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Three Phase Induction Motors
Three Phase Induction Motors
217
219
221
(a)
(b)
Fig.4.3 Moving magnet cutting across a conducting ladder.
223
B( ) = Bmax cos
(4.1)
p = / 2 B( )lrd = 2 Bmax lr
(4.2)
Where,
l is the axial length of the stator.
r is the radius of the stator at the air gap.
Let us consider that the phase coils are full-pitch coils of N
turns (the coil sides of each phase are 180 electrical degrees apart
as shown in Fig.4.5). It is obvious that as the rotating field moves
(or the magnetic poles rotate) the flux linkage of a coil will vary.
The
flux
( = N P at
linkage
linkage
for
coil
aa'
will
be
maximum
a (t ) = N p cos t
(4.3)
ea =
da (t )
= N p sin t = Emax sin t
dt
(4.4)
(4.5)
(4.6)
From Equation (4.4), the rms value of the induced voltage is:
E rms =
N p
2
2f
N p = 4.44 fN p
2
(4.7)
225
the iron and copper and to improve the waveform. For such a
distributed winding, the EMF induced in various coils placed in
different slots are not in time phase, and therefore the phasor sum
of the EMF is less than their numerical sum when they are
connected in series for the phase winding. A reduction factor KW ,
called the winding factor, must therefore be applied. For most
three-phase machine windings KW
Erms = 4.44 fN ph p KW
(4.8)
n=
2
P
f * 60 =
120 f
(4.9)
s=
ns n
(4.10)
ns
If you were sitting on the rotor, you would find that the rotor
was
slipping
behind
the
rotating
field
by
the
slip
f2 =
p
120
(ns n ) =
p
120
sns = sf1
(4.11)
227
n2 =
(4.13)
120 f
p
120 * 60
= 1800 rpm ,
4
(iii) 0 rpm
(f) Assume that the induced voltage in the stator winding is the
same as the applied voltage. Now,
E2 s = sE2 = s
N2
460
E1 = 0.05 * 0.5 *
= 6.64V / Phase
N1
3
229
231
I2 =
sE2
R2 + jsX 2
(4.14)
P2 = I 22 R 2
(4.15)
233
I2 =
E2
(R2 / s ) + jX 2
(4.16)
P = I 22
R2 P2
=
s
s
(4.17)
R
R
P = Pag = I 22 R2 + 2 (1 s ) = I 22 2
s
s
(4.18)
dependent
resistance
R2 (1 s ) / s
represents
the
Pmech = I 22
R2
(1 s )
s
Pmech = (1 s ) * Pag
Pmech =
(1 s ) P
s
(4.19)
(4.20)
(4.21)
and, P2 = I 2 R2 = sPag
(4.22)
(4.23)
235
replaced
by
the
Thevenin
equivalent
circuit
values
Vth =
Xm
R12
+ ( X1 + X m )
V1
(4.24)
Xm
V1 = K thV1
X1 + X m
(4.25)
Z th =
jX m (R1 + jX 1 )
= Rth + jX th
R1 + j ( X 1 + X m )
(4.26)
237
If R1 << ( X 1 + X m ) , then,
2
Xm
R1 = K th2 R1
Rth
X1 + X m
(4.27)
X th X 1
(4.28)
R1 = RLL / 2
b.
(4.29)
239
V1 =
VLL
V / Phase
3
(4.30)
Z NL =
V1
I1
(4.31)
RNL =
PNL
3I12
(4.32)
(4.33)
X 1 + X m = X NL
(4.35)
241
BL
RBL =
PBL
3I12
(4.36)
BL
Z BL
fBL
V1 BL
(4.37)
I1 BL
X BL
fBL
(Z
2
BL fBL
2
RBL
(4.38)
X BL = X BL
*
fBL
Rated Frequency
(4.39)
Frequency at blocked rotor test
X BL X 1 + X 2
(4.40)
X m = X NL X 1
(4.41)
X m2
R= 2
R
2 2
R2 + ( X 2 + X m )
243
(4.42)
X + Xm
R
R2 = 2
X
(4.43)
Xm
R2
or R
X
X
+
2
m
(4.44)
R1 = 0.5 / 2 = 0.25
From the no-load test:
The primary phase voltage can be obtained from the following
equation:
V1 =
VLL 440
=
= 254V / Phase
3
3
245
Z NL =
V1 254
=
= 18.143
I1 14
RNL =
PNL 1470
=
= 2.5
3I12 3 *14 2
X 1 + X m = X NL = 17.97
From the blocked-rotor test, the blocked-rotor resistance is:
RBL =
7200
PBL
=
= 0.6667
2
2
3
*
60
3 I1
BL
Z BL =
V1 BL
I1 BL
163 / 3
= 1.5685
60
X BL =
(Z
2
BL
2
RBL
= 1.56852 0.6667 2 = 1.42
X BL X 1 + X 2 = 1.42
Assume, X 1 = X 2 (at rated frequency)
then X 1 = X 2 = 0.71
From no load test we know that X 1 + X m = X NL and
X + Xm
0.71 + 17.26
R =
R2 = 2
* 0.4167 = 0.4517
X
17
.
26
m
Example 4.3 The following test results are obtained from a threephase 60 hp, 2200 V, six-pole, 60 Hz squirrel-cage induction
motor.
(1) No-load test:
Supply frequency = 60 Hz,
247
PNL = 1600 W
The no-load rotational loss is:
V1 =
2200
= 1270.2 V / Phase
3
Z NL =
V1 1270.2
=
= 282.27
I1
4.5
PNL
1600
=
= 26.34
3I12 3 * 4.52
249
2
2
X NL = Z NL
RNL
= 282.27 2 26.34 2 = 281
RBL =
9000
PBL
=
= 4.8
3I12 3 * 252
V1
270
=
= 6.24
I1
3 * 25
X BL =
(6.24
4.82 = 3.98
60
= 15.92
15
X BL X 1 + X 2
Hence, X 1 = X 2 =
15.92
= 7.96 (at 60 Hz)
2
7.96 + 273.04
R2 =
2 = 2.12
273.04
Vth
273.04
V1 = 0.97 V1
7.96 + 273.04
X th X 1 = 7.96 .
4.10 Performance Characteristics
The equivalent circuits derived in the preceding section can be
used to predict the performance characteristics of the induction
machine. The important performance characteristics in the steady
state are the efficiency, power factor, current, starting torque,
maximum (or pull-out) torque, and so forth.
The mechanical torque developed Tmech per phase is given by
R2
(1 s )
s
(4.45)
Where mech =
2n
60
(4.46)
mech =
nsyn
60
and syn =
251
2 (1 s )
120 f
4 f1
* 2 =
60 P
P
(4.47)
(4.48)
(4.49)
R2
= Pag
s
Tmech syn = I 22
Then, Tmech =
Tmech =
Tmech =
syn
1
syn
syn
Pag
(4.50)
(4.51)
I 22
R2
s
(4.52)
I 22
R2
s
(4.53)
Tmech
Vth2
R2
=
*
*
syn (Rth + R2 / s )2 + ( X th + X 2 )2 s
1
(4.54)
Rth +
R2
R
>> X th + X 2 and 2 >> Rth
s
s
Thus Tmech
Vth2
* *s
syn R2
1
(4.55)
(4.56)
Rth +
R2
<< X th + X 2
s
And Tmech
Vth2
R2
=
*
*
syn ( X th + X 2 )2 s
1
(4.57)
(4.58)
253
R2
2
= Rth2 + ( X th + X 2 )
STmax
(4.59)
STmax =
R2
Rth2
(4.60)
+ ( X th + X 2 )
Tmax =
1
2 syn
Vth2
Rth +
Rth2
+ ( X th + X 2 )
(4.61)
255
sTmax
Tmax
R2
X th + X 2
Vth2
*
=
2 syn X th + X 2
1
(4.62)
(4.63)
(4.64)
(R2 / s ) + ( X th + X 2 ) * s
Tmax
=
2
2
T
R2 / sTmax + ( X th + X 2 ) sTmax
2
(4.65)
sT2max + s 2
Tmax
=
T
2 * sTmax * s
s
sTmax
(4.66)
(4.67)
257
4.11 Efficiency
In order to determine the efficiency of the induction machine as
a power converter, the various losses in the machine are first
identified. These losses are illustrated in the power flow diagram
of Fig.4.16. For a 3 machine the power input to the stator is:
(4.68)
P1 = 3I12 R1
(4.69)
P2 = 3 I 22 R2
(4.70)
Pout
Pin
(4.71)
Pag = Pin
(4.72)
P2 = sPag
(4.73)
(4.74)
Pout
= (1 s )
Pin
(4.75)
Sometimes
259
represents the ratio of the power output to the air gap power. It
indicates that an induction machine must operate near its
synchronous speed if high efficiency is desired. This is why the
slip is very low for normal operation of the induction machine.
If other losses are included, the actual efficiency is lower than
the ideal efficiency of Equation (4.75). The full-load efficiency of
a large induction motor may be as high as 95 percent.
4.12 Power Flow In Three Modes Of Operation
The induction machine can be operated in three modes: motoring,
generating, and plugging. The power flow in the machine will
depend on the mode of operation. However, the equations derived
in Section 4.11 for various power relationships hold good for all
modes of operation. If the appropriate sign of the slip s is used in
these expressions, the sign of the power will indicate the actual
power flow. For example, in the generating mode, the slip is
negative. Therefore, from Equation (4.185) the air gap power Pag
is negative (note that the copper loss P2 in the rotor circuit is
always positive). This implies that the actual power flow across the
air gap in the generating mode is from rotor to stator.
[(1 s ) / s]R2
is
261
(b)
(c)
(d)
263
=163.11 N.m
motor =
265
28022.3
*100 = 87.5%
32022.4
Note that for parts (a) and (b) it is not necessary to use Thevenin
equivalent circuit. Calculation can be based on the equivalent
circuit of Fig.4.13 as follows:
267
R2 / s remains the same, the rotor current I 2 and the stator current
I1 will remain the same, and the machine will develop the same
torque (Equation (4.54)). Also, if the rotational losses are
neglected, the developed torque is the same as the load torque.
Therefore, for unity turns ratio,
Example 4.6 The following test results are obtained from three
phase 100hp,460 V, eight pole star connected induction machine
No-load test : 460 V, 60 Hz, 40 A, 4.2 kW. Blocked rotor test is
100V, 60Hz, 140A 8kW. Average DC resistor between two stator
terminals is 0.152
(a) Determine the parameters of the equivalent circuit.
(b) The motor is connected to 3 , 460 V, 60 Hz supply and runs
at 873 rpm. Determine the input current, input power, air
gap power, rotor cupper loss, mechanical power developed,
output power and efficiency of the motor.
RNL =
460 / 3
= 6.64
40
PNL
4200
=
= 0.875 \
2
3 * I1 3 * 40 2
RBL =
R1 =
8000
= 0.136
3 *140 2
0.152
= 0.076 (from resistance between two stator
2
terminals).
Z BL =
100 / 3
= 0.412
140
269
Then, X 1 = X 2 =
0.389
= 0.1945
2
0.1945 + 6.3855
Then, R2 =
* 0.06 = 0.0637
6
.
3855
0.076
j0.195
j0.195
j6.386
(b) ns =
s=
0.0637
s
120 f 120 * 60
=
= 900rpm
8
P
ns n 900 873
=
= 0.03
900
ns
R2 0.0637
=
= 2.123
0.03
s
Input impedance Z1
Z1 = 0.076 + j 0.195 +
I1 =
V1
460 / 3
=
= 125.22 27.16o
Z1 2.1227.16
Pin = 3 *
460
*125.22 cos 27.16o = 88.767 kW
3
Stator CU losses:
Pout
78.8
*100 =
*100 = 88.77 %
88.767
Pin
271
Example 4.7 A three phase, 460 V 1450 rpm, 50 Hz, four pole
wound rotor induction motor has the following parameters per
phase ( R1 =0.2, R2 =0.18 , X 1 = X 2 =0.2, X m =40). The
rotational losses are 1500 W. Find,
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Solution:
(a) V1 =
460
= 265.6 V / phase
3
Z1 = 0.2 + j 0.2 +
Then, I st =
(b) s =
j 40 * (0.18 + 0.2)
= 0.5546.59o
0.18 + j 40.2
V1
265.6
=
== 482.91 46.3o
o
I1 0.5546.59
1500 1450
= 0.0333
1500
R2
0.18
=
= 5.4
s 0.0333
Z1 = 0.2 + j 0.2 +
Then I1 FL =
j 40 * (5.4 + j 0.2)
= 4.959 10.83o
5.4 + j 45.4
265.6
o
=
53
.
56
10
.
83
A
4.95910.83o
o
sys =
Vth =
1500
* 2 = 157.08 rad / sec .
60
265.6 * ( j 40 )
= 264.275 0.285o V
(0.2 + j 40.2)
Then,
Z th =
j 40 * (0.2 + j 0.2 )
= 0.281432 45.285o = 0.198 + j 0.2
0.2 + j 40.2
Then,
3 * (264.275) * 5.4
T=
= 228.68 Nm
2
2
157.08 * (0.198 + 5.4 ) + (0.2 + 0.2 )
2
273
Pout 33223.7
=
= 79.26 %
41914
Pin
Then,
Tm =
sTmax
3 * (264.275)2
(d) sTmax = 1 =
)]
2 1/ 2
= 862.56 Nm
[0.198
R2 + Rext
2
2 1/ 2
+ (0.2 + 0.2 )
= 0.446323
Then, R2 + Rext
= 0.446323 0.18 = 0.26632
Then, Rext
Example 4.8 The rotor current at start of a three-phase, 460 volt,
1710 rpm, 60 Hz, four pole, squirrel-cage induction motor is six
times the rotor current at full load.
(a) Determine the starting torque as percent of full load torque.
(b) Determine the slip and speed at which the motor develops
maximum torque.
(c) Determine the maximum torque developed by the motor as
percent of full load torque.
I 22 R2 I 22 R2
, Thus,
T=
s syn
s
From Equation(4.72)
275
T
1.5
Tst
T
= 1.5 and max = 2 then, st =
= 0.75
TFL
TFL
Tmax
2
From above and equation (4.72)
2 sTmax
Tst
=
= 0.75
Tmax 1 + sT2max
s FL = 1.6847 (unacceptable)
or s FL = 0.120957
ns =
120 * 50
= 1500 rpm
4
277
120 * 60
= 1800 rpm
4
1800
s =
* 2 = 188.5 rad / sec
60
ns =
j0.25
j0.25
0.1
=2
0.05
j10
Z1 = 0.12 + j 0.25 + Re + X e
Z1 = 0.12 + j 0.25 +
V1 =
I1 =
208
j10 * (2 + j 0.25)
= 2.131423.55o
2 + j10.25
= 120.1 V
120.1
= 2.1314 23.55o A
o
2.131423.55
2
Pag
188.5
17467.9485
= 92.6682 N .m
188.5
Tshaft =
(h) =
Pshaft
188.5
Pshaft
Ps
279
16194.5511
= 85.9127 Nm
188.5
*100 = 87.02%
induction machine.
(b) If the machine is connected to a 30, 460 V, 60 Hz supply,
determine the starting torque, the maximum torque the machine
can develop, and the speed at which the maximum torque is
developed.
(c) If the maximum torque is to occur at start, determine the
external resistance required in each rotor phase. Assume a
turns ratio (stator to rotor) of 1.2.
Xm
6.5
* V1 =
* 265.6 = 257.7 V
X1 + X m
0.2 + 6.5
Vth =
Rth + jX th =
0.06589 j0.1947
j 0.1947
j0.2
0.05
s
257.7V
(b)
Tst =
3 * 257.7 2 * 0.05
Tmax =
= 624.7 Nm
3 * 257.7 2
= 2267.8 Nm
sTmax =
Speed
0.05
0.06589 + (0.1947 + 0.2 )
in
rpm
for
which
= 0.1249
max
torque
R2
R12
+ ( X 1 + X 2 )
R2
occurs
281
or R2
start
sstart = 1
sTmax
* R2 =
1
0.1249
* 0.05 = 0.4