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Comment on the head losses associated with all the flow meters
studied in this experiment, emphasising the relationship between the
mechanism of loss generation and its magnitude
For the venturimeter, its long section enables gradual constriction and expansion
of diameter.
The head loss is thus caused by the dissipation of energy via the friction between
the fluid and the inner surface of the pipe.
It has been observed that the head loss in the venturimeter is relatively
small relative to the orifice plate.
In the Venturi meter, the gradual reduction and expansion of the diameter
reduces the separation of flow as well as reduces the separation in the
deceleration portion of the meter.
Hence, the energy loss is mainly due to friction with the wall of the tube rather to
inefficient mixing and separate flow
The orifice plate has a significant head loss when compared to the other parts of
the apparatus. VO is observed to be very high too.
As fluid velocity across the plate is relatively high, the sudden contraction
and expansion of the diameter before and after the orifice place may result in a
sharp and significant change in momentum about the orifice, causing
turbulence to form on both ends.
The turbulence increases as the flow increases.
Consequently, this turbulence dissipates energy, thus resulting in the head loss
Hence the energy loss may be due to the high energy flow across the small
orifice plate, resulting in a significant loss in energy.
With the orifice plate experiencing as much as 5 times more head loss
it can be implied that turbulence contributes to significantly higher energy loss than friction
with the internal walls.
red.
- The weighing tank is of limited size, not large enou
gh to measure
rotameter reading of value lesser than 60. The water i
n tank will overflow.
Major sources of errors:
, for the
V
enturi meter and orifice meter is determined; where
C
d
for
the
V
enturi meter is 0.9781, while C
d
= (0.0199 + 0.3311 ) x 10
5,
)
Human reaction time and parallax is one possible error.
b)
Water is used in this experiment. Any other substances th
at have higher viscosity may not
be used. There still exist some air bubbles inside the tub
e that could have led to
inaccurate readings and affect subsequent calculations.
c)
The flow rate in the experiment is control by the pum
p which may not pump water at a
constant rate
.
d)
CONCLUSION
= 1.0178
C = 0.5904
From the graph of Q
A
= (0.0189L + 0.4395)(10
5