 5' . af6f5]psf lu\Suf] vx ;a}df gof
kfn'jfx knfPsf lyP . kfn'jfxdfemaf6 ;'Gtnf h:tf rxlsnf
/ftf emG8fx nfd} au]sf] b]Vtf /dfOnf] nfUYof] .
{ 56 |

pgLx al;/x]sf] :yfgeGbf tnsf] vf8n ;femdf uNkm

v]Ng]xsf nflu cEof;:ynsf kdf el/;s]sf] lyof] . ToxfeGbf
k/ sfnf d"n efux slnnf kftaLr cfs[lt agfpb} u/]sf
lu\Suf] vx uf8L cf]xf]/bf]xf]/ ug]{ af6fdf nx/} plePsf lyP .
vxsf dfly a]n'sLsf] lIflthdf u'nfkmL s'lx/f]n] 3'D6f]
cf]9fOlbb} lyof] . dfrLn] p;sf] sfvfdf /x]sf] s's'/nfO{
;'d;'Dofpbf ldh'gf]n] p;sf] xftnfO{ cfgf b'j} xftdf lnP/
9fSof] .
dfrL, d ltdLnfO{ klv{/x]sf] a]nf s'g} zfGt csf]l8{og
afhfaf6 lg:sg] uLtsf] w'g d]/f] dgdf cfof] . d cfvf lrDn]/
klN6/x]sf] lyP .
s:tf] vfnsf] uLt <
c, lsldufof] em} ===
/fli6o ufg < rlst eP/ dfrL ldh'gf]sf] glhs 6fl;O{ .
t/ ltdL ;]gfdf etL{ ePsf t xf]Ogf} <
d Tof] uLt x/]s lbg l9nf] /flt /]l8of]df ;'Gg] u5'{ .
To;f] eP d}n] ltdLnfO{ z'e/flq eGg] u/]sf] a]/df ;'G5f}
xf]nf .
dfrLn] ldh'gf]nfO{ luDk]O{sf af/]df elgg . jf:tjdf Ps
ckl/lrt JolQmn] cfk"m;u s'/f u/]sf] 36gf klg p;n] lal;{;s]sL
lyO{ . p;n] /fd|/L x]/]sL eP luDk]O{nfO{ gof 3f;df klN6/x]sf]
b]VyL xf]nL t}klg ;fob p;nfO{ Psl5gcufj} cfk"m;u af]n]sf]
dflg; egL lrGg ;lQmgyL xf]nL . t/ luDk]O{n] b'j}nfO{ gb]lv/xg
;s]g . kN6]sf] a]nf p;sf] lk7"df eOsf] lr;f] nfUof] . oltv]/
dflg;x lxpbaf6 j;Gt ofdsf] sf]6 km]g]{ s'/f ;f]Ry] t/
luDk]O{;u s'g} sf]6} lyPg . p;n] dfrL / ldh'gf]nfO{ ;fd'Gg] x]g{
;lsg] u/L sf]N6f] k]mof] . p;n] pgLxsf] v';Lk|lt O{iof{ ug'{eGbf
a9L To;nfO{ ;/fKof] . p;n] cfgf cfvf lrDd ubf{ s] b]Vof] egL
tL k|]dLx alQP/ cfuf]sf nKsfn] vknSs lgn]sf] / kl5 o:tf
5fndf k'u] h;n] pgLxnfO{ zLtntf k|bfg ug{ ;Qm}gy] . p;n]
To; kl/sNkgfnfO{ pgLxsf] v';Lsf] cGTosf] kdf b]Vof] .
ltd|L cfdf ;'Gb/ x'g'x'G5, xf]Og t, lugrfg <
luDk]O{n] ofof]O{sf] :j/ ;'Gof] . pm tfnsf] lsgf/df 9sdSs
k'mn]sf k}o'sf vxd'lg s]6Lsf] 5]pdf al;/x]sf] lyof] .
k"mnxsf] 5fof kfgLdf b]lvGYof] eg] r/fx ufO/x]sf lyP .
dnfO{ ltd|L cfdf s'/f ug{'x'bf pxfsf] bft b]lvPsf] dg k5{ .
{ 57 |

;fob ofof]O{nfO{ cfgf] a'af h:tf] s'k dflg;;u Tolt

/fd|L cfOdfO{n] s;/L laxf u/L xf]lng\ eGg] s'/f ;f]lr/x]sf] lyof] .
d]/f] a'afsf] ltd|L cfdfafx]s c s'g} efOalxgL 5}g . pxf
k|foM ltd|f] a'af lalt;Sg'ePsfn] ltd|L cfdf ltdLnfO{ lnP/ xfd|f]
3/ cfpg'k5{ egL eGg'x'G5 .
cx, d Tof] rfxGg, luDk]O{n] eGof] / nfhn] /ftf]lk/f]
eof] .
p;n] To;f] eg]sf] eP p;nfO{ dg k/]g lsgeg] p;nfO{
cfgL cfdf u'dfPsf]df 8/ nfu]sf] lyof] cyjf ofof]O{em} ;f]xL
3/df a:g kfpg] /fd|f] eljiosf] sNkgfdf p;nfO{ nfh nfUof] .
;fob b'O6} eof] .
ltgtfs luDk]O{sf] 3/kl/jf/df p;sf afh]ah} tyf
kf/kfr's] ePsL h]7L k'mk"sf ;fy} p;sL cfdf lyP . luDk]O{ b;
jif{sf] 5b} p;sf] a'af tfndf 8'a]/ lalt;s]sf] lyof] . p;sf]
a'afsf] 6fpsfdf ePsf rf]6k6s b]v]/ dflg;xn] p;nfO{ df/L
nf;nfO{ tfndf kmflnlbPsf] c8sn lgsfn]sf lyP . t/ p;sf
kmf]S;fdf kfgL hd]sf]n] pm 8'a]sf] x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf lyof] . h]
xf];\ p;sf] s;};u emu8f k/]/ Tof] dflg;n] p;nfO{ tfndf
wsflnlbPsf] xNnf rn]sf] lyof] . ofof]O{sf] kl/jf/n] p;sf] a'afsf]
d[To'df lgs} Iff]e k|s6 uof] lsgeg] pgLxsf] ljrf/df p;n]
cfk"mxnfO{ rf]6 k'ofpg egL cfkm}nfO{ df/]sf] lyof]Tof] klg
cGt geO{ cfg} ;;'/fnLdf . b; jif{sf] pd]/df luDk]O{n] sf]xL
xTof/f eP slxNo} l5Kg ;Qm}g eGg] c7f]6 u/]sf] lyof] . dfjnL
hfbf pm cfgf] a'afsf] nf; k]mnf k/]sf] 7fpglhs}sf] emf8Ldf
n's]/ a6'jfxdfly gh/ /fVYof] . p;sf] ts{gf s] lyof] eg]
xTof/f s'g} ck/fwaf]w gu/L To; 7fpaf6 u'h|g ;Sg] 5}g .
PskN6 Ps hgf dflg; Pp6f ufO{ lnP/ Toxf cfPsf] lyof] /
To; :yndf ufO{ pk|mg yfn]kl5 luDk]O{ pQ]lht eP/ emG8}
lg;fl;Psf] lyof] . p;n] Toxfsf] Ps a'6fgdf k'mNg] ;]tf] k"mn
cfk"mn] l6kL 3/ nu]/ lstfkdf RofkL cfgf] a'afsf] xTof/f;u
abnf lng] s;d vfg] u/]sf] klg ;lDemof] .
d]/f] a'afsf] xTof o; ufpdf ePsfn] d]/L cfdf klg kms{g
rfxg'x'Gg, luDk]O{n] eGof] .
ofof]O{ luDk]O{sf] cg'xf/df d[To'kL kx]nf]kgf b]v]/ rlst eO{ .
ofof]O{n] p;nfO{ xfn p;sf] a'afsf] k|]tfTdf tfnsf
lsgf/df ef}tfl//x]sf] ufpn] xNnfaf/] s'/f u/]sL lyOg .
{ 58 |

ufpn]xn] p;sf] d[To' ePsf] 36gf:ynglhs k'Ug] JolQmxnfO{

kbrfkxn] k5fpg] u/]sf] bfaL uy]{ t/ pgLxn] kms]{/ x]bf{
k5fl8 sf]xL x'b}gYof] . pgLxn] s'n]nd 7f]skl5 kbrfk sd x'Gy]
lsgeg] e"t eg] pgLxsf k5fl8 s'b\g ;Qm}gYof] .
ofof]O{nfO{ k}o'sf] vdf dflyNnf xfufaf6 tNnf xfufdf
la:tf/} emb}{ u/]sf] r/Lsf] uLtn] klg e"tsf] kbrfksf] ;Demgf
lbnfof] / p;n] egL, 3/ hfcf}, lugrfg . tfndf 5fof kg]{
k"mnxn] dnfO{ t;f{p5g\ .
tL t;f{pg] vfnsf 5}gg\ .
ltdL ltgLxnfO{ /fd|/L x]b}{gf} eg]/ xf] .
t}klg ltgLx ;'Gb/ 5g\, x}g t <
ofof]O{ plegf;fy luDk]O{n] p;sf] xft cfk"mlt/ tfGof] / pm
p;dfly n8L .
ofof]O{ lugrfg egL s/fpb} efuL . To;f] ubf{ p;sf]
lsdf]gf]sf] :s6{ p3fl/of] . luDk]O{n] p;nfO{ k5fof] . pm a]:;/L
;f; k]mb}{ /f]lsO{ / luDk]O{sf] s'd ;dfP/ cufnf] xfnL .
lugrfg, ltdL cfgL cfdf;u xfdLsxf a:g cfpm g .
cx, dnfO{ dg kb}{g, luDk]O{n] ofof]O{nfO{ cfgf kfv'/fdf
a]:;/L s:t} eGof] / w'?w'? /f]of] . ofof]O{ rlst eO{ p;nfO{
x]l//xL .
ltd|L cfdfn] d]/f a'afnfO{ ltd|f] h:tf] 3/df slxNo} afRg
g;Sg] atfpg'ePsf] lyof], ofof]O{n] s]xLa]/kl5 egL .
olta]/ dfq luDk]O{n] ofof]O{nfO{ cufnf] xfn]sf] lyof] .
p;sL cfdf hGd]sf] tfng]/ /x]sf] ofof]O{sf] 3/ lgs} ;DkGg
lyof] / s]xL jif{kl5 dfq} luDk]O{sL cfdf cfgf] dfOt kms]{kl5 pm
6f]lsof]df ;\3if{/t 5fqsf] kdf /x]sf] lyof] . clg luDk]O{nfO{
cfgL cfdfn] s'g} g/fd|f] 36gfn] ubf{ csf]{ hfltdf laxf ug'{k/]sf]
xf]nf eGg] nfUof] . pm 6f]lsof]df /xbf p;sL cfdf Ifo/f]un] d/L /
cfk"mn] kfpg] yf]/} vr{ klg /f]lsof] . clg p;sf] xh'/a'af laTof] .
To;kl5 luDk]O{sf] kl/jf/df Ps hgf k'mk" / xh'/cfdf dfq hLljt
/x] . p;n] cfgL k'mk"n] klxnf] >Ldfg\sf tk{maf6 kfPsL 5f]/L
lnP/ cfPsL 5g\ eGg] ;'g]sf] lyof] t/ 3/df jiff}{+b]lv lr7L
gn]v]sfn] k'mk"n] 5f]/Lsf nflu j/ vf]h]sf] jf gvf]h]sf]af/] p;nfO{
s]xL yfxf ePg .
luDk]O{nfO{ dfrLnfO{ k5fP/ cfPkl5 gof 3f;df klN6g' /
ofof]O{sf] ufpsf] tfn5]p emf8Ldf n'Sg'df vf;} km/s nfu]g .
{ 59 |

p;sf] dgdf p:t} pbf;L 5fof] t/ ca eg] p;n] a'afsf] xTofsf]

abnf lng]af/] uDeL/ kdf ;f]lr/x]sf] lyPg . sxL Tof] xTof/f
eP klg clxn];Dddf pm a"9f] eO;s]sf] xf]nf . olb s'g} s'k
a"9fn] p;nfO{ e]6]/ cfk"mn] xTof u/]sf] tYosf] ;flatL aofg lbof]
eg] s] p;n] cfgf] cfTdfaf6 b'i6 cfTdf lg:s]/ uPsf]df xNsf
dx;'; unf{ < s] cfgf] k'gM of}jg k|fKt u/L Toxf klN6/x]sf
o'jfo'jtLem} aGg ;S5 < tfndf kg]{ hnL k}o'sf k"mnxsf] 5fof
p;sf] lbdfu klg kof] . tfn eg] ljzfn P]gf;l/ b]lvGYof] .
To;sf] ;txdf s'g} t/ lyPg . luDk]O{n] cfvf aGb u/]/ cfgL
cfdfsf] cg'xf/ emnemnL ;lDemof] .
luDk]O{n] cfvf p3fbf{ To; ljBfyL{nfO{ PSn} lsgf/df
ple/x]sf] b]Vof] . s]6L / p;sf] s's'/n] Tof] 7fp 5f]l8;s]h:tf]
nfUYof] . luDk]O{ h'?Ss p7f] . pm s]6LnfO{ cf]/fnf] emb}{ u/]sf]
b[Zo x]g{ 5'6fpg rfxGgYof] . lu\Suf] vsf kftxdf uf]w"ln
5fO;s]sf] lyof] / af6f] ;'g;fg eO;s]sf] eP klg s]6Ln] kms]{/
x]l/g . s's'/ pmeGbf cufl8 8f]/L l3;fb}{ 3/lt/ nfUb} lyof] . s]6L
;fgf], l56f] rfnn] ;'Gb/ 9n] lxl8/x]sL lyO{ . ef]lnkN6 ;fem k]ml/
klg Tof] s]6L pxL le/fnf] af6f] cfp5] egL luDk]O{n] ;';]nL dfb}{
ldh'gf]tk{m lx8\g yfNof] . ldh'gf]n] p;nfO{ lrlg;Qmf klg pm
;';]ln/of] .
df]h ul//x]5f}, x}g t < luDk]O{n] eGof] .
ldh'gf] csf{lt/ x]l//of] .
v'a /dfOnf] eO/x]5 ;f]w]sf] Sof < ;'g]gf} <
ldh'gf]n] luDk]O{tk{m cfvf k'msfn]/ x]of] .
Tolt glr9 . cfpm a;]/ s'/f u/f} . dnfO{ v';L dfGg]
dflg;x;u O{iof{ x'G5, a; Tolt .
ldh'gf] kms]{/ hfg yfNof] .
P efUg' kb}{g cfpm, s'/f u/f} eg]sf] xf]Og d}n] <
luDk]O{ s/fof] . ldh'gf] kms]{/ cfof] .
d eflu/x]sf] 5'Og . d}n] ltdLnfO{ eGg'kg]{ s]xL 5}g .
s] eof] < s] ltdLnfO{ d 7Ug jf To:t} s]xL sd{df nfu]sf]
dfG5] h:tf] nfU5 < cfpm, a;f} .
ldh'gf] pleO/of] .
dnfO{ ltd|L s]6L ;fyL uhasL nfuL dnfO{ yfxf 5,
ltdLnfO{ To;f] eg]sf] dg kb}{g t/ pm ;fRrLs} /fd|L 5], xf]Og t <
ltdL ;f/} v';L x'g'kg{] xf]
{ 60 |

s] s'/f u/]sf] <

d t sf]xL v';L /x]sf] JolQm eP pml;t s'/f ug{ rfx]sf]
dfq x' . ;frf] eg", pm olt /fd|L 5] ls d p;nfO{ cfh lbp;f]el/
k5fO/x]sf] lyP . p;sf] ltdL;u ldng x'g] yfxf kfP/ 5Ss k/] .
ldh'gf] rlst eP/ luDk]O{nfO{ x]of] t/ klg pm cfgf] af6f]
nfUof] .
P, cfpm s'/f u/f}, luDk]O{n] tTsfn} k5fl8af6 ldh'gf]sf]
s'ddf xft /fv]/ eGof] . ldh'gf]n] p;nfO{ a]:;/L x'ofOlbof] .
a]s'k
luDk]O{ lsgf/af6 tn sfnf]kq] ;8s;Dd aN8f vfof]
p;sf] bfof s'ddf rf]6 nfUg k'Uof] . Psl5g;Dd / pm kn]6L
s;]/ af6fdf al;/of] clg s'd ;dfP/ pleof] . pm dflysf]
lsgf/df r9]/ x]bf{ Toxf p;nfO{ cfqmd0f ug]{ JolQm lyPg . Toxf
k'u]kl5 ;f; k]mg{ xKofsxKofs ub}{ / 5ftLdf ef/L dx;'; ub}{
luDk]O{ To;df 6fpsf] uf8]/ yrSs a:of] .
p;n] s]6L lxl8;s]kl5 Toxf PlSnPsf] ljBfyL{;dIf uP/
lsg af]n] x'nf egL a'g ;s]g . pm ;';]nL v]Nb} s]6fg]/ hfbf
p;sf] dgdf jf:tjdf s'g} b'ef{j lyPg . ;fob p;n] s]6Lsf]
;f}Gbo{af/] pm;u s'/f ug{ rfx]sf] dfq lyof] / olb s]6fn] a9L
Wofg lbP/ s'/f ;'g]sf] eP luDk]O{n] p;nfO{ clxn];Dd s]6Lsf]
;f}Gbo{af/] ghfg]sf] s'/f atfOlbGYof] xf]nf . t/ k|:6tof To;/L
PSsfl; / g/fd|f] kf/fn] af]Ng' p;s} d"v{tf lyof] . df]h ul//x]5f},
x}g t < p;n] Tof] s'/f cs}{ 9n] ug{ ;SYof] xf]nf . cfk"m
Sofljlw sdhf]/ eO;lsP5 eGg] s'/f yfxf kfPkl5 luDk]O{sf]
uxel/ cf;' el/P . To; ljBfyL{sf] Ps wSsfn] p;nfO{ t6d'lg
n8fOlbPsf] s'/f ;f]Rg' klg x/] lzj pm Ps xftn] tfhf 3f;
;dfP/ / csf{n] b'lv/x]sf] s'd dNb} al;/xbf uf]w"lnsf] u'nfkmL
6ns p;sf v'lDrPsf cfvfdf la:tf/} kg{ uof] .
Tof] s]6L cfgf] s's'/ lnP/ pxL le/fnf] af6}af6f] kms]{/
cfpg' c;Dej lyof] . pm lu\Suf] vsf] af6f] k]ml/ cfpg ;S5]
lsgeg] To; ljBfyL{n] ef]lnkN6 geP;Dd pm;u ;Dks{ ug{ ;Sg
5}g . t/ ca luDk]O{n] s]6fnfO{ lrlg;s]kl5 s]6f] slxNo} Tof]
cf/fnf]df jf t6df b]vf kg]{ 5}g . p;n] Joy{df t6jl/kl/ n'Sg]
7fp vf]Hof] . p;sf cfvfcufl8 ;]tf] :j]6/ / /ftf] wsf{ ePsf]
lhG; le/]sL s]6Lsf] 5lj cfof] . p;sf] dl:tisdf u'nfkmL cfsfz
5fPh:tf] eof] .
{ 61 |

lx;fsf] lx;fsf] pm cj?4 :j/df s/fof] . p;n]

lx;fsf] tfdfsLsf] gfd eg]/ af]nfof] .
PskN6 pm lx;fsf]nfO{ e]6\g egL 6fS;L r9\g nfUbf
;x/sf] cfsfz ;"of{:t x'g'eGbf w]/} cl3lbp;f] sl/a tLg ah]g}
u'nfkmL b]lvg yfn]sf] lyof] . cfk"m5]psf] aGb ofnaf6 x]bf{
cfsfz gLnf] /df /lPsf] lyof] eg] uf8L rfnssf] tn emfl/Psf]
ofnaf6 cfsfz km/s /sf] b]lvGYof] .
cfsfz clns u'nfkmL b]lvGg / < luDk]O{n] rfnssf]
s'dtk{m 9Ns]/ ;f]w]sf] lyof] .
To:t} b]lvG5 .
rfnsnfO{ Tof] s'g /sf] xf] eGg] s'/fn] vf;} km/s gkf/]sf]
h:tf] nfUYof] .
s] Tof] u'nfkmL b]lvGg / < lsg, cfZro{ nfUof] < d]/f
cfvfn] dfq To:tf] b]v]h:tf] nfUof], xf] <
xf]Og, tkfO{+sf] cfvfsf] bf]if xf]Og .
pm cufl8 9lNsbf p;nfO{ rfnssf k'/fgf sk8f jf:; ugfP .
To;kl5 pm 6fS;L r9\bf b'O{ y/L ;+;f/ ePsf] s'/f
g;DemL /xb}gYof] M Pp6f kx]nf] 5f6sf] u'nfkmL / csf]{ kx]nf]
5f6sf] gLnf] ;+;f/ . p;n] cfgf] ofnaf6 x]g]{ u/]sf s'/fx
;fob gLnf] /sf lyP t/ To;sf] pN6f] rfnsn] tn emf/]sf]
ofnaf6 x]g]{ u/]sf s'/fx cln u'nfkmL b]lvPsf xf]nfg\ . Tof]
;fdfGo JofVof lyof] t/ luDk]O{ s'g s'/fdf sfon eof] eg]
cfsfz, kvf{nx, af6fx / ;8s5]psf vsf d"n efux klg
jf:tjdf oxL cgf}7f] u'nfkmL /df kf]ltPsf lyP . j;Gt tyf
ktem/sf df};ddf sltko 6fS;Lxdf rfnssf] ofn v'nf
/xg] / k5fl8sf ofnx aGb /xg] u5{g\ / cfk"m hfg] x/]s
7fpsf nflu 6fS;L nfg luDk]O{sf] ;fwgn] gEofP klg
x/]skN6sf ;jf/L cyjf ofqfn] p;sf] cg'e"ltdf yk an
k'ofO/x]sf] x'G5 .
pm of] s'/f dfg]/ a:of] ls rfnssf] ;+;f/ Gofgf] u'nfkmL /
ofq'sf] ;+;f/ lr;f] gLnf] x'G5 / luDk]O{ Ps ofq' lyof] . jf:tjdf,
;+;f/ l;;faf6 x]bf{ a9L ;kmf b]lvG5 ;fob xfjfdf p8\g] w"nf]n]
6f]lsof]sf] cfsfz / ;8sxnfO{ u'nfkmL / k|bfg ul//x]sf] lyof] .
cfgf s'lxgfsf] andf rfnssf] l;6k5fl8 9lNsP/
luDk]O{n] cfgf] u'nfkmL ;+;f/nfO{ lgofNb} l:y/ jfo'n] k|bfg ug]{
Gofgf]af6 lbSs dfGYof] . pm rfnsdfly P egL s/fpb} emD6g
{ 62 |

rfxGYof] . lg:;Gb]x of] s'g} s'/fk|lt ljb|f]x ug]{ cyjf To;nfO{

x'sfg]{ p;sf] OR5fsf] k|tLs lyof] t/ p;n] rfnsnfO{ c7fPsf]
eP dflg;xn] p;nfO{ af}nfxf eG7fGy] . t}klg ;x/ / cfsfz
;fdfGotof lbp;f]sf] k|sfz 5b} klg xNsf u'nfkmL b]lvg] x'bf
luDk]O{n] cfgf] 8/nfUbf] cg'xf/ cfgf] cufl8 cs:dft Nofpbf
;d]t s'g} klg rfns pmb]lv ql;t b]lvb}gYof] .
jf:tjdf, luDk]O{;u 8/fpg'kg]{ s'g} sf/0f g} lyPg . p;n]
oL kx]nf, u'nfkmL / gLnf b]lvg] ljk/Lt vfn] ;+;f/xnfO{
;j{k|yd lx;fsf]nfO{ e]6\g hfbf cg'ej u/]sf] lyof] / pm ;w} o;}
u/L rfnssf] k5fl8 9Ns]/ a:g] uYof]{ . rfnssf k'/fgf n'ufn]
lx;fsf]sf] gLnf] pmgL kf];fssf] ;Demgf u/fpg] To; klxnf]
;dokZrft\ p;n] 6fS;Ldf ;w} lx;fsf]sf af/]df ;f]Rg] uYof]{ .
x/]s rfns;u} p;sf] uGw cfpYof] rfnsn] gof n'uf le/]sf eP
klg km/s kb}{gYof] .
klxnf]kN6 u'nfkmL /sf] cfsfz k]mnf kf/]sf] a]nf luDk]O{
lzIfs kbaf6 lgsflnPsf] lyof] / lx;fsf]n] :s'n k]ml/;s]sL lyO{
h;n] ubf{ pgLx n'sLl5kL e]6\g afWo eP . To;f] x'g'cufj} klg
o:tf] vt/f dx;'; eP/ p;n] PskN6 lx;fsf];u ;fptL u/]sf]
lyof], of] s'/f ld; cf]GbfnfO{ slxNo} geg x} . slxNo} xf]Og of]
xfdL b'O{aLrsf] uf]Ko s'/f dfq xf] dfgf} pgLx n'sLl5kL e]6\g
yfln;s]em} lx;fsf] nhfO{ .
olb uf]Ko s'/f sfod ug{ ;s] dL7f] / cfgGbbfoL x'G5 t/
PskN6 kf]n v'ln;s]kl5 abnfdf o;n] xflg k'ofpg ;S5 .
ufnfdf vfN8f k/]sL lx;fsf]n] cfvf p7fP/ luDk]O{nfO{
s8\s] gh/n] x]/L . pgLx sIffsf]7faflx/sf] xnsf] Ps s'gfdf
lyP . aflx/ Pp6L s]6L kft ofDd ePsf] k}o'sf] vsf] xfufdf
dfgf} s'g} kmnfd] 8G8Ldf pk|]mem} pk|]m/ kmgGg kmsL{ . Tof] xfuf
o;/L xlNnof] ls kftxsf] cfjfh xnsf ofn x'b} leq};Dd
;'lgof] .
k|]dLxsf c s'g} ;fyL x'b}gg\ . 7fKk} sf]xL x'b}g ;'>L
cf]Gbf klg clxn] xfd|f] zq'aflx/L b'lgofsf cfvf / sfg
eO;sL
t/ d p;nfO{ kSs} cfgf] s'/f eGg ;S5', xf]Og t <
cx eGg x'b}g luDk]O{ rgfvf] eO{ otfplt x]of] .
;xfg'e"lt /fv]/ s] lau|]sf] 5 < egL p;n] ;f]Wbf dnfO{
lbSs nfU5 . dnfO{ nfU5 d of] s'/f uf]Ko /fVg ;lQmg .
{ 63 |

ltdLnfO{ s'g} ;fyLsf] ;xfg'e"lt lsg rflxG5 / <

luDk]O{n] s8\s]/ eGof] .
d p;nfO{ e]6]kl5 kSsf s/fpg yfN5' . lxhf] 3/ kms]{kl5
d]/f cfvf /f]P/ ;'lGg;s]sf lyP / d}n] ltgnfO{ kfgLn] kvfNg]
k|of; u/] . udL{ ofddf t lk|mhdf a/kmsf l9Ssfx x'G5g\ / s'g}
;d:of x'b}g t/ = = =
lg/y{s s'/f gu/ .
t/ d of] s'/f ;xg ;lQmg = = =
x] ltd|f cfvf .
lx;fsf]n] s]xL gegL cfvf prfnL . t/ pm p;nfO{
x]l//x]sL lyOg . p;sf] x]/fOn] luDk]O{n] p;sf cfvfdf x]/f];\ eGg]
hgfpYof] . t/ s]6Lsf] z/L/k|lt ;hu ePkl5 pm df}g eof] .
lx;fsf];usf] ;DaGw oxf;Dd k'Ug'cl3 lx;fsf]sf] kl/jf/af/]
hfgsf/L lng p;n] gf]a'sf] cf]GbfnfO{ ;dfpg] ljrf/ u/]sf] lyof] .
h] eP klg lx;fsf]n] eg]sL lyO{d cf]GbfnfO{ ;a} s'/f atfpg]
u5'{ . t/ cf]Gbfdf o:tf] s]xL lyof] h;n] ubf{ pm pm;dIf k'Ug
uf/f] dfGYof] . p;nfO{ lx;fsf]af/] s]xL ;f]Wbf To;n] cfgf] dgdf
ePsf] s'/f v'l:sg] xf] ls eGg] 8/ lyof] . cf]Gbf c;n 5fqf lyO{
t/ lgs} :jtGq vfnsL lyO{ .
PskN6 cfgf] sIffdf luDk]O{n] 7"nf] :j/df o'lsrL
k'ms'hfjflnlvt ;f];n l/n];gl;K; la6\ljg d]g ofG8 j'ldg -k'?if
/ dlxnfaLr ;fdflhs ;DaGw_ gfds k':tsaf6 s]xL kf7 k9]sf]
lyof] . p;n] Toxfsf] xf:ofTds k\lQmaf6 ;'? uof], b'O{ ;o uh
cyjf a9Lsf] b"/Lkl5 bDktL ;u;u} lx8\g ;S5g\ . clg pm k9\b}
uof] M pbfx/0fsf nflu, clxn] klg >Ldfg\ aflx/ hfg nfUbf
hjfg >LdtLn] la5f]8 dgfpg] cyjf o'jf >Ldfg\n] la/fdL kTgLsf]
/fd|f] :ofxf/ ug]{ s'/fnfO{ ;f;";;'/fn] cg'lrt / ckdfghgs
7fGg]h:tf] Joy{sf] k'/fjz]if s'/f ;'Gg ;lsG5 .
clwsf+z 5fqfx unNn xf;] klg cf]Gbf xfl;g .
ld; cf]Gbf, ltdL xfl;/x]sL 5}gf} t, s;f] < luDk]O{n]
eGof] . cf]Gbfn] hafkm kmsf{Og .
ld; cf]Gbf, ltdLnfO{ of] s'/f xf;p7\tf] nfu]g <
cx, nfu]g .
crDd 5 ltdL c;u lsg ldNg ;Qm}gf} . ltdLn] gdfg]
klg pgLxn] k|:6tof o;nfO{ /dfOnf] dflg/x]sf 5g\ .
d rfxGg . d]/f] ljrf/df c;u xf:g' g/fd|f] xf]Og t/
d}n] dfGgs} nflu xf:g'kg]{ t 5}g lg <
{ 64 |

ltdL laTyfdf ax; ul//x]sL 5f}, luDk]O{n] lrl9b} eGof] .

ld; cf]Gbfn] o;nfO{ /dfOnf] dflgg . s] ltdLxnfO{ /dfOnf]
nfUof] <
sIffdf df}gtf 5fof] . luDk]O{n] cufl8 eGb} uof], p;nfO{
oL kf7x /dfOnf nfu]gg\ . o'lsrL k'ms'hfjfn] tL !*(^ df n]v]
t/ n8fO ;ls;s]kl5 klg k9\bf ld; cf]GbfnfO{ To;df dHhf
nfu]g . ;fRrL, dnfO{ clns cgf}7f] nflu/x]sf] 5 .
PSsfl; JofVof ubf{ub}{ luDk]O{n] emls{P/ eGof], s]
ltdLxdWo] s;}n] ld; cf]GbfnfO{ xf;]sf] b]v]sf 5f} <;fdf
pgLxn] emg\ plNsP/ xf:t} hafkm lbP M
xh'/, d}n] b]v]sL 5' .
d}n] klg b]v]sL 5' .
xh'/, pm lgs} xf:g] u5]{ .
kl5 luDk]O{nfO{ nfUof] ls lx;fsf]sf] JolQmTjdf s'g} l5k]sf]
tjn] cf]GbfnfO{ tfg]sf] lyof]p;df ;fob pxL /x:ofTds
cfsif{0f lyof] h;n] luDk]O{nfO{ p;nfO{ k5fpg / p;nfO{
luDk]O{sf] k5fpg] s'/f l:jsfg{ afWo t'Nofof] . lx;fsf]sf] gf/LTj
dfgf} cs:dft\ lah'nLsf] em8\sfn] e}m emsemsfOlbPsf] lyof] .
p;n] luDk]O{k|lt ;dk{0f ubf{ :jo+ luDk]O{ klg slDkt eof] / cGo
s]6Lx klg pm h:t} 5g\ ls egL 3f]lTn+of] .
lx;fsf]nfO{ luDk]O{sf] hLjgsL klxnL cfOdfO{ eGg ;lsG5 .
p;sL r]nL x'bfsf] ;do, h'g a]nf klg p;n] To;nfO{ dfof uYof]{,
clxn] cfP/ p;sf] hLjgsf] clt ;'vb ePh:tf] nfUYof] . a'af
hLljt 5b} dfdfsL 5f]/L ofof]O{;usf] afNosfnLg Ifl0fs cfj]u
lgZro g} rf]vf] efj eP klg To;nfO{ dfofk|]d eGg ;lsGg .
luDk]O{n] Ps y/L ;d'b|L df5faf/] b]v]sf] ;kgf slxNo} la;{g
;s]g . pm Toltv]/ gf} cyjf b; jif{sf] lyof] / pQm ;kgfaf/]
lgs} k|z+;f kfPsf] lyof] . p;n] ;kgLdf cfgf] ufpglhssf]
;d'b|dfly 7"nf] hxfh;l/ ljdfg t}l//x]sf] b]Vof] . tn nueu
d;Lem} sfnf 5fnx lyP . t/ cem glhsaf6 lgofNbf Tof] Pp6f
a8]dfgsf] ;d'b|L df5f] ePsf] kfOof] . Tof] df5f] 5fndfly pk|]m/
cfsfzdf p8]sf] lyof] / nuQ} c df5f klg cfP === ;a}lt/
df5fx 5fndfly plk|m/x]sf lyP .
cfxf slt 7"nf] df5f luDk]O{ Ao"emg'cl3 s/fPsf] lyof] .
/fd|f] ;kgf, uhasf] ;kgf, luDk]O{ . o;sf] cy{ xf] ltdL
;+;f/df dfly p7\g]5f}, dflg;xn] p;nfO{ eg] .
{ 65 |

cl3Nnf] lbg ofof]O{n] p;nfO{ lbPsL tl:a/xsf] lstfadf

Pp6f ljdfgsf] lrq lyof] t/ luDk]O{n] jf:tljs ljdfg slxNo}
x]/]sf] lyPg / ltgtfs To:tf s'/fx eP tfklg ca 7"n7"nf
xjfO{hxfhx alg;s]sfn] tL ;DejtM nf]k eO;s]sf 5g\ .
luDk]O{n] b]v]sf] ljdfg / df5f;DaGwL ;kgf p;sf] ctLtsf] s'/f
eO;s]sf] lyof] . p;n] To; ;kgfnfO{ hLjgsf] ;kmntfeGbf
ofof]O{;u laxf x'g] z'e;fOtsf] kdf lnPsf] lyof] . pm ;kmn
ePg . pRrdfWolds ljBfnodf hfkfgL efiffsf] lzIfssf] kbdf
sfod} /x]sf] To;sf] s]xL ;Defjgf x'GYof] . p;df g ljzfn ;d'b|L
df5fem} dfgjtfsf 5fnaf6 pDsg] zlQm lyof] g pm c
dflg;sf 6fpsfdfly xfjfdf p8\g ;Sg] dflg; g} lyof] . p;sf]
efUodf sfnf 5fndf 8'Ag' n]lvO;s]sf] lyof] . lx;fsf]sf nflu
p;sf] hLjgdf uf]Ko efjx v]Ng yfn]kl5 v';L Ps If0fsf nflu
cfPsf] lyof] . t/ To;dfly b'ef{Uosf] 5fof Tolts} rf8f] kg{ uof] .
cf]Gbfsf] cleof]u uDeL/ lyof] dfgf} luDk]O{n] eljiojf0fL u/]em}
cf]GbfnfO{ atfOPsf] uf]Ko s'/fn] jf:tjdf pgLx;u abnf lng
yfn]sf] lyof] .
sIffdf 36]sf] To; 36gfkl5 luDk]O{n] lx;fsf]tk{m gx]g{
vf]h]sf] lyof] t/ p;sf cfvf cfg} kf/fdf cf]Gbfsf] 8]:slt/
kms]{/ hfGy] . p;n] cf]GbfnfO{ PskN6 :s'nsf] v]nd}bfgsf] s'gfdf
e]6\g af]nfP/ uf]kgLotf sfod /fVg ljgd| kf/fn] clg wDSofpb}
cfu|x uof] . t/ p;n] luDk]O{nfO{ bf]ifL 7x/fO{ . p;n] To;f] ug'{sf
sf/0f Gofosf nflu geO{ pmk|ltsf] 3[0ff / p;sf] bf]if;DaGwL
k|an efjgfn] ubf{ xf] .
tkfO{+ g}ltstfljxLg x'g'x'G5, cf]Gbfn] 7f8} egL .
s'/f To;sf] ljk/Lt /x]5 . ltdLnfO{ / s]jn ltdLnfO{
elgPsf] uf]Kotf vf]Ng'hlQsf] cg}lts sfd s] x'g ;S5 / <
ltdLleq s'g} lavfn' sL/f, s'g} laR5L 3l;|/x]sf] x'g'k5{
d}n] s;}nfO{ uf]Ko eg]sL 5}g .
t/ cf]Gbfn] nuQ} k|frfo{ / lx;fsf]sf a'afnfO{ kq n]vL .
n]vs a]gfdL lyof] / kqxsf] cGTodf laR5Lsf tk{maf6 eGg]
jfSof+z n]lvPsf] lyof] .
luDk]O{ lx;fsf]nfO{ p;}n] /f]h]sf] 7fpdf n'sLl5kL e]6\g afWo
eof] . lx;fsf]n] cfgf a'afn] o'4k5fl8 lsg]sf] eGg] 3/ klxn]sf]
sf7df lyof] t/ o'4cl3sf] ;x/eGbf 6f9fsf] cfjf; cfufn] ;vfk
kfl/lbPsf] lyof] / cf+lzs kn] eTs]sf] luL cyjf /f]8f
{ 66 |

-s\lqm6_sf] kvf{n dfq 7l8O/x]sf] lyof] . lx;fsf] luDk]O{;u o;}

kvf{nk5fl8 b'lgofsf] gh/af6 ;'/lIft e]6\g rfxGyL . o'4df Wj:t
ePsf] a[xt\ cfjf;Lo If]qdf cg]s 3/x lgdf{0f ePsf lyP .
Toxf s]xL dfq vfnL, eTs]sf hUufx lyP . To:tf eUgfjz]ifdf
Pstfsf vt/gfs / cgf}7f] jftfj/0f ePsf] dflgP klg clxn]
To:tf] jftfj/0f lyPg / ;f] :yfgaf/] dflg;xn] lal;{;s]sf
lyP . Toxf knfPsf] cUnf] 3f;n] b'j} s'/fnfO{ cf]e]mn kfl/;s]sf]
lyof] . lx;fsf]nfO{ Toxf Ps k|sf/sf] ;'/Iff efjsf] cg'ej ePsf]
xf]nf lsgeg] pm s]jn Pp6L :s'n] 5fqf dfq lyO{ / pQm :yfgdf
Pstfsf p;sf] 3/ x'g] uYof]{ .
lx;fsf]sf nflu luDk]O{nfO{ lr7L n]Vg' uf/f] lyof] eg] p;sf
nflu lx;fsf]nfO{ lr7L k7fpg' cyjf 3/ jf :s'ndf kmf]g ug'{ klg
c;Dej lyof] . g p;n] s;}nfO{ p;sxf lr7L n}hfg g} eGg
;SYof] / To;}n] pm lx;fsf];u nueu k"0f{tof ;~rf/ljxLg ePsf]
lyof] . t/ lx;fsf] luDk]O{n] vfnL hUufsf] kvf{nleq rsn] sf]g]{
u/]sf s'/fx k9\g] uyL{ . pgLxn] cUnf] kvf{nsf] d'lg cfgf
;Gb]z n]Vg] ;Nnfx u/]sf lyP . Toxf 3f;n] 5f]lkPsf] n]vfO s;}n]
x]g{ ;Qm}gYof] . :jfefljs 5 ls Toxf s'g} hl6n s'/f n]Vg
;lsb}gYof] / p;n] lx;fsf];u e]6\g rfxg] ;do / lbg hgfpg]
c dfq n]Vg ;SYof] . t}klg o;n] uf]Ko ;"rgfkf6Lsf] sfd
ul//x]sf] lyof] / slxn]sfxL luDk]O{ lx;fsf]n] n]v]sf] s'/f k9\g
Toxf cfpYof] . lx;fsf]nfO{ e]6\g] ;do ldn]sf] v08df p;n] vf;
;Gb]z k7fpg] cyjf tf/ k7fpg] uyL{ t/ luDk]O{n] ;do / lbg
w]/} cufj} kvf{ndf n]Vg'kg]{ / lx;fsf]n] ;xdlt u/L n]v]sf] ;Gb]z
x]g'{kg]{ x'GYof] . p;dfly s8f lgu/fgL x'g] uYof]{ / /flt lj/n}
3/aflx/ lg:sg kfpyL .
luDk]O{n] 6fS;Ldf klxnf]kN6 u'nfkmL / gLnf] u/L b'O{ ;+;f/
k]mnf kf/]sf] lbg ePsf] pgLxsf] hDsfe]6 lx;fsf]n] h'/fOlbPsL
lyO{ . pm kvf{n;u}sf] 3f;df lgx'/]/ klv{/x]sL lyO{ . p;n]
lx;fsf]nfO{ PskN6 eg]sL lyO{, o; kvf{nsf] cUnfO x]bf{ ltd|f
a'af lgs} k'/fgf] ljrf/sf / cd}qL :jefjsf JolQm x'g'x'GYof] h:tf]
5 . d]/f] ljrf/df o;dfly sfrsf 6'qmfx / dfly kmsf{OPsf
sLnfx klg lyP Sof/ . o;sf jl/kl/ agfOPsf gof Pstn]
3/xaf6 kvf{nleq x]g{ ;lsGgYof] . ;fob gof z}nLn] ubf{ xf]nf,
klZrdf z}nLsf] Ps dfq b'O{tn] 3/ olt xf]rf] lyof] ls bf];|f]
tnfaf6 klg lgx'/]/ x]bf{ au}rfsf] Ps ltxfO efu dfq b]lvGgYof] .
o; s'/faf6 ;r]t /x]sL lx;fsf] kvf{ng]/sf] efudf a;]sL lyO{ .
{ 67 |

Toxf s'g} 9f]sf lyPg . ;fob Tof] 9f]sf sf7sf] lyof] / cfuf]df
;vfk eO;s]sf] lyof] xf]nf . hUuf laqmLdf gePsfn] ubf{ sf]xL
klg pT;'stfk"j{s Toxf cfpg] ;Defjgf lyPg / luDk]O{ tyf
lx;fsf] Toxf lbp;f] tLg ah] klg n'sLl5kL e]6\g ;Sy] .
To;f] eP ltdL :s'naf6 3/ kms{+b} 5f}, xf] < luDk]O{
p;sf] 6fpsf]df cfgf] xft /fvL 6'q'mSs a;]/ p;nfO{ cfk"mlt/
tfGof] clg s]6Lsf kx]nf ufnf cfgf xftn] ;dfof] .
w]/}a]/ ePsf] 5}g . pgLx lbgx' d}n] :s'n 5f8\g] ;doaf/]
a'lem/xG5g\ .
yfxf 5 .
d}n] 6]n ckm x]Os] -x]Os]sf] syf_;DaGwL Pp6f n]Sr/sf
nflu a:g'k5{ eg] klg d]/f] kl/jf/n] dnfO{ hfg lbGgg\ .
;fRr} xf] / < s] ltdLn] kv]{sf] lgs}a]/ eO;Sof] t < ltd|f]
uf]8f lgbfP xf]nfg\ . luDk]O{n] p;nfO{ cfgf] sfvfdf prfn]/ /fVof] .
lbgsf] pHofnf]df nfh dfGg] lx;fsf] Toxfaf6 k]ml/ lrKn]/ tn a;L .
of] tkfO{+sf nflu xf] ===
s] xf] < k};f < sxfaf6 Nofof} <
tkfO{+sf nflu rf]/]/ NofPsL, lx;fsf]n] cfvfdf rds
Nofpb} egL . o;df ;QfO; xhf/ o]g 5 .
ltd|f afsf] k};f xf] <
d}n] of] k};f cfdfsf] sf]7fdf e]fP .
dnfO{ of] k};f rflxb}g . ltdL kmsf{P/ n}hfpm cGoyf ltdL
;dfltG5f} .
pxfxn] dnfO{ ;dfP eg] d 3/df cfuf] nfOlbG5' . dnfO{
To;sf] jf:tf x'g] 5}g .
kfun gag . hfaf] ;QfO; xhf/ o]gsf nflu Ps s/f]8
df]n kg]{ 3/ s;n] hnfp5 / <
cfdfn] a'afb]lv n'sfpg'ePh:tf] 5 To;}n] pxf o;af/]
s'g} xNnf dRrfpg'x'Gg . yfxf 5, d}n] of] lgs} ljrf/ u/]/ dfq}
lnP . dnfO{ of] NofPsf] 7fpdf kmsf{P/ /fVg a9L 8/ nfU5 . d
kSsf klg sfDg yfn]/ ;dfltG5' .
lx;fsf]n] luDk]O{nfO{ rf]/]/ NofPsf] k};f lbPsf] of] klxnf]kN6
lyPg . o;af/] p;n] prfn]sf] lyPg s]6Ln] cfk}m Tof] sbd
rfn]sL lyO{ .
t/ d cfk}mnfO{ wfGg ;S5' . d]/f] ljZjljBfno k9\g] Ps
hgf ;fyL 5] hf] cfl/tfgfds sDkgLsf cWoIfsL ;]qm]6/L 5] .
slxn]sfxL cfl/tfn] dnfO{ cWoIfLo efif0f tof/ ug{ nufp5g\ .
{ 68 |

cfl/tf < pgsf] klxnf] gfd s] xf] <

pgL cf]tf]hL cfl/tf gfd u/]sf Ps a"9f dflg; x'g\ .
x] k/d]Zj/ pgL d]/f] gof :s'nsf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf
cWoIf x'g\ . d]/f a'afn] >Ldfg\ cfl/tfnfO{ To; :s'ndf ;?jf ug{
cfu|x ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
P, xf] / <
tkfO{+ ;~rfns ;ldltsf cWoIfn] lbg] efif0fx n]Vt}
x'g'x'G5 t/ dnfO{ eg] yfxf lyPg
ToxL g} hLjg xf], xf]Og t <
xh'/, dnfO{ klg To:t} nfU5 . yfxf 5, slxn]sfxL
rxlsnf] h"g nfu]sf /ftxdf h"g x]l//xbf, dnfO{ nfU5 tkfO{
klg h"g x]g'{x'G5 === / lr;f] / atf; rln/x]sf] a]nf tkfO{+
PSn}PSn} cfgf] ckf6{d]G6df /xg'x'bf dnfO{ lrGtf nfu]/ cfp5 .
;]q]m6/Ln] dnfO{ eg]cg';f/ a"9f cfl/tf Ps y/L eon]
u|:t 5g\ . ;]q]m6/Ln] dnfO{ efif0fxdf >LdtL / laxf h:tf
zAb ;s];Dd sd k|of]u ug{ eg]sL 5] . p;n] sGof :s'ndf lbOg]
efif0fdf oL zAbx 3':g ;Sg] ck]Iff u/]sL xf]nL . s] efif0f lbbf
cWoIf :gfo'/f]uL h:tf b]lvGy] / <
cx, d}n] To:tf] Vofn ul/g .
d]/f ljrf/df pgL b]lvb}gy] . ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmddf t
To:tf] b]lvGgy], luDk]O{n] cfk}m 6fpsf] xNnfof] .
:gfo'/f]uL . s] eGg'ePsf] <
:gfo'/f]uL klg cg]s k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . x'g ;S5 xfdL klg
:gfo'/f]uL xf} . atfpm < luDk]O{n] eGof] . lx;fsf]sf :tg vf]Hb}
luDk]O{n] cfvf lrDd uof] / p;sf] lbdfudf cfgf] 3/glhssf]
ux'sf] v]t cfof] . ls;fgn] k|of]u ug]{ 3f]8fdf lk7" gff] kf/]/
a;]sL Pp6L cfOdfO{ ux'sf] v]t;u}sf] af6f]df 3f]8f s'bfpb} cfO{ .
To; cfOdfO{n] 3f6Ldf cufl8 uf7f] k/]sf] ;]tf] ?dfn a]/]sL lyO{ .
ltdL d]/f] 3f6L lgdf7]/ dfg{ ;S5f} === d 3/ hfg rfxGg,
lx;fsf] sfd's :j/df k'm;k'm;fO{ . luDk]O{ cfgf] Ps xftsf
cf}nfn] p;sf] 3f6L c7fO/x]sf] kfP/ rlst eof] . p;n] csf]{
xft p;sf] unf gfKg k|of]u uof] . Tof] g/d lyof] p;sf] cf}nfsf
6'Kkfn] o;sf] jl/kl/ 3]/f agfO{ 5f]P . luDk]O{n] k};fsf] kf]sf]
lx;fsf]sf] n'ufdf emfof] . s]6Lsf] eg] :tg tlGsP/ pm kl5 ;/L .
ltdL 1fgL ag]/ k};f 3/ n}hfpm === dnfO{ 8/ 5 ls o:tf]
sfd ug]{ xf] eg] ltdL cyjf d s'g} ck/fw ug{ k'U5f} xf]nf . s]
{ 69 |

cf]Gbfn] dnfO{ ck/fwL ePsf] bf]if nufOg < p;n] cfgf] kqdf
d}n] olt w]/} e"m6f] af]n] / d]/f] rl/q olt cGwsf/do 5 ls d}n]
kSs} klg s]xL uDeL/ ck/fw u/]sf] x'g'k5{ egL n]v]sL 5] .
ltdLnfO{ yfxf ePg / < ltdLn] cfhef]ln p;nfO{ e]6]sL 5f} <
cx, 5}g . p;sf] s'g} lr7L klg kfPsL 5'Og . dnfO{ pm
dg klg klb{g .
luDk]O{ s]xLa]/ zfGt /of] . lx;fsf]n] luDk]O{nfO{ a:gsf
nflu gfOngsf] Ps rf/kf6] 6's8f cf]5fOlbO{ . p;n]
To;leqaf6 eO lr;f] ePsf] dx;'; uof] . ;fy} lr;f] 3f; tyf
emf/kftsf] uGw klg cfO/x]sf] lyof] .
dnfO{ tkfO{+n] k]ml/ k5fOlbP x'GYof] . dnfO{ d];} glbO{
k5fpg'xf];\ . d :s'naf6 kms{+b} ubf{ tkfO{+af6 lk5f ul/Psf] dg
k/fp5' . yfxf 5, d]/f] gof :s'n klxn]eGbf 6f9f 5 .
/ ltdL dnfO{ Tof] eJo 9f]sfcufl8 klxnf]kN6 b]v]h:tf]
un]{pm, xf]Og t < ltdL dnfO{ kmnfd] 9f]sfsf] csf]{ klaf6 x]/]/
nhfpg]5f}
xf]Og . d tkfO{+nfO{ leq lgDTofpg]5' d]/f] 3/ olt 7"nf]
5 ls tkfO{+ e]l6g'x'Gg . d o;af/] ljZj:t 5' . d]/f] sf]7fdf ;d]t
tkfO{+nfO{ n'sfpg ;Sg]hlt 7fp 5 .
luDk]O{n] cfk"mleq v';Lsf] nKsf p7]sf] dx;'; uof] / l5}
g} p;n] s]6Lsf] of]hgfnfO{ Jojxf/df t ptfof] t/ lx;fsf]sf]
kl/jf/n] rfn kfOxfNof] .
To;kl5 dlxgf} / jiff}{+;Dd pm / lx;fsf]aLr b"/L /lx/of] .
t}klg clxn] To; 5fqn] p;nfO{ tfnsf] lsgf/af6 tn
wsflnlbPkl5 uf]w"lnsf] xNsf nflndfnfO{ x]b}{ klN6/xbf p;sf]
d'vaf6 lx;fsf]s} gfd k'mTSof] . lx;fsf], lx;fsf], pm 6L7nfUbf]
:j/df s/fof] . ckf6{d]G6df kms]{kl5 p;n] cfgf s'd / 3'8fsf
kf\u|fdf rf]6 nfu]/ /ft} eO;s]sf] kfof] M pm 3;fl/Psf] lsgf/sf]
kfvf] p;sf] cfgf] nDafOeGbf emG8} bf]Aa/ lyof] .
ef]lnkN6 ;fem luDk]O{nfO{ lu\Suf] v nx/} plePsf]
le/fnf]df To; s]6LnfO{ k]ml/ x]g{ s'ts'tL nfUof] s]6L eg] p;sf]
k5fx6af6 7fKk} lrlGtt gePh:tL g} lyO{ luDk]O{n] s]6LnfO{
s;/L xflg k'ofpg ;S5 / egL b'v;fy ;f]Rof] p;sf] b'v
hnL xf; cfsfzdf p8]kl5sf] b'v h:tf] lyof] === cyjf
;dokL pHofnf] vf]nf aUb} uPsf] x]bf{ pTkGg b'v h:tf] lyof] .
p;sf] cfg} hLjg klg ef]ln cGTo x'g ;S5 / g of] s]6L g}
;bfsf nflu ;'Gb/ /lx/xg ;S5] .
{ 70 |

t/ luDk]O{n] cl3Nnf] lbg 5fq;u s'/f u/]/ lrghfg

ul/;s]sfn] pm g lu\Suf] vd'lg le/fnfdf ef}tfl/g ;SYof] g
s]6fn] s]6LnfO{ klv{a:g] lsgf/df uO{ a:g ;SYof] . To;}n] p;n]
v}v ePsf] k]6L / Ps ;fdGtsf] anfsf] aLr /x]sf] vf8ndf
n'Sg] lg0f{o uof] . olb s'g} k|x/Ln] p;nfO{ ;f]Wof] eg] p;n]
cfgf] uf]8fdf rf]6 nfu]sf] / cfk"m /S;L vfP/ vf8ndf n8]sf]
cyjf s'g} u'G8ff/f To;df kmflnPsf] eGg ;SYof] . dflQPsf] eGg'
a9L ;'/lIft a'lemPsfn] ;f; ugfcf];\ egL luDk]O{n] 3/af6
lx8\g'cl3 clnslt lkP/ af6f nfu]sf] lyof] .
luDk]O{n] cl3Nn} lbg vf8n x]/]sf] lyof] / Tof] p;nfO{ ulx/f]
nfUof] t/ leq l5/]kl5 p;n] Tof] rf}8f t/ lgs} ulx/f] gePsf]
kfof] . To;sf] b'j} 5]p Psbd kSsL kvf{n lyP eg] eO klg 9'fn]
5fPsf] lyof] . 9'faLrsf lk/fxdf 3f; pd|]sf] lyof] / ut jif{sf
s'lxPsf kftx eOdf kq}kq ag]/ ;l8/x]sf lyP . ;8s5]psf]
kvf{ndf 6fl;P/ a:g] xf] eg] dfly le/fnf]af6 cfpg]xn] p;nfO{
x]g{ ;Qm}gy] . pm Toxf aL;tL; ldg]6 n's]/ al;/xbf p;nfO{
kvf{nsf] s'g} 9'fnfO{ lsl6Ss 6f]Sg] OR5f hfu]/ cfof] p;n]
9'fxsf aLr Pp6f a}hgL k"mn k'mln/x]sf] b]Vof] / 3l;|P/ cln
glhs k'u]kl5 p;n] cfgf] d'v vf]nL bftn] yf]/} 6f]s]/ lgNof]
Tof] lgNg uf/f] kof] / luDk]O{n] si6;fy cfgf cf;' yfDg] k|of;
uof] .
s]6L le/fnfsf] k]mbdf cfgf] s's'/;u b]vf k/L . cfgf
kfv'/f lkmhfP/ / 9'fsf] 5]p5]p ;dfpb} luDk]O{n] la:tf/} 6fpsf]
prfNof] . p;nfO{ kvf{n elTsg} nfu]h:tf] eof] p;sf xft
sfld/x]sf lyP eg] d'6' 9'fxnfO{ 7f]s]em} w8\ls/x]sf] lyof] .
s]6Ln] cl3Nnf] lbg nfPs} ;]tf] :j]6/ le/]sL lyO{ . t/
p;n] lhG;sf] ;f uf9f /ftf] :s6{ nfPsL lyO{ / p;n] nfPsf
h'Qf klg klxn]eGbf /fd|f lyP . ;]tf] / /ftf] / :jR5 xl/of
vxaLr nx/fpb} cfP . pm luDk]O{sf] 6fpsfsf] 7Ls dfly
cfOk'Ubf p;sf] xft luDk]O{sf cfvfcufl8 lyof] . 5fnfsf] / uf]/f]
lyof] eg] p;sf kfv'/f cem w]/} sf]dn . p;sf] cfsif{s lrp8f]
lgofNb} luDk]O{n] ;/fxgf:jk s/fpb} cfvf lrDd uof] . clg
s]6fnfO{ b]v]/ pm a]:;/L kmtkmtfof], cf]x, pm cfP5 .
Tof] ljBfyL{ lsgf/sf] l;/fgdf s]6Lsf] kvf{Odf lyof] .
luDk]O{n] le/fnf]eGbf sl/a cfwfsf] b"/Ldf /x]sf] vfN8fsf] d'lgaf6
x]l//xbf b'j} hgf lsgf/}lsgf/ lxl8/x]sf lyP . pgLx 3'8f;Ddsf]
{ 71 |

cUnf] xl/of] 3f;dfly pl8/x]h:tf b]lvGy] . luDk]O{n] ;fem

gk?Gh]n s]6L kms{g] af6f] klv{/of] . t/ pm cf]/fnf] em/L . ;fob
To; ljBfyL{n] lxhf] e]6]sf] ckl/lrt JolQmaf/] eg]sfn] pgLx
Tof] af6f] klG5P/ uPsf lyP .
To;b]lv luDk]O{ k|foM lu\Suf] vx ePsf] le/fnf]df
ef}tfl//xg'sf ;fy} 3f;] lsgf/df 3G6f} xlNn/xGYof] t/ p;n]
s]6LnfO{ e]6]g . p;sf] 5ljn] p;nfO{ /flt klg em:sfpYof] . gof
kfn'jfx l5} g} uf9f xl/of] eP/ cfP / sfnf g'x]sf vxn]
sfnf]kq] ;8sdf kg]{ rGb|dfsf] pHofnf]dfly 8/nfUbf 5fof
kfl//x]sf lyP . p;n] dxf;fu/sf] sfnf]kgfaf6 PSsfl; 8/fP/
hfkfgL ;fu/sf] t6df l:yt cfgf] 3/tk{m s'n]nd 7f]s]sf] lbg
;De]m/ Nofof] . p;n] vf8nsf] kLwdf la/fnfsf aRrfx
DofpDofp u/]sf] cfjfh ;'g]/ /f]lsO{ d'lg x]of] . p;n] ltgnfO{
x]g{ ;s]g t/ leq s]xL rndnfPsf] Pp6f afs; xNsf b]lvGYof] .
of] 7fp la/fnfsf aRrfx kmfNg ;fRrL g} c;n /x]5, p;n]
dgdg} ;f]Rof] .
s;}n] ev}/} hGd]sf la/fnfsf aRrfxnfO{ afs;df /fvL
Toxf 5fl8lbPsf lyP . tL sltj6f lyP Sof/ < lar/f ef]sef]s}
dg]{ eP . p;n] la/fnfsf aRrfxk|ltsf] ;xfg'e"ltdf ltgsf]
lanf}gf ;'Gg al;/of] . t/ a]n'sf ePkl5 Tof] s]6L k]ml/ slxNo}
cf]/fnf]df b]lvOg .
h'g dlxgfsf] ;'?lt/ p;n] le/fnf]glhs} vf8ndf h"gsL/L
;dfTg] kf6L{sf] cfof]hgf x'g]af/] cvaf/df k9]sf] lyof] . vf8nd}
ef8fsf nflu 8'fx c8fO/flvPsf lyP . p;n] Toxf cfgf]
s's'/ 3'dfpg nu]sLn] p;sf] 3/ glhs} x'g'k5{ .
p;sf] dfjnLdf /x]sf] tfn klg h"gsL/Lsf nflu k|l;4
lyof] / luDk]O{sL cfdfn] p;nfO{ tL h"gsL/L ;dfTg egL nUg]
uyL{ . pm cf]5fgdf k'u]/ h"gsL/LxnfO{ e"mndf 5fl8lbGYof] .
ofof]O{n] klg To;} uyL{]{ . p3f/} /x]sf] of/{ v'Ng] 9f]sfaf6 p;n]
csf]{ sf]7fdf ofof]O{nfO{ cfgf] e"mnleq s;n] a9L h"gsL/L
;dft]sf] xf] egL uGb} u/]sf] x]g{ ;SYof] . h"gsL/Lx k'mt'k'mt'
pl8/xg] x'bf ofof]O{nfO{ uGg uf/f] kb{Yof] .
lugrfg, 7u ltdL ;w} 7U5f} ofof]O{ p7]/ pmlt/
d'8\sL xNnfO{ .
p;n] cfgf xftn] e"mnnfO{ lxsf{pg nfUbf Tof] xlNnP/
Toxf al;/x]sf h"gsL/Lx rndnfP t/ e"mnn] s]xL gug]{ x'bf
{ 72 |

ofof]O{ a9L pQ]lht eP/ d'8\sL grfpb} a'?Ssa'?Ss pk|mg yfnL .

p;n] ;fgf] sl:;Psf] kfv'/f ePsf] udL{ ofddf nfpg] lsdf]gf]
nfPsL lyO{ eg] p;sf] :s6{ 3'8fdfly u'hd'lhPsf] lyof] h;n] ubf{
e"mnsf] tNnf] efu luDk]O{tk{m crDd;u kmx/fO/x]sf] lyof] . ofof]O{
6fpsf]dfly gLnf] e"mn cf]9]sL e"tgL h:tL b]lvGyL .
clxn] d;u ltdLeGbf a9L h"gsL/Lx 5g\ k5fl8 x]/
t luDk]O{n] eg]kl5 ofof]O{ kmgSs kmsL{ .
jf:tjdf d;u a9L h"gsL/Lx 5g\
p;n] kSs} klg luDk]O{eGbf a9L h"gsL/Lx hDdf kf/]h:tL
lyO{ . e"mn lemlnsldlns hNg] pHofnfsf] ef/n] otfptf
xlNn/x]sf] lyof] .
luDk]O{n] To; ;fem ofof]O{n] nufPsL lsdf]gf]df 7"n7"nf
wsf{sf] l5sf{ ePsf] s'/f cem ;lDem/x]sf] lyof] . t/ luDk]O{sf]
e"mndf a;]sL p;sL cfdf s] ub}{ lyO{ < s] p;n] ofof]O{n] Toqf]
vnanL dRrfPsf] egL s]xL eg]sL lyO{ / < / ofof]O{;u} ;'t]sL
cfdfn] luDk]O{sL cfdfnfO{ hfg eg]sL lyOg / < ofof]O{sf] efO
klg pgLx;u ePsf] x'g'k5{ . t/ p;n] ofof]O{sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf]
dfq ;Demg ;SYof] .
clxn] klg a]nfa]nfdf p;sf] dfjnLglhssf] tfndfly /flt
lah'nL rDs]sf] ememNsf] cfpYof] . ;f/f hldg lah'nL rDs]sf tL
Ifl0fs ;dodf pHofnf] eP/ cfpYof] / To;kl5sf] cWof/f]df
lsgf/df h"gsL/Lx b]vf ky]{ . ltgsf] pkl:ylt To; ememNsf]sf]
;xL c+z lyof] xf]nf t/ p;nfO{ tL cg'af]w ePh:tf] z\sf
nfUYof] lsgeg] lah'nL k|foM h"gsL/L jl/kl/ x'bf udL{ ofddf
rlDsg] ub{5 . p;n] h"gsL/LxnfO{ dflg;xn] tfndf k]mnf
kf/]sf cfgf :juL{o a'afsf] cfTdf;u ldnfpg] s'g} k|of; gu/]
klg tfnaf6 lah'nL x/fpgf;fy PSsfl; 5f]Kg] cWof/f] If0f
lsl~rt\ cz'e ePsf] dx;'; uof] . p;nfO{ Tof] vfln ememNsf]
ePsf] yfxf eP klg /flt cfsfzn] PSsfl; pHofnf] kf/]sf] l:y/
b]lvg] ljzfn / ulx/f] hnIf]qnfO{ hlxn] klg x]bf{ pm k|s[ltsf]
lj:dosf/L /x:o / ;dosf] kL8fn] lylrPsf] dx;'; uYof]{ . dfgf}
lah'nL p;}dfly rDs]/ p;sf jl/kl/ x/]s s'/f k|sfzdo ePsf]
xf];\ .
lx;fsf];usf] klxnf] lj:dosf/L e]6 p:t} ePsf] lyof] . s'g}
a]nf x7L / cg'ejxLg /x]sL pm abln;s]sL lyO{ . luDk]O{ klg pm
PSsfl; slt cf}wL k|ultzLn eO;s]sLdf rlst lyof] / p;nfO{
{ 73 |

lx;fsf]n] cfgf cfdfa'afsf] 3/df 8f]ofP/ nUbf / cfgf] ;'Tg]

sf]7fdf ;'6'Ss nfbf To:t} s'g} efjgf dx;'; eof] .
of] t ;fRrL g} 7"nf] 3/ /x]5, x}g t < s;}n] gb]vLsg}
s;/L lg:s'nf dnfO{ yfxf 5}g .
d tkfO{+nfO{ af6f] b]vfp5' . tkfO{+ ofn x'b} tn emg{
;Sg'x'G5 .
t/ of] dflyNnf] tnf xf]Og / < luDk]O{ cgsgfof] .
d s]xL cf]9\gLx cyjf cyf]{s} hf]8]/ 8f]/L agfOlbG5' .
x]gf]{;\ .
ltdLsxf s'g} s's'/ 5 < dfkm u/, dnfO{ s's'/x dg
kb}{gg\ .
cx, xfdLsxf s'g} s's'/ 5}g .
s'/f ul//fVg';f lx;fsf]n] kmgSs kms]{/ rlDsnf cfvfn]
luDk]O{nfO{ x]/L . yfxf 5 d tkfO{+;u laxf ug{ ;lQmg t/
PskN6sf nflu dfq d tkfO{+;u cfgf] sf]7fdf PSn} a:g
rfxGy] . dnfO{ o:tf] uf]kgLotf, 3f;df n'Sg] sfd dg kb}{g .
jf:tjdf 3f;df n'Sg] sfd eGg] cleJolQmsf] zflAbs
cy{ x'g ;S5 t/ cfhef]ln k|foM o;sf] cy{ 3f;] d}bfgdf cyjf
lrxfgdf eGg] x'G5 .
P, xf] / < lx;fsf] Wofg lbP/ ;'lg/x]sL lyOg .
h] xf];\, d ca hfkfgL efiffsf] lzIfs g/x]sfn] Tof] ;an]
s]xL ub}{g .
t/ ;d:of s] lyof] eg] pm ljutdf To; lsl;dsf] lzIfs
/lx;s]sf] lyof] . ;dfh crDdsf] 5 egL ;f]Rt} / Pp6L :s'n]
5fqfsf] klZrdf z}nLsf] sf]7fsf] eJotf / ck|Toflzt
ljnfl;tfaf6 ljef]/ eO{ luDk]O{nfO{ cfk"m eu'jf ck/fwLeGbf km/s
gePh:tf] efg eof] . p;n] lx;fsf]nfO{ p;sf] gof :s'nsf]
k|j]zf/b]lv 3/;Dd k5fPb]lv p;sf] d'8 k]ml/O;s]sf] lyof] .
bf];|f]kN6sf] of] k5fO c s]xL geO{ Pp6f v]n dfq lyof] h;df
lx;fsf]nfO{ ;a} lgod yfxf eP/ klg cghfg ePem} ul//x]sL
lyO{ . t}klg p;n] cfk"mk|lt plxNo} ;dk{0f ul/;s]sL eP klg
p;n] Tof] of]hgfdf kxn u/]sLdf p;nfO{ v';L nfu]sf] lyof] .
Ps ldg]6 kv{gf];\, lx;fsf]n] p;sf] xft bafpb} egL .
clxn] /fltsf] vfgf vfg] ;do ePsf] 5 .
p;n] lx;fsf]nfO{ cfk"mlt/ tfg]/ DjfO vfof] . lx;fsf] nfdf]
DjfO vfg rfxGyL . To;}n] p;n] cfgf] ;f/f ef/ luDk]O{sf]
{ 74 |

kfv'/fdf c8fO{ . p;n] klg lx;fsf]nfO{ yfDg'kbf{ a9L v';L

dx;'; uof] .
ToltGh]n tkfO{+ s] ug{ rfxg'x'G5 <
c === ltd|f] cfNad cyjf c s]xL 5 <
cx, dfkm ug'{xf]nf, d]/f] 8fo/L klg 5}g . lx;fsf] p;sf
cfvfdf x]b}{ 6fpsf] xNnfO{ .
ltdL slxNo} cfgf] afNosfnaf/] s'/f ulb{gf}, xlu < lsg / <
Tof] Tolt /dfOnf] 5}g .
lx;fsf] cfgf cf]7 gk'5Lsg} uO{ . p;n] lx;fsf] cfgf
kl/jf/l;t 8fOlg 6]a'ndf a:tf s:tL b]lvG5] xf]nL egL ;f]Rof] .
leQfdf /x]sf] vf]Kkfdfly tflgPsf] kbf{k5fl8 luDk]O{n] xft w'g]
;fgf] a]l;g e]6f] . p;n] ;Qs{ eO{ wf/f] vf]n]/ xftd'v wf]of] clg
s'Nnf uof] . pm cfgf uf]8f w'g egL df]hf klg k'msfNg rfxGYof]
t/ lx;fsf]n] d'v w'g] a]l;gd} To;f] ug]{ lxDdt u/]g . h] xf];\,
wf]P/} uf]8f /fd|f] b]lvg] t xf]Ogg\ a? tL slt g/fd|f 5g\ eGg] g}
b]vfpg]5 .
lx;fsf]n] :ofG8ljr agfP/ p;sf nflu gNofPsL eP
pgLxsf] uf]Ko e]63f6af/] Tof] 3/df slxNo} yfxf x'b}gYof] .
p;sf nflu rfbLsf] ls:tLdf skmL Nofpg' klg x]nrqmfO lyof] .
tTsfn} pgLxn] s;}n] 9f]sf 9s9SofPsf] ;'g] clg PSsfl; c7f]6
u/]em} lx;fsf]n] ems]{/ egL, d'jf xf] <
xf] .
9f]sf gvf]Ngf];\ . d;u Ps hgf e]6\g cfpg'ePsf] 5 .
sf] x'g'x'G5 / <
d]/f] lzIfs x'g'x'G5, lx;fsf]n] ws k'msfP/ ;fgf] t/ ;f/f]
:j/df egL . To; a]nf luDk]O{ cfgGbflt/]sn] plDnb} pleof] . To;
a]nf pm;u lk:tf]n eOlbPsf] eP p;n] lx;fsf]nfO{ k5fl8af6
l;4fpYof] xf]nf . p;n] pQm b[Zosf] sNkgf uof] M uf]nLn]
lx;fsf]sf] 5ftL lr/]/ 9f]sfk5fl8 ple/x]sL p;sL cfdfnfO{
nfUof] . 9f]sfsf] jfl/kfl/ ple/x]sf b'j} dlxnf kl5lNt/ x'lQP t/
lx;fsf] cfsif{s kdf cfgf] hLpnfO{ a\Uofpb} kmsL{ / 9Ng}
nfUbf luDk]O{sf] uf]8f ;dfTg k'uL . p;sf] 3fpaf6 /utsf] e]n
aUof] / luDk]O{sf] uf]8f x'b} au]/ leqL efunfO{ lgy|'Ss} lehfOlbof] .
Ps} If0fdf Tof] v;|f], Wjf;] 5fnf u'nfkmsf kq;l/ g/d / kljq
eP/ cfof] eg] p;sf v'lDrPsf wg'iffsf/ cx l;kLem} lrNnf]
eP/ cfP . lx;fsf]sf] Gofgf] /utdf leh]/ p;sf afb/sf hqf
{ 75 |

uf]8fsf aff, vlbnf / rfp/L k/]sf cf}nfx klg k'tnfsf em}

g/d eP/ cfP . lx;fsf]sf] hLpaf6 dfq} Toltljlw /ut slxNo}
aUg g;Sg'kg{] eGg] ;f]rn] PSsfl; luDk]O{nfO{ cfgf] 5ftLdf
ePsf] 3fpsf] ;Demgf lbnfof] . p;nfO{ d"R5f{ k?nf h:tf] eof]
dfgf} pm k~r/L afbndf 3]l/Psf] xf];\ h;dfly r9]/ cfldbf a'4
;Rrf eQmsf cfTdf u|x0f ug{ hfG5g\ . of] pTs[i6 :j}/sNkgf
lgd]ife/ dfq /of] .
d]/L 5f]/Lsf] /ut tkfO{+sf] uf]8fsf] cf}nfdf ePsf] 3fpdf
nfpg egL :s'n nu]sf] dnddf ldl;Psf] 5 .
luDk]O{n] lx;fsf]sf a'afsf] :j/ ;'Gof] / nuQ} sqmSs kof] .
t/ p;nfO{ k]ml/ lje|d ePsf] lyof] . p;sf] xf]; v'n]kl5
zflGtk"j{s 9f]sfcufl8 plePsL lx;fsf]sf] 5lj dfq b]vf kof] /
p;sf] 8/ x/fof] . csf{kl s'g} xNnfvNnf lyPg . p;nfO{ cfk"mn]
9f]sfaf6 5f]/Lsf] ss]{ gh/sf cufl8 sfDb} u/]sL cfdfnfO{ x]g{
;lsg] nfUof] pm s'v'/L lyO{, ;jf{ gf} / p;sf kv]6f cfg}
rNnfn] pv]lnlbPsf] lyof] p;sf PSnf kbrfkx tn xndf
x/fP ;Lwf 9f]s}df k'u]/ lx;fsf]n] 9f]sf a]:;/L nufpb} ofG8ndf
xft /fv]s} cj:yfdf luDk]O{tk{m kmsL{ . 9f]sfcl3 ple/xbf p;sf
ufnfdf cf;' r'lxof] .
cGttM pgLxn] p;sf] a'af s'b\b} cfO/x]sf] ;'g] .
P] lx;fsf], 9f]sf vf]n vf]lnxfn, x} < p;sf] a'afn]
ofG8n ahfof] .
s]xL 5}g, d ltd|f a'afnfO{ e]6\5', luDk]O{n] eGof] .
cx, d tkfO{+n] pxfnfO{ e]6]sf] rfxGg .
lsg rfxGgf} < d c s]xL ug{ ;lQmg .
d tkfO{+nfO{ a'af;u e]6\g lbg rfxGg .
d lx+;s sfd ulb{g . d;u s'g} aGb's 5}g .
d rfxGg . ofnaf6 aflx/ uOlbg';\ . s[kof
ofnaf6 < x'G5 . d]/f] h:tf uf]8fn] To;f] ug{ ;lhnf]
xf]nf .
h'Qf nfP/ vt/gfs x'g]5 .
d}n] h'Qf nfPsf] 5}g .
lx;fsf]n] 3/f{xaf6 b'O{tLgj6f cf]9\gL lems]/ ltgLxnfO{
uf;L . aflx/ 9f]sfdf p;sf] a'af emg\emg\ d'/d'l/b} lyof] .
Ps}l5gdf vf]N5' . s[kof Psl5g kv{gf];\ . xfdL b'j} hgf
Ps}rf]l6 cfTdxTof cyjf To:t} s'g} cGo sfd ug]{jfnf 5}gf} .
{ 76 |

s] /] < s:tf] 8/nfUbf] s'/f u/]sL

t/ tL zAbn] p;sf] a'afsf] ;ftf] lnPh:tf] lyof] /
s]xLa]/;Dd pgLxn] 9f]sfafx/af6 s'g} cfjfh ;'g]gg\ .
ofnaflx/ e'mlG8Psf] cf]9\gLxdfly luDk]O{sf] ef/ yfDg
vf]Hbf lx;fsf] /f]O{ . p;n] tL cf]9\gLnfO{ b'j} xftdf a]/]sL lyO{ /
luDk]O{n] tn ;/{ emg'{cufl8 cfgf] gfssf] 6'Kkf] lx;fsf]sf cf}nfdf
/ul8of] . p;n] lx;fsf]sf cf}nfdf r'Dg rfx]sf] lyof] t/ tnlt/
x]bf{ p;sf gfsn] ltgdf :kz{ uof] . lx;fsf] eg] 9f8 ;f]ofpb}
ofnd'lgsf] leQfdf s'lxgf 6]sfP/ a;L . ofnaflx/ e'mlG8/x]sf]
luDk]O{ dfly k'u]/ cfef/ k|s6 ub}{ labfOsf] DjfO vfg c;dy{
lyof] t/ p;sf] uf]8f eOdf kl/;s]kl5 p;n] efjfj]zdf b'O{kN6
cf]9\gLxnfO{ em6\sf lbof] . bf];|f] em6\sfsf] s'g} k|ltlqmof cfPg /
cf]9\gLx pHofnf] ofnd'lg km/km/fpb} em/] .
s] oL d]/f nflu x'g\ < p;n] s/fP/ ;f]Wof] . To;f] eP d
ltgnfO{ ;bfsf nflu cfk"m;u} /fVg]5' .
Ps xftdf cf]9\gLx xNnfpb} au}r}au}rf eP/ luDk]O{
efUof] . em k5fl8 kms]{/ x]bf{ p;n] lx;fsf] / csf]{ cfs[lt;fob
p;sf] a'afnfO{ cfk"m pDs]/ cfPsf] ofn5]p pleO/x]sf] b]Vof] .
p;sf] a'af 7"nf] :j/df s/fpg ;ls/x]em} lyPg . otf luDk]O{ eJo
kmnfd] u]6af6 afb/em} plk|mof] .
p;n] ;f]Rof]Tolt ;a eO;s]kl5 s] lx;fsf]sf] clxn] laxf
eO;s]5 xf]nf < ===
To; lbgb]lv luDk]O{n] lx;fsf]nfO{ PskN6 dfq e]6]sf] lyof] .
jf:tjdf pm lx;fsf]n] 3f;df n's]sf] egL j0f{g u/]sf] 7fp
o'4df Wj:t p;sf] kl/jf/sf] k'/fgf] 3/df k|foM hfg] uYof]{ t/
Toxf p;n] g lx;fsf]nfO{ 3f;df 3l;|/x]sf] e]6f] g s\lqm6
kvf{nsf] leqL efudf s'g} ;Gb]z n]lvPsf] kfof] . t}klg p;n]
slxNo} cf; df/]g / a]nfa]nfdf To; :yfgdf uO/xGYof] . oxf;Dd
ls 3f; cf]On]/ lxpn] 9flsg] hf8f] ofddf klg Toxf uO/xGYof] .
clg Ps lbg j;Gt ofddf p;n] Toxf tfhf xl/of] 3f;dfem
lx;fsf]nfO{ a;]sf] b]v]/ 5Ss kof] .
pm gf]a'sf] cf]Gbf;u lyO{ . klxn] t luDk]O{sf] d'6' lx;fsf]
;fob slxn]sfxL p;nfO{ e]6\g] cf;df cfPsL, t/ e]6\g gkfPsL
xf]nL eGg] ;f]r]/ plk|mof] t/ lx;fsf]sf] cg'xf/df b]lvg] cfZro{
efjn] eGYof]p;n] luDk]O{sf] 7fKk} ck]Iff u/]sL lyOg / Toxf
p;n] cf]GbfnfO{ e]6\g] rfhf]kfhf] dfq ldnfPsL lyO{ . t/ oltsf
{ 77 |

dflg;xdf cf]Gbf g} lsg < Tof] klg pgLxsf] k'/fgf] uf]Ko

:yfgdf < h] xf];\, p;n] luDk]O{;u ljZjf;3ft u/]sL lyO{ . luDk]O{
cfk"mn] af]Ng] s'/fdf rgfvf] /xg rfof] .
;/ lx;fsf] af]nL .
;/ cf]Gbfn] dfgf} p;nfO{ lgoGq0fdf /fVgsf nflu 7"nf]
:j/df To;} u/L af]nL .
s] ltdL clxn] klg o:tf] vfn] dflg;;u lx88'n u5f}{,
tfdfsL d}of < luDk]O{n] cfgf] lrp8f] cf]Gbftk{m prfNof] . b'j}
s]6L kftnf] rf/s'g] gfOngsf] lk/fdf a;]sf lyP .
>Ldfg\ df]df]O{, lx;fsf] cfh cfgf] :s'nsf] Uo|fh'P;g
;df/f]xdf uPsL lyO{, cf]Gbfn] luDk]O{nfO{ 7"n7"nf cfvfn] x]b}{ egL .
P p;sf] Uo|fh'P;g ;df/f]xdf === dnfO{ yfxf ePg .
p;n] cfk"mn] rfx]eGbf a9L g} af]ln;s]sf] lyof] .
d To; lbgb]lv :s'n uPsL 5}g, lx;fsf]n] ljgozLn
eP/ af]nL .
a'e]m .
lx;fsf]sf zAbn] p;sf] x[bonfO{ 5f]P t/ cf]Gbfsf] grflxbf]
pkl:yltn] xf] cyjf cfgf] k'/fgf] lzIfs kbaf6 lg/f; eP/ dfq
xf], p;n] ck|Toflzt kdf eGof], t/ To;f] ePsf] xf] eg] ltdLn]
s;/L Uo|fh'P6 ug{ kfp5f} <
p;n] kSs} kfp5] . af]8{ cWoIfn] p;sf] l;kmfl/; u/]sf
x'g\ . pQm hafkm cf]Gbfaf6 cfof] . p;n] lx;fsf]sf] enf] jf
s'enf] s] lrtfPsL xf] k|:6 ePg .
x]/, cf]Gbf d}of, ltdL rnfv s]6L 5f} eGg] dnfO{ yfxf 5
t/ aLrdf KofRr af]Ng 5f8 x} < luDk]O{n] eGof] . s] af]8{
cWoIfn] ;df/f]xdf efif0f u/] < p;n] lx;fsf]nfO{ ;f]Wof] .
xh'/ .
yfxf 5, cfhsn d a"9f] cfl/tfsf efif0f sf]lb{g . dnfO{
nfU5, cfhsf] efif0f klxnfeGbf km/s lyof] xf]nf .
efif0f 5f]6f] lyof] .
s] s'/f ul//x]sL < cf]Gbfn] s'/f sf6L . dnfO{ nfUYof]
ltdLx PSsfl; e]6\tf klg Pscsf{;u o;eGbf a9L s'/f
ug]{5f} .
ltdLn] xfdLnfO{ PSn} 5fl8lbP xfdL nfd} s'/f u5f}{+ . t/
ltdL h:tL hf;';n] ;'lg/x]sf] a]nf xf]Og . ltdLn] tfdfsL d}ofnfO{
s]xL eGg' 5 eg] rf8f] elgxfn .
{ 78 |

d hf;'; xf]Og . d}n] tfdfsL d}ofnfO{ tkfO{+sf] g/fd|f]

k|efjaf6 hf]ufpg vf]h]sL dfq x' . d]/} kqn] p;nfO{ :s'n km]g{
;3fof] / pm gof :s'n guP klg sDtLdf tkfO{+sf] lavfn'
pkl:yltaf6 pDs]sL lyO{ . dnfO{ tfdfsL d}of lgs} dg k5]{ /
tkfO{+n] dnfO{ h] ug{ vf]h] cyjf u/] klg d k|ltsf/ ug]{5' . h]
xf];\, p;n] tkfO{+nfO{ 3[0ff u5]{ .
d ltdLnfO{ s] u < ltdL oxfaf6 t'?Gt} lg:s]gf} eg]
ltdLnfO{ xflg x'g ;S5 .
d tfdfsL d}ofnfO{ 5f8\lbg . d}n] g} pm;u oxf e]6\g] s'/f
ldnfPsL x' . To;}n] s[kof tkfO{+ g} hfg'xf];\ .
s] ltdL ;+/lIfsf h:tL xf} <
d lsg aGg'k5{ / < tkfO{+ vt/f s'/f ug'{x'G5 . cf]Gbfn]
Psflt/ x]/]/ egL . lx;fsf], 3/ hfcf} . ltdL o; 8/nfUbf]
dflg;nfO{ 3[0ff u5{f} / p;nfO{ k]ml/ e]6\g rfxGgf} egL eGb]pm .
kv d}n] tfdfsL d}of;u ltdLn] eg]cg';f/ ug'{kg]{ s'/f
l;4fO;s]sf] 5}g . To;}n] ltdL hfpm . / p;n] cf]Gbfsf]
6fpsf]df ljgd| kf/fn] ykykfof] .
crDd 5, cf]Gbfn] cfgf] 6fpsf] xNnfpb} egL .
;fRrL g} crDdnfUbf] 5 . ltdLn] kl5Nnf]kN6 slxn] cfgf]
skfn wf]of} < of] ugfpg nfUg'eGbf cufj} s]xL ul/xfNg'k5{ . c
s'g} dflg;n] o:tf] skfnnfO{ 5'g] klg 5}g . cf]Gbf d'/d'l/Ph:t}
lyO{ . x]/, ;'g, ltdL efU5f} ls eflUbgf} < yfxf 5, dnfO{ s'g}
dlxnfnfO{ lxsf{pg cyjf nft xfGg cfpb}g .
dnfO{ s;}n] lxsf{pg] cyjf nft xfGg] s'/fsf] jf:tf 5}g .
w]/} /fd|f] . luDk]O{n] cf]Gbfsf] gf8L ;dfP/ tfGg} nfUbf
cfk"m lx;fsf]tk{m kms]{/ eGof], x'G5 <
lx;fsf]sf cfvfn] ;xdlt efj b]vfPh:tf] lyof] To;}n]
luDk]O{n] xf}l;P/ cf]GbfnfO{ tfGof] .
x'b}g kVgf];\ s] ug{ nfUg'ePsf] x <
p;n] luDk]O{sf] xftdf 6f]Sg vf]hL .
To;f] eP ltdL d]/f] ;fgf] l3gnfUbf] xftdf DjfO vfg
rfxG5f} <
d tkfO{+nfO{ 6f]lslbG5', cf]Gbf s/fO{ t/ wDSofPh:t} ul/g .
pgLx eUgfjz]ifsf] csf{kl plxNo} 9f]sf eP 7fpdf k'Ubf
cf]Gbf cfk"mlt/ Wofg gtflgg] u/L ;Lwf ple/x]sL lyO{ . t/
luDk]O{n] p;sf] gf8L ;dfO/x]/ Pp6f vfnL 6fS;LnfO{ af]nfof] .
{ 79 |

x]/, of] s]6L 3/af6 efu]/ cfPsL 5] / cf]df]/L :6];gsf]

;fd'Gg] o;sf] kl/jf/sf] s'g} ;b:o o;nfO{ kv]{/ al;/x]sf] 5 . s]
ltdL uf8L s'bfP/ o;nfO{ Toxf;Dd k'ofOlbG5f} < luDk]O{n]
s]6LnfO{ prfn]/ kf]sf] kfb}{ 6fS;Ldf /fvlbof] . p;n] cfgf]
vNtLaf6 Ps xhf/ o]gsf] Pp6f gf]6 lems]/ 8fOe/sf] l;6df
kmflnlbof] . 6fS;L cufl8 u'8\g yfNof] .
kms]{/ cfpbf p;n] lx;fsf]nfO{ cem klg kvf{nk5fl8
gfOngsf] lk/fdfly al;/x]sf] kfof] .
d}n] pm 3/af6 efu]/ cfPsL eGb} p;nfO{ 6fS;Ldf
x'ofOlbP . pm cf]df]/L uO{ . To;sf nflu d}n] Ps xhf/ o]g
ltg'{kof] .
d kSsf eGg ;S5' ls p;n] To;sf] abnf k]ml/ d]/f]
kl/jf/nfO{ lr7L n]v]/ lnG5] .
laR5Lsf] csf]{ lr7L, xf] <
t/ p;n] gn]Vg klg ;S5] . pm ljZjljBfno hfg rfxG5]
/ pm oxf dnfO{ klg hfpm egL kmsfpg cfPsL lyO{ . p;sf]
of]hgf d]/f] lghL lzIfs;/x aGg' /x]sf] 5 h;n] ubf{ d]/f a'afn]
p;sf] sn]h kmL a]xf]g'{x'g]5 . p;sf] kl/jf/ w]/} ;DkGg 5}g .
s] pm ;fRrL g} ToxL s'/f 5nkmn ug{ ltdLnfO{ oxf e]6]sL
xf] <
xh'/ . hgj/Lb]lv g} p;n] k|foM dnfO{ lr7L n]Vt} e]6\g
elg/x]sL lyO{ . t/ p;nfO{ cfgf] 3/df af]nfpg grfx]/ d}n]
lr7L n]vL Uo|fh'P;g ;df/f]xsf nflu aflx/ cfpg ;Sg] s'/f eg] .
p;n] dnfO{ :s'nsf] 9f]sfdf e]6L / d h;/L eP klg PskN6 k]ml/
oxf cfpg rfxGy] .
To; lbgb]lv d oxf sltkN6 cfP yfxf 5}g === PskN6 t
afSnf] lxpn] 9flsPsf] a]nf klg cfP ===
lx;fsf]n] ;xdlt hgfpg cfgf ufnfdf kg]{ Kof/f
vfN8fx b]vfpb} 6fpsf] xNnfO{ . o; s]6LnfO{ x]/]/ p;sf]
luDk]O{;u k|]d ;DaGw xf]nf egL s;n] sNkgf ug{ ;SYof] xf]nf <
p;sf] lavfn' pkl:ylt sf] s]s:tf c;/ s]6Ldf k/]sf] b]lvGy]
egL luDk]O{ 3f]l/of] .
tkfO{+ oxf cfpg'ePsf] xf]nf egL d k|foM ;f]Rg] u5'{,
lx;fsf]n] egL] .
yfxf 5, af6flt/ lxp kUn]sf] w]/} ;dokl5 klg oxf
hld/x]sf] lyof] . dnfO{ nfU5 kvf{n cUnf] eP/ xf]nf . h] xf];\,
{ 80 |

dflg;xn] aflx/af6 a]Nrfn] oxfsf] lxp lgsfnL kmfn] . 9f]sfsf]

otfkl lxpsf] kxf8} v8f ePsf] lyof] / Tof] klg s;f]s;f] xfd|f]
k|]ddf tuf/f] eO{ plePsf] lyof] === dnfO{ To;d'lg s'g} gfgL
k'l/Psf] xf]nf h:tf] nfUYof] ===
cfk"mn] ul//x]sf cgf}7f / a]t'ssf s'/fxaf6 rlst eO{
luDk]O{ PSsfl; r'k nfUof] . t/ lx;fsf] uDeL/ eP/ ;xdltdf
6fpsf] xNnfO{ . p;n] l56f]l56f] ljifo k]mof] .
s] ltdL cf]Gbf d}of;u ljZjljBfno hfg nfu]sL xf} < s]
k9\g] ljrf/ 5 <
Pp6L s]6L ljZjljBfnodf hfg'sf] w]/} cy{ /xb}g,
lx;fsf]n] lg:k[x efjn] pQ/ lbO{ .
To; lbgsf cf]9\gLxltdLnfO{ ;Demgf 5 < d}n] To;}
lbgb]lv ltgnfO{ ;fr]/ /fv]sf] 5' . ltdLn] tL cf]9\gL cfk"mnfO{
;Demg egL lbPsL x}g t <
dfkm ugf]{;\ tL d]/f xftaf6 lrKn]sf dfq lyP, lx;fsf]n]
lgbf]{if eP/ egL .
s] ltd|f a'afn] ltdLnfO{ ufnL ug'{eof] <
pxfn] dnfO{ PSn} aflx/ hfg lbg'x'Gg .
ltdL :s'n kms]{/ slxNo} uOgf} eGg] yfxf kfPsf] eP d
/flt ltd|f] ofn x'b} dfly pSn]/ e]6\g cfpy] .
slxn]sfxL d dWo/ftdf ofndf pleP/ aflx/ au}rflt/
x]b}{ 6f]nfpg] uy],{+ lx;fsf]n] hafkm lbO{ . t/ p;nfO{ aflx/ hfg
lgif]w ul/Psf] ;dodf lx;fsf] k]ml/ lgbf]{if efjn] a:g] uyL{ /
p;sf ljrf/xnfO{ ulxl/P/ a'g g;Sg] nfu]/ luDk]O{sf] pT;fx
lr;f] eP/ uof] . t}klg cf]Gbf a;]sf] gfOngsf rs6Lsf] cfwf
efudf luDk]O{ a:tf lx;fsf]n] p;nfO{ kG5fpg vf]hL . p;n]
sn/df n]; / t'gf ePsf] ;'Gb/, gof, gLnf] kf];fs nfPsL lyO{ .
p;n] Tof] kf];fs Uo|fh'P;g ;df/f]xsf nflu nfPsL lyO{ Sof/ .
p;n] cTofw'lgs 9n] z[f/ u/] tfklg Tof] slt :jfefljs
vfnsf] lyof] eg] luDk]O{n] kQf nfpg} ;s]g . p;n] yf]/} dfq cQ/
5s]{sL lyO{ . luDk]O{n] p;sf] s'ddfly la:tf/} cfgf] xft /fVof] .
lx8 st} hfcf} . ;u}6f9fefu]/ hfcf} . tfnsf PsfGt
t6xdf ===
d}n] tkfO{+nfO{ k]ml/ ge]6\g] lgwf] u/]sL 5' . d cfh
tkfO{+nfO{ oxf b]v]/ k|;Gg 5' t/ s[kof o;nfO{ xfd|f] clGtd
e]63f6 agfcf} . lx;fsf] zfGt / ljgd| efjdf af]nL h;df
{ 81 |

p;nfO{ lt/:sf/ u/]sf] s'g} efj lyPg . tkfO{+nfO{ gx]/L afRg

;lsg eg] h] eP klg d}n] tkfO{+nfO{ vf]Hg]5' .
t/ d o; ;+;f/sf] kLwd} efl;g yfn] lg ===
d tkfO{+nfO{ vf]hL lgsfNg]5'hldgd'lgaf6 eP klg, pPgf]
:6];gd'lgsf Kof;]hxaf6 klg .
n ca hfcf}
cx, clxn] xf]Og .
lsg xf]Og <
dnfO{ rf]6 nfu]sf] 5 / d]/f] dg cem b'lv/x]5 . t/ dnfO{
la;]s ePsf] a]nf klg tkfO{+sf] rfxgf ePkl5 d cfpg]5' .
dnfO{ nfU5 ===
luDk]O{n] uf]8f;Dd} r'lnPsf] dx;'; uof] .
d a'b5' . d ltdLnfO{ cfgf] ;+;f/df l3:ofpg rfxGg
=== t/ d}n] ltd|f] dgdf uf8]sf s'/fxnfO{ kSs} lal;{b]pm === tL
vt/gfs x'g ;S5g\ . d ;bf ltd|f] cfef/L /xg]5' . d h'gLel/,
ltd|f] eGbf Psbd km/s ;+;f/df, ltd|f] ;Demgf ul//xg]5' .
d}n] ;s] eg] tkfO{+nfO{ e'Ng] k|of; ug]{5' .
xf], Tof] /fd|f] x'g]5 . luDk]O{n] ;f] s'/f ank"j{s eg] klg
p;nfO{ Ps y/L lg/fzfn] 3f]r]/ Nofof] . t/ cfh === p;sf]
:j/ n8a8fof] .
lx;fsf]n] ck|Toflzt 9n] ;xdlt hgfpb} 6fpsf] xNnfO{ .
6fS;Ldf pm r'k nflu/xL] / zfGt efjn] cfvf a]:;/L
lrDd u/L al;/xL] . p;sf ufnfdf Ps k|sf/sf] rds b]vf kof] .
ltd|f cfvf vf]n . ltgdf k|]t a;]sf] 5 d afhL yfKg
;S5' .
lx;fsf]n] tTsfn} cfvf Roft]/ x]/L t/ ltgnfO{ s'g} s'/fn]
;tfO/x]sf] b]lvPg .
tL slt pbf; 5g\, x} < eGb} p;n] p;sf] k/]nf cfgf
cf]7dfem RofKof] . ltdLnfO{ ofb 5 <
xh'/, ofb 5 . lx;fsf]sf] ;fptLsf] cfjfh luDk]O{sf]
sfgdf vf]qmf], dw'/f] u'gu'gsf] kdf u'lGhof]] .
To; lbgb]lv p;n] To;nfO{ k]ml/ slxNo} e]6]g . pm k|foM
To; eUgfjz]if :yndf ef}tfl//xGYof] / Ps lbg 9f]sfg]/sf]
If]qjl/kl/ sf7sf] af/ nfPsf], 3f; sfl6Psf] / eO ;DDofOPsf]
kfof] . 8]9, ;fob b'O{, jif{kl5 Pp6f ;fgf] 3/ b]lvg] 7fpdf lgdf{0f
sfo{ ;'? eof] . Tof] eg] lx;fsf]sf] a'afsf nflu xf]Og xf]nf . p;n]
{ 82 |

hUuf a]lr;Sof] ls egL luDk]O{ 3f]l/of] . pm cfvf lrDd u/]/

l;sdL{sf] /Gbfsf] Psf]xf]/f] tfn ;'Gb} ple/of] .
labf, p;n] cg'kl:yt lx;fsf]nfO{ eGof] . p;n]
lx;fsf]nfO{ u/]sf] ;Demgfaf6 gof 3/df a:g cfpg] dflg;xnfO{
v';L t'Nofpg] cfzf uof] . /Gbfsf] cfjfh clt ;'vs/ lyof] .
cGttM luDk]O{ Pstfsf 3f;df n's]sf] elgPsf] o;
:yfgdf cfpg 5f8f] . pQm :yfg csf{] :jfdLdf x:tfGt/0f
ePh:tf] lyof] t/ luDk]O{n] s'g} tl/sfaf6 lx;fsf]n] laxf
ul/;s]sL / pm :jo+ To; 3/df ;g{ nfu]sL 5] eGg] s'/f yfxf
kfpg ;s]g .

{ 83 |

dnfO{ lgZro 5 pm cfp5], luDk]O{n] dgdg} eGof] .

ef8fsf nflu 8'fx /flvPsf] vf8ng]/ h"gsL/L ;dfTg dfrL
cfpg] s'/fdf p;nfO{ olt ljZjf; lyof] ls p;n] cGttM To;nfO{
t];|f]kN6 e]6f] .
pQm 36gf emG8} kfr lbg;Dd rNof] t/ pm Toxf lbgx'
hfg tof/ eP klg p;n] lx;fsf] cfpg] Pp6f /ft ls6fg
ul/;s]sf] 5 . To;f] ePsf] b'O{ lbgkl5 ;dfrf/kqn] ;f]af/] n]v]sf]
lyof] . To;}n] ;fob luDk]O{sf] cGt1f{gn] dfq p;nfO{ Tof] ug{
xf}:ofPsf] lyPg lsgeg] s]6Ln] klg Tof] n]v k9]kl5 Toxf hfg
pT;flxt ePsf] x'g' k5{ . luDk]O{n] vNtLdf cvaf/ /fv]/ 3/af6
lx8\bf s]6LnfO{ e]6\g] k"j{sNkgfn] p;sf] dg k'm? lyof] . s]6Lsf
nfdf, ;'n'Q k/]sf cfvfsf] uxgtf aofg ug]{ kof{Kt zAb
gePh:tf] lyof] / lx8\b} hfbf a"9L cf}nf / rf]/ cf}nfn] 5fDbf
luDk]O{n] cfg} cfvfjl/kl/ ;fgf], ;'Gb/ df5fsf] cfsf/ k]mnf
kfof] . :ju{af6 cfpg] ;Ltn] p;sf sfg eg{ yfn] .
luDk]O{n] dgdg} k|z+;f ub}{ eGof], csf]{ h'gLdf d /fd|f]
uf]8f lnP/ hlGdg]5' . ltdL clxn] h:tL g} /xg]5f} / xfdL ;]tf]
Aofn]df ;u} gfr ug]{5f} . s]6Lsf] n'uf zf:qLo Aofn]df nfOg]
lgs} df]xf]/L ePsf] ;]tf] :s6{ lyof] h'g kmgkmg gfRg] / kmx/fpg]
ul//x]sf] lyof] .
pm /fd|L 5}g t < pm kSs} klg /fd|f] kl/jf/sL 5] .
b'ef{Uojz To:tf] k"0f{tf ;f]/;qsf] pd]/kl5 e]l6Gg / pm klg s]xL
jif{;Dd dfq} To:tL /xG5], luDk]O{n] ;f]Rof] . t/ p;sf] ;f}Gbo{nfO{
s]n] Tolt rf]vf] / nflndfo'Qm agfO/x]sf] lyof] ha ls cGo
s]6Lx cfgf] hjfgL / cfsif{0f :s'n] kf7k':tsxdf
latfO/x]sf] kfOGYof] .
8'f3/df Pp6f ;"rgf /flvPsf] lyof]M h"gsL/Lx /flt
cf7 ah] 5f]l8g]5g\ . 6f]lsof]df h'g dlxgfdf sl/a ;f9] ;ft ah]
/ft k5{ . To;}n] ToltGh]n luDk]O{ vf8ndfly /x]sf] k'njfl/kfl/
8'ln/of] .
s[kof 8'f lng rfxg]x gDa/ lnP/ kv{g'x'G5 < Pp6f
9\jfn] a/fa/ k'mQm} lyof] . h"gsL/L ;dfTg] v]nn] olt 3'Orf]
{ 84 |

a9f] ls 8'f ef8f ug]{ dflg;n] hfgfhfgL To;f] u/]e}m a'lemof] .

klv{/xbf k'ndf hDdf ePsf] eL8n] d'lg 8'fdf hfg] cfpg]xnfO{
cyjf kfgLdf t}l//x]sf 8'fxnfO{ Tolts} x]g]{afx]s cyf]{s s]xL
ug{ ;Qm}gy] . t/ o:tf] s'g} s'/fn] luDk]O{sf] Wofg tfGg ;s]g .
p;n] klv{/x]sf] s]6LnfO{ dfq xf] .
pm lu\Suf] v ePsf] kfvfdf b'O{kN6 k'u]/ cfO;s]sf]
lyof] . klxn]e}m vf8ndf n'Sg'knf{ egL pm s]xLa]/ 9'] kvf{ndf
xft c8fP/ 6'q'mSs a:of] . t/ /fltsf] ;df/f]xn] Toxf c dflg;
klg tflgPsf lyP / ltgsf] kbrfkn] p;nfO{ Toxfaf6 efUg afWo
u/fof] . p;sf k5fl8 cem c kbrfkx klg ;'lgGy] t/ p;n]
kms]{/ Totf x]/]g .
kfvfsf] k]mbLdf /x]sf] rf}/:tfdf k'u]/ luDk]O{n] Toxfsf]
sf]nfxnsf] lg/LIf0f uof] . k'neGbf k/sf ;8sdf aNg] aQLxn]
cfsfznfO{ plhNofO/x]sf lyP eg] sf/sf cufl8sf aQLx
af6fdf kNofsk'n'Ss ul//x]sf lyP . ca sfo{qmd ;'? x'g}
nfu]sfn] luDk]O{ pQ]lht lyof] t/ s]xL sf/0fjz pm vf8nlt/
hfg g;sL csf{kl uof] . Tof] cfjf;Lo If]q lyof] . h"gsL/L
;dfTg] ;df/f]xdf nfu]kl5 p;sf k5fl8 ;'lgg] kbrfksf] :j/
x/fpb} uof] . t/ luDk]O{nfO{ PSsfl; cfgf k5fl8 s;}n] Pp6f
sfuh 6f:t} u/]sf] nfUof] . lgik6 sfnf] kfgfdf /ftf] tL/ sf]l/Psf]
lyof] h;n] ;df/f]x:ynsf] af6f] b]vfpYof] . luDk]O{n] cfgf k5fl8
6fl;Psf] sfuh RofTg vf]Hof] t/ Toxf;Dd p;sf] xft k'Ug}
;s]g . p;sf] kfv'/f b'Vg'sf ;fy} hf]gL{ emdemdfpg yfNof] .
tL/ tkfO{+sf] lk7"df eP To;nfO{ k5fpg ;Sg'x'Gg ls
s;f] < d lgsflnlbG5' .
s'g} dlxnfsf] dL7f] :j/ ;'g]/ luDk]O{ kms]{/ x]of] . k5fl8
sf]xL lyPg oBlk vf8ndf hfg egL cfjf;Lo If]qsf dflg;x
cfO/x]sf lyP . Tof] :j/ Ps /]l8of]af6 cfO/x]sf] lyof] / s'g} /]l8of] >'lt_ gf6sdf ;+of]ujz af]lng] s'g} ;+jfbsf] c+z h:tf] nfUYof] .
wGojfb luDk]O{n] sfNklgs :j/tk{m xft xNnfpb} cln
xNsf 9n] cl3 a9f] . s'g} klg dflg;sf] hLjgdf /fxtsf
cK7]/f If0fx cfp5g\ egL pm t/lt lyof] .
k'n;Dd k'Ug] af6fdf k|ltuf]6f kfr / lkh8fel/sf] rfnL;
o]gsf b/n] h"gsL/L a]Rg] s]xL :6nx lyP . vf8ndfly s'g}
h"gsL/L lyPgg\ . k'ndfem k'Ubf luDk]O{n] kfgLdf pEofOPsf] xf]rf]
w/x/fdfly h"gsL/Lsf] x]dfgsf] lkh8f b]Vof] .
{ 85 |

ltgnfO{ 5fl8b]pm ltgnfO{ 5fl8b]pm e'/fe'/L sf}t'xn

jz s/fO/x]sf lyP . k|:6tof h"gsL/Lx w/x/faf6 5l/g] /
d'lgsf] eL8f/f ;dfltg] s'/f] lyof] . b'O{tLg hgf dfG5] w/x/fdfly
lyP / o;sf] kLwdf s]xL ;fgf 8'fx c8fOPsf lyP . 8'fdf
/x]sf sltko dflg;n] af;sf xfuf / hfnL af]s]sf lyP . pgLx
k'ndf tyf kfgLsf] lsgf/g]/ /x]sf eL8eGbf a9L lrl9Psf lyP .
s]xL vDafx lgs} nfdf lyP .
k'nsf] cGTodf h"gsL/L a]Rg] yk :6nx lyP . luDk]O{n]
s;}n] eGb} u/]sf] ;'Gof], pgLx ptf cf]sfofdf h"gsL/L a]R5g\ /
otfkl sf]z' h"gsL/L a]R5g\ . cf]sfofdf h"gsL/Lx ;fgf x'G5g\,
;fRrLs} ;fgf clg Psbd} km/s x'G5g\ . pm :6nx ePtk{m
nfUof] / Toxf x/]s h"gsL/Lsf] df]n b; o]g ePsf] kfof] . of] df]n
bf]Aa/ lyof] t/ ;ft h"gsL/L ePsf] Pp6f lkh8fsf] ljz]if d"No
;o o]g lyof] .
dnfO{ b;j6f 7"nf h"gsL/L lbg'xf];\, eGb} p;n]
ljq]mtfnfO{ b'O{ ;o o]g ydfof] .
oL ;a} 7"nfvfn] x'g\ . ;ft;u} b;j6f h"gsL/L .
h"gsL/L a]Rg]n] cfgf] kfv'/f 7"nf], lr;f], ;"tL emf]nfdf
l5/fPkl5 leq lghL{j a;]sf aQLx ;f; k]mg{ nfu]e}m rndnfP .
Tof] dflg;n] PskN6df Ps cyjf b'O{j6f h"gsL/L lgsfNb} nfdf],
gnL cfsf/sf] lkh8fdf ;fg{ yfNof] . lkh8fdf ;qj6f h"gsL/L
x'g} ;Qm}gg\ egL luDk]O{n] To;nfO{ cfgf cfvfcufl8 Nofof] .
ljZjf; lbnfpg ljq]mtfn] lkh8fleq k'mSof] clg sL/fx
lemlnldnL aNg yfn] . dflg;sf] y"ssf s]xL l56f luDk]O{sf]
cg'xf/df klg kg{ uP .
d]/f] ljrf/df o;nfO{ cln xl;nf] agfpg yk b;j6f
h"gsL/L rflxG5 .
To; dflg;n] yk b; h"gsL/L uGbfx'bL s]6fs]6L v';Ln]
lrRRofpg yfn] / luDk]O{dfly PSsfl; kfgL 5flkof] . w/x/faf6
5fl8Psf h"gsL/Lx dfly cfsfzdf p8\g yfn] . clg aln;s]sf
k6sf;l/ la:tf/} ltgLx tn wtL{df emg{ yfn] . kfgLsf]
;txglhs} p8\g] / k]ml/ p8\g cK7]/f] x'g] h"gsL/LxnfO{ prfnL
hfnL / 8'fdf aflwPsf af;sf ;]pnfxn] k]ml/ p3fOGYof] .
;fob b;eGbf sd h"gsL/L 5fl8Psf lyP t/ ltgnfO{ ;dfTg]
xf]8afhLdf o:tf] xNnLvNnL dlRrof] ls rf8} g} hfnL / af;sf
l;s{gfx leHg k'u] . clg x/]sn] cfgf leh]sf xfuf otfptf
xNnfpbf lsgf/df plePsf dflg;xdfly kfgL 5flkof] .
{ 86 |

o; jif{ h"gsL/L /fd|/L p8]gg\, xf]Og t < lr;f] df};dn]

To:tf] ePsf] xf]nf, s;}n] eGof] . of] jflif{s ;df/f]xe}m lyof] .
t/ ;a} pT;'stf;fy klv{/x] klg yk h"gsL/L 5fl8Pg .
kNnf] lsgf/df /x]sf] 8'f3/af6 Pp6f ;"rgf k'mlsof] M
h"gsL/Lx gf} ah];Dd 5fl8O/xg]5g\ . w/x/fdf a;]sf
dflg;x slQ rn]gg\ . ;fy} tn nfu]sf] 3'Orf] zfGt eP/
klv{/of] . h"gsL/Ldf a9L rfv g/fVg] dflg;xn] kfgLdf 8'f
lvofpbf axgfx kfgLdf rn]sf] :j/ ;'Gg ;lsGYof] .
cfzf 5, pgLxn] ltgnfO{ rf8} g} 5f8\g]5g\
ltgLx To;f] ug{ rfxGgg\ . pgLxn] o;nfO{ cln
kmgkmg grfpg'kg]{5 .
jo:sx ulkmO/x]sf lyP . cfk"mn] lsg]sf h"gsL/Laf6
;Gt'i6 luDk]O{ k]ml/ kfgLn] 5flkgaf6 hf]lug kfgLsf] lsgf/af6
kl5 ;of] . ;QfO;j6f h"gsL/L /x]sf] cfgf] lkh8f af]s]/ pm Ps
k|x/L la6sf] ;fd'Gg] /x]sf] vg]/ uO{ c8]; nfu]/ a:of] . o;/L pm
eL8af6 6f9f /x]/ pQm 7fpnfO{ emg\ ;lhnf] u/L lgofNg ;SYof] .
;fy} pm lgln{Kt / ljgd| efj lnP/ vf8nlt/ x]l//x]sf] o'jf
k|x/L5]p pleP/ cgf}7f] zflGt dx;'; ul//x]sf] lyof] . pm Toxf
/x'Gh]n s]6LnfO{ x]g{ r's]g .
rf8} g} w/x/fsf] l;/fgaf6 h"gsL/Lx nuftf/ 5fl8b}
lyP . jf:tjdf nuftf/ eGg] zAb ;xL lyPg lsgeg] gkN6fO{sg}
Ps} k6s xftel/ h"gsL/L a6'Ng] dflg;xnfO{ ltgnfO{ ;dfpg
xDd]xDd] eO/x]sf] lyof]cyjf pgLx ;fob hfgfhfgL ;do
c8\sln/x]sf lyPh;n] ubf{ eL8sf] pQ]hgf pn]{/ cfcf];\, k]ml/
36f];\ clg emg dfly r'lnof];\ . luDk]O{nfO{ cfk"m5]p plePsf]
k|x/Lhlts} zfGt /xg uf/f] nfUof] . sltko h"gsL/Lx p8\g
g;sL a};sf g'x]sf emf8Lsf s];|f;l/ nqSs ky]{ eg] slxn]sfxL
s]xL h"gsL/L dfly r9\y] cyjf lsgf/tk{m p8\y] . k'ndf plePsf
o'jf tyf j[4x w/x/ftk{msf] /]lnlt/ e'mlDdP . luDk]O{n]
pgLxsf 6fpsfdflyaf6 x]b}{ ltgLxnfO{ k5fof] . s]6fs]6L
cfgf hfnL e'mG8fP/ /]lnaflx/ e'mlG8/x]sf lyP . pgLx
gn8]sf] b]Vtf crDd nfUYof] .
eL8 h"gsL/L vf];fvf]; ug{ emg\ j/ cfpbf luDk]O{ tL
km6f\u|fsf] dw'/f] k|sfzaf/] 3f]l/b} cfgf] dfjnLdf tfn5]p
b]v]sf dflg;xnfO{ ;lDemg vf]Hof] .
x]/ Pp6f h"gsL/L pm ltd|f] skfndf 5 k'ndf plePsf]
Ps hgf dflg; w/x/fd'lg /x]sf] 8'ftk{m x]b}{ s/fof] . skfndf
{ 87 |

h"gsL/L ePsL s]6L cfk"mnfO{ af]nfOPsf] / 8'fdf ;jf/ s;}n] ;f]

l6lk;s]sf]af/] cgle1 lyO{ .
luDk]O{n] To; s]6LnfO{ k]mnf kfof] .
p;n] ;]tf] /sf] ;"tL n'uf nfPsL lyO{ . pm /]lndfly xft
c8fP/ tn vf8nlt/ x]b}{ lyO{ . p;sf k5fl8 /x]sf dflg;xsf]
nfdn] luDk]O{nfO{ p;sf ufnf tyf s'd dfq x]g{ lbP klg cfgf]
7DofO unt g/x]sf] yfxf lyof] . pm cln k5fl8 ;of] / la:tf/}
3l;|b} s]6Lsf k5fl8 k'Uof] . ;fy} s]6Ln] kms]{/ x]g]{ ;Defjgf sd
lyof] .
p;n] ;f]Rof]oxf of] s]6L PSn} cfPsL xf]Og xf]nL . t/
p;sf] b]a|]kl Pp6f s]6fnfO{ plePsf] b]v]/ p;nfO{ d'6'df rSs'n]
xfg]h:tf] cf3ft nfUof] . Tof] cs}{ s]6f] lyof] . p;nfO{ k5fl8af6
x]bf{ klg pm s's'/ 8f]ofpg] s]6Lsf] k|tLIff ug]{ / luDk]O{nfO{
tfnsf] lsgf/df wsfNg] 5fq gePsf] k|:6} lyof] . p;n] ;]tf]
sldh nfPsf] lyof] / 6f]kL cyjf sf]6 gnfP klg 5fq} h:tf]
nfUYof] . b'O{ dlxgfcufl8 dfq}sf] 36gf xf], luDk]O{n] ;f]Rof] .
s]6Lsf] cl:y/tf cyjf 9'nd'n]kgn] p;nfO{ cfk"mn] crfgs s'g}
k"mn s'Nr]e}m rlst t'Nofof] . s] jf:tjdf s]6Lsf] dfofk|]d
pmk|ltsf] cfgf] c6n nufjeGbf a9L sdhf]/ lyof] < h] xf];\, pm
s]6f;u eP klg b'j}aLr k|]d ;DaGw g} lyof] eGg ;lsGgYof] .
t}klg luDk]O{nfO{ s]6L / p;sf] csf]{ s]6f ;fyLaLr s]xL ePs}
x'g'k5{ eGg] nfUof] . pm s]6Lk5fl8 /x]sf clGtd s]xL
dflg;xaLr 3r]6\t} k'u]/ /]ln ;dfO{ ;'Gg yfNof] . yk
h"gsL/Lx 5fl8b} lyP .
d s]xL h"gsL/L ;dftL p;sf nflu nfg rfxG5', pm eGb} lyO{ .
x'G5, t/ h"gsL/L eg]sf] la/fdL dflg;sf nflu p/f7nfUbf]
pkxf/ x'G5, xf]Og / <
tLrflx pm ;'Tg g;Qmf /fd|f] x'g ;S5g\ .
tL bogLo k|f0fL x'g\ .
luDk]O{nfO{ cfk"mn] b'O{ dlxgfcl3 e]6]sf] 5fq la/fdL ePsf]
x'g ;Sg] nfUof] . w]/} cl3 lgx'/] s]6Ln] b]VnL eGg] 8/n] pm cln
k5fl8 a;]/} To;sf] 5lj lgofNg afWo lyof] . p;sf] skfn dfly
prfn]/ ;'sf{pgLe}m aflwPsf] lyof] . Tof]rflx uf7f] k/]sf] 7fpaf6
cfsif{s, g/d 5fne}m au]sf] lyof] . p;n] lu\Suf] vd'lg /x]sf]
le/fnf]df b]Vtfv]l/ tf Tof] s]6Lsf] skfn a9L nfk/afxL;fy
aflwPsf] lyof] .
{ 88 |

k'ndf yf]/} pHofnf] eP klg s]6L;u /x]sf] s]6f] csf]{

5fqeGbf b'Anf] /x]sf] luDk]On
{ ] 5'fpg ;SYof] . ;fob pgLx
ldq lyP .
s] ltdLn] p;nfO{ kl5 e]6\tf h"gsL/L ;dfTg] v]naf/]
;'gfp5f} <
cfh /fltsf] v]naf/] < === To; 5fqn] dgdg} bf]xf]ofof] .
d ldh'gf]nfO{ e]6\g hfbf xfdLn] ltd|f] af/] s'/f ug{ kfpg] x'gfn]
pm v';L b]lvg]5 . t/ xfdL oxf ePsf] s'/f p;nfO{ atfP eg]
p;n] ;fob rf/}lt/ h"gsL/L l6nlkn u/]sf] 7fGg]5 .
t}klg d p;nfO{ s]xL h"gsL/L lbg rfxG5' .
To; 5fqn] hafkm lbPg .
s7}, d cfkm} uP/ p;nfO{ e]6\g ;lQmg . s[kof p;nfO{
d]/f] af/]df eg x} <
d ;w} eGg] u5'{ . p;n] klg ;f] s'/f a'5 .
To; /ft pPgf]df ltd|L lbbLn] k}o'sf k"mnx x]g{ nfg'x'bf
dnfO{ eGg'eof] dfrL, ltdL k|;Gg b]lvG5f} . t/ d k|;Gg 5}g .
ltdLn] To;f] eg]sf] ;'g]/ d]/L lbbL 5Ss kg'{x'g]5 .
ltdL pxfnfO{ lsg rlst t'Nofpb}gf} t <
x'G5 . Tof] 5fq olQs} xf:of] t/ pQm s'/faf6 klG5g
eg]/ yKof], To; lbgb]lv :jo+ d}n] pxfnfO{ e]6]sf] 5}g . pxfnfO{
sDtLdf s]xL dflg; hGdb} k|;Gg eP/ cfPsf] s'/f ljZjf; ug{
lbg' /fd|f] x'Gg / <
s]6f] klg dfrLk|lt w]/} cf;Qm ePsf] a'e]m/ luDk]O{nfO{
ldh'gf] ;Grf] eP klg p;sf] / ldh'gf]sf] ;DaGwljR5]b x'g]
k"jf{ef; eof] .
p;n] /]lnnfO{ 5f8]/ ;'6'Ss s]6Lsf] k5fl8 uO{ h"gsL/L
ePsf] lkh8fsf] tf/jfnf ofG8n n';'Ss p;sf] k]6Ldf
e'mG8fOlbof] . p;n] nufPsf] ;"tL j:q u?f] nfUof] t/ dfrLn]
p;nfO{ b]lvg . k'nsf] k'5f/df k'Ubf p;n] kms]{/ s]6Lsf] k5fl8
dw'/f] k|sfz 5f8\b} u/]sf] lkh8f e'mlG8Psf] x]of] .
s]6Ln] cfgf] k]6Ldf lkh8f e'mlG8Psf] e]6]kl5 s] ug]{ xf]nL
egL luDk]O{n] slNk/of] . clg p;n] k'nsf] dfem;Dd kms]{/
eL8af6 n's]/ p;nfO{ x]g]{ lgwf] uof] . h] eP klg, p;n] s]6Lsf]
lk7" An]8n] tfl5lbPsf] xf]Og eg] lsg ck/fwL;/x a:g' < t}klg
dfrLn] cfk"mleqsf] sft/kgf vf]tNg jf k'gM vf]tNg nufPsf]
s'/fk|lt ;r]t pm k'nb]lv 6f9f lx8\g yfNof] . cfTd/Iffk|ltsf] o;
{ 89 |

k|of;af/] cfZj:t eO{ pm lvGg eP/ kfvfdf /x]sf lu\Suf]

vxtk{m nfUof] .
cf]xf] Tof] h"gsL/L chsf] 5
luDk]O{n] t cfsfzdf tf/f kf] b]v]sf] /x]5 t/ p;n]
To;nfO{ tTsfn} h"gsL/L 7fg]/ lgs} efj's eP/ eg]5, t/ Tof]
chsf] 5 = = =
af6fsf kftxdf kfgLsf yf]Knf Kof6Kof6 ug}{ yfn]sf lyP
7"nf, a]nfa]nfdf v:g] kfgLsf yf]kfx cw{ulnt t';f/f] cyjf
an];Laf6 tktk r'x'g] kfgLe}m cfjfh ub}{ lyP . o:tf xf]rf
7fpdf ck]Iff ul/g] vfnsf] jiff{ lyPg Tof] . a? kxf8L ufpdf
cUnf, rfSnf kft;lxtsf vxd'lg /flt SofDk ubf{ ;'lgg] ef/L
yf]kfxe}m ;'lgGy] tL . t}klg Tof] cfjfh olt uxg lyof] ls
To;nfO{ kftxaf6 r'lxg] /fltsf] cf]; dfGg ;lsb}gYof] . luDk]O{n]
g slxNo} kxf8 r9]sf] lyof] g k7f/df SofDk a;]sf] lyof] . To;}n]
cfk"mn] of] cgf}7f] cfjfh klxn] slxn] ;'g] x'nf egL pm 7Dofpg
vf]Hb} lyof] . Tof] cfjfh cfgL cfdf a:g] tfn5]p ;'g]sf] x'g'k5{ .
t}klg ufp t 7fSs} cUnf] :yfgdf 5}g . d}n] o:tf]
cfjfh klxn] slxNo} ;'g]sf] 5}g . xf]Og, d}n] Tof] PskN6 kSs}
;'g]sf] 5' . Tof] cfjfh afSnf] hndf jiff{;u} cfpg] cfwLa]x/L
zfGt x'bfv]l/sf] cfjfh x'g ;S5 . Toltv]/ kftdf kg]{ kfgLsf]
enn] :jo+ cfsfzeGbf a9L kfgL kfl//x]sf] x'G5 .
ofof]O{ofg, of] jiff{df ?of} eg] ?3fvf]sL nfUnf x} .
dnfO{ t dfrLsf] k|]dL jiff{;u} cfpg] cfwLa]x/Ldf SoflDk
ubf{ la/fdL kof] eGg] nfU5 . ;fob p;sf] 6/f]{kgf lu\Suf]
vxaLr 3lGsg] of] ;}tfgL jiff{df b]vf k/]sf] 5 .
kfgL gkbf{ jiff{sf] cfjfh ;'Gg ?rfpg] ePsfn] luDk]O{
o;/L g} cfk"m;u s'/f ul//of] .
cfh /flt luDk]O{n] s]6Lsf] gfd yfxf kfof] / cl3Nnf] lbg
pm cyjf dfrL d/]sL eP p;n] ;f] slxNo} yfxf kfpGgYof] . To;f]
eP of] hfgsf/L g} pgLxaLr ;fOgf] uf:g] ePsfn] pm s]6LeGbf
6f9f kfvfdfly lsg lxl8/x]sf] lyof] / < t/ To; ;fem s]n]
p;nfO{ Toxf tfg]sf] d];} gkfO{ pm b'O{b'O{kN6 le/fnf]df k'lu;s]sf]
lyof] . clg of] t];|f] e|d0f dfrLnfO{ k'ndf e]l6;s]kl5 ckl/xfo{
lyof] lsgeg] p;n] 5fl8cfPsf] s]6Lsf] cfTdf vxd'lg lyof] /
p;n] cfgf] /f]uL k|]dLsf nflu h"gsL/L;d]tsf] Ps lkh8f nlulbb}
lyO{ .
{ 90 |

Pp6f ;fgf] rfxgfn] klg p;nfO{ dfrLsf] k]6Ldf lkh8f

e'mG8fOlbg k|]l/t uof] . oBlk a9L efj's eP/ ;f]Rtf p;n]
s]6Lsf] hLpdf cfg} pHHjn x[bo e'mG8fOlbPh:tf] nfUof] .
p;nfO{ cfk"mn] ;f] s'/f n'sLl5kL u/]sf] dfq yfxf lyof] / pm
cfgf] la/fdL ;fyLsxf h"gsL/L nfg lrlGtt ePsL s'/fk|lt ;r]t
lyof] .
;}tfgL jiff{ ;]tf] kf];fs nfPsL s]6Lsf] 5fofdfly kl//x]sf]
lyof] . pm cfgf] c:j:y k|]dLnfO{ e]6\g lu\Suf] vxd'lgsf]
kfv}kfvf p8\b} uO/x]sL lyO{ . p;sf] k]6Ldf h"gsL/Lsf] lkh8f
xlNn/x]sf] lyof] === luDk]O{n] dgdg} ;f]Rof], Tof] s:tf] 8/nfUbf]
cleJolQm lyof], e"tsf nflu;d]t t/ Tof] s]6L ce}m ldh'sL;u}
vf8n5]pdf /x]sf] yfxf eP klg To; rsdGg kfvfdf pm cfk"m;u
klg /x]sL p;nfO{ efg eO/x]sf] lyof] .
luDk]O{ lsgf/tn k'u]/ pSng vf]Hbf v'f ds]{/ xl/of] 3f;
;dfP/ a:of] . 3f; cln lr;f] lyof] . p;sf] v'f Tolt;f/f]
gb'v]sfn] l3;fg{ k/]g . t/ pm rf/ xftkfpsf e/df l3;|]/ dfly
plSnof] . clg pm ;b}{ hfbf d'lg eOdf Pp6f aRrf] P]gfdf gSsn
u/]e}m p;sf xTs]nfa/fa/ cfgf xTs]nf /fv]/ ;a} e]l6of] . tL
s'g} nf;sf lr;f xft;l/ lyP . rlst eP/ p;n] s'g} tftf]kfgL
ePsf] l/;f]6{ -xf]6n_ df /x]sf] j]Zofno ;lDemof] === Toxf g'xfpg]
6asf] k'5f/df /x]sf] P]gf ;lDemof] .
luDk]O{n] klxnf]kN6 dfrLnfO{ k5fPsf] lbg 5fqn] cfk"mnfO{
a]s"k egL tn ws]lnlbPsf] lsgf/sf] l;/fgdf k'Ubf pleP/ tn
af6f]df Pp6f uf8L la:tf/} u'8]sf] b]Vof] . Toxf s]6Ln] dO{ lbj;sf]
k/]8df /ftf emG8f b]v]sf] s'/f ldh'gf]nfO{ ;'gfPsL lyO{ uf8Lsf
ofnaf6 af6fdf nfd} plePsf afSnf, cWof/f vxdfly aQL
emNofse'mn'Ss ul//x]sf lyP . pm To; lbzfdf ulxl/P/ x]g{
yfNof] . ToltGh]n e"tfxf jiff{n] ug]{ cfjfh yfldO;s]sf] s'/fk|lt
pm ;r]t lyof] .
a]s"k pm PSsfl; s/fpb} lsgf/d'lg n8La'8L ub}{ emof] .
To;f] ubf{ pm cfk"mnfO{ /fd|/L ;dfNg ;ls/x]sf] lyPg . sfnf]kq]
;8sdf 7f]lsg} nfUbf p;n] Ps d'7L 3f; ;dfof], cfgf] uf]8fdf
pleof] / xft emfb}{ ;8sdf lx8\g yfNof] . tn lsgf/df aRrf]
ce}m cfk"m;u} ;b}{ u/]sf] p;nfO{ cg'ej eof] .
p;sf] aRrf] sxf lyof] cyjf Tof] hLljt cyjf d[t lyof]
p;nfO{ s]xL yfxf lyPg . To;sf/0f p;sf] hLjg lgs} clglZrt
{ 91 |

lyof] . Tof] hLljt eP, p;n] To;nfO{ s'g} lbg e]6\g ;S5 / ;f]
s'/fdf p;nfO{ kSsf ljZjf; lyof] . t/ Tof] p;s} cyjf c
s;}sf] aRrf] ePsf] s'/f hfGg] s'g} pkfo lyPg .
Ps ;fem cfk"m 5fqsf] kdf a:g] u/]sf] lghL cfjf;u[xsf]
k|j]zf/df Pp6f] aRrf] 5fl8Psf] lyof] . pm;u} o; k|sf/sf] Pp6f
n]vf]6 lyof], of] aRrf] luDk]O{sf] xf] . p;sL ;fx'gL lrlGtt eO{ .
t/ luDk]O{ vf; lrlGtt ePg cyjf nlHht cg'ej u/]g . lsgeg]
Pp6f 5fqn] s'g} cjf~5gLo aRrfcem s'g} j]Zofsf] aRrfnfO{
x'sf{pnf egL ck]Iff g} ug{ ;Qm}g . To;df klg p;nfO{ s'g} klg
a]nf o'4df k7fpg ;lsG5 .
of] Ps q"m/ rfn dfq xf] . d}n] p;nfO{ 5fl8lbPsfn] abnf
lng egL To;f] u/]sL xf] .
>Ldfg\ df]df]O{, jf:tjdf pm b'O{ hLpsL ePkl5 tkfO{+
efUg'eof], xf]Og t <
xf]Og, To:tf] s]xL xf]Og .
To;f] eP s]sf nflu efUb} x'g'x'GYof] <
luDk]O{n] Tof] k|Zgsf] hafkm glbP klg af]Nof], h] xf];\, d
aRrfnfO{ NofP/ To;sf] Joj:yf u5'{ . p;n] ;fx'gLsf] sfvfdf
/x]sf] aRrfnfO{ x]of] . o;nfO{ Psl5g /fVg';\ x} < d cfgf]
;fyL vf]h]/ Nofp5' .
;fyL < s:tf] ;fyL < === >Ldfg\ df]df]O{, tkfO{+ o;
aRrfnfO{ 5f8]/ efUg] t xf]Og <
xf]Og, d o;nfO{ PSn} /fVg grfx]sf] dfq xf] .
s] < ;fx'gLn] z\sf ub}{ 9f]s};Dd luDk]O{nfO{ k5fO{ .
p;n] cfgf] ck/fwL ;fyL lgl;d'/fnfO{ af]nfP/ NofPkl5
b'j}hgf ;u} nfu] . aRrfnfO{ 5f8L hfg] cfOdfO{ luDk]O{s} ePsLn]
:jfefljs kn] p;n] aRrfnfO{ af]ls/x]sf] lyof] . p;n] aRrfnfO{
cfgf] sf]6leq /fv]/ tnsf] 6fs nfpbf p;sf] hLp e"; el/Psf]
hgfj/e}m b]lvGYof] . uf8Ldf cGttM aRrf ?g yfNof] . t/ cGo
ofq'x o; ljZjljBfnoLo 5fqsf] cgf}7f] efj b]v]/ ldqjt\
xfl;/x]sf lyP . luDk]O{ klg pgLxlt/ x]/]/ xf:of] . pm nlHht /
cln hf]s/e}m b]lvGYof] . p;n] aRrfsf] 6fpsf] cf]e/sf]6sf]
dflylNt/af6 kfvf lgsfn]/ /fVof] . t/ To;f] ubf{ p;sf] cfg}
6fpsf] lgx'l/P/ aRrfsf] cg'xf/ lgofln/x]sf] efg kf] eof] .
pQm 36gf bf];|f] ljZjo'4tfsf klxnf] xjfO{ cfqmd0fkl5
6f]lsof] ;x/sf] k|d'v ahf/If]qdf ePsf] 7"nf] cfunfuLkl5 ePsf]
{ 92 |

xf] . luDk]O{ / p;sf] ;fyLn] aRrfnfO{ 3/sf] kl5Nnf] 9f]sfaflx/

/fv]/ 5]l:sgL nufP . s;}n] pgLx efu]sf] b]v]g lsgeg]
j]Zofnox uNnL;Dd} el/e/fp lyPgg\ .
luDk]O{ / lglzd'/f o; 3/af6 efUg] k'/fgf v]nf8L lyP .
ltgtfs 5fqxnfO{ o'4;DaGwL sfdsf nflu yf]qf, /a/sf] tn'jf
ePsf cyjf sk8fsf h'Qf lbOGYof] . clg pgLx j]Zofnoaf6
efUbf k|foM oL h'Qf 5f8]/ hfGy] . pgLx;u ltg]{ k};f x'b}gYof]
t/ pgLx efUbf /f]dfl~rt x'Gy]dfgf} s'g} ckdfghgs sfdsf]
5fofaf6 efUbf xf];\ . ;fy} sfddf x'bf pgLx Pscsf{;u cfvf
lemDSofP/ cfgf h'Qf nfpbfnfpb} /fVg} gldNg] u/L hL0f{
eO;s]sf] ;'gfpy] . sDtLdf ltgnfO{ kmfNg] 7fpxsf af/]df ;f]Rg'
klg /dfOnf] dfGy] .
t}klg efu]kl5 pgLxn] j]Zofxaf6 kfpg] kqxdf ;w}
k};f dfluPsf] geO{ k]ml/ cfpg] lgDtf] dfq x'Gy] . s]6LxnfO{
pgLxsf gfd / 7]ufgf yfxf x'GYof] lsgeg] luDk]O{ tyf pm h:tf
cGo 5fqx o'4df hfg}kg]{ x'GYof] / tL s'/f n'sfpg' cfjZos
lyPg . lsgeg] s;}sf] klg To:tf] uf]kgLotf ckgfpg'kg]{ vfnsf]
s'g} /fd|f] eljio lyPg . df]rf{df k7fOg] 5fqx jL/ -gfos_
dflgGy] . t/ cg'dltk|fKt cyjf cGo vfn] hfg]dfg]sf -gfd'b_
j]ZofxnfO{ k|foM >ds]Gb|xdf nluGYof] . luDk]O{sL cfOdfO{
cg'dlt gePsL uf]Ko 9n] Jofkf/ ug]{ dlxnf k/Lxf]nL . t}klg
s]6fx s] s'/fdf cfZro{ dfGy] eg] j]Zofno k|yf / o;sf
lgodx olt v's'nf lyP ls ltgsf] ;DaGwdf s'g} cgk]lIft
dfgjLo tj oL dlxnfx;u} b]vf kg{ yfn] . j]Zofx o'4sf
;dodf s8f ;hfo kfOg] 8/n] o:tf] cgf}7f] df}g;Ddlt ug{ afWo
ePsf] egL b'j}dWo] s;}n] klg dx;'; u/]g . s] pgLx olt kltt
eP ls cfk"mx ufoa x'g] s'/fnfO{ dlxnfxn] o'js euf]8f egL
dfkm u5{g\ egL sNkgf ug]{ u5{g\ < pgLx k};} glt/L
tLgrf/kN6 eflu;s]sf lyP / To;kl5 j]Zofxn] k|foM
pgLxaf/] s]xL yfxf kfpb}gy] . ;fy} pgLxn] uNnLdf cjl:yt
To; 3/df aRrfnfO{ kmflncfpbf cfk"mxn] k]ml/ knfog u/]sf]
s'/f lj/n} dx;'; u/]sf lyP .
pgLx nueu dfr{ dlxgfsf] dWolt/ uP t/ ef]lnkN6
lbp;f]lt/ g} v:g yfn]sf] lxp ;fem;Dd vl;/of] . pgLxn]
uNnLdf hd]/ dg{ egL aRrfnfO{ 5f8\b}gy] xf]nf .
lxpd} lglzd'/fsf] sf]7fdf ulkmg egL luDk]O{ lg:Sof] .
{ 93 |

xfdL lxhf] /flt uPsf] /fd}| eof], xf]Og t <

xf], clt /fd|f] .
j]Zofnoaf6 s;}n] klg ;Dks{ u/]g . ;fy} aRrf] ufoa
eO;s]sf] lyof] .
t/ uNnLdf cjl:yt Tof] 3/ kl5Nnf]kN6 ;ftcf7
dlxgfcl3 cfk"m efu]sf] j]Zofno g} lyof] t < luDk]O{sf] dgdf Tof]
6fpsf] b'vfpg] s'/f cfk"mnfO{ df]rf{df k7fO;s]kl5 p7f] / Tof]
pxL j]Zofno eP klg s] aRrfsL cfdf cyjf p;sL cfOdfO{
ce}m Toxf lyO{ / < s] PskN6 aRrf hGdfO;s]kl5 s'g}
cg'dltljxLg j]Zof j]Zofnodf a:g ;S5] < lsgeg] To;nfO{
lgs[i6td kfk dflgG5 . x'g ;S5 ltgtfssf] tgfjk"0f{ cGof]ndf
cgf}7f] s?0ff efj JofKt ePsf] cj:yfdf j]Zofnon] ue{jtL
dlxnfsf] :ofxf/ ug]{ uYof]{ . t/ Tof] ;j{yf c;Dej klg lyof] .
clg luDk]O{nfO{ jf:tjdf cfk"mn] aRrfaf6 d'lQm kfO;s]kl5 dfq
To;nfO{ ;fRr} kl/Tofu ul/Psf] x'g ;Sg] nfUof] .
lglzd'/f o'4df dfl/of] . luDk]O{ afr]/ ;a} k];f 5f8L :s'n
lzIfs aGof] .
s'g} a]nf j]Zofno ePsf 7fpsf cjz]ifx rxf/]/ luDk]O{
uln;s]sf] lyof] . PSsfl; p;n] cfk}mn] 7"nf] :j/df s/fO/x]sf]
;'g]/ tLg5s kof], P t s] abdf;L ug{ nfu]sL 5;\ < pm
j]Zof;u s'/f ub}{ lyof] . p;n] p;sf] sf]7fsf] 9f]sfaflx/ Pp6L
aRrL 5fl8lbPsL lyO{Tof] p;sL cfgL jf luDk]O{sL aRrL
lyOg . a? Tof] ;fyL j]Zofaf6 dfu]/ NofOPsL aRrL lyO{ . p;n]
To; -j]Zof_nfO{ 9f]sfdf k]mnf kf/]sf] cyjf p;nfO{ k5fP/
;dft]sf] h:tf] lyof] .
aRrL d h:tL lyO{ jf lyOg elglbg lglzd'/f ca hLljt
5}g . pm k]ml/ cfk}m;u s'/f ub}{ lyof] .
5fl8PsL gfgL aRrL lyO{ t/ crDd s] 5 eg] luDk]O{nfO{
lk/f]Ng] gfgLsf] ln olsg lyPg . ;fdfGotof Tof] d[t aRrf] lyof]
t/ cfk"m a9L ;fdfGo cj:yfdf x'bf Tof] lhpbf] nfUYof] .
p;n] cfgL k'mRrL s]6Ln] PskN6 cfk"mnfO{ cfgf] 9fa|]
d'8\sLn] ePe/sf] an lgsfnL lgwf/df lxsf{Psf] ;f]Rof] / p;n]
cfgf] lgwf/ lgx'/fpbf p;n] ahfofahfo} u/]sL lyO{ . p;n] Tof]
slxn] ePsf] egL 3f]lTn/of] / Tof] cfgf] sNkgf x'g ;Sg]
lgSof]{n uof] . Tof] s]6L ce}m hLljt eP klg pm cfk"mn] sNkgf
u/]hlt ;fgL / cfOGbf To:tf] slxNo} x'g' gkg]{ xf] .
{ 94 |

t/ h"gsL/L ;dfTg] /flt luDk]O{ af6f]df lx8];u} tn

lsgf/df lx8\g] e"tfxf aRrf] eg] ce}m aRrf] g} lyof] / To;sf] ln
clglZrt lyof] jf:tjdf Tof] slxNo} hflgPg / Tof] ljrf/ dgdf
cfPnuQ} To; aRrfsf] gfsd'v gePsf] Vofs;l/ 8/nfUbf 5lj
b]vf kof] .
Tof] s]6L xf], s]6L, gfgf y/L :6f]/ nfd nfu]sf] emls
emsfp ;8sdf xtfl/b} luDk]O{ dgdg} kmtkmtfof] .
r'/f]6 5 dnfO{ s]xL r'/f]6 lbg'xf];\ s'gfaf6 bf];|f]
:6f]/sf] ;fd'Gg] :jf:jf ub}{ luDk]O{ s/fof] . Ps hgf k'mn]sL a"9L
b]lvO{ . a9L pd]/sL eP klg p;sf] ln k|:6 ePsfn] luDk]O{n]
xNsf dx;'; uof] . t/ dfrL cgGt 6f9f nfUyL / pm h:tL s'g}
s]6L o; ;+;f/df xf]nL egL sNkgf ug{ lgs} ;s; ug'{kYof]{ .
p;nfO{ cfgf] d'6' xn'f] / l/lQPsf] dx;'; eof] / slt
lbgkl5 klxnf]kN6 luDk]O{n] cfgf] hGdynf] ;lDemof] . p;n]
cgf}7f] 9n] lat]sf cfgf a'afnfO{ geO{ cfgL ;'Gb/ cfdfnfO{
;lDemof] . t}klg cfgL cfdfsf] dfofn' cg'xf/eGbf cfgf a'afsf]
s'ktfn] p;dfly lgs} b/f] 5fk 5f8]sf] lyof] . 7Ls ofof]O{sf]
;fgf] uf]8feGbf cfg} uf]8fsf] ljs[ltn] 3f]lr/x]e}m .
tfnsf] lsgf/5]p ofof]O{n] hnL u"ld emf8Laf6 /ftf P];]n'
l6Kg vf]Hbf p;sf] ;fgf] cf}nfdf sf8f lae]msf] lyof] . Toxf
b]lvPsf] Ps yf]kf /ut r':t} / luDk]O{nfO{ 7"n7"nf cfvf kN6fP/
x]b}{ ofof]O{n] egL, lugrfg, ltdL d]/f nflu P];]n' l6lklbGgf} <
ltd|f] afb/;l/ uf]8f 7Ls ltd|f afsf] h:t} 5 . tL kl/jf/aflx/af6
kSs} cfPsf xf]Ogg\ .
l/;n] d'/d'l/P/ ofof]O{sf] uf]8f sf8fdf laemfOlbg rfx]sf]
t/ 5'g] cf6 geP/ luDk]O{n] cfgf bft vf]n]/ p;sf] gf8Ldf 6f]Sg
vf]Hof] .
x]/ x]of} Tof] afb/sf] cg'xf/ xf] . OO ofof]O{n] klg
cfgf bft b]vfO{ .
hgfj/sf] e}m e2f p;sf] uf]8fn] ubf{ Tof] gfgLn] cfk"mnfO{
lsgf/df 3l;|b} k5fPsL lyO{ .
luDk]O{n] klg kl/ToQm aRrLsf] uf]8f lg/LIf0f ug]{ k|of;
u/]sf] lyPg lsgeg] p;nfO{ Tof] gfgL cfg} ePsLdf b[9ljZjf;
lyPg . tyflk clxn]sf] k/kLl8t cfTdh'u'K;f -3[0ff_ efjn] ;f]Rtf
cfk"mn] gfgLsf] uf]8f x]/]sf] / cfk"m h:t} kfPsf] eP Tof] cfg}
gfgL ePsf] alnof] k|df0f e]6\Yof] xf]nf . t/ w/tLdf lx8\g'cufl8
{ 95 |

;fgf] gfgLsf uf]8f ;w} g/d / cfsif{s g} x'b}gg\ / <wfld{s

lrqxdf lo;'sf] cfs[ltnfO{ 3]l/a:g] afnb"txsf e}m < o;
;+;f/sf l;d;f/, rfg tyf sf8]emf/x gfb} hfbf ;a} uf]8f
luDk]O{sf e}m s8f jf vf] x'g yfN5g\ .
t/ Tof] e"t eP To:tf] aRrfsf] uf]8f x'g ;Qm}g, luDk]O{
dgdg} a/a/fof] . e"txsf uf]8f x'b}gg\ . p;n] e"txsf] Tof]
5lj klxnf]kN6 s;n] lbof] xf]nf egL ;f]lr/of] . ;fy} cfk"mn] e}m
cflbd dfgjxn] klg dx;'; u/]sf xf]nfg\ egL p;nfO{ nfUof] .
dfgf} p;sf cfg} kfOnf o; ;+;f/df lxl8/x]e}m lyPgg\ .
:ju{af6 v:g nfu]sf tf/f -/Tg_x ;dfTg vf]h]e}m xTs]nf
kN6fP/ luDk]O{ emlsemsfp ;8sdf ef}tfl//of] . ljZjsf]
cTolws ;'Gb/ kxf8 ;w} s'g} cUnf], xl/of] lzv/ geO{
Hjfnfd'vLo v/fgL tyf rfgxn] 5f]lkPsf] ljzfn, afemf] l9:sf]
x'g] s'/f p;sf] dgdf cfof] . Tof] u'nfkmL / efG6f /sf] x'G5 .
o;df ld/ld/]df / ;"of{:tsf avt :ju{sf k]ml/g] /x x'G5g\ .
clg o:t} ljrf/ ub}{ luDk]O{n] dfrLsf] rfxgf ug]{ cfgf] c+zaf6
ljd'v x'g] c7f]6 uof] .
p;n] lx;fsf]n] k|]d jf la5f]8sf] :jLsf/f]lQm:jk af]n]sf
eljiojf0fL ug]{ vfnsf zAbx ;lDemof], d ltdLnfO{ k]mnf
kfg]{5'e"ldut :yndf klg, tn pPgf] :6];gsf dfu{xdf klg .
clg tL dfu{x s:tf b]lvG5g\ egL 3f]l/b} pm pPgf]tk{m xflgof] .
cfhef]ln Tof] :yfg a9L zfGt b]lvGYof] / p;n] clxn] Toxf
cN5L / a]sf/ dflg;x dfq} b]Vof] . pgLx o;nfO{ cfgf
jf;:yfg -cv8f_ agfPe}m nfUy] / dfu{df nDk;f/ k/]sf jf
leQfdf u'6d'l6P/ a;]sf lyP . of] k|foM b]lvg] 3/af/ / k};fljxLg
vft] dflg;x;lxtsf] b[Zo lyof], s]xL 5]pdf 8f]sfx /fvL
sf]Onfsf l/Qf af]/fxdfly nDk;f/ k/]sf lyP cx cln
;DkGg b]lvGy] . ltgsf 6fpsfk5fl8 sk8fdf a]l/Psf a8]dfgsf
kf]sfx lyP . tL ;a} cfgf] kl/j]zaf6 Psbd} ljd'v eO{ jl/kl/
x]g{ cyjf Toxfaf6 u'lh|g]xsf] x]/fO kmsf{pg slxNo} cfvf
p7fpb}gy] . sltko t lgs} cl3 g} cf]5fgdf uO{ ;'lt;s]sf
klg lyP . Ps o'jf bDktL zflGtk"j{s bf]la|P/ a;]sf lyP .
dlxnfrflx k'?ifsf 3'8fdfly 6fpsf] 6]sfP/ cf/fd ul//x]sL lyO{
eg] k'?ifrflx p;sf] hLpdf c8]; nufO/x]sf] lyof] . /flt rNg]
/]ndf klg ltgLxe}m a6fl/P/ a;L ofqf ug{ uf/f] x'GYof] . tL b'O{
Pscsf{sf kv]6fdf d'G6f l5/fP/ a;]sf rv]jf;l/ b]lvGy] / tL
{ 96 |

nueu tL;sf] 5]p5fp lyP . luDk]O{ ltgnfO{ lgofNb} pleof]

xNn'jf bDktL cfkm}df cln c;fdfGo b]lvGYof] .
e"ldut dfu{df x/x/ rNg] b'u{Gw s'v'/fsf] ;]s'jf tyf
hfkfgL :6'sf] uGw;u Psfsf/ eO/x]sf] lyof] . 9'fsf] Pp6f
vf]qmf] u'kmfafx]s c s]xL g9fs]e}m b]lvg] s'g} k;nsf] kbf{df
6fpsf] n'sfP/ luDk]O{n] b'O{tLgj6f ;:tf lj:sL 3'6\Sofof] .
p;sf] uf]8fk5fl8 k"mna'] :s6{ b]lvof] / p;n] cfgf cufl8sf]
kbf{ prfn]/ x]bf{ aflx/ Ps k'?if j]Zof ple/x]sf] kfof] .
pgLx r'krfk cfvf h'wfpbf To; k'?if j]Zofn] p;nfO{
cfvf lemDSofof] . luDk]O{n] s'n]nd 7f]Sof] t/ To; eufO
-knfog_df s'g} cfgGb cfPg .
p;n] :6];gsf] dflyNnf] tnfsf] lj>fdsf]7fsf] leqkl x]of]
t/ cfjf/fxsf] uGw Toxf klg el/Psf] lyof] . :6];gsf] Ps
s'NnLn] k|j]zf/df pleP/ p;sf] l6s6 dfUof] . lj>fdsf]7fdf
dfq} k|j]z ug{ klg cfgf] l6s6 b]vfpg' c;fdfGo s'/f] lyof] .
cGo a]sf/ h:tf b]lvg] dflg;x aflx/ otfplt cyjf leQf;u}
yrSs a;]sf lyP .
:6];g 5f8]/ luDk]O{ ;x/sf] leqL uNnLlt/ ef}tfl/g yfNof] .
pm ;dlnLxsf] bf]xf]/f] k|j[lQaf/] ;f]Rt} ubf{ /a8sf] a'6 nfPsL
Pp6L dlxnfnfO{ b]Vof] h;n] nf]Ug]dflg;e}m v'OlnPsf] sfnf] kfOG6
/ w'bf v'lDrPsf] nfUg] kmf]xf]/ ;]tf] Anfph -rf]nL_ nfPsL lyO{ .
p;sf :tgx ofQ k/]sf lyP . p;sf] kx]nf] cg'xf/ 3fddf
kf]n]/ sfn} ePsf] lyof] / p;n] s'g} z[f/ u/]sL lyOg .
Tof] cfOdfO{ s]xL ug{ vf]h]e}m lyO{ / glhs cfP/ p;nfO{
k5fpg yfnL . dlxnf k5fpg] s'/fdf lgs} vlKk; eO;s]sf]
cg'ej a6'n]sf] luDk]O{n] p;n] cfk"mnfO{ lsg k5fPsL egL a'g
;s]g .
p;n] lx;fsf]sf] 3/;fd'sf] kmnfd] 9f]sfaf6 efuL glhssf]
dgf]/~hg If]qdf z/0f lng k'Ubf cfk"mnfO{ lk/f]n]sLt/ To;af6
Psbd} OGsf/ u/]sLs'n6f cfOdfO{nfO{ ;lDemof] . t/ cg'xf/ x]bf{
t clxn]sL cfOdfO{ jf:tjdf j]Zof b]lvGgyL . p;sf] /a8sf a'6
lxnfDd] lyP . lxnf] cfnf] geP klg s}of} lbg;Dd k'l5Psf] lyPg .
;fy} a'6 k'/fgf / / v'OlnPsf lyP . pm kfgL gkbf{ klg
pPgf]af6 /a8 a'6 le/L lx8\g] s:tL cfOdfO{ xf]nL egL 3f]l/of] .
s] pm ckf lyO{ < s] p;sf uf]8f s'k -e2f_ lyP < s]
To;}sf/0f p;n] :NofS; nfPsL xf] t <
{ 97 |

luDk]O{n] PSsfl; cfg} uf]8faf/] ;f]Rof] / cfgf k5fl8 To;

cfOdfO{sf g/fd|f uf]8faf/] sNk]/ p;nfO{ hfg lbg egL x7ft\ /f]lsof] .
Tof] cfOdfO{ klg /f]lsO{ . pgLxn] Pscsf{nfO{ k|Zg ug]{ d'b|fdf x]/] .
tkfO{+ daf6 s] rfxg'x'G5 < p;n] ;f]wL .
d ltdLnfO{ ToxL s'/f ;f]Wg rfxG5' . ltdLn] dnfO{
k5fPsf] xf]Og <
t/ ltdLn] dlt/ k'n'Ss x]of}, xf]Og t <
s;}n] k5fPsf] xf] eg] Tof] tkfO{+ xf] . luDk]O{nfO{ cfk"mn]
s]xL u/]sf] x'bf p;sf] af6f] sf6L uPkl5 p;n] To;nfO{ ;\s]tsf]
kdf lnPsL t xf]Og eGg] nfUof] . t}klg p;nfO{ kSs} Tof]
cfOdfO{n] g} rfv lnPsL xf] eGg] nfUof] .
d}n] ltdLnfO{ Ps emns x]/]sf] dfq x' . d]/f] ljrf/df
cfOdfO{ eP/ klg ltd|f] cg'xf/ cgf}7f] 5 .
dnfO{ To:tf] cgf}7f] nfu]sf] 5}g lg .
xf], t/ s] ltdL cfk"mlt/ o;f] k'n'Ss x]g]{ hf];'s}nfO{ klg
k5fp5f} <
h] eP klg tkfO{+ dnfO{ /dfOnf] nfUg'eof] .
v}/, ltd|f] b[li6sf]0f s] xf] t <
s]xL xf]Og .
dnfO{ k5fpg] s'g} sf/0f t kSs} xf]nf .
d tkfO{+nfO{ k5fO/x]sL xf]Ogd, c === vfln ;u} lx8\g
vf]h]sL x', a; .
P To;f] kf] . luDk]O{n] k]ml/ p;nfO{ x]of] . p;sf cf]7x
cf}wL -l3g nfUg] u/L_ sfnf lyP . ltgdf nfnLsf] n]; klg lyPg .
;fy} Pp6f ;'gkfgL nfPsf] bft b]lvGYof] . pm slt jif{sL lyO{
eGg uf/f] eP klg ;fob rfnL;d'lgsL lyO{ . p;sf lrD;f cfvf
;ts{, nf]Ug]dflg;sf e}m ;'Svf lyP / ltgdf 56\6"kg 6lNsGYof]
;fy} Pp6f cfvf csf]{eGbf ;fgf] lyof] . 3fdn] kf]n]sf] p;sf]
cg'xf/sf] 5fnf s8f lyof] . luDk]O{nfO{ p;af6 s'g} vt/f x'g ;Sg]
cfef; eof] .
s]xLa]/ lxl8/fvf}, PSsfl; p;sf] 5ftL xNsf;u 5'g] u/L
xft prfn]/ p;n] eGof] . To;af/] s'g} z\sf g} lyPg . pm
cfOdfO{ g} lyO{ .
tkfO{+n] clxn] ev{/} s] ug'{efsf] < To; cfOdfO{n]
luDk]O{sf] xft RofKk ;dfO{ . p;sf] xTs]nf g/d lyof] . k|:6tof
p;nfO{ g/fd|f] Jojxf/sf] afgL lyPg .
{ 98 |

luDk]O{n] klxnf]kN6 s'g} dflg; dlxnf xf] ls xf]Og egL

7Dofpg To;f] u/]sf] lyof] . jf:tjdf pm dlxnf lyO{ eGg] Psbd
k|:6 lyof] t/ cfg} xftn] 5fd]/ 9'Ss ePkl5 luDk]O{nfO{ cgf}7f]
lsl;dsf] /fxt dx;'; eof] / pm d}qLk"0f{ Jojxf/ klg ug{ yfNof] .
7Ls 5, Toxf;Dd lx8]/ hfcf}, p;n] eGof] .
sxf Toxf <
oxf jl/kl/ xfdL hfg x'g] s'g} cf/fdbfoL af/ -/S;L lkpg]
7fp_ 5}g / <
o;/L cgf}7f] kf];fs le/]sL dlxnfnfO{ ldnfO{ st} nfg] 7fp
5 ls egL 3f]lTnb} luDk]O{ k]ml/ emlsemsfp uNnLdf lx8\g yfNof] .
pm hfkfgL :6' kfOg] Ps 7fp l5of] / Tof] cfOdfO{ p;sf]
kl5kl5 cfO{ . Toxf vfgf ksfpg] rf/s'g] If]qdf tLglt/ a:g]
Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] lyof] . ;fy} Toxf cnu 6]a'nx klg lyP .
k|foM ;a} 7fp cf]ul6O;lsPsfn] p;n] k|j]zf/;usf] 6]a'n
lnof] . v'nf 9f]sfdfly e'mlG8Psf] ;fgf] kbf{n] af6fdf lx8\g]
dflg;xsf] cfwf tNnf] efuafx]s ;a yf]s 9fs]sf] lyof] .
;fs] -hfkfgL /S;L_ ls lao/ < luDk]O{n] ;f]Wof] .
p;sf] o; k7L cfOdfO{;u s'g} Jojxf/ ug]{ OR5f lyPg t/
pm vt/gfs gePsL kfO{ xNsf / lglikmqmL dx;'; ul//x]sf]
lyof] . p;n] dlxnfnfO{ lao/ cyjf ;fs]dWo] Ps 5fGg lbg] eof] .
d ;fs] lng dg k/fp5', cfOdfO{n] hafkm lbO{ .
Toxf :6'afx]ssf ;fwf/0f vfgf -kl/sf/x_ klg pknAw
lyP / tL kfOg] lrGx leQfdf e'mlG8/x]sf lyP . luDk]O{n]
cfOdfO{nfO{ vfgf klg dufpg lbof] . p;sf] kl/lrt tl/sfn] pm
s'g} yf]q] dw'zfnfdf nf]Ug]dflg;xnfO{ kmsfO{ Nofpg] vfnsL
cfOdfO{ ePe}m nfUyL t/ Tof] ljj/0f ;xL nfu] klg p;n] cfgf]
s'/f ;'gfpg rfx]g . ;fob p;n] luDk]O{nfO{ cln 8/nfUbf] kfP/
p;nfO{ kmsfpg] ljrf/ Toflu;s]sL lyO{ cyjf p;n] cfk"m b'O{aLr
s'g} ;femf aGwg dx;'; u/]/ p;nfO{ k5fpg] ljrf/ u/]sL
lyO{ . h] xf];\, p;n] tTsfnsf nflu cfgf] d"n p2]Zo 5fl8;s]sL
lyO{ .
hLjg crDdsf] 5, xf]Og t < dfg] cfhsf] ef]ln s] x'G5
slxNo} yfxf x'Gg . d oxf ltdL;u hf8 vfO/x]sf] 5' t/ d}n]
ltdLnfO{ klxn] slxNo} e]6]sf] lyOg .
7Ls eGg'eof] . d}n} tkfO{+nfO{ klxn] slxNo} e]6]sf] 5}g,
Tof] cfOdfO{n] cfg} ;'/df /S;L 3'6\Sofpb} ;xL yfkL .
{ 99 |

cfhsf] lbg ltdL;u /S;L vfP/ laTg] eof] Sof/ <

xh'/, To;} u/L laTg] eof] .
s] ltdL oxfaf6 3/ hfG5f} <
xh'/ . Toxf d]/L aRrL dnfO{ PSn} klv{a;]sL 5] .
aRrL /] <
Tof] cfOdfO{ Pskl5 csf]{ /S;L ylk/xL . luDk]O{n] /S;L
vfg';f p;nfO{ x]/]/ ;do latfO/of] .
cfk"mn] Ps} /ftdf h"gsL/L ;dfpg] ;df/f]xdf dfrLn]
b]v]sf], tfnsf] lsgf/df aRrfsf] 5foff/f k5fOPsf] / clxn]
Psbd} ;+of]ujz e]6]sL cfOdfO{;u /S;L lkO/x]sf] s'/f kTofpg
p;nfO{ uf/f] eof] . ;fob Tof] cfOdfO{sf] s'ktfn] Tof] ;Dej
ePsf] lyof] . vf8n5]p dfrLnfO{ b]Vg' Pp6f ;'Gb/ ;kgL lyof] t/
;:tf] /]:6'/fdf al;/x]sL of] s'k cfOdfO{ jf:tljs lyO{ . t}klg
o; jf:tljstf ;u ;'/fkfg ug'{ :jKg;'Gb/L;Dd k'Ug] af6f] h:tf]
klg lyof] . hlt a9L s'k cfOdfO{ eof] Tolt /fd|f] 5lj b]lvG5 .
To; cfOdfO{sf] s'ktfn] dfrLsf] :jk cfvfcufl8 pEofO/x]sf]
lyof] .
ltdLn] lsg /a8sf] a'6 nfO/fsL <
3/af6 lx8\bf cfh kfgL knf{ h:tf] nfu]sf] lyof] .
cfOdfO{sf] hafkm k|:6 lyof] . luDk]O{nfO{ p;sf] uf]8f x]g]{
pTs6 OR5f eof] . Tof] e2f eP pm kSs} To;of]Uo dflgGyL .
/S;L wf]Qm} hfbf p;sf] k/sf] s'ktf emg\emg\ k|v/
eP/ cfof] . ;fgf, gldn]sf cfvf cem lrD;f eP/ cfP . tLdWo]
;fgf]rflx cfvfn] p;n] luDk]O{nfO{ 58\s] kf/fn] x]/L . ;fy} cfgf
s'd cl3kl5 xNnfO/x]sL lyO{ . luDk]O{n] p;sf s'd RofKk
;dfpbf klg p;nfO{ /f]lsg . luDk]O{nfO{ xftel/ xf8x ;dfPe}m
nfUof] .
a'of}, ltdL Tolt Vofp6L x'g' gkg]{ xf] .
tkfO{+ c s] cf; ug'{x'G5 < d PSnL cfOdfO{n] Pp6L
aRrL kfNg'kg]{5 .
p;n] luDk]O{nfO{ cfk"m leqL uNnLdf ef8fsf] sf]7fdf t]/
jif{sL 5f]/L;u a;]sL / 5f]/L :s'ndf k9\b} u/]sf] syf ;'gfO{ .
p;sf] >Ldfg\ o'4df dfl/Psf] lyof], p;n] egL . t/ Tof] s'/f z\sf:kb
nfu] klg p;n] aRrLaf/] ;xL elg/x]sL x'bf pm ;Gt'i6 lyof] .
d ltdLnfO{ ltd|f] sf]7f;Dd k'ofOlbG5', luDk]O{n] bf];|f]kN6
eGof] .
{ 100 |

kb}{g, aRrL ePsLn] d]/f] 7fp /fd|f] 5}g, cfOdfO{n]

PSsfl; ljgd| kf/fdf egL oBlk p;n] klxnf] k|ltlqmof:jk
;xdltdf 6fpsf] xNnfPsL lyO{ .
luDk]O{ / cfOdfO{ ;u;u} efG;]tk{m kmls{a;] . t/ p;n] s]
ub}{ 5] egL a'g'cufj} pm p;tk{m kmsL{ :jf kfb}{ p;sf] s'ddf
c8]; nufO;s]sL lyO{ . pm p;k|lt ;dlk{t x'g tof/ ePh:tL
lyO{ . dfgf} o; ;+;f/sf] cGTo x'g uO/x]e}m luDk]O{nfO{ lg/f;fn]
5f]Kof]jt{dfg kl/l:yltdf Tof] lg/f;f Psbd} 7"nf] lyof] . ;fob
p;n] ;f]xL lbg ;fem dfrLnfO{ b]v]sfn] xf]nf .
cfOdfO{sf] /S;L vfg] tl/sf klg e2f lyof] . x/]skN6
;fs]sf] gof l;;L dufpbf pm p;sf] k|ltlqmof hfGg pT;'s eO{
p;tk{m x]g]{ uyL{ .
csf]{ l;;L dufpm, luDk]O{ cflQP/ eGYof] .
yfxf 5, d lx8\g ;Sg] 5}g . 7Ls 5 < p;n] cfgf] xft
p;sf] sfvdf /fvL . c, cem Ps l;;L dfq . s[kof, lunf;df
vGofOlbg';\ g .
;fs] p;sf] d'vsf] s'gfaf6 r'x]/ 6]a'ndfly alu/x]sf]
lyof] . p;sf] 3fdn] 89]sf] cg'xf/ uf9f, a}ugL /ftf] /df kl/0ft
x'b} lyof] .
pgLx To; 7fpaf6 lx8\bf pm luDk]O{sf] kfv'/fdf e'mlG8O{ .
p;n] p;sf] gf8L ;dfof] Tof] crDdsf] lrNnf] lyof] .
af6fdf k"mn a]Rg] Pp6L s]6LnfO{ b]v]/ p;n] egL, s[kof,
d]/f nflu s]xL k"mn lslglbg'xf];\ . d yf]/} k"mn cfgL aRrLsf
nflu 3/ nfg rfxG5' .
t/ p;n] Tof] k"mnsf] y'uf] rsdGg uNnLsf] s'gfdf /x]sf]
rfprfp a]Rg] k;nsf] :6fG8df 5fl8lbO{ .
ldq, oL k"mn d]/f nflu /flvlbg';\, x} < d rf8} g} tL lng
cfp5' .
p;n] k"mnxnfO{ Toxf 5fl8lbPkl5 p;sf] dtfO emg\ a9\b} uof] .
yfxf 5, d}n] jiff}{+ nf]Ug]dflg;sf] ;fy kfPsf] lyOg . t/
To;df s]xL ug{ ;lsGg . eg]sf], tkfO{+ /f]Hg] 5fGg] ug{ ;Sg'x'Gg,
ls s;f] <
xf], xfdLnfO{ efUon] Pscsf{;u aflwlbPsf] 5, luDk]O{n]
cgsgfpb} ;xdlt hgfof] .
uNnLdf clNemb} lx8\b} ubf{ p;nfO{ cfTdxLgtfafx]s s]xL
cg'e"lt geP klg p;sf] dgdf cem klg /a8 a'6lagfsf] p;sf]
{ 101 |

uf]8f x]g]{ /x/ lyof] . t}klg p;n] Tof] uf]8f x]g{ ;ls/x]e}m lyof]
p;sf a"9L cf}nfx cfgf e}m geO{ cfsf/ gldn]sf, afSnf], v}/f]
5fnf ePsf lyP . p;n] cfk"m To; cfOdfO{;u uf]8f tGSofP/
klN6/x]sf] sNkgf ubf{ luDk]O{nfO{ jfGtf cfpnf h:tf] eof] .
s]xLa]/sf nflu p;n] cfOdfO{nfO{ af6f] 8f]ofpg lbof] .
clg k5fl8sf] uNnLdf l5/]/ pgLx Ogf/L wd{sf] Pp6f ;fgf]
ljxf/cufl8 cfOk'u] . To;;u} Pp6f ;:tf] xf]6n lyof] hxf sf]xL
klg s'g} s]6L;u /ft latfpg ;QmYof] . cfOdfO{ cgsgfO{ .
luDk]O{n] p;sf] 6fl;Psf] kfv'/f tn nqg 5fl8lbPkl5 pm af6f]df
9nL .
ltdLnfO{ ltd|L 5f]/Ln] klv{a;]sL 5] eg] 3/ hfpm, eGb}
p;n] p;nfO{ 5fl8lbof] .
d"v{ d"v{ cfOdfO{ lrRRofO{ / ljxf/cufl8af6 dl;gf
9'fx l6kL p;dfly a;f{pg yfnL . Pp6f 9'f] luDk]O{sf]
s's'{rfdf nfUof] .
P]of pm s/fof] .
v'lRr ub}{ lx8]/ hfbf p;nfO{ cfk}mdfly bof hfUof] .
dfrLsf] k5fl8 h"gsL/Lsf] lkh8f e'mG8fOlbP/ pm ;Lwf 3/ lsg
nfu]g < dflyNnf] tnfdf /x]sf] cfgf] sf]7fdf k'u]/ luDk]O{n] cfgf]
df]hf k'msfNof] . p;sf] uf]nLuf7f] xNsf /ftf] eO;s]sf] lyof] .

{ 102 |