Private Sector Education Report-I-SAPS

Private Sector Education
in Pakistan
Mapping and Musing
Private Sector Education
in Pakistan
Mapping and Musing
Prlvole Seolor Eduoollon ln Poklulon: Mopplnq ond Muulnq
Publluhed by:
lnulllule oí Soolol ond Polloy Solenoeu (l-SAPS)
Houue 13, Slreel 1, G-6,3, lulomobod, Poklulon
Tel: 0092-51-111739739, Fox: 0092-51-2825336
E-moll: lnío§l-uopu.orq, Webulle: www.l-uopu.orq
wllh lhe uupporl oí:
Deporlmenl íor lnlernollonol Developmenl (DFlD)
lSBN: 978-969-9393-05-1
© 2010 l-SAPS, lulomobod
Deulqned by:
CUBlC MEDlA NET
The lníormollon ond lnlerprelollonu oí lhe íoolu expreuued ln lhe uludy ore lhoue oí
l-SAPS ond do nol neoeuuorlly reíleol lhe vlewu oí DFlD or ony olher orqonlzollon.
Peproduollon lu oulhorlzed (exoepl íor oommerolol purpoueu) provlded lhe uouroe lu
ooknowledqed.
v
vll
lx
01-03
05-10
11-16
17-21
23-26
27-33
35-41
43-48
49-52
53-65
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Llul oí Tobleu
Llul oí Flqureu
Aoronymu
lnlroduollon
Seollon 1: The Plue oí Prlvole Eduoollon: Slze ond Growlh
Seollon 2: Flnonolnq oí Prlvole Eduoollon
Seollon 3: Dlverully ln Prlvole Eduoollon
Seollon 4: Çuollly oí Teoohlnq ond Leornlnq
Seollon 5: Publlo-Prlvole Porlneruhlpu
Seollon 6: Pequlollon oí Prlvole Eduoollon
Summory ond Conoluulonu
Blblloqrophy
Annex A: Slollullool Tobleu
CCl+El+E
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Toble 1.1: Number oí Eduoollonol lnulllullonu: Publlo veruuu Prlvole
Toble 1.2: Number oí Teooheru ln Prlvole Sohoolu
Toble 1.3: Enrolmenl ln Sohoolu: Publlo veruuu Prlvole
Toble 1.4: Growlh oí Enrolmenl ln Prlvole Sohoolu by Gender
Toble 5.1: Typeu oí PPP Proqrommeu oí Nollonol ond Provlnolol Eduoollon
Foundollonu (Au ln Moroh 2010)
Toble 5.2: Çuollly Auuuronoe ln PPP lnlervenllonu oí Eduoollon Foundollonu
(Au ln Moroh 2010)
Toble A1: Number oí Eduoollonol lnulllullonu
Toble A2: Number oí Prlvole Eduoollonol lnulllullonu by Gender
Toble A3: Number oí Prlvole Eduoollonol lnulllullonu by Looollon
Toble A4: Number oí Prlvole Eduoollonol lnulllullonu by Peqlon
Toble A5: Number oí Teooheru ln Prlvole Sohoolu
Toble A6: Enrolmenl ln Eduoollonol lnulllullonu: Publlo veruuu Prlvole
Toble A7: Enrolmenl ln Prlvole Eduoollonol lnulllullonu by Gender
Toble A8: Enrolmenl ln Prlvole Eduoollonol lnulllullonu by Looollon
Toble A9: Enrolmenl ln Prlvole Eduoollonol lnulllullonu by Peqlon
LlE+ CF +/ELEE
02
06
07
09
31
32
55
56
57
58-59
60
61
62
63
64-65
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Flqure 1.1: Dlulrlbullon oí lnulllullonu by Level (2007-08)
Flqure 1.2: Growlh oí Slnqle-Sex ond Mlxed Prlvole Eduoollonol lnulllullonu
(1999-2000 lo 2007-08)
Flqure 1.3: Growlh oí Prlvole Eduoollonol lnulllullonu by Looollon (1999-2000 lo
2007-08)
Flqure 1.4: Dlulrlbullon oí Prlvole Eduoollonol lnulllullonu by Peqlon (2007-08)
Flqure 1.5: Eduoollonol lnulllullonu by Peqlon: Publlo-Prlvole Mlx (2007-08)
Flqure 1.6 Growlh oí Enrolmenl ln Publlo ond Prlvole Eduoollonol lnulllullonu
Flqure 1.7: Publlo-Prlvole Mlx ln Enrolmenl by Peqlon (2007-08)
Flqure 1.8: Enrolmenl ln Prlvole Eduoollonol lnulllullonu by Looollon
Flqure 2.1 lnveulmenl, Peoelplu ond Expendllure oí Prlvole Eduoollonol
lnulllullonu (1999-2000)
Flqure 2.2: Dlulrlbullon oí Expendllure oí Prlvole Eduoollonol lnulllullonu
Flqure 2.3: Gronlu-ln-Ald lo Prlvole Eduoollon Seolor
Flqure 5.1: Publlo Flnonolnq Prlvole Provlulon: Budqelory Allooollonu íor
Eduoollon Foundollonu
Flqure 5.2 Vorlollon ln Boloohlulon Eduoollon Foundollon'u Averoqe Gronl-ln-Ald
per Sohool
LlE+ CF FlCLFEE
03
04
04
05
06
08
08
09
14
15
16
30
33
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AEPAM Aoodemy íor Eduoollonol Plonnlnq ond Monoqemenl
AJK Azod Jommu ond Kouhmlr
DFlD Deporlmenl íor lnlernollonol Developmenl
EMlS Eduoollon Monoqemenl lníormollon Syulem
FANA Federolly Admlnlulered Norlhern Areou (now Gllqll-Bolllulon)
FATA Federolly Admlnlulered Trlbol Areou
lCT lulomobod Copllol Terrllory
l-SAPS lnulllule oí Soolol ond Polloy Solenoeu
KPK Khyber Pokhlunkhwo provlnoe (íormerly NWFP)
LEAPS Leornlnq ond Eduoollonol Aohlevemenl ln Poklulon Sohoolu
MDGu Mlllennlum Developmenl Goolu
NEAS Nollonol Eduoollonol Auueuumenl Syulem
NEMlS Nollonol Eduoollon Monoqemenl lníormollon Syulem
NEMlS Nollonol Eduoollon Monoqemenl lníormollon Syulem
NPSP Nollonol Purol Supporl Proqromme
PEC Punjob Exomlnollon Commluulon
PETF Poklulon Eduoollon Touk Foroe
PPPu Publlo-prlvole Porlneruhlpu
PSLM Poklulon Soolol ond Llvlnq Meouuremenlu Slondordu Survey
/CFCl`lE
1
Theue ílqureu ore derlved írom, Federol Bureou oí Slollullou, Mlnlulry oí Eoonomlo Aííolru ond Slollullou, Cenuuu oí
Prlvole Eduoollonol lnulllullonu ln Poklulon 1999-2000, lulomobod , ond AEPAM, Mlnlulry oí Eduoollon, Poklulon
Eduoollon Slollullou 2007-08,lulomobod, 2009. A íuller onolyulu oí lhe rlue oí prlvole ueolor eduoollon lu qlven ln
Seollon 1 oí lhlu uludy.
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Over lhe poul deoode, prlvole ueolor hou emerqed ou o key provlder oí eduoollon
uervloeu ln Poklulon bolh ln obuolule lermu ond relollve lo lhe publlo ueolor. One
pleoe oí evldenoe reloleu lo lhe number oí prlvole uohoolu, whloh lnoreoued by 69°,
ou oompored lo mere 8° lnoreoue oí qovernmenl uohoolu belween 1999-2000 ond
2007-08. ln 2000, lhe prlvole ueolor wou oolerlnq lo lhe eduoollonol needu oí oboul
6 mllllon ohlldren. Thlu number lnoreoued lo 12 mllllon ln 2007-08 equlvolenl lo 34
peroenl oí lolol enrolmenl. The number oí leooheru oluo doubled ln prlvole
1
eduoollonol lnulllullonu durlnq lhlu perlod . Thlu mouulve qrowlh hou lhrown up
mony lmporlonl queullonu. Whol hou oouued lhe prlvole eduoollon lnulllullonu lo
qrow uo ropldly? How lu publlo uohoollnq oííeoled by lhlu qrowlh? Should lhe
qovernmenl ulrlolly requlole lhe prlvole provlderu oí eduoollon? To whol exlenl ore
publlo-prlvole porlneruhlpu eííeollve íor meellnq lhe qrowlnq demond íor
eduoollon? Are lhe prlvole uohoolu provldlnq beller quollly oí leornlnq lhon lhe
qovernmenl uohoolu? To onuwer uuoh queullonu ond lhe llke lu oruolol íor ldenllíylnq
lhe emerqlnq ohollenqeu ond íormulollnq eííeollve reuponueu ond ulroleqleu ol lhe
polloymoklnq ond lmplemenlollonlevelu.
The qrowlh oí prlvole uohoolu, eupeololly oí lhe low-íee uohoolu, hou íoroed
eduoollon polloymokeru ond onolyulu lo loke ooqnlzonoe oí lhe promlueu ou well ou
ohollenqeu emonollnq íromlhlu developmenl. Whlle mony uee lhe role oí lhe ulole
ou lhe lrodlllonol provlder oí eduoollonol uervloeu ou nolurol ond lrreplooeoble, o
qrowlnq number oí oommenloloru, bolh wllhln Poklulon ond lnlernollonolly, íovor o
loluuez íolre polloy íor lhe prlvole ueolor lo emerqe ou o key provlder oí eduoollon
ond orque lhol lhe ulole uhould nol oompele wllh prlvole uohoolu. Whlle lhe role oí
lhe ulole ou lhe ílnonoer ond provlder oí eduoollon remolnu o moller oí debole ond
oonlroveruy, lhe qrowlh oí prlvole provlulon oí eduoollon lu wldely lnlerpreled by
mony ou evldenoe oí lhe porenlu' look oí íollh ln lhe oopoolly oí publlo ueolor lo
ll+FCELC+lCl
InIroducI|on
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dellver quollly eduoollon lo oll ohlldren. Some oluo orque lhol ll lu unwlue lo rely on
morkel-boued uolullonu íor mouulve eduoollon whlle olheru belleve lhol requlollon
ond publlo-prlvole porlneruhlpu oon be eííeollve ulroleqleu lo upol ond reollíy lhe
morkel íollureu.
The mllleu oulllned obove lndlooleu lhol prlvole eduoollon hou beoome o
ulqnlíloonl phenomenon ln Poklulon ond yel llllle lu known oboul key dynomlou oí
lhlu phenomenon. Keeplnq lhlu ln vlew, lhlu uludy exomlneu lhe ulole ond qrowlh oí
prlvole eduoollon ln lhe oounlry belween 1999-2000 ond 2007-08. Some dolo
ooveru lhe perlod up lo 2010. The onolyulu íoouueu on luuueu ond ohollenqeu lhol
emonole írom llu ulze ond qrowlh, dlverully ln lhe prlvole provlulon oí eduoollon,
ílnonolnq, quollly oí leoohlnq ond leornlnq, publlo-prlvole porlneruhlpu ond
requlollon. The purpoue oí lhe uludy lu lo ldenllíy uome oreou whloh requlre íurlher
reueoroh ond lo hlqhllqhl lmporlonl exlullnq ond emerqlnq luuueu ln lhe prlvole
eduoollonwhloh ooll íor on lníormeddebole ond polloy reuponue.
The evldenoe preuenled ln dlííerenl ueollonu oí lhe uludy lu boued on deuk-
boued reueoroh whloh wou underloken by lnulllule íor Soolol ond Polloy Solenoeu (l-
SAPS) íor Poklulon Eduoollon Touk Foroe (PETF) wllh lhe uupporl oí Deporlmenl
íor lnlernollonol Developmenl (DFlD) UK. Prellmlnory ílndlnqu ond lníerenoeu írom
lhe reueoroh were uhored wllh PETF ln Moroh 2010. Thlu uludy preuenlu o íuller
onolyulu oí lhe reueoroh wllh o vlewlo íoollllole on lníormed polloy debole, uuqqeul
reoommendollonu ond lmplemenl ulroleqleu íor llvlnq up lo lhe ohollenqeu
ouuoololedwllhlhe qrowlh oí prlvole eduoollon.
Al lhlu uloqe, ll lu perllnenl lo polnl oul lhol lhe onolyulu preuenled ln lhe
uludy drowu on lhe exlullnq ulollullool dolo ond reueoroh uludleu. Deuorlpllon oí lhe
exponulon ln number oí lnulllullonu, enrollmenl ond leooheru lu mode by oomblnlnq
dolo írom lhe Cenuuu oí Prlvole Eduoollonol lnulllullonu 1999-2000, Nollonol
Eduoollon Cenuuu 2005 ond publluhed dolo íromNollonol Eduoollon Monoqemenl
lníormollon Syulem (NEMlS) íor 2006-07 ond 2007-08. The reoder lu ooulloned
lhol lheue lwo uelu oí doloboueu (oenuuueu ond NEMlS reporlu) ore nol ulrlolly
oomporoble due lo uome dlííerenoeu ln uoope ond melhodoloqy. For exomple, lhe
oenuuu oonduoled ln 2000 doeu nol oover modrouuohu beoouue lhey were exoluded
írom lhe deílnlllon oí prlvole uohoolu bul uubuequenlly lhey were oovered ln 2005
oenuuu. Moreover, lhe dolo oí prlvole eduoollon ln NEMlS reporlu lu boued on
eullmoleu derlved írom lhe poul lrendu, oonlrory lo lhe publlo ueolor dolo whloh lu
boued on onnuol oenuuu. Whlle lheue dlííerenoeu do nol ollow on opple-lo-opple
oomporluon, lhere lu no olher doloboue on whloh one oould rely íor drowlnq o
nollonol-level hollullo uoenorlo over o lonqer perlod. Deuplle lhe dlííerenoeu ln lhelr
uoope ond melhodoloqy, lhey provlde íolrly relloble eullmoleu oí qrowlh ln
lnulllullonu, leooheru ond enrolmenl. However, lhe reoder hou lokeep ln mlnd lheue
dlííerenoeu whlle lnlerprellnqlhe dolo.
ln oddlllon lo lhe prlvole uohoolu' oenuuueu ond NEMlS reporlu, reueoroh
uludleu deollnq wllh dlííerenl oupeolu oí prlvole eduoollon ln Poklulon ond olher
reqlonu were lnlenulvely oonuulled. Key orqumenlu ond ílndlnqu írom lhe uludleu
hove beenuued louupplemenl lhe onolyulu.
InIroducI|on
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The uludy lu orqonlzed lnlo ulx ueollonu. The ílrul ueollon deuorlbeu lhe exponulon oí
prlvole eduoollon ln lermu oí ohonqeu ln number oí lnulllullonu, leooheru ond
enrolmenl belween 1999-2000 ond 2007-08 ond drowu key lníerenoeu. The ueoond
ueollon orqueu lhol prlvole ueolor eduoollon lu nol o homoqenouu ooleqory. ll uhedu
llqhl on dlííerenl íooelu oí dlverully whloh ohoroolerlze lhe prlvole eduoollon
morkelplooe ln Poklulon. The lhlrd ueollon deolu wllh ílnonolnq oí prlvole eduoollon.
ll preuenlu evldenoe on lrendu ond pollernu ln qovernmenl'u ílnonolnq oí prlvole
eduoollon ond oul-oí-pookel expendllure. The íourlh ueollon exomlneu lhe luuueu
oonoerned wllh quollly oí leoohlnq ond leornlnq ln prlvole uohoolu. The ílílh ueollon
dluouuueu publlo-prlvole porlneruhlpu ou lhe lnulrumenlu lo promole ond uupporl
prlvole ueolor porllolpollon ln eduoollon. The ulxlh ueollon revlewu orqumenlu íor
ond oqolnul lhe requlollon oí prlvole uohoolu olonq wllh o ooue uludy oí requlollon
reqlme íor prlvole uohoolu ln lulomobod Copllol Terrllory (lCT). The uludy oonoludeu
wllh o dluouuulon oí lhe polloy ohollenqeu lo oddreuu lhe luuueu poued by lhe qrowlh
oí prlvole ueolor eduoollon.
E
E
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The ß|se oI Pr|vaIe EducaI|on
S|/e aud ß|owlh
C¹
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Hlulorloolly, prlvole provlulon oí eduoollon lu nol new ln Poklulon. Al lhe llme oí llu
lnoepllon ln 1947, lhe ulole promlued unlveruol prlmory eduoollon ou well ou uouqhl
'olher ooloru' lo porllolpole ln reollzlnq ll. ll juullíled lhe need íor porllolpollon oí lhe
1
exlro-ulole ooloru ln vlewoí look oí reuouroeu . Slnoe lhen, lhe prlvole uohoolu hove
exluled ln lhe íorm oí modrouuohu, Chrlullon mluulonory uohoolu ou well ou uohoolu
run by buulneuu enlrepreneuru ond non-qovernmenlol orqonlzollonu. The qrowlh oí
prlvole uohoolu reoelved o uerlouu uelbook due lo qovernmenl'u drlve íor
nollonollzollon ln 1972. Thelr role wou revlved oíler denollonollzollon ln lole 1980u
bul llllle lu known oboul lhe dynomlou oí revlvol ond pre- ond poul-denollonollzollon
dlííerenoeu due lo obuenoe oí dolo. Mlnlmol reueoroh wou oorrled oul on lhe role oí
lhe prlvole ueolor ln eduoollon oíler denollonollzollon. Thlu deílolenoy wou porlly
due lolookoí o populollonoenuuu ln Poklulonbelween 1981 ond 1998.
Unlll lhe lole 1990u, ll wou belleved lhol lhe prlvole uohoolu were lorqely
uervlnq lhe ellle ueqmenlu oí Poklulonl populollon. Aíler denollonollzollon, qrowlh
oí prlvole uohoolu wou no more on urbon ellle phenomenon. The uohoolu ulorled
upreodlnq ln rurol oreou ropldly ond were oííordoble lo mlddle ond even low lnoome
qroupu. Porenlu oould lníer quollly vorlollon belween uohoolu írom lhe íeeu whloh
2
reuponded ln predloloble woyu lo meouured uohool lnpulu . Some vlew lhe rlue oí
prlvole uohoollnq ou oomplemenlory lo lhe qovernmenlol eííorlu íor oohlevlnq
"Eduoollon íor All`, olheru oonulder ll ou on lnevlloble ohonqe ouuoololed wllh lhe
prooeuueu leodlnq lo lhe emerqenoe oí morkelplooeu ond uhrlnklnq role oí lhe ulole
ln lheprovlulon oí publlo qood.
Over lhe poul íewyeoru, dolo hou uhown lhol prlvole provlulon oí eduoollon
hou beoome o ulqnlíloonl phenomenon ln Poklulon bolh ln urbon ou well ou rurol
oreou. Thlu lu evldenl írom lhe qrowlnq uhore oí prlvole ueolor ln number oí
eduoollonol lnulllullonu, nollonol workíoroe oí leooheru ond enrolmenl eupeololly
EEC+lCl C¹
S|/e aud ß|owlh
1
Mlnlulry oí Eduoollon (1947), Poµo·t o/ t|o Not|ooo| Foooot|oo Coo/o·oooo, Koroohl.
2
Androbl, Tohlr, Dou J ond Khwojo, 7|o P|so o/ P·|.oto So|oo||og |o Po||stoo, Coto·|og to t|o U·ooo F||to o· Foooot|og
t|o Po·o| Poo·? Worklnq poper, Horvord Unlverully, 2002, pp. 4-9
S|/e aud ß|owlh
C¹
02
ulnoe 2000. Thlu yeor lu lmporlonl ln lhe uenue lhol lnlernollonol oommunlly beqon
lo exerl qreol preuuure on developlnq oounlrleu íor oohlevlnq Mlllennlum
Developmenl Goolu (MDGu). Thlu preuuure wou one oí lhe moul lmporlonl íoroeu
whloh moved lhe Poklulonl qovernmenl lo oooelerole llu eííorlu íor oohlevlnq
unlveruol prlmory eduoollon ond ou o reuull ll uupporled lhe emerqenoe oí prlvole
ueolor eduoollon lno llberol polloy íromework.
Thlu ueollon exomlneu lhe qrowlh ond ulze oí lhe prlvole ueolor eduoollon ln
oomporluon wllh publlo ueolor belween 1999-2000 ond 2007-08 ln lermu oí lhree
lndlooloru: eduoollonol lnulllullonu, leooheru, ond enrolmenl. The ueollon hlqhllqhlu
uome oí lhe moln luuueu ouuoololed wllh lhe prlvole ueolor'u qrowlh ond ulze. The
onolyulu lu boued on ulollullool dolo írom Federol Bureou oí Slollullou' Cenuuu oí
Prlvole Sohoolu 1999-2000, Mlnlulry oí Eduoollon'u Nollonol Eduoollon Cenuuu
2005 ond Poklulon Eduoollon Slollullou íor 2000 ond 2007-08. A delolled nole on
uouroeu oí doloond lhelr oomporobllllyhou olreody been qlven ln lhe lnlroduollon.
Au íor ou lhe number oí lnulllullonu lu oonoerned, 30° oí oll eduoollonol
lnulllullonu ln Poklulon were prlvole ln 2007-08. Thlu ulze hou qrown oonulderobly
ulnoe 1999-2000 when lhe uhore oí prlvole lnulllullonu wou mere 19°. Comporollve
lo lhe publlo ueolor, lhe peroenloqe uhore oí prlvole ueolor ln oll eduoollonol
lnulllullonu lu very hlqh ol mlddle level (61°) ond hlqh level (59°). Al lhe prlmory
level, publlo ueolor lu ullll domlnonl provlder oí eduoollon ou 89° oí oll eduoollonol
lnulllullonu ore owned by lhe qovernmenl. An lmporlonl lrend evldenl íromlhe dolo
lu lhol prlvole lnulllullonu ore expondlnq ol o muoh íouler role lhon lhoue ln lhe
publlo ueolor. Belween 1999-2000 ond 2007-08, lhe number oí prlvole eduoollonol
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S.No.
Tab|e 1.1: Number of Educationa| Institutions: Pub|ic versus Private
Leve|
Prlmory
Mlddle
Hlqh
Tolol (1-3)
Tolol*
Type 1999-2000 2005 2007-08
° of Tota|
in 2007-08
Change
since
2000 (°)
1
2
3
4
5
Prlvole
Publlo
Tolol
Prlvole
Publlo
Tolol
Prlvole
Publlo
Tolol
Prlvole
Publlo
Tolol
Prlvole
Publlo
Tolol
14,748
131,779
146,527
12,550
12,085
24,635
5,940
8,509
14,449
33,238
152,373
185,611
35,889
153,062
188,951
16,911
119,848
136,759
24,115
14,334
38,449
13,484
9,471
22,955
54,510
143,653
198,163
70,365
147,027
217,392
17,250
139,342
156,592
24,847
15,982
40,829
14,053
9,911
23,964
56,150
165,235
221,385
73,529
168,659
242,188
11°
89°
100°
61°
39°
100°
59°
41°
100°
25°
75°
100°
30°
70°
100°
17°
6°
7°
98°
32°
66°
137°
17°
66°
69°
8°
19°
105°
10°
28°
Kate. Iat+|° (!) |ac|a1es e1ac+t|aa+| |ast|tat|aas +t +|| |e·e|s |.e. lte-lt|n+t¡, l|¿|et \ecaa1+t¡, |e¿tee |e·e|, tec|a|c+| +a1 ·ac+t|aa+| +a1 |eea| N+1+t|s. la«e·et, t|e I³³³-I111
1+t+ |a I+||e I.I 1aes aat ca·et lte-lt|n+t¡, |eea| N+1+t|s +a1 ¡a|||c sectat 1e¿tee |e·e| +a1 tec|a|c+| +a1 ·ac+t|aa+| |ast|tat|aas.
\aatce. tan¡||e1 |¡ l-\|l\ |tan teasas a| lt|·+te l1ac+t|aa+| last|tat|aas I³³³-I111, K+t|aa+| l1ac+t|aa teasas I11! +a1 KlNl\ te¡atts |at I111 +a1 I11l-1r
03 |
-
S
A
P
S
P
u
h
|
|
c
a
t
|
o
n
s
lnulllullonu lnoreoued by 69°, ou oompored lo mere 8° lnoreoue ln qovernmenl
lnulllullonu l.e. more lhon 8 llmeu íouler lhon lhe publlo ueolor (Toble 1.1).
By level oí eduoollon, lhe number oí prlvole eduoollon lnulllullonu lu lhe
hlqheul ol lhe mlddle level íollowed by prlmory, hlqh ond Deenl Modorlu. Oul oí lolol
prlvole eduoollonol lnulllullonu ln 2007-08, lhe peroenloqe oí lnulllullonu ol lheue
íour levelu wou 33°, 23°, 19° ond 16° reupeollvely. Allhouqh prlvole provlulon oí
hlqher eduoollon ond leohnlool ond vooollonol eduoollon lu expondlnq íoul, lhe
number oí uuohlnulllullonu lu umoll ln proporllonol lermu (Flqure 1.1).
ln lermu oí lhe dlulrlbullon by qender, 95° oí prlvole eduoollonol lnulllullonu were
mlxed ln 1999-2000. Anolyulu oí ulollullool dolo lndlooleu o ulqnlíloonl lrend ln lhe
qrowlh oí ulnqle-uex prlvole eduoollonol lnulllullonu, ou lhe peroenloqe oí mlxed
lnulllullonu hou deoreoued ropldly ulnoe 1999-2000. Thlu beoomeu evldenl when
qrowlh oí boyu, qlrlu ond mlxed uohoolu lu oonuldered. Belween 1999-2000 ond
2005, prlvole eduoollonol lnulllullonu íor boyu lnoreoued by 200° ond íor qlrlu by
237°, ou oompored lo mlxed eduoollonol lnulllullonu whloh qrew by mere 59°
durlnq lhlu perlod. Even lí lhe ohonqe lu meouured over o relollvely lonqer perlod
belween 1999-2000 ond 2007-08, lhe uome lrend oonllnueu. Moreover, ulnqle-uex
uohoolu íor qlrlu hove qrown íouler lhon bolh boyu ond mlxed prlvole eduoollonol
lnulllullonu (Flqure 1.2).
ll lu oommonly belleved lhol porenlu ln rurol oreou preíer lo eduoole lhelr
ohlldren, eupeololly qlrlu, ln ulnqle-uex uohoolu. Thlu porlly explolnu lhe íouler qrowlh
oí ulnqle-uex prlvole uohoolu, qlven lhol lhe number oí prlvole eduoollonol
lnulllullonu hou lnoreoued monlíold ln rurol oreou belween 1999-2000 ond 2007-08.
Prlmory uohoolu lnoreoued by 25°, mlddle uohoolu by 134°, ond hlqh uohoolu by
Primary
23°
Deeni Madaris
16°
Pre-Primary
1°
Universities
0.1°
Technica|
and
Vocationa|
3°
Degree Co||eges
2°
Higher
Secondary
3°
High
19°
Midd|e
33°
F|gure 1.1: û|sIr|buI|on oI InsI|IuI|ons by Leve| (2007-0B)
Sou|ce. l-SAPS' ca|cu|al|ous l|om lhe hENlS |epo|l lo| 2OO7-O8
S|/e aud ß|owlh
C¹
|
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S
A
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S
P
u
h
|
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c
a
t
|
o
n
s
04
209° ln rurol oreou. ln oomporluon, lhe number oí prlmory uohoolu ln urbon oreou
lnoreoued by 10°, mlddle uohoolu 73°ond hlqh uohoolu by 113°. Thlu uhowu lhol ol
oll lhe lhree levelu, qrowlh oí prlvole uohoolu hou been muoh hlqher (neorly double)
ln rurol oreou lhon urbon oreou. Even ln obuolule lermu, lhe number oí prlmory
uohoolu ln rurol oreou hou exoeeded lhoue ln lhe urbon oreou (rurol 8,920, urbon
8,330) ln 2007-08 (Toble A3 ln Annex l). Thlu pollern underllneu lhe reuponue oí
prlvole ueolor lo lnoreoulnq lnlereul oí porenlu ln rurol oreou lo eduoole lhelr
ohlldrenln prlvole uohoolu.
F|gure 1.2: ûroWIh oI 8|ng|e-8ex and N|xed Pr|vaIe EducaI|ona| InsI|IuI|ons
(1999-2000 Io 2007-0B)
Sou|ce. Comp||ed by l-SAPS l|om Ceusus ol P||vale Educal|oua| lusl|lul|ous 1999-2OOO,
hal|oua| Educal|ou Ceusus 2OO5 aud hENlS |epo|ls lo| 2OOO aud 2OO7-O8
300°
250°
200°
150°
100°
50°
0°
200°
237°
59°
210°
254°
64°
Boyu
Glrlu
Mlxed
1999-2000 lo 2005 11999-2000 lo 2007-08
F|gure 1.3: ûroWIh oI Pr|vaIe EducaI|ona| InsI|IuI|ons by LocaI|on (1999-2000 Io
2007-0B)
Sou|ce. Comp||ed by l-SAPS l|om Ceusus ol P||vale Educal|oua| lusl|lul|ous 1999-2OOO, hal|oua| Educal|ou Ceusus 2OO5
aud hENlS |epo|ls lo| 2OOO aud 2OO7-O8
Urbon
Purol
Urbon
Purol
2
0
0
7
-
0
8
1
9
9
9
-
2
0
0
0
2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 0
Hlqh
Mlddle
Prlmory
S|/e aud ß|owlh
C¹
05 |
-
S
A
P
S
P
u
h
|
|
c
a
t
|
o
n
s
ln lermu oí qeoqrophlool upreod, lhe lorqeul peroenloqe oí oll prlvole eduoollonol
lnulllullonu lu íound ln lhe Punjob (65°) íollowed by Slndh (16°), Khyber
Pokhlunkhwo (KPK) (11°), Azod Jommu ond Kouhmlr (3°), Gllqll-Bolllulon (2°)
ond Boloohlulon, lulomobod Copllol Terrllory (lCT) ond Federolly Admlnlulered
Trlbol Areou (FATA) (1° eooh) (Flqure 1.4). lí oomblned qrowlh oí prlmory, mlddle
ond hlqh uohoolu lu oonuldered belween 1999-2000 ond 2007-08, Boloohlulon
provlnoe lu ol lhe lop where lhe prlvole prlmory, mlddle ond hlqh uohoolu lnoreoued
by 90° íollowed by lCT (76°), Punjob (71°), Slndh (66°), KPK (64°) ond FATA
(33°). The dolo íor oomporluon oí qrowlh roleu ln Gllqll-Bolllulon ond AJK lu nol
ovollobleíor 1999-2000.
Overoll, lhree ln every len eduoollonol lnulllullonu ln Poklulon ore prlvole. However,
lhe publlo-prlvole mlx vorleu ln eooh reqlon. lCT lu on oulller ou more lhon holí oí llu
lolol eduoollonol lnulllullonu ore prlvole. ln Gllqll-Bolllulon, lhe peroenloqe oí
prlvole lnulllullonu lu oluo very hlqh ond ulondu ol 41°. ln Boloohlulon ond FATA,
prlvole ueolor hou nol been oble lo emerqe ou o key provlder oí eduoollon ou mere
7° eduoollonol lnulllullonu were prlvole ln 2007-08. The peroenloqe uhoreu oí
publlo ond prlvole ueolor eduoollonol lnulllullonu ln 2007-08 ore uhown ln
Flqure 1.5.
Theulole oí leooheru ln prlvole eduoollonol lnulllullonu lu oonulderobly lorqe
due louheer ulze oí lhe ueolor. ln 1999-2000, lhe lolol number oí leooheru ln prlvole
eduoollonol lnulllullonu wou 0.3 mllllon. By 2007-08, lhe workíoroe oí leooheru wou
doubled (Toble 1.2). Oul oí lolol 1.4 mllllon leooheru ln Poklulon, 44°were worklnq
ln prlvole eduoollonol lnulllullonu ln 2007-08. ln prlvole eduoollonol lnulllullonu, lhe
number oí íemole leooheru lu lwloe lhe number oí mole leooheru. The qrowlh ln lhelr
number belween 1999-2000 ond 2007-08 lu oommenuurole wllh lhlu pollern ln
prlmory, mlddle ond hlqh uohoolu. However, lhe qrowlh ln number oí mole leooheru
F|gure 1.4: û|sIr|buI|on oI Pr|vaIe EducaI|ona| InsI|IuI|ons by ßeg|on (2007-0B)
Sou|ce. Comp||ed by l-SAPS l|om lhe hENlS |epo|l lo| 2OO7-O8
Punjob Slndh KPK Boloohlulon lCT FATA Gllqll-Bolllulon AJK
1°
1°
1° 2°
3°
65°
16°
11°
S|/e aud ß|owlh
C¹
06 |
-
S
A
P
S
P
u
h
|
|
c
a
t
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o
n
s
wou oonulderobly hlqher lhon íemoleu íor prlvole hlqher ueoondory ond leohnlool
ond vooollonol lnulllullonu (Toble A4ln Annex l).
Llke lhe number oí lnulllullonu ond leooheru, prlvole eduoollon morku o ulqnlíloonl
phenomenon ln lermu oí enrolmenl ol vorlouu uloqeu. Overoll, prlvole ueolor
S.No.
Tab|e 1.2: Number of Teachers in Private Schoo|s
Leve|
Prlmory
Mlddle
Hlqh
Tolol (1-3)
Tolol*
Sex 1999-2000 2005 2007-08
° of Tota|
in 2007-08
Change
since
2000 (°)
1
2
3
4
5
Mole
Femole
Tolol
Mole
Femole
Tolol
Mole
Femole
Tolol
Mole
Femole
Tolol
Mole
Femole
Tolol
17,020
58,904
75,924
28,752
77,629
106,381
27,150
67,459
94,609
72,922
203,992
276,914
81,264
213,638
294,902
18,846
67,605
86,451
48,583
145,661
194,244
54,420
139,852
194,272
121,849
353,118
474,967
182,912
390,661
573,573
19,338
68,857
88,195
49,888
149,371
199,259
55,021
144,072
199,093
124,247
362,300
486,547
191,854
405,764
597,618
22°
78°
100°
25°
75°
100°
28°
72°
100°
26°
74°
100°
32°
68°
100°
14°
17°
16°
74°
92°
87°
103°
114°
110°
70°
78°
76°
136°
90°
103°
Kate. Iat+|° (!) |ac|a1es te+c|ets a| e1ac+t|aa+| |ast|tat|aas +t +|| |e·e|s |.e. lte-lt|n+t¡, l|¿|et \ecaa1+t¡, |e¿tee |e·e|, tec|a|c+| +a1 ·ac+t|aa+| +a1 |eea| N+1+t|s.
la«e·et, t|e I³³³-I111 1+t+ |a I+||e I.I 1aes aat ca·et te+c|ets a| lte-lt|n+t¡ +a1 |eea| N+1+t|s.
F|gure 1.6: EducaI|ona| InsI|IuI|ons by ßeg|on: Pub||c-Pr|vaIe N|x (2007-0B)
hole. The above pe|ceulages do uol |uc|ude uu|ve|s|l|es, ûeeu| Nada||s aud lechu|ca| |usl|lul|ous.
Poklulon
Punjob
Slndh
KPK
Boloohlulon
AJK
FATA
Gllqll-Bolllulon
lCT
74°
62°
84°
81°
93°
76°
93°
59°
46°
26°
38°
16°
19°
7°
24°
7°
41°
54°
Publlo
Prlvole
0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120°
S|/e aud ß|owlh
C¹
07 |
-
S
A
P
S
P
u
h
|
|
c
a
t
|
o
n
s
enrolmenl oooounled íor 34°oí lolol enrolmenl ln eduoollonol lnulllullonu ln 2007-
08. Thlu meonu lhol one ln every lhree ohlldren enrolled ln eduoollonol lnulllullonu
wou ln o prlvole lnulllullon (Toble 1.3). Thlu proporllon lu muoh hlqher íor leohnlool 8
vooollonol eduoollon ond Deenl Modorlu, ou prlvole ueolor'u uhore ln enrolmenl ol
lheue lwo uloqeu wou 57°ond 97°reupeollvely ln 2007-08 (Toble 5A ln Annex l). ln
lermu oí qrowlh, dolo reveolu lwo lmporlonl ílndlnqu. Flrul, lhe lnoreoue ln overoll
enrolmenl hou been lhe loweul ol lhe prlmory uloqe (1°) belween 1999-2000 ond
2007-08. lndeed, publlo ueolor enrolmenl ol lhe prlmory uloqe hou deollned by 2.6°
durlnq lhlu perlod. Al mlddle ond hlqh uloqeu, enrolmenl lnoreoued by 35°ond 50°
reupeollvely. Thlu pollern reíeru lo ulqnlíloonl lmprovemenl ln lronulllon oí ohlldren
írom prlmory lo mlddle ond hlqh uohoolu. Seoondly, peroenloqe lnoreoue ln
enrolmenl ln prlvole ueolor lnulllullonu hou been muoh hlqher lhon lhe publlo ueolor.
Belween 1999-2000 ond 2007-08, publlo ueolor wllneuued on lnoreoue oí mere 4°
ln oomblned enrolmenl íor prlmory, mlddle ond hlqh uloqeu, ou oompored lo 29°
lnoreoue ln lhe prlvole ueolor enrolmenl. Thuu, enrolmenl ln prlvole ueolor hou
exponded 7llmeu íouler lhon lhol oí lhe publlo ueolor (Toble 1.3).
The ropld qrowlh oí prlvole uohoollnq enlollu mony lmplloollonu íor lhe publlo ueolor.
One pleoe oí evldenoe oomeu írom ohonqeu ln lhe uhore oí prlvole uohoolu ln lolol
enrolmenl belween 1999-2000 ond 2007-08. Au Flqure 1.6 uhowu, publlo ueolor
uohoolu wllneuued o deollneoí 2°ln enrolmenl ol prlmory, 19°ol mlddle ond 10°ol
hlqh uloqe. Obvlouuly, lhlu deollne oome írom lnoreoue ln enrolmenl ln prlvole
uohoolu.
S.No.
Tab|e 1.3: Enro|ment in Schoo|s: Pub|ic versus Private
Leve|
Prlmory
Mlddle
Hlqh
Tolol (1-4)
Tolol*
Type 1999-2000 2005 2007-08
° of Tota|
in 2007-08
Change
since
2000 (°)
1
2
3
4
5
Prlvole
Publlo
Tolol
Prlvole
Publlo
Tolol
Prlvole
Publlo
Tolol
Prlvole
Publlo
Tolol
Prlvole
Publlo
Tolol
4,568,890
12,480,466
17,049,356
885,146
3,073,938
3,959,084
305,798
1,311,107
1,616,905
5,759,834
16,865,511
22,625,345
5,952,224
16,952,185
22,904,409
5,120,963
10,982,715
16,103,678
1,675,556
3,325,884
5,001,440
680,383
1,480,549
2,160,932
7,476,902
15,789,148
23,266,050
11,775,558
20,782,205
32,557,763
5,072,796
12,155,478
17,228,274
1,668,543
3,694,175
5,362,718
702,946
1,723,309
2,426,255
7,444,285
17,572,962
25,017,247
12,140,458
23,411,173
35,551,631
29°
71°
100°
31°
69°
100°
29°
71°
100°
30°
70°
100°
34°
66°
100°
11°
-2.6°
1°
89°
20°
35°
130°
31°
50°
29°
4°
11°
104°
38°
55°
Kate. Iat+|° (!) |ac|a1es eata|neat +t +|| st+¿es |.e. lte-lt|n+t¡, l|¿|et \ecaa1+t¡, |e¿tee |e·e|, tec|a|c+| +a1 ·ac+t|aa+| +a1 |eea| N+1+t|s. la«e·et, t|e I³³³-I111 1+t+ |a
I+||e I.J 1aes aat ca·et eata|neat +t t|e st+¿es a| lte-lt|n+t¡, |eea| N+1+t|s +a1 ¡a|||c sectat eata|neat |a 1e¿tee |e·e| +a1 tec|a|c+| +a1 ·ac+t|aa+| |ast|tat|aas.
S|/e aud ß|owlh
C¹
F|gure 1.6: ûroWIh oI Enro|menI |n Pub||c and Pr|vaIe EducaI|ona| InsI|IuI|ons
Sou|ce. Comp||ed by l-SAPS l|om Ceusus ol P||vale Educal|oua| lusl|lul|ous 1999-2OOO aud hENlS |epo| ls lo|
2OOO aud 2OO7-O8
100°
90°
80°
70°
60°
50°
40°
30°
20°
10°
0°
Prlvole Publlo Prlvole Publlo
2000 2007-8
Prlmory
Mlddle
Hlqh
27°
22°
19°
73°
88°
81°
29°
31°
29°
71°
69°
71°
08 |
-
S
A
P
S
P
u
h
|
|
c
a
t
|
o
n
s
Oul oí lolol enrolmenl ln eduoollonol lnulllullonu ln Poklulon, prlvole ueolor
oooounled íor 32° ln 2007-08. Thlu peroenloqe lu lhe hlqheul ln Gllqll-Bolllulon
(43°) íollowed by Punjob ond AJK (35° eooh), Slndh ond lCT (31° eooh), KPK
(23°) ond Boloohlulon (16°). The uhore oí prlvole ueolor ln lolol enrolmenl lu lhe
loweul ln FATA(14°) (Flqure 1.7).
Overoll, lhe number oí boyu ln lolol enrolmenl oí prlvole eduoollonol lnulllullonu lu
hlqher up lo hlqher ueoondory level. The dlííerenoe lu nol ou hlqh ou ln lhe publlo
ueolor. ln 2007-08, boyu oooounled íor 55°oul oí lolol prlvole ueolor enrolmenl ol
Poklulon
Punjob
Slndh
KPK
Boloohlulon
AJK
FATA
Gllqll-Bolllulon
lCT
0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120°
68°
65°
69°
77°
84°
65°
86°
57°
69°
32°
35°
31°
23°
16°
35°
14°
43°
31°
F|gure 1.7: Pub||c-Pr|vaIe N|x |n Enro|menI by ßeg|on (2007-0B)
hole. The above pe|ceulages do uol |uc|ude uu|ve|s|l|es, ûeeu| Nada||s aud lechu|ca| |usl|lul|ous.
Publlo
Prlvole
S|/e aud ß|owlh
C¹
09 |
-
S
A
P
S
P
u
h
|
|
c
a
t
|
o
n
s
prlmory, 54°mlddle, 53°hlqh ond 51°ol hlqher ueoondory level. The enrolmenl oí
qlrlu lu hlqher lhon boyu only ol deqree level (Clouu Xlll-XlV) ond ulondu ol 64°
oompored wllh boyu (36°) (Toble A7 ln Annex l). However, lhe qrowlh lrend uhowu
lhol enrolmenl oí qlrlu ln prlvole ueolor lnulllullonu lu qrowlnq ol o íouler role lhon
lhol oí boy ol prlmory, mlddle ond hlqhlevelu (Toble 1.4).
The lorqeul proporllon oí enrolmenl ln prlvole eduoollonol lnulllullonu wou ln urbon
oreou ond ulood ol 68°ln 1999-2000. ln rurol oreou, enrolmenl lnoreoued írom32°
ln 1999-2000 lo36°ln 2005 bul ll hou nol íurlher lnoreoued ou o peroenloqe oí lolol
prlvole ueolor enrolmenl. Whlle lhe number oí prlvole eduoollonol lnulllullonu hou
lnoreoued ol o muoh íouler role ln rurol oreou lhon ln urbon oreou, oorreupondlnq
ohonqe ln enrolmenl hou nol been wllneuued. Thlu lmplleu lhol moul oí lhe reoenlly
euloblluhedrurol prlvole uohoolu ore umoller ln ulze.
Leve|
Tab|e 1.4: Growth of Enro|ment in Private Schoo|s by Gender
Prlmory
Mlddle
Hlqh
Boys Gir|s
1999-2000 to
2005
8°
90°
121°
7°
88°
127°
17°
89°
124°
16°
89°
133°
1999-2000 to
2007-08
1999-2000 to
2005
1999-2000 to
2007-08
F|gure 1.B: Enro|menI |n Pr|vaIe EducaI|ona| InsI|IuI|ons by LocaI|on
Sou|ce. Comp||ed by l-SAPS l|om Ceusus ol P||vale Educal|oua| lusl|lul|ous 1999-2OOO,
hal|oua| Educal|ou Ceusus 2OO5 aud hENlS |epo| ls lo| 2OOO aud 2OO7-O8
Purol
Urbon
36° 64°
36° 64°
32° 68°
2007-08
2005
1999-2000
0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120°
S|/e aud ß|owlh
C¹
10 |
-
S
A
P
S
P
u
h
|
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c
a
t
|
o
n
s
The obove onolyulu provldeu lllumlnollnq lnulqhlu lnlo lhe ulze ond qrowlh oí prlvole
ueolor eduoollon belween 1999-2000 ond 2007-08. One oí lhe revelollonu lu lhe
unpreoedenled pooe ol whloh lhlu ueolor lu qrowlnq vlu-o-vlu publlo ueolor. Belween
1999-2000 ond 2007-08, lhe number oí prlvole eduoollonol lnulllullonu lnoreoued 8
llmeu íouler lhon lhe publlo ueolor. Thlu qrowlh lu muohhlqher íor ulnqle-uex uohoolu
lhon mlxed uohoolu ond muoh hlqher ln rurol oreou lhon urbon oreou. ln oddlllon, lhe
rlue oí prlvole uohoollnq hou ulqnlíloonl lmpool on enrolmenl ln qovernmenl uohoolu.
Belween 1999-2000 ond 2007-08, publlo ueolor'u peroenloqe uhore oí enrolmenl
deoreoued by 2°, 19° ond 10° ol prlmory, mlddle ond hlqh levelu reupeollvely
beoouue lhe prlvole ueolor wou oble lo ollrool qreoler number oí ohlldren. Anolher
lmporlonl lrend lu vlulble ln lhe íormoí hlqher qrowlh oí qlrlu' enrolmenl durlnq lhlu
perlod whloh lu llkely lo ohonqe lhe oonvenllonol rollo ln whloh boyu exoeed qlrlu ln
obuolule numberu ln prlvole uohoolu. Theue ohonqeu mork ulqnlíloonl
lronuíormollonln lnlernol dynomlou oí lhe prlvole eduoollon ueolor onone hond, ond
ooll íor deeper onolyulu ond lníormed debole on lhelr lmplloollonu íor publlo
eduoollonueolor ondPoklulon'u overoll eduoollon lndlooloru, onlhe olher.
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The prevlouu ueollon hou hlqhllqhled ulqnlíloonl ohonqeu ln lhe ulze oí prlvole ueolor
enqoqedln dellvery oí eduoollon uervloeu vlu-o-vlu publlo ueolor ond llu ropldqrowlh
ln lermu oí number oí lnulllullonu, leooheru ond enrolmenl. Theue ohonqeu drow
ollenllon lo uome íundomenlol queullonu perlolnlnq lo ílnonolnq oí prlvole
eduoollon ln Poklulon. How muoh doeu lhe prlvole ueolor lnveul ln eduoollon
onnuolly? How muoh do dlííerenl lypeu oí prlvole uohoolu ooul lo ohlldren írom
houueholdu ln low-, mlddle- ond hlqhlnoome qroupu? Howmuoh proíll do lhe prlvole
uohoolu eorn? How doeu lhe íee ulruolure oorrelole wllh quollly oí eduoollon ln
prlvole uohoolu? To whol exlenl doeu lhe ooul oí prlvole provlulon oí eduoollon vory
ln dlííerenl reqlonu ond ln urbon ond rurol oreou? The dolo ovolloble lo onuwer lheue
ond ulmllor queullonu reloled lo ílnonolnq oí prlvole eduoollon lu lnuuíílolenl ond
wholever lu ovolloble lu loo muoh uoollered. Whlle lhe volume oí reueoroh on publlo
ílnonolnq oí eduoollon hou qrown oonulderobly over lhe poul íew yeoru, llllle
ollenllon hou been pold lo lnveullqole lhe dynomlou oí eduoollon ílnonolnq ln lhe
prlvole ueolor.
The deílolenoy oí dolo lu evldenl íromlhe íool lhol lhe moul oomprehenulve
uel oí ílnonolnq ulollullou ore ovolloble only ln lhe Cenuuu oí Prlvole Eduoollonol
lnulllullonu 1999-2000. Slnoe lhen, oonulderoble ohonqeu mlqhl hove ooourred ln
lrendu ond pollernu oí lnveulmenl, reoelplu ond expendllure oí prlvole eduoollonol
lnulllullonu bul ll lu dlííloull lo onolyze lhoue ohonqeu beoouue uubuequenl Nollonol
Eduoollon Cenuuu 2005 ond NEMlS hove nol ooplured lníormollon oboul prlvole
upendlnq.
The Cenuuu 1999-2000 uhowed lhol onnuol lnveulmenl by lhe prlvole
ueolor wou Pu. 2.5 bllllon whereou lhe reourrenl expendllure omounled lo oboul
Pu.12 bllllon ln lhe yeor preoedlnq lhe Cenuuu. The Grouu lnoome oí oll lypeu oí
prlvole eduoollonol lnulllullonu wou Pu. 22 bllllon uhowlnq on eullmoledrelurn oí Pu.
7.5 bllllon ln 1999-2000. Peqlon-wlue expendllure ond lnoome dolo lu uhown ln
Flqure 2.1. Overoll, lhe mojor uouroe oí lnoome wou lulllon íee (58°) ond
odmluulon íee (28°). Donollonu oonlrlbule oboul 9° whereou 5° oome írom olher
EEC+lCl CE
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Op. oll. ,Cenuuu oí Prlvole Eduoollonol lnulllullonu ln Poklulon 1999-2000, p. 18.
2
Thlu propoulllon lu uupporled by o nole ln lhe Cenuuu 1999-2000 (p. 6) oboul reluolonoe oí lhe heodu oí uome prlvole
eduoollonol lnulllullonu lo provlde lníormollon oboul expendllure, lnveulmenl ond lnoome.
14
1
uouroeu . Theue ulollullou uhed llqhl on oonulderoble ulze oí lnveulmenl ond
expendllure by lhe prlvole ueolor ond lhe hlqh role oí relurn. Aooordlnq lo lhe
Cenuuu 1999-2000, lhe prlvole ueolor'u nel relurn wou 52° oí lnveulmenl pluu
expendllure ln lhe yeor ooveredln lhe Cenuuu. Thlu ílqure mlqhl well be underuloled
beoouue on ooourole plolure oould nol hove been ooplured ln lhe Cenuuu due lo
2
uenulllvlly oí ílnonolol lníormollon . Deuplle lhlu proboblllly, lhlu role oí relurn
lndlooleu lhol lhe lnoenllve lo lnveul ln prlvole eduoollon lu hlqh íor proíll-orlenled
enlrepreneuru lhol would evenluolly leod lo ropld exponulon oí lhe ueolor o
propoulllon whloh lu olreody oonílrmed ln lhe onolyulu preuenled ln Seollon l oí lhlu
uludy.
Aooordlnq lo lhe Cenuuu 1999-2000, lhe lorqeul ohunk oí prlvole ueolor'u
expendllure wenl lo leoohlnq uloíí (57°). The olher lwo mojor lypeu oí expendllure
were uolorleu íor non-leoohlnq uloíí (11°) ond renl oí bulldlnq (10°). Theue ílqureu
uuqqeul lhol lhe peroenloqe oí oomblned expendllure on uolorleu ond beneíllu oí
uloíí (68°) lu oonulderobly lower lhon lhe publlo ueolor íor whloh lhlu peroenloqe lu
qenerolly hlqher lhon 80 peroenl. Glven lhol lhe quollly oí eduoollon lu peroelved
uuperlor lo lhe publlo ueolor, lhe dlííerenoe ln peroenloqe expendllure on uloíí oollu
íor deeper reueoroh lo lnveullqole how lhe prlvole ueolor monoqeu lo qel beller
quollly deuplle lhe íool lhol ll upendu leuu on llu leoohlnq uloíí oompored wllh lhe
publlo ueolor.
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F|gure 2.1: InvesImenI, ßece|pIs and Expend|Iure oI Pr|vaIe EducaI|ona| InsI|IuI|ons
(1999-2000)
Sou|ce. Comp||ed by l-SAPS l|om Ceusus ol P||vale Educal|oua| lusl|lul|ous 1999-2OOO
25000
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Au íor ou lhe ooul oí prlvole eduoollon lu oonoerned, dolo on houuehold onnuol
expendllure per pupll lu ovolloble ln lhe Poklulon Soolol ond Llvlnq Slondordu
Meouuremenl (PSLM) Survey. ln 2007-08, overoll houuehold onnuol expendllure
per pupll ln o prlvole eduoollonol lnulllullon wou Pu. 6,130 whloh wou 3.5 llmeu
hlqher lhon lhe expendllure oí Pu. 1,756 lnourred ln publlo ueolor eduoollonol
lnulllullonu. There ore ulqnlíloonl dlííerenoeu ln expendllure ol oll levelu. The
houuehold onnuol expendllure per pupll omounled lo Pu. 4367 ol prlmory level, Pu.
6,728 ol mlddle level, Pu. 9,172 ol ueoondory level, ond Pu. 13,547 ol hlqher
eduoollon level - hlqher lhon publlo ueolor by 7.3 llmeu ol prlmory, 5.3 llmeu ol
mlddle, 3.8 llmeu ol ueoondory ond 1.5 llmeu ol hlqher eduoollon levelu. Theue
ulollullou lndloole lhol lhe dlííerenoe belween ooulu oí eduoollon ln lhe prlvole ond
publlo ueoloru lu lhehlqheul ol lhe prlmory level ond loweul ol lhe hlqher level, whloh
lu probobly due lo uubuldleu provlded lo lhe loller by lhe qovernmenl. Overoll, on
urbon houuehold upendu Pu. 2433 more lhon o rurol houuehold doeu per pupll ln o
prlvole eduoollonol lnulllullon.
Fromlhe perupeollve oí eqully, ll lu lmporlonl lo nole lhol dluporlly belween
rurol ond urbon oreou ln proporllonol lermu lu hlqher íor lhe publlo ueolor. An urbon
houuehold upendu 68° more lhon o rurol houuehold doeu íor eduoollnq o ohlld ln o
qovernmenl eduoollonol lnulllullon whereou lhlu peroenloqe lu 50° íor prlvole
eduoollonol lnulllullonu. Thlu dlííerenoe lndlooleu lhe prevolenoe oí low-íee uohoolu
ln rurol oreou lo ooler lo lhe eduoollonol needu oí lhe poor houueholdu whloh lluelí
oollu íor deeper reueoroh lo exomlne lhe luuueu reloled wllh quollly ond lhe volue íor
money.
ln oddlllon lo lhe expendllure lnourred by lhe prlvole lnulllullonu oí
eduoollon ond houueholdu, qovernmenl provldeu oonulderoble íundu ln lhe íorm oí
qronlu-ln-old lo lhe prlvole ueolor. Aooordlnq lo o uludy reoenlly oonduoled by l-
F|gure 2.2: û|sIr|buI|on oI Expend|Iure oI Pr|vaIe EducaI|ona| InsI|IuI|ons
Sou|ce. Comp||ed by l-SAPS l|om Ceusus ol P||vale Educal|oua| lusl|lul|ous 1999-2OOO
Teohlnq uloíí
57°
Ulllllleu
7°
Non-leoohlnq uloíí
11°
Bulldlnq renl
10°
Pepolr ond
molnlenonoe
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Mluoelloneouu
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SAPS, lhe lolol omounl oí qronlu-ln-old (exoludlnq KPK) provlded lo lhe prlvole
ueolor omounled lo Pu. 5.2 bllllon ln 2009-10, up by 20°over 2007-08. ln 2008-09,
lhe omounl oí qronlu-ln-old íell due lo oul worlh Pu.1.2 bllllon by lhe qovernmenl oí
Punjob. Mojor ohunk oí lhe qronlu-ln-old lu upenl on euloblluhlnq publlo-prlvole
porlneruhlpu lhrouqh íederol ond provlnolol eduoollon íoundollonu.
CE
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2000.00
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2007-08 2008-09 2009-10
F|gure 2.3: ûranIs-|n-A|d Io Pr|vaIe EducaI|on 8ecIor
Sou|ce. l-SAPS (2OO9). Pub||c l|uauc|ug ol Educal|ou |u Pa||slau. Aua|ys|s ol lede|a| aud P|ov|uc|a| Budgels. ls|amabad.
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Dlverully oí prlvole eduoollon ln Poklulon lu o ohoroolerlullo íeolure ond hou
lremendouu lmplloollonu íor polloy reueoroh bul lhlu oupeol remolnu lorqely under
explored ln lhe lllerolure. Au o reuull, prlvole ueolor ou lhe provlder oí eduoollon hou
qenerolly been lreoled ou o homoqenouu ooleqory, lhouqh lo o leuuer deqree lhon
lhe publlo eduoollon ueolor. Ordlnorlly, dlííerenllollon lu mode belween low- ond
hlqh-íee uohoolu, Urdu- ond Enqlluh-medlum uohoolu wllh dlííerenl uyllobl ond
belween boyu, qlrlu ond mlxed uohoolu. However, ln reollly lhe prlvole eduoollonol
lnulllullonu oon be olouulíled olonq o muoh brooder ronqe oí ooleqorleu ond
ohoroolerlullou whloh dlííerenllole one íromlhe olher lype. There ore, íor exomple,
íollh-boued uohoolu whloh ore euloblluhed olonq ldeoloqlool llneu lo promole oerloln
klnd oí rellqlouu or ueoulor eduoollon. Then, wllhln lhe rellqlouu lnulllullonu, lhere
ore uome whloh ore belleved lo be oonuervollve whlle olheru ore oonuldered lo be ln
uyno wllh requlremenlu oí lhe modern oqe. ln oddlllon, lhere ore nol-íor-proíll
prlvole eduoollonol lnulllullonu uel up by non-qovernmenlol orqonlzollonu or
ohorllleu íor welíore oí lhe poor whloh oo-exlul wllh purely proíll-orlenled
oommerolol lnulllullonu.
Thlu dlverully oon beul be deuorlbed ou lhe polpourrl oí prlvole eduoollonol
lnulllullonu.
Where hou lhlu dlverully oome írom? The onuwer lo lhlu queullon drowu
ollenllon lo lhe vorlonoe ln demond íor eduoollon emonollnq írom lhe elhnloolly
dlverue ond ldeoloqloolly dlvlded uoolely oí Poklulon. Some ueqmenlu oí populollon
ore lnlereuled lo qel lhelr ohlldren eduooled ln uohoolu wllh Enqlluh ou lhe medlum
oí lnulruollonu whlle lhe olheru preíer lhoue uohoolu whloh íoouu on lulomlo
eduoollon or bolh. ln rurol oreou, porenlu íovor ulnqle-uex uohoolu íor older qlrlu due
lowhloh qrowlh oí qlrlu' prlvole uohoolu hou been muoh hlqher lhon lhol oí lhe mlxed
uohoolu (uee Seollon l). Suoh dlííerenllol demondu íor o oerloln klnd oí eduoollon
wllhln o porlloulor uohool envlronmenl hove qlven rlue lo o vlbronl prlvole
eduoollonol morkelplooe ln Poklulon. Whlle operollnq wllhln o polloy íromework
wllh íew reulrlollonu on openlnq ond runnlnq o uohool, lhe prlvole ueolor hou
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ooplured lhe upooe lhol hou been oreoled due lo íollure oí lhe lorqely homoqenouu
publlo eduoollon uyulemloreupond lolhe vorleddemondu íor eduoollon.
Whol ore lhe lmplloollonu oí dlverully ln lhe provlulon oí eduoollon? From
one polnl oí vlew, dlverully ln lhe prlvole eduoollonol morkelplooe lu o reuponue lo
vorlonoe ln lhe demond whloh olreody exlulu ln lhe uoolely. Whelher lhlu reuponue lu
qood or bod lu o queullon whloh oonnol be íully onuwered due lo deorlh oí reueoroh.
However, uome belleve lhol írom lhe vonloqe polnl oí hormony ond equollly ln lhe
uoolely, lhe very íool lhol prlvole eduoollonol lnulllullonu ore oonílquredloodlverue
ronqe oí uoolol, eoonomlo, ldeoloqlool ond rellqlouu llneu lu o moller oí oonoern.
Crlllou orque lhol ollowlnq lhe prlvole ueolor lo operole llke lhlu lu deepenlnq lhe
exlullnq uoolo-eoonomlo lnequolllleu omonq dlííerenl elhnlo ond rellqlouu ueollonu
ond enhonolnq dluporllleu belween lherloh ond lhe poor.
Thlu opprehenulon lu beul explolned by lhe íool lhol o lexl book uued ln o
prlvole uohool preooheu lo lhe uludenlu lhol llulenlnq lo muulo, wolohlnq lelevlulon
ond even ploylnq ooromboord or ílylnq klleu ore ulníul oolu. Obvlouuly, lhlu uohool lu
uolluíylnq lhe eduoollonol needu oí o porlloulor ueqmenl oí populollon whloh hou o
oerloln klnd oí peroepllon oboul lulomlo volueu. On lhe olher hond, lhere ore mony
prlvole uohoolu whloh leooh muulo lo ohlldren ln requlor olouueu ond promole llberol
orlu. Thuu, lhe lwo lypeu oí uohoolu ore produolnq lwo qroupu oí uludenlu wllh
enllrely oppoulle worldvlewu. Thlu ooue llluulroleu lhe polenllol lmplloollonu oí
dlííerenl lypeu oí uohoolu íor uoolol hormony, peooe ondnollonol lnleqrollon.
ll lu lmporlonl lo underulond lhol unllke lhe qovernmenl uohoolu, dlííerenl
lypeu oí prlvole uohoolu enloll dlííerenl lmplloollonu ln lermu oí lhelr lmpool on
polloy ond uoolo-eoonomlo mllleu. Au uuoheooh lypeneedu dlííerenl polloy reuponue
whloh oonnol be íormuloled unleuu uuíílolenl dolo exlulu oboul eooh lype íor
lníormed polloy debole ond dluouuulon. Al preuenl, lhe Eduoollon Monoqemenl
lníormollon Syulem (EMlS) ond lndependenl reueoroh lnlllollveu provlde llllle
lníormollon íor proper ooleqorlzollon oí prlvole uohoolu. Thereíore, lhe ohollenqe lu
lo qenerole uuíílolenl dolo ond reueoroh lo ouueuu lhe ooluol lmplloollonu
ouuoololed wllh dlííerenl lypeu oí prlvole uohoolu ond lhen lo íormulole ond provlde
on opproprlole polloy reuponueoooordlnqly.
The prevlouu ueollon hou hlqhllqhled ulqnlíloonl ohonqeu ln lhe ulze oí
prlvole ueolor enqoqed ln dellvery oí eduoollon uervloeu vlu-o-vlu publlo ueolor ond
llu ropld qrowlh ln lermu oí number oí lnulllullonu, leooheru ond enrolmenl. Theue
ohonqeu drow ollenllon lo uome íundomenlol queullonu perlolnlnq lo ílnonolnq oí
prlvole eduoollon ln Poklulon. Howmuoh doeu lhe prlvole ueolor lnveul ln eduoollon
onnuolly? How muoh do dlííerenl lypeu oí prlvole uohoolu ooul lo ohlldren írom
houueholdu ln low-, mlddle- ond hlqhlnoome qroupu? Howmuoh proíll do lhe prlvole
uohoolu eorn? How doeu lhe íee ulruolure oorrelole wllh quollly oí eduoollon ln
prlvole uohoolu? To whol exlenl doeu lhe ooul oí prlvole provlulon oí eduoollon vory
ln dlííerenl reqlonu ond ln urbon ond rurol oreou? The dolo ovolloble lo onuwer lheue
ond ulmllor queullonu reloled lo ílnonolnq oí prlvole eduoollon lu lnuuíílolenl ond
wholever lu ovolloble lu loo muoh uoollered. Whlle lhe volume oí reueoroh on publlo
ílnonolnq oí eduoollon hou qrown oonulderobly over lhe poul íew yeoru, llllle
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prlvole ueolor.
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Çuollly oí leoohlnq ond leornlnq lu o moln íoolor ln lhe ropld qrowlh oí prlvole
eduoollonol lnulllullonu ln Poklulon. The populor peroepllon lu lhol quollly lu muoh
beller ln prlvole uohoolu lhon lhe qovernmenl uohoolu. The exlenl lo whloh lhlu
peroepllon lu lruelu o moller oí debole. Generolly, quollly lu hordly queulloned ou íor
ou hlqh-ooul prlvole uohool oholnu whloh ooler lo lhe ellle ore oonoerned. The luuue
oí quollly lu rolued more írequenlly íor low-ooul prlvole uohoolu whloh ore prevolenl
ln bolh rurol ond urbon oreou.
One orqumenl oboul lhe quollly oí low-low prlvole uohoolu hou oome írom
Androbl, Dou ond ljoz (2002). They orque lhol even lí quollly lu low ln uuoh prlvole
uohoolu, ll need nol be o oouue íor oonoern qlven lhe lowooulu ln lhe ueolor. Whol lu
more lmporlonl lu whelher lhe houueholdu hove uuíílolenl lníormollon lodlullnquluh
omonq uohoolu onlhe boulu oí quollly lndlooloru ond knowwhol lhey qel ln relurn íor
whol lhey poy. Thelr onuwer lu lhol lhlu oondlllon lu mel bul more dolo on quollly lu
requlred íor íormulollnq ony polloy propouolu. Porenlu oon lníer quollly vorlollon
belween uohoolu lhrouqh lhe ronqe oí íeeu whloh vorleu ln predloloble woyu lo
meouured uohool lnpulu. They preuenl evldenoe oboul ooodemlo quollíloollonu oí
prlvole uohool leooheru lhol ore oomporoble wllh lhoue oí qovernmenl uohool
leooheru ond lowuludenl-leooher rollou (moul reqlonu hovlnq medlon rollobelween
15 lo 25 uludenlu lo o leooher). However, lhey polnl oul lhol moul leooheru ln
1
prlvole uohoolu hove llllle proíeuulonol lrolnlnq whlohlu ooouue íor oonoern
Whlle oorrelollon oí íeeu wllh meouured lnpulu loken ou lhe orude lndloolor
oí quollly oon be helpíul íor lhe houueholdu lo ohooue o qood prlvole uohool, ll lu nol
neoeuuorlly uueíul ln mony lnulonoeu. Porenlol oholoeu ore oííeoled by mony olher
oruolol íooloru ou well uuoh ou peruonol reíerenoeu, morkellnq ond publlolly
oompolqnu ond uooreu oí uohool uludenlu ln onnuol exomlnollonu. ln uome
lnulonoeu, even qood meouured lnpulu beoome mluleodlnq ond exompleu obound oí
oomplolnlu oboul quollly íor uohoolu wllh qood bulldlnq ond low uludenl-leooher
rollou. Thuu, lhe luuue oí quollly lu more oomplex lhon lhe oulhoru menlloned obove
EEC+lCl C=
2
For o delolled dluouuulon on lhe oomporollve períormonoe oí prlvole uohoolu ln lhe provlnoe oí Punjob ou oomplled by lhe
lFAPS, soo Aoo·oo| 7. Dos J. K|.o¡o A. v|s|.ooot| 7. 8 Zo¡ooo. 7. (2007). 7|o loo·o|og ooo Foooot|ooo| Ao||o.omoot |o
Poo¡oo So|oo|s (lFAPS) Poµo·t. Wos||ogtoo, DC: The World Bonk: Aluo Oxíord Unlverully Preuu, Poklulon (íorlhoomlnq).
2 Op. oll., Androbl T. el ol (2007): Androbl T. Dou J. 8 Khwojo A. (2008). A o|mo o oo,. 7|o µoss|o|||t|os ooo ||m|ts o/ µ·|.oto
so|oo||og |o Po||stoo, |o Comµo·ot|.o Foooot|oo Po.|o., 52(3), 329-355, Androbl T. Dou. J. Khwojo A, Vluhwonolh T., 8
Zojono T. loo·o|og ooo Foooot|ooo| Ao||o.omoots |o Poo¡oo So|oo|s (lFAPS). los|g|ts to |o/o·m t|o ooooot|oo µo||o,
ooooto. Wo·|o Boo|, Wos||ogtoo DC, 2007
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hove lrled loporlroy. ln íool, dooumenlollon lu loo llllle lohelp lhe houueholdu moke
lníormed oholoeu by dlullnquluhlnq belween qood ond bod uohoolu, eupeololly
omonq low-ooul uohoolu.
Auueuumenlu oí leornlnq ond uludenl oohlevemenlu uhope on ldeo oí overoll
level oí quollly ln prlvole uohoolu bul lhey preuenl dlííerenl plolureu. For exompleu,
lhe World Bonk oommluuloned on ouueuumenl under LEAPS projeol ln lhe Punjob
boued on leul uooreu oí lhlrd qrode uludenlu írombolh publlo ond prlvole uohoolu ln
rurol Punjob. Boued on lhe dolouo oblolned, LEAPSreueoroheru ololmed lhol pupllu
2
ln prlvole uohoolu ore oulperíormlnq publlo uohoolu . Thlu ololm reuoundu ln mony
3
olher oomporollve uludleu .
Anolher pleoe oí evldenoe oomeu íromoomporollve períormonoe oí prlvole
uohoolu boued on lhe requlor leullnq oí qrode 5 ond qrode 8 uludenlu by lhe Punjob
Exomlnollon Commluulon (PEC) ln Punjob ond Nollonol Eduoollonol Auueuumenl
Syulem(NEAS) nollonolly. Unllke LEAPS, lhe doloíromPECond NEASuhowu only
morqlnol dlííerenoeu belween períormonoe oí pupllu írom publlo ond prlvole
uohoolu.
lndeed, lhe lhreuhold íor períormonoe oí prlvole uohoolu remolnu very low
wllh lhe períormonoe oí olreody íolllnq publlo uohoolu ou lhe reíerenoe polnl íor
oomporluon. The oomporollve uludleu oluo uee prlvole uohoolu ou provldlnq o
dynomlo eduoollon morkelplooe whloh ueoureu porenlu rlqhl lo ohooue íromomonq
lhe beul lhol lhey oon oííord. Thedluoreponoy ln oomporluonu uuqqeulu uome lookoí
uueíulneuu oí uuoh exerolue, eupeololly when lhe reíerenoe polnlu íor lhe prlvole
uohoolu ore lhe íolllnq publlo uohoolu. The LEAPS reueoroheru oluo odmll lhol
prlvole uohoolu lookqood only beoouue lhe publlo uohoolu' períormonoe lu obyumolly
low. The ulole needu lo lnveul ln lmprovlnq bolh publlo ond prlvole uohoolu loenuure
o brood provlulon oí quollly eduoollon lrreupeollve oí lhe nolure oí íundlnq ond
owneruhlp.
Slondordu ond ouueuumenl, lí uued eííeollvely, oon help ln requlollnq
wllhoul belnq lnvoulve. Eupeololly, lí porenlu ore provlded wllhlhe lníormollon oboul
how porlloulor uohoolu ore íorlnq oompored wllh o uel oí mlnlmum ulondordu.
Auueuumenl loolu íoouu o lol more on molh ond uolenoe uoore, ond hordly ever
ouueuu lhe worldvlew, olvlo uenue, ond olher elemenlu oí qood olllzenuhlp. Wllh
prlvole uohoolu, lhe loller ore evenmore lmporlonl. Governmenl ond olllzenu uhould
hove lníormollon oboul whelher lhe prlvole uohoolu ore ploylnq lhelr role ln
produolnqqood olllzenu, over ond beyondproduolnq qooddooloru, enqlneeru, publlo
uervonlu, ond uolenllulu.
E
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+
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C
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CE
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The ldeo oí publlo-prlvole porlneruhlpu (PPPu) ln eduoollon ueolor lu nol newln lhlu
reqlon. The hlulory qoeu book ol leoul lo lhe Wood'u dlupoloh oí 1854 on eduoollon
whloh lold lhe íoundollon oí modern eduoollon uyulem ln lndlo beíore lhe porllllon.
The dlupoloh reoommended o uyulem oí qronlu-ln-old lo enoouroqe ond íouler lhe
prlvole enlerprlue ln lhe íleld oí eduoollon. The qronlu ln old were oondlllonol on lhe
lnulllullon employlnq quollíled leooheru ond molnlolnlnq proper ulondordu oí
leoohlnq. Aíler lndependenoe, lhe qovernmenl oí Poklulon oonululenlly oolled íor
ond uupporled lhe developmenl oí prlvole ueolor eduoollon lhrouqh o loluuez íolre
polloy loword prlvole uohoolu lnoludlnq qenerouu lox exempllonu. Slole'u
dlupoulllon loword lhe prlvole ueolor wou only lnlerrupled durlnq lhe 1970u ln o bld
lo nollonollze prlvole uohoolu. The mojor breoklhrouqh ln lhe uupporl lo prlvole
ueolor wou modedurlnq lheeorly 1990u wllhlhe íormollon oí nollonol ond provlnolol
level eduoollon íoundollonu. The íoundollonu uupporl lhe prlvole eduoollon ueolor
lhrouqh lhePPPu.
The moul oommon modollly uued by lhe eduoollon íoundollonu íor
porlneruhlpu lu publlo ílnonolnq - prlvole provlulon. Olher modolllleu oí lhe PPPu ln
whloh lhe prlvole ond oommunlly ulokeholderu hove loken over or odopled
qovernmenl íoollllleu hove oluo been lrled oul. An exomple oí unuuooeuuíul PPP lu o
oonlrool belween Poklulon Pollwoyu ond lhe Beooonhouue Sohool Syulem (o íor-
proíll prlvole eduoollon provlder) lo monoqe 19 uohoolu oí Poklulon Pollwoyu íor 33
yeoru. Thlu porlneruhlp, however, wou unuuooeuuíul ond wou lermlnoled only oíler
lhree yeoru oí oonlrool. However, ulmllor PPP modollly hou been ln voque wllh
oonulderoble deqree oí uuooeuu ol olher plooeu. For lnulonoe, o non-qovernmenlol
orqonlzollon oolled CAPEhou odopled ond ourrenlly operoleu over 170 qovernmenl
uohoolu ln Lohore. Llkewlue, lhe Nollonol Purol Supporl Proqromme (NPSP) hou
been operollnq 48 rurol uohoolu ulnoe 2002 ln o unlon oounoll oí Pohlm Yor Khon
dlulrlol lhrouqhoonlrooluol orronqemenlu wllhlhe dlulrlol qovernmenl.
The oonoepl oí porlneruhlp odopled by lhe eduoollon íoundollonu lu uhoped
by lhe orqumenl lhol lhe ulole lu reuponulble íor provlulon oí boulo eduoollon ond
EEC+lCl CE
1
Budqelory ollooollonu íor lhe Fronller Eduoollon Foundollon ore nol ovolloble.
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where ll íollu lo do uo, ll uhould beor lhe ooul reqordleuu oí who provldeu lhe
eduoollon. The proponenlu oí lhlu vlewpolnl qround lhelr poulllon ln lhe rlqhlu-
boued íromework whloh lreolu oooeuu lo quollly eduoollon ou o humon rlqhl whoue
oorreupondlnq duly beorer lu lhe ulole. Conuequenlly, publlo ílnonolnq - prlvole
provlulon hou emerqed ou o domlnonl lnulrumenl íor porlnerlnq wllh lhe prlvole
eduoollon ueolor ond hou loken lhe íormu oí vouoher uohemeu, provlulon oí ooul per
pupll, qronlu-ln-old, elo. Thlu lu evldenl írom lhe íool lhol lhe ollooollonu oí íederol
ond provlnolol qovernmenlu íor promollon oí lhe PPPu lhrouqh eduoollon
íoundollonu hove lnoreoued ulqnlíloonlly over lhe poul íew yeoru. ln 2009-10, lhe
Punjob qovernmenl olloooled Pu.4 bllllon íor lhlu purpoue. ln lolol, Pu.4.9 bllllon
1
were olloooled íor lhe eduoollon íoundollonu ln 2009-10, up by 28° over 2007-08
(Flqure 5.1).
Whol do lhe íoundollon-uupporled prlvole uohoolu uue lhe publlo money íor? Whol
klnd oí lnlervenllonu ore belnq mode lo lmprove oooeuu lo eduoollon? Do oll
eduoollon íoundollonu hove ldenllool or dlííerenl PPP lnlllollveu? To onuwer lheue
queullonu, lhe reueoroh leom íor lhlu uludy oolleoled lníormollon írom lhe exlullnq
dooumenlollon oí lhe íoundollonu-ouululed proqromu ond lhrouqh lnlervlewu oí
uome oíílololu worklnq ln lhe íoundollonu. Toble 5.1 uhowu lhlu lníormollon by lype
oí PPP proqrommeu ourrenlly belnq run by lhe Nollonol ond provlnolol eduoollon
íoundollonu. Thlu meonu lhol lhe lnulrumenlu uued by lhe íoundollonu lhrouqh
whloh lhe publlo money lu provlded lo lhe prlvole eduoollon ueolor ore nol
neoeuuorlly lhe uome. The Nollonol Eduoollon Foundollon ond Boloohlulon
Eduoollon Foundollon, íor lnulonoe, provlde dlreol qronlu-ln-old lo prlvole uohoolu
F|gure 6.1: Pub||c F|nanc|ng - Pr|vaIe Prov|s|on: 8udgeIary A||ocaI|ons Ior
EducaI|on FoundaI|ons
Sou|ce. l-SAPS (2OO9). Pub||c l|uauc|ug ol P||vale Educal|ou |u Pa||slau. Aua|ys|s ol
lede|a| aud P|ov|uc|a| Budgels. ls|amabad.
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Federol Punjob Slndh Boloohlulon
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
6.7
6.5
7.5
3848
3000
4000
9
320
900
0
6.4
31.3
3863.7
3332.9
4938.8
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whereou lhe Fronller Eduoollon Foundollon ln KPK provlnoe qlveu loonu. Vouoher
proqrom lu belnq lmplemenled only ln lhe Punjob. The moul oommon lype lu
oommunlly uohoolu whloh ore belnq run by oll eduoollon íoundollonu exoepl by lhe
Punjob Eduoollon Foundollon. The íederol ond provlnolol qovernmenlu ore
experlmenllnq wllh dlííerenl lmplemenlollon orronqemenlu, lhouqh lhey oll ore
qroundedln lhe publlo ílnonolnq-prlvoleprovlulon porlneruhlpíromework.
The lypeu oí PPP lnlllollveu uhown ln Flqure 5.2 ore bouloolly deulqned lo expond
oooeuu lo eduoollon. For exomple, ln order lo enuure lhol ohlldren írom poor
houueholdu oon oooeuu lhe prlvole uohoolu oí lhelr oholoe, lhe Punjob Eduoollon
Foundollon hou oreoled vouoher uohemeu ond proqromu lhrouqh whloh prlvole
uohoolu ore pold íor eooh ohlldlhey enroll. The vouoher uoheme provldeu vouoheru lo
ohlldren írom urbon ulumu ln Lohore. llu deulqn oluo lnoludeu ulroleqleu lo uupporl
uohool lmprovemenl ond quollly eduoollon. Llkewlue, Boloohlulon Eduoollon
Foundollon hou lnllloled proqromu whloh enuure oooeuu íor lowlnoome íomllleu. For
exomple, lhe Foundollon poyu uubuldleu lo prlvole uohoolu on lhe boulu oí per ohlld
enrollmenl. Suoh proqromu hove oluo been deulqned lo lnoreoue oooeuu íor qlrlu
írom low lnoome íomllleu, e.q. lhrouqh lhe Çuello Urbon Glrlu Fellowuhlp proqrom.
However, ll lu dlííloull lo meouure lhe exlenl lo whloh uuoh proqrommeu hove
lnoreoued oooeuu lo uohoollnq ln oll provlnoeu due lolnoomplele dooumenlollon ond
deíloll oí dolo. Some ulollullou oboul lhe number oí beneílolorleu ore ovolloble bul
lhey ore lnuuíílolenl lodrowo íuller plolure.
Dolhe eduoollon íoundollonu oonoenlrole onexponulon oí oooeuu only or do
lhey oluo ouuure quollly oí eduoollon ln lhelr porlner uohoolu? lníormollon oolleoled
íromlhe exlullnq dooumenlollon oí lhe íoundollonu-ouululed proqromu ond lhrouqh
lnlervlewu oí uome oíílololu worklnq ln lhe íoundollonu lu uhown ln Toble 5.2. Two
oommon meouuroble quollly lnpulu íoouued by oll eduoollon íoundollonu ore ln-
CE
Type
Tab|e 5.1: Types of PPP Programmes of Nationa| and Provincia| Education
Foundations (As in March 2010)
\aatce. tan¡||e1 |¡ l-\|l\ |tan |a|atn+t|aa +·+||+||e aa t|e «e|s|tes +a1 te¡atts a| e1ac+t|aa |aaa1+t|aas +a1 |e¡ |a|atn+at |atet·|e«s
Nationa| Pun|ab Sindh KPK Ba|ochistan
Gronlu-ln-Ald
Loonu
Vouoheru
Coul per ohlld enrolled
Adopl o Sohool
Communlly Sohoolu
Lllerooy
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uervloe leooher lrolnlnq (e.q. Cluuler-Boued Teooher Trolnlnq, Teoohlnq ln Cluuleru
by Subjeol Speolollulu) ond provlulon oí leoohlnq oldu. Proqromu hove oluo been
lnllloled lo evoluole provlulon oí eduoollon ol prlvole uohoolu. The Slndh Eduoollon
Foundollon lnlroduoed o proqrom "Çuollly Auuuronoe Pevlew,` whloh lu o
oerllíloollon proqrom, oonduoled by lhe "Çuollly Auuuronoe Peuouroe Cenlre
(ÇAPC).` Thlu proqrom nol only helpu quollly lmprovemenl bul oluo ooleqorlzeu
uohoolu' quollly lo lníorm porenlu' uohoollnq deolulonu. The Punjob Eduoollon
Foundollon ond Slndh Eduoollon Foundollon oluo lmpoue penolly on porlner uohoolu
lí lhey ore unoble lo molnloln o lhreuhold oí quollly. Thlu meonu lhol o unlíorm or
hormonlouu quollly ouuuronoe íromework íor publlo-prlvole porlneruhlp doeu nol
exlul whloh lu evldenl írom dlííerenoeu ln quollly-reloled meouureu oí eduoollon
íoundollonu. Moreover, lhere lu uerlouu deíloll oí lndependenl evoluollonu oboul lhe
lmpool oí exlullnq quollly ouuuronoe meouureu.
A key luuue reloled lo lhe PPP proqromu lu obuenoe oí ony exomple oí uoollnq up
uuooeuuíul opproooheu. For lnulonoe, ln lhe ooue oí Slndh Eduoollon Foundollon'u
Adopl-o-Sohool proqrom, only 222 uohoolu oul oí o lolol oí 28,854 qovernmenl
prlmory uohoolu ln Slndh hove been odopled. Slmllorly, lhe Sohool Vouoher Soheme
oí Punjob Eduoollon Foundollon hou reoohed only 12,000 uludenlu (PEF 2008).
Thuu, lhe reol oonlrlbullon oí PPPu meouured ln lermu oí exponulon ln oooeuu
remolnu queullonoble.
Anolher luuue worlhollenllon lu lhe lnoblllly oí PPPu loproperly oddreuu lhe
ohollenqe oí eqully. Proqromu llke Adopl-o-Sohool remoln oonoenlroled ln lhe urbon
oreou or remole oreou hovlnq ulronq lnduulrlol boue ou ll lu dlííloull lo ílnd odopleru
ln very poor or remole qeoqrophlool uelllnqu. On lop oí lhlu, lhe oopoolly oí
eduoollon íoundollonu lo oonoepluollze ond lmplemenl lnnovollve PPP modelu
Type
Tab|e 5.2: Qua|ity Assurance in PPP Interventions of Education
Foundations (As in March 2010)
\aatce. tan¡||e1 |¡ l-\|l\ |tan «e|s|tes +a1 te¡atts a| e1ac+t|aa |aaa1+t|aas +a1 |e¡ |a|atn+at |atet·|e«s
Nationa| Pun|ab Sindh KPK Ba|ochistan
ln-uervloe leooher lrolnlnq
Teooheru quollíloollon
Provlulon oí leornlnq oldu
Provlulon oí lexl booku
Pequlor quollly leulu
Communlly Sohoolu
Penolly íor low quollly
CE
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vorleu dromolloolly oorouu lhe provlnoeu. The lwo provlnoeu wllh lower eduoollon
lndlooloru, Boloohlulon ond KPK, oluo hove leuu oollve íoundollonu. Thlu dlííerenoe
lu due lo dlííerenl íundlnq ílowu, ond dlííerenl uoole ond quollly oí prlvole ueolor
eduoollon provlderu ln lhe qlven provlnoe. One pleoe oí evldenoe oomeu írom
vorlollon ln qronlu-ln-old provlded lo prlvole uohoolu ln Boloohlulon. Au Flqure 5.4
uhowu, no uleody or predloloble pollern íor overoqe qronl-ln-old per uohool lu
obuerved whloh rolueu queullonu oboul uuulolnoblllly oí ílnonolol uupporl provlded
by lhe provlnolol qovernmenl.
Moreover, lhere lu o look oí rlqorouu reueoroh on lhe lmpool oí vorlouu PPPu. There
exlulu very llllle evoluollon lníormollon oboul lheue proqromu ond moul oí lhe dolo
lhol doeu exlul lu qeneroled by lhe proqromowneru lhemuelveu, lhuu ulreuulnq lhe
need íor ooullouu lnlerprelollon. ll lu oluo lmporlonl lhol evoluollonu ore nol juul
quonlllollvebul oluolnolude lníormollon oboul lhe quollly oí eduoollon provlulon.
F|gure 6.2: Var|aI|on |n 8a|och|sIan EducaI|on FoundaI|on's Average
ûranI-|n-A|d per 8choo|
Sou|ce. l-SAPS' ca|cu|al|ous l|om lhe dala ava||ab|e ou lhe webs|les ol Ba|och|slau Educal|ou louudal|ou
1000.00
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Modern ulole hou olwoyu hod on lnlereul ln eduoollon oí mouueu beoouue
demoorollo qovernonoe lu premluedon lhe developmenl oí o lllerole olllzenry lhol lu
odequolely prepored lo porllolpole ln lhe pollllool ond eoonomlo llíe oí lhe uoolely.
Au uuoh, lhe deboleu ore nol ou muoh oboul lhe lnlereulu oí lhe ulole ln eduoollon,
bul oboul whelher ulole lnlervenllon, íundlnq, ond provlulon ore lhe moul
opproprlole modeu oí provldlnq unlveruol eduoollon lo oll ohlldren. Where ulole hou
reoeded írom dlreol íundlnq ond provlulon oí eduoollon, ll hou done uo by relolnlnq
lhe poweru lorequlole lhe provlulon oí eduoollon by lhe prlvole ueolor. Thlu ueollon
uloleu uome oí lhe orqumenlu íor ond oqolnul lhe requlollon oí prlvole ueolor
provlderu oí eduoollonol uervloeu. Conoernu oboul requlollon ln lhe porlloulor
qovernonoe envlronmenl oí Poklulon ore llluulroled lhrouqh exomlnlnq lhe ooue oí
lhe requlolory reqlme reoenlly odopled by lulomobod Copllol Terrllory (lCT) lo
requlolelhe uohoolu wllhlnllu jurludlollon.
An lmporlonl juullíloollon pul íorlh ln íovor oí requlollon lu lhe
opprehenulonu oboul morkel íollure lí lhe prlvole eduoollon ueolor lu ollowed lo
operole ln obuenoe oí o ulole-eníoroed reqlme oí ruleu ond requlollonu. The morkel
íollureu lnolude obuenoe oí lníormed oonuumpllon oí eduoollonol uervloeu, eqully
íollureu, ond uoolol ooulu. Conoernu oboul uuoh íollurehove olreody been expreuued
1
ln lhe ooue oí Poklulon . ln lhe ooue oí Poklulon, uome oí lheue íollureu lndeed ore
beoomlnq evldenl. Cleorly, eoonomlo qrowlh ond llberollzollon hove reuulled ln
lnoreoued opporlunllleu, whloh ore dluproporllonolely ovolloble more lo lndlvlduolu
qroduollnq írom prlvole Enqlluh medlum uohoolu ond o hondíul oí well endowed
publlo uohoolu.
Mony luuueu reloled lo prlvole ueolor eduoollon orlue when low-lnoome ond
leuu eduooled porenlu ore nol oble lo íund uohoollnq oí lhelr ohlldren, ond moy nol
moke opllmol oholoeu íor lhelr ohlldren. Thlu requlreu qovernmenl lnlervenllon lo
enuure eqully oí opporlunllleu (Adnelle, 2004). So, when lhe ulole lnlerveneu lo
EEC+lCl CE
1
See Jlmenez, E., 8 Ton, J. (1987). Deoenlrollued ond prlvole eduoollon: lhe ooue oí Poklulon. ln Comporollve
Eduoollon, 23(2), 173-190.
2
Op. oll, Androbl, T. el.ol., (2007) pp.xxv xxvl
3
See Pondoll, E. Prlvole Sohoolu ond Slole Pequlollon. Urb. Low., 24, 341. 1992, p.4
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provlde, íor exomple, eduoollonol vouoheru lo porenlu who need lhem, lhlu
lnlervenllon oon be lnlerpreled ou llu reuponue lo lhe pouulble morkel íollureu uuoh
ou obuenoe oí oredll íor lhe porenlu lo lnveul ln lhe prlmory eduoollon oí lhelr
ohlldren. ln olher wordu, vouoheru ore o reuponue loeqully luuue. Slmllorly, lhe ulole
lnlervenllon lo provlde ond requlole proíeuulonol uloluu oí leooheru uervlnq ln
prlvole uohoolu lu onolher exomple oí llu lnlervenllon loourb morkel íollureu uuoh ou
quollly luuueu. On lhe olher ulde, uome uoholoru hove orqued lhol lhe íeoru oí
2
morkel íollureu ore uníounded . However, lhe oblllly lo oooeuu lhlu lníormollon moy
be dependenl on oullurol, eoonomlo ond uoolol oopllol oí porenlu (Androbl, Adnelle,
2004).
Followlnq hove been odduoed ou orqumenlu ln íovor oí ulole requlollon oí
prlvole ueolor eduoollon provlderu by lhe promoleru oí requlollon, whloh lu requlred
íor:
Enuurlnq lhol ohlldren ore nol hormed due lo look oí lrolnlnq ond eduoollon
oí lhe porenlu,
Enuurlnqmlnlmumlevel oí quollly eduoollon,
3
Prevenllnqleoohlnq oí onylhlnqlhol lu lnlmlool lolhe lnlereulu oí uoolely .
ll lu hord lo dluoqree wllh lhe provlulon oí uome klnd oí oheokellher
lhrouqh lloenulnq ond oerllíloollon, or lhrouqh oollve lnupeollonolmed ol enuurlnq
lhol ohlldren ore proleoled. Thlu lu uo beoouue lhelr menlol ond phyulool heollh lu, or
uhould be, juul ou lmporlonl lo lhe ulole ou ll lu lo lhelr porenlu. Proleollnq ohlldren
oulomolloolly requlreu o uel oí ulondordu íor uervloe provlulon. Llkewlue, when
ourrloulo remoln unrequloled, lexlu lnlmlool lo lhe lnlereulu oí lhe uoolely oon ílnd
lhelr woy lnlo lhe olouuroomu. Au uuoh, lhen, lhe ooue íor requlollnq prlvole uohoolu
oppeoru peruuoulve.
The ooue oqolnul requlollon lu juul ou equolly oonvlnolnq ond boued on
proqmollo rollonoleu lu ou lhe ooue íor requlollon. Slole'u preroqollve lo requlole
prlvole uohoolu hove been reululed ln prlnolple ou well ou íound lobe lmproollool ond
leodlnq lo oorrupl proolloeu eupeololly ln lhe leuu lhon ldeol qovernonoe mllleuu.
Crlllou orque lhol ulole lu nol lhe beul oí lhe requloloru, ond lhol requlollon ouqhl lo
be replooed by o lruul ln lhe oopoolly oí lndlvlduolu lo moke lhe beul rollonol oholoeu
ln lhelr lnlereul.
Thlu perupeollve lu nol new ellher. The reuponue oí Slr Poberl Lowe, o 19lh
oenlury Brllluh eduoollonlul, when ouked by lhe Poyol lnqulry Commluulon oí 1868
lo oommenl on lhe pouulblllly oí porenlol mlulokeu ln deoldlnq whol lu beul íor lhelr
ohlldren, lu emblemollool oí lhe modern doy orqumenlu oqolnul requlollon ond ulole
oonlrol oí eduoollon: ".lhey ore very lloble lo moke mlulokeu, ond lhey do
oonulonlly now, bul l know oí nolhlnq elue. l know no ollernollve belween lhol ond
uome mlnluler oí eduoollon or uome eduoollonol boord whloh uhould requlole ll.l
CE
4
Weul, E. (1964). Prlvole veruuu publlo eduoollon: A olouulool eoonomlo dlupule, ln The Journol oí Pollllool Eoonomy,
72 (5), 465-475.
5
For o deuorlpllon oí requlolory reqlmeu ln lhe Unlled Sloleu, íor exomple, uee Wllllomu, L. The Pequlollon oí Prlvole
Sohoolu ln Amerloo: A Slole-by-Slole Anolyulu. (1996)
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myuelí uee nolhlnq íor ll bul lo moke lhe porenlu oí lhe ohlldren lhe mlnluleru oí
eduoollon, ond doeverylhlnq you oon loqlve lhemlhe beul lníormollon ou lowhol lu
qood eduoollon, ond where lhelr ohlldren oon be well louqhl, ond lo leove ll lo work
4
lluelí oul.` The orqumenlu oí lhe modern doy delroolor oí requlollon, uloled below,
hove oulrlklnq uenue oí dejovu lolhem:
Some reueoroh provldeu evldenoe lhol ouuumpllon oboul porenlu belnq
uneduooled ond lll lníormed lu lnoorreol. Aooordlnq loLEAPSuludy, overoqe
houuehold lu ooluolly íolrly qood ol dlullnquluhlnq well períormlnq uohoolu
írompoorly períormlnq uohoolu.
Sludenlu' lnlereulu ore nol quoronleed even ln publlo uohoolu, ond
uomellmeu lhey need more requlollon lhonlhe prlvole ueolor.
The boulo orqumenl odduoedby lhe delrooloru, lhereíore, lu lhol when ulole
oonnol quoronlee euloblluhmenl ond molnlenonoe oí mlnlmum ulondordu ln lhe
publlo uohoolu, how ll oould oonoelvobly requlole o oomplex prlvole ueolor. Why,
lhen, nol leove ll lo lhe porenlu who hove lhe beul lnlereulu oí lhelr ohlldren ol lhelr
heorl lomoke lhebeul pouulble oholoeu íor lhelr eduoollon.
Below lhe uludy provldeu lhe ooue oí lhe requlolory reqlme ln lulomobod
Copllol Terrllory (lCT) lo uhow lhe woyu ln whloh lhe ulole requlollon beoomeu o
meuuy underloklnq. Whlle moklnq lhlu orqumenl, lhe l-SAPS, however, lu nol
poulllonlnq lluelí íor or oqolnul requlollon. The orqumenl íor ond oqolnul requlollon
ore equolly ulronq ond oonvlnolnq ond poue o dllemmolo polloy mokeru. The woy oul
oí lhe dllemmo, however, moy nol be obondonlnq lhe need íor requlollon bul ílndlnq
woyu oí lmprovlnq lhe ulole'u oopoolly lo dellver ll omloobly. Needleuu lo uoy,
oonulruollve requlollon oí prlvole uohoolu lu nol unheord oí ond ueverol uloleu,
nolobly uome uloleu ln lhe Unlled Sloleu ond uome Europeon oounlrleu provlde
5
uuooeuuíul exompleu oí ulole requloled prlvole uervloe dellvery ln eduoollon .
There ore ueverol leqol lnulrumenlu ourrenlly ln plooe íor lhe requlollon oí
prlvole uohoolu ln Poklulon. Noloble omonq lhemore 1) Punjob Prlvole Eduoollonol
lnulllullonu Promollon ond Pequlollon ordlnonoe 1984, 2) Slndh Eduoollonol
lnulllullonu Pequlollon ond Conlrol ordlnonoe, 2001 ond Amended Aol 2003, whloh
beoome eííeollve írom Auquul 2004, 3) The NWFP Peqlulrollon ond Funollonu oí
Prlvole Eduoollonol lnulllullonu (Amendmenl) Ordlnonoe, 2002, ond 4) lulomobod
Copllol Terrllory Eduoollonol lnulllullonu (Pequlollon ond Promollon) Ordlnonoe
XXll oí 2006. The uue oí lhe lermrequlollon loqelher wllh oonlrol ond promollon ore
lnlereullnq ou lhey provlde uu o wlndow on woyu ln whloh lhe ldeo oí requlollon lu
lnlerpreled wllhln lhe upeolílo qovernonoe oonlexl oí Poklulon. The requlollon lu
ouuoololed wllh promollon oí prlvole ueolor only ln lhe ooue oí Punjob ond lCT only.
lnlereullnqly, Punjob ond lCT ore omonq lhe lorqeul ln lermu oí lhe number oí
prlvole ueolor lnulllullonu oíler FANA. Here we wlll oonulder lhe ooue oí lCT lo
CE
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hlqhllqhl lhe woyu ln whloh lhe oonlenlu oí lhe ool oon polenllolly oompromlue o
meonlnqíul requlollonoí prlvole uohoolu.
A orlllool lexluol revlew oí lhe lCT Eduoollonol lnulllullonu (Pequlollon ond
Promollon) Ordlnonoe XXll oí 2006 provldeu lnlereullnq lnulqhlu lnlo lhe woy
requlollon oí prlvole uohoolu hou been oonoelved. The preomble oí lhe ordlnonoe
uloleu llu olm ou provlulon oí "reqlulrollon, requlollon, ond íunollonlnq oí prlvole
eduoollonol lnulllullonu.` The olmu ond objeollveu oí lhe requlolory mondole ore
oonululenl wllh lhe qenerol orqumenlu íor requlollon uloled obove. However, lhere
ore mony luuueu whloh needollenllon oí lhe polloymokeru.
One oí lhoue luuueu lu lhol lhe ordlnonoe oomeu lnlo íull íoroe ol onoe on lhe
doy oí llu promulqollon. ll lu lmporlonl lo nole lhe obuenoe oí ony qeulollon perlod,
ou ll repreuenlu lhe qenerol ollllude loword requlollon. Ordlnorlly, ll mokeu uenue lo
ollow lhe prlvole uohoolu uome llme ond reuouroeulhrouqh pouulbly PPP
lnlervenllonulo prepore lo meel lhe requlremenlu oí requlolory ordlnonoe. Thlu
moy oluo be needed lo prevenl lhe uohoolu írompouulnq down lhe ooulu oí meellnq
uuoh requlremenlu lo lhe oonuumeru lhrouqh rolulnq lhelr íeeu. lmmedlole
eníoroemenl worku oqolnul uuoh meouureu, ond lu llkely lo íoroe uohoolu lo odopl
meouureu lhol would ulllmolely pouu on lhe ílnonolol burden lo lhe porenlu ou well
ou odopl meouureu uuoh ou brlblnq lhe lnupeoloru lo meel lhe neoeuuory
dooumenlollonrequlremenlu wllhoul ooluolly meellnq lherequlolory ulondordu.
Anolher problem lu íound ln Seollon 9 (1) oí lhe ordlnonoe whloh requlreu
lhe requlolory oulhorlly lo be uelí ílnonolnq. Whlle ll opporenlly uoundu qulle
eíílolenl ond ooul eííeollve lo euloblluh ond requlre lhe oulhorlly lo ílnonoe lluelí, ll
leoveu one lo wonder ou lo who wlll evenluolly poy íor requlollon. lí lhe uohoolu ore
requlred lo poy íor lhelr own requlollon, lhe burden wlll evenluolly be pouued lo lhe
oonuumeru lhrouqh lnoreoue ln lhe ooul oí uohoollnq. Thuu, ll lu lhol porenlu wlll be
modelopoy íor lherequlollon oí prlvole uohoolu. Furlhermore, whenueen lnrelollon
lo uome oí lhe olher meouureu ullpuloled by lhe ordlnonoe, ll lu doublíul lhol
porenlu wlll reoelve ony beneíllu ln lhe íorm oí enhonoed quollly oí eduoollon íor
lhelr ohlldren.
The moller oí oppeol hou been lreoled ln o woy lhol ll deíeolu lhe boulo
prlnolpleu oí juulloe. Under Seollon 17 oí lhe lCT requlolory ordlnonoe, oppeolu ln
reuponue lo rejeollon oí opplloollonu by requlolory oulhorlly oon only be mode by
lhe oqqrleved porlleu lolhe ueorelory, mlnlulry oí eduoollon wllhln lhlrly doyu oí lhe
rejeollon. Any orderu pouued by hlmon lhe oppeolu ore deemed ílnol ond nol uubjeol
loony íurlher odjudloollon.
The penollleu lmpoued on lhe prlvole uohoolu by lhe ordlnonoe ore
unohoroolerlulloolly ulrlol. Should o uohool oonlroveneu lhe provlulonu oí lhe
ordlnonoe, lhe proprleloru oould be punluhed wllh lmprluonmenl whloh moy exlend
lo one yeor or ílne whloh moy exlend lo ílve hundred rupeeu íor eooh doy durlnq lhe
perlodoí oííenoe, or ll oon be bolh lhe ílneou well ou lmprluonmenl.
The reoderu oon oleorly uee lhe problemu oí lmpoulnq o requlolory reqlme on
lhe uohoolu by o 'uelí ílnonoed' requlolory oulhorlly, lmpoued wllh no perlod oí
CE
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qeulollon, ond wllh llllle leewoy íor lhe prlvole uohoolu lo oonleul lhe deolulonu oí
lhe requlolory oulhorlly ln o oourl oí low. Wllhln lhe porlloulor qovernonoe oonlexl
oí Poklulon, o requlolory reqlme uuoh ou lhlu wlll pouu lhe ooulu oí requlollon lo lhe
oonuumeru oí eduoollonol uervloeu, wlll open up pouulbllllleu oí oorrupl proolloeu by
lhe lnupeoloru írom requlolory oulhorlly, ond wlll undermlne lhe orlqlnol lnlenllonu
oí requlollnq prlvole uohoolu.
CE
ELll/F`
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CClCLLElClE
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Thlu uludy hou exomlned lhe ulole ond qrowlh oí prlvole eduoollon ln Poklulon. ll
íoouueu on luuueu ond ohollenqeu lhol emonole íromohonqeu ln llu ulze ond qrowlh,
dlverully ln lhe prlvole provlulon oí eduoollon, ílnonolnq, quollly oí leoohlnq ond
leornlnq, publlo-prlvole porlneruhlpu ond requlollon. The purpoue oí lhe uludy lu lo
ldenllíy uome oreou whloh requlre íurlher reueoroh ond lo hlqhllqhl lmporlonl
exlullnq ond emerqlnq luuueu ln lhe prlvole eduoollon whloh ooll íor on lníormed
deboleond polloy reuponue.
The uludy relleu on lhe exlullnq ulollullool dolo ond reueoroh deollnq wllh
prlvole eduoollon ueolor. The onolyulu oí ulze ond qrowlh oí lhe prlvole ueolor ln
lermu oí lnulllullonu, enrollmenl ond leooheru lu done by oomblnlnq dolo írom lhe
Cenuuu oí Prlvole Eduoollonol lnulllullonu 1999-2000, Nollonol Eduoollon Cenuuu
2005 ondpublluhed doloíromNollonol Eduoollon Monoqemenl lníormollonSyulem
(NEMlS) íor 2006-07 ond 2007-08. Theue doloboueu ore nol ulrlolly oomporoble
due lo uome dlííerenoeu ln uoope ond melhodoloqy ond lhlu luuue hou been loken
oore oí whlle oomplllnq lhe lobleu. Addlllonol noleu hove been odded lo ooullon lhe
reoderu.
Key ílndlnqu oí lhe uludy ore ou íollowu:
1. Prlvole eduoollon hou beoome o ulqnlíloonl phenomenon ln Poklulon,
nolwllhulondlnq onylhlnq elue, due lollu uloqqerlnq ulze ln lermu oí number
oí lnulllullonu, leooheru ond enrolmenl. Overoll, 30° oí oll eduoollonol
lnulllullonu ln Poklulon were prlvole ln 2007-08. Thuu, lhree ln every len
eduoollonol lnulllullonu ln Poklulon were prlvole. Thlu ulze hou qrown
oonulderobly ulnoe 1999-2000 when ll wou mere 19°. Slmllorly, oul oí lolol
1.4 mllllon leooheru ln Poklulon, 44° were worklnq ln prlvole eduoollonol
lnulllullonu ln 2007-08. Llke lhe number oí lnulllullonu ond leooheru, prlvole
eduoollon morku o ulqnlíloonl phenomenon ln lermu oí enrolmenl ol vorlouu
uloqeu. Overoll, prlvole ueolor enrolmenl oooounled íor 34° oí lolol
enrolmenl ln eduoollonol lnulllullonu ln 2007-08. Thlu meonu lhol one ln
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every lhree ohlldren enrolled ln eduoollonol lnulllullonu lu ln o prlvole
lnulllullon.
2. Belween 1999-2000 ond 2007-08, prlvole eduoollon ueolor hou exponded
ol on unpreoedenled pooe vlu-o-vlu publlo ueolor. The number oí prlvole
uohoolu lnoreoued by 69°, ou oompored lo mere 8°lnoreoue oí qovernmenl
uohoolu belween 1999-2000 ond 2007-08. Conlrory lopopulor peroepllonu,
lhe qrowlh oí ulnqle-uex uohoolu lu muoh hlqher lhon mlxed uohoolu ond
muoh hlqher ln rurol oreou lhonurbon oreou. The rlueoí prlvole uohoollnqhou
ulqnlíloonl lmpool on enrolmenl ln qovernmenl uohoolu. Belween 1999-
2000 ond 2007-08, publlo ueolor'u peroenloqe uhore oí enrolmenl
deoreoued by 3°, 19° ond 10° ol prlmory, mlddle ond hlqh levelu
reupeollvely beoouue lhe prlvole ueolor wou oble lo ollrool qreoler number
oí ohlldren. Theue ohonqeu mork ulqnlíloonl lronuíormollon ln lnlernol
dynomlou oí lhe prlvole eduoollon ueolor on one hond, ond ooll íor deeper
onolyulu ond lníormed debole on lhelr lmplloollonu íor publlo eduoollon
ueolor ond Poklulon'u overoll eduoollonlndlooloru, onlhe olher.
3. The Cenuuu 1999-2000 uhowed lhol onnuol lnveulmenl by lhe prlvole
eduoollon ueolor wou Pu. 2.5 bllllon whereou lhe reourrenl expendllure
omounled lo oboul Pu.12 bllllon ln lhe yeor preoedlnq lhe Cenuuu. The
Grouu lnoome oí oll lypeu oí prlvole eduoollonol lnulllullonu wou Pu. 22
bllllon uhowlnq on eullmoled relurn oí Pu. 7.6 bllllon ln 1999-2000. Thuu, lhe
prlvole ueolor'u Nel Pelurn wou 52° oí lnveulmenl pluu expendllure.
Overoll, lhe mojor uouroe oí lnoome lu lulllon íee (58°) ond odmluulon íee
(28°). Donollonu oonlrlbule oboul 9° whereou 5° oomeu írom olher
uouroeu. Theue ulollullou uhed llqhl on oonulderoble ulze oí lnveulmenl ond
expendllure by lhe prlvole ueolor ond hlqhrole oí relurn.
4. Overoll houuehold onnuol expendllure per pupll ln o prlvole eduoollonol
lnulllullon wou Pu. 6,130 whloh wou 3.5 llmeu hlqher lhon lhe expendllure oí
Pu. 1,756 lnourred ln publlo ueolor eduoollonol lnulllullonu ln 2007-08. An
urbon houuehold upendu Pu. 2433 more lhon o rurol houuehold doeu per
pupll ln oprlvole eduoollonol lnulllullon.
5. Governmenl provldeu oonulderoble íundu ln íorm oí qronlu-ln-old lo lhe
prlvole eduoollon ueolor. Aooordlnq lo o uludy reoenlly oonduoled by l-
SAPS, lhe lolol omounl oí qronlu-ln-old (exoludlnq KPK) provlded lo lhe
prlvole ueolor omounled lo Pu. 5.2 bllllon ln 2009-10, up by 20°over 2007-
08. Mojor ohunk oí lhe qronlu-ln-old lu upenl on euloblluhlnq publlo-prlvole
porlneruhlpu lhrouqh íederol ond provlnolol eduoollon íoundollonu.
6. Dlverully lu o ohoroolerlullo íeolure oí prlvole eduoollon ln Poklulon bul lhlu
oupeol remolnu lorqely under-explored ln lhe lllerolure. ln reollly, lhe prlvole
eduoollonol lnulllullonu ore oonílqured olonq o brood ronqe oí ooleqorleu
uuoh ou íollh, qender, lonquoqe, rellqlon, elo. Unllke lhe qovernmenl
uohoolu, dlííerenl lypeu oí prlvole uohoolu enloll dlííerenl lmplloollonu ln
lermu oí lhelr lmpool on polloy ond uoolo-eoonomlo mllleu. Au uuoh eooh
8ummary and 0onc|us|ons
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lype needu dlííerenl polloy reuponue whloh oonnol be íormuloled unleuu
uuíílolenl dolo exlulu oboul eooh lype íor lníormed polloy debole ond
dluouuulon. Al preuenl, lhe Eduoollon Monoqemenl lníormollon Syulem
(EMlS) ond lndependenl reueoroh lnlllollveu provlde llllle lníormollon íor
proper ooleqorlzollon oí prlvole uohoolu. Thereíore, lhe ohollenqe lu lo
qenerole uuíílolenl dolo ond reueoroh lo ouueuu lhe ooluol lmplloollonu
ouuoololed wllh dlííerenl lypeu oí prlvole uohoolu ond lhen lo íormulole ond
provlde on opproprlole polloy reuponue oooordlnqly.
7. Whlle lhe populor peroepllon oboul quollly oí eduoollon íovoru lhe prlvole
uohoolu vlu-o-vlu publlo uohoolu, lhe deqree lo whloh lhe houueholdu oon
ooluolly dlííerenllole belween o qood ond o bod uohool oonnol olwoyu be
delermlned, lhouqh meouured lnpulu oon uerve ou lhe qulde louome exlenl.
Leornlnq ouueuumenlu provlde more uophlullooled evldenoe oí quollly.
However, dlííerenl ouueuumenlu leod lo dlííerenl dlreollonu. A reueoroh
uludy oommluuloned by lhe World Bonk uhowu lhol pupllu ln prlvole uohoolu
ore oulperíormlnq publlo uohoolu whereou lhe dolo oí Punjob Exomlnollon
Commluulon uuqqeulu lhol lhe dlííerenoe lu nol loo hlqh. The exlullnq
dooumenlollon lu loo llllle lo develop o nollonol level plolure oboul lhe
quollly oí eduoollon ln prlvole uohoolu. Anolher luuue lu lhol lhe lhreuhold
íor períormonoe oí prlvole uohoolu remolnu very lowwllhlhe períormonoe oí
olreody íolllnq publlo uohoolu ou lhe reíerenoe polnl íor oomporluon.
8. The ldeo oí publlo-prlvole porlneruhlpu hou been oooepled ond proolloed ln
Poklulon íor qulle lonq. The mojor breoklhrouqh ln lhe uupporl lo prlvole
ueolor wou mode durlnq lhe eorly 1990u wllh lhe íormollon oí nollonol ond
provlnolol level eduoollon íoundollonu. The íoundollonu uupporl lhe prlvole
eduoollon ueolor lhrouqh lhe PPPu. The moul oommon modollly uued by lhe
eduoollon íoundollonu íor porlneruhlpu lu publlo ílnonolnq - prlvole
provlulon. Au o reuull, lhe ollooollonu oí íederol ond provlnolol qovernmenlu
íor promollon oí lhe PPPu lhrouqh eduoollon íoundollonu hove lnoreoued
ulqnlíloonlly over lhe poul íew yeoru. ln 2009-10, lhe Punjob qovernmenl
olloooled Pu.4 bllllon íor lhlu purpoue. ln lolol, Pu.4.9 bllllon were olloooled
íor lhe eduoolloníoundollonu ln 2009-10, up by 28°over 2007-08.
9. Akey luuue ln lhe PPPu ln eduoollon ueolor lu lhe look oí o hormonlouu polloy
íromework. The íederol ond provlnolol qovernmenlu ore experlmenllnq wllh
dlííerenl lmplemenlollon orronqemenlu. Slmllorly, no unlíorm íromework
exlulu íor ouuuronoe oí quollly ln prlvole uohoolu whloh enler lnlo
porlneruhlp wllh lhe qovernmenl. Even lí uuíílolenl meouureu ore loken lo
ouuure quollly, lhe polenllol oí uoollnq lhe uuooeuuíul PPP modelu remolnu
llmlled due lo reuouroe oonulrolnlu, qlven lhol more or leuu oll porlneruhlpu
oreqroundedln publlo ílnonolnq - prlvole provluloníromework.
10. The queullon oí requlollon oí prlvole eduoollon ueolor lu o lrloky one. The
proponenlu oí requlollon moke o oonvlnolnq ooue, lorqely boued on lhe
llkellhood oí morkel íollure ln lermu oí unovolloblllly oí uuíílolenl lníormollon
ond look oí eqully ln eduoollonol opporlunlly. On lhe olher hond, lhe boulo
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orqumenl odduoed by lhe delrooloru, lhereíore, lu lhol when ulole oonnol
quoronlee euloblluhmenl ond molnlenonoe oí mlnlmum ulondordu ln lhe
publlo uohoolu, how ll oould oonoelvobly requlole o oomplex prlvole ueolor.
Why, lhen, nol leove ll lo lhe porenlu who hove lhe beul lnlereulu oí lhelr
ohlldrenol lhelr heorl lomokelhe beul pouulble oholoeu íor lhelr eduoollon.
11. There ore o number oí requlolory lowu íor prlvole eduoollon ueolor ln plooe
ln Poklulon. However, llllle lníormollon lu ovolloble oboul lhe uloluu oí lhelr
lmplemenlollon. lí o lexluol revlewoí lhe lowu lu oorrled oul, one oon eoully lníer lhol
lhoue lowu oonnol be lmplemenledwllhoul reululonoe íromlhe prlvole ueolor due lo
uerlouu weokneuueu ond lnbulll delerrenoe. For exomple, requlolory ordlnonoe íor
prlvole eduoollon ueolor operollnq ln lulomobod lmpoueu o requlolory reqlme on
prlvole uohoolu by o 'uelí ílnonoed' requlolory oulhorlly, lmpoued wllh no perlod oí
qeulollon, ond wllh llllle leewoy íor lhe prlvole uohoolu lo oonleul lhe deolulonu oí
lhe requlolory oulhorlly ln o oourl oí low. Wllhln lhe porlloulor qovernonoe oonlexl
oí Poklulon, o requlolory reqlme uuoh ou lhlu wlll pouu lhe ooulu oí requlollon lo lhe
oonuumeru oí eduoollonol uervloeu, wlll open up pouulbllllleu oí oorrupl proolloeu by
lhe lnupeoloru írom requlolory oulhorlly, ond wlll undermlne lhe orlqlnol lnlenllonu
oí requlollnq prlvole uohoolu.
A mojor luuue lhol emerqeu írom lhe revlew oí lhe prlvole eduoollon lu lhe
look oí dolo ond reueoroh even oboul uome boulo ohoroolerlullou oí lhe ueolor. For
exomple, polloymokeru do nol hove oooeuu lo relloble knowledqe oboul
ohoroolerlullou oí dlííerenl lypeu oí prlvole uohoolu. No uyulemollo knowledqe
exlulu oboul lhe ronqe oí ourrloulo belnq louqhl ln lhe prlvole ond denomlnollonol
uohoolu ln Poklulon. Thlu lu one oreo where uueíul requlollon lu needed. No
lndependenl ond rlqorouu evoluollonu exlul oí lhe eííeolu oí exlullnq PPPu or
requlolory reqlmeu. Suoh evoluollonu hove nol brouqhl oul ony worlhwhlle leuuonu,
nor lhey hove ldenllíled beul proolloeu ond, lhereíore, lhe polloymokeru oonnol
moke lníormed deolulonu oboul whloh ulroleqleu lo íollow ln bolh PPP ond
Pequlollon. Slmllorly, deílolenoy oí dolo oboul ílnonolnq oí prlvole eduoollon ueolor
lu evldenl írom lhe íool lhol lhe moul oomprehenulve uel oí ílnonolnq ulollullou ore
ovolloble only ln lhe Cenuuu oí Prlvole Eduoollonol lnulllullonu 1999-2000. Slnoe
lhen, oonulderoble ohonqeu mlqhl hove ooourred ln lrendu ond pollernu oí
lnveulmenl, reoelplu ond expendllure oí prlvole eduoollonol lnulllullonu bul ll lu
dlííloull lo onolyze lhoue ohonqeu beoouue uubuequenl Nollonol Eduoollon Cenuuu
2005 ond NEMlS hove nol ooplured lníormollon oboul prlvole upendlnq. Theue ore
o íew lnulonoeu oí qopu ln lníormollon due lo whloh we do nol know muoh oboul
prlvole eduoollon deuplle lhol ll hou beoome oulqnlíloonl reollly oí Poklulon uoolely.
Thlu ulluollon oollu íor on lmmedlole reuponue íor oreollnq o ulronq knowledqe boue
whlohoould helplhe polloymokeru loloke lníormed deolulonu.
49 |
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Abbou Pouhld (ed.), "Enqoqlnq wllh Boulo Eduoollon ln Poklulon` SAHE Eduoollon
WolohPeporl 2000 (Lohore: 2000).
Adnell Nlok, "Prlvole Seolor Provlulon oí Sohoollnq: An Eoonomlo Auueuumenl`
Comµo·ot|.oFoooot|oo, 40:3. 2004. 385-399.
Alloh Bokhuh Mollk, Poo||o-P·|.oto Po·too·s||µs |o Foooot|oo. lossoos loo·ooo
/·om Poo¡oo Foooot|oo Fooooot|oo (lulomobod: Aulon Developmenl Bonk,
2009)
B. Joneu el ol. "Prlvole Sohoollnq ln lhe Norlhern Areou oí Poklulon: A Deoode oí
Popld Exponulon,` loto·oot|ooo| Joo·oo| o/ Foooot|ooo| Do.o|oµmoot, 25,
2005. 557-568.
Boelo Pezo Jomll, 7·oos/o·m|og Foooot|oo t|·oog| Commoo|t, oosoo
Go.o·ooooo. Fxµo·|oooo/·omPo||stoo (Preuenlolloníor UNESCO, 2002)
Boelo Pezo Jomll, Deoenlrollzollon ond Devolullon ln Poklulon: Eduoollonol
lmplloollonu oí lhe Proelorlon lnlerprelollon, ln Chrlulopher Bjork, ed.,
Foooot|ooo| Doooot·o||zot|oo, Sprlnqer: 2006.
Brlon Horleoh-Joneu el ol. "Prlvole Sohoollnq ln lhe Norlhern Areou oí Poklulon: A
Deoode oí Popld Exponulon,` loto·oot|ooo| Joo·oo| o/ Foooot|ooo|
Do.o|oµmoot 25 (2005), 557-568.
Emmonuel Jlmenez 8 Jee Penq Ton, "Deoenlrollzed ond Prlvole Eduoollon: The
Coueoí Poklulon` Comµo·ot|.oFoooot|oo 23:2. 1987. 173-90.
Emmonuel Jlmenez 8 Jee Penq Ton, "Eduoollonol Developmenl ln Poklulon: The
Pole oí Uuer Chorqeu ond Prlvole Eduoollon,` World Bonk Eduoollon ond
TrolnlnqSerleu Dluouuulon Poper Number EDT 16. 1985.
Governmenl oí Poklulon, "Publlo-Prlvole Porlneruhlpu ln Eduoollon Seolor,`
(lulomobod: Mlnlulry oí Eduoollon, 2004)
ElELlCCF/Fl`
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H. Levln, "luuueu ln Eduoollonol Prlvollzollon` ln edu. H.F. Lodd ond Edword B. Fluke
¬oooooo| o/ Posoo·o||o Foooot|oo F|ooooo ooo Po||o,. Poulledqe, 2008.
Horold Aldermon el ol. "Sohool Çuollly, Sohool Coul, ond lhe Publlo-Prlvole
Choloeu oí Low-lnoome Houueholdu ln Poklulon,` 7|o Joo·oo| o/ ¬omoo
Posoo·oos 36:2, 2001. 304-326.
Horold Aldermon ot o|. "Deulqn, Evoluollon, ond Suulolnoblllly oí Prlvole Sohoolu
íor lhe Poor: The Poklulon Urbon ond Purol Fellowuhlpu Sohool
Experlmenlu` Foooom|os o/ Foooot|oo Po.|o.122, 2003. 265-274.
Horry Anlhony ot o|. 7|o Po|o ooo lmµoot o/ Poo||o P·|.oto Po·too·s||µs |o
Foooot|oo (Wouhlnqlon: WorldBonk, 2009)
lííol Foroh ond Sodoí Plzvl, "Publlo-Prlvole Porlneruhlp: lmplloollonu íor Prlmory
Sohoollnq ln Poklulon,` Soo|o| Po||o, ooo Aom|o|st·ot|oo, 41: 4, 2007, 339-
354.
l-SAPS [lnulllule oí Soolol ond Polloy Solenoeu|, Poo||o F|oooo|og o/ Foooot|oo |o
Po||stoo. Aoo|,s|s o/ Fooo·o| ooo P·o.|oo|o| Boogots. 2009.
l-SAPS, ¨P·|.oto Sooto· Foooot|oo. Po||o, ooo Pogo|oto·, lssoos,¨ Peporl on
Polloy Dloloque. lulomobod, Auquul 19, 2008.
J. Dou ot o|. "Leornlnq Levelu ond Gopu ln Poklulon,` World Bonk Worklnq Poper
4067, 2006.
J. Klm ot o|. "Con Prlvole Sohool Subuldleu lnoreoue Enrollmenl íor lhe Poor? The
Çuello Urbon Fellowuhlp Proqrom` Wo·|o Boo| Foooom|o Po.|o. 13:3,
1999. 443-465.
Jomeu Tooley 8 Poullne Dlxon, "Prlvole Sohoolu íor lhe Poor: A Coue Sludy írom
lndlo` Cooto· /o· B·|t|s| 7ooo|o·s, 2003.
Jluhnu Dou ot o|. "Leornlnq Levelu ond Gopu ln Poklulon` World Bonk Polloy
Peueoroh WorklnqPoper No. 4067, November 1, 2006.
Joueph Klmot o|. "Con Prlvole Sohool Subuldleu lnoreoue Enrollmenl íor lhe Poor?
The Çuello Urbon Fellowuhlp Proqrom,` 7|o Wo·|o Boo| Foooom|o Po.|o.
13:3. 443-65.
M. B. Sorwor, "Dooumenllnq Eduoollonol lnnovollonu. Shorlnq Proolloeu íor
Eduoollonol Chonqe,` Koroohl: Slndh EduoollonFoundollon, 2006.
Mouoodo Bono, Poo||o P·|.oto Po·too·s||µs (PPPs) os 'Aoo|o·' o/ Foooot|ooo|
Po/o·ms. lossoos /·omPo||stoo(lulomobod: UNESCO, 2008)
Mollhew J. Neluon, "Muullmu, Morkelu, ond lhe Meonlnq oí o 'Good' Eduoollon ln
Poklulon,` As|oo So·.o,, 46: 5(Sep. - Ool., 2006), 699-720.
Monozzo Aulom, "The Pelollve Eííeollveneuu oí Governmenl ond Prlvole Sohoolu ln
Poklulon: Are Glrlu Worue Oíí?` Posoo·o| Cooso·t|om oo Foooot|oo
8|b||ography
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Ootoomos 8Po.o·t, Wo·||ogPoµo· 4, 2007.
M. Nloz Auodulloh, "Pelurnu lo Prlvole ond Publlo Eduoollon ln Bonqlodeuh ond
Poklulon: A Comporollve Anolyulu,` Joo·oo| o/ As|oo Foooom|os, 20, 2009.
77-86.
N. LoPooqu, "Publlo-Prlvole Porlneruhlpu ln Boulo Eduoollon: An lnlernollonol
Pevlew,` (Berkuhlre: CíBT Eduoollon Truul, 2008)
Nlok Adnell, "Prlvole-Seolor Provlulon oí Sohoollnq: An Eoonomlo Auueuumenl,`
Comµo·ot|.oFoooot|oo, 40: 3, 2004, 385-399.
P. A. Shoml 8 K. S. Huuuoln, Bos|o Foooot|oo |o Po||stoo, (lulomobod: Aoodemy oí
Eduoollon Plonnlnqond Monoqemenl, 2005)
P. M. Holhowoy, "Eduoollon Peíorm ln Poklulon: Bulldlnq íor lhe Fulure,`
(Wouhlnqlon: WoodrowWlluon lnlernollonol Cenler íor Soholoru, 2005).
SAHE, Evoluollon Peporl: F//oot|.oooss o/ t|o C|osto· Bosoo 7·o|o|og P·og·om o/
t|oPoo¡oo Foooot|oo Fooooot|oo. November 2009.
Syedo Wodlol Kozml, "Pole oí Eduoollon ln Globollzollon: The Coue íor Poklulon,`
SAAPCJoo·oo| /o· ¬omooPosoo·ooDo.o|oµmoot, 2005, 90-107.
Tohlr Androbl ot o|. "The Plue oí Prlvole Sohoollnqln Poklulon: Colerlnqlolhe Urbon
Ellle or Eduoollnq lhe Purol Poor?` (Pomono Colleqe, World Bonk, ond
HorvordUnlverully), Moroh 21, 2002.
Tohlr Androbl ot o|. "A Dlme o Doy: The Pouulbllllleu ond Llmllu oí Prlvole Sohoollnq
lnPoklulon,` WorldBonk Polloy Peueoroh WorklnqPoper 4046, 2006.
Tohlr Androbl ot o|. "Leornlnq ond Eduoollonol Aohlevemenlu ln Punjob Sohoolu
(LEAPS): lnulqhlu lo lníorm lhe Eduoollon Polloy Debole,` World Bonk
WorklnqPoper 43750, 2004.
Tohlr Androbl ot o|. "Sludenlu Todoy, Teooheru Tomorrow? The Plue oí Aííordoble
PrlvoleSohoolu` Mlmeo, WorldBonk, 2005.
Torlq Pohmon, Doo|zoos o/ A||oo Wo·|os. A Stoo, o/ Foooot|oo, looqoo||t, ooo
Po|o·|zot|oo|oPo||stoo (Koroohl: OxíordUnlverully Preuu, 2004)
UNESCOond USAlD, Poµo·t. S|toot|oo Aoo|,s|s o/ 7ooo|o· Foooot|oo. 7o.o·os o
St·otog|o F·omo.o·| /o· 7ooo|o· Foooot|oo ooo P·o/oss|ooo|
Do.o|oµmoot. 2006.
USAlD, Poµo·t. Not|ooo| Coo/o·oooo oo Poo||o-P·|.oto Po·too·s||µs /o· ¬|g|o·
Foooot|oo |oPo||stoo(lulomobod, 2009)
Government Documents
Governmenl oí NWFP, ¨7|o NWFP Pog|st·ot|oo ooo Fooot|oos o/ P·|.oto
Foooot|ooo| lost|tot|oos (Amooomoot) O·o|ooooo, 2002.
8|b||ography
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Governmenl oí Poklulon, P·ooooo|ogs o/ t|o Po||stoo Foooot|ooo| Coo/o·oooo,
(Koroohl: 1947)
Governmenl oí Poklulon, P·ooooo|ogs o/ t|o Foooot|ooo| Coo/o·oooo |o|o |o
Ko·oo|| oot|o 4t| ooo 5t|Dooomoo·, 1951(Koroohl: 1951)
Governmenl oí Poklulon, Mlnlulry oí Eduoollon, Poµo·t o/ t|o Comm|ss|oo oo
Not|ooo| Foooot|oo, (Koroohl: 1959)
Governmenl oí Poklulon, Poµo·t o/ t|o Comm|ss|oo oo Stoooot P·oo|oms ooo
Wo|/o·o (Koroohl: 1966)
Governmenl oí Poklulon, Pooommoooot|oos /o· t|o No. Foooot|oo Po||o,,
(lulomobod: 1969)
Governmenl oí Poklulon, Mlnlulry oí Eduoollon, ¨Poo||o-P·|.oto Po·too·s||µs |o
Foooot|oo Sooto·,¨ (lulomobod: 2004)
Governmenl oí Poklulon, Mlnlulry oí Eduoollon, Not|ooo| Foooot|oo Coo/o·oooo,
Ootooo· 3-5, 1977. (lulomobod: 1977)
Governmenl oí Poklulon, Mlnlulry oí Eduoollon, Not|ooo| Foooot|oo Po||o, ooo
lmµ|omootot|oo P·og·ommo, (lulomobod: 1979)
Governmenl oí Poklulon, M|o|st·, o/ Po||g|oos A//o|·s, Poµo·t. Qoom| Comm|ttoo
Bo·o,oo Dooo| Mooo·|s jNot|ooo| Comm|ttoo /o· Moo·ossos], (lulomobod:
1979)
Governmenl oí Poklulon, M|o|st·, o/ Foooot|oo, Do.o|oµmoot o/ Foooot|oo |o
Po||stoo, 1978-1980. (lulomobod: 1981)
Governmenl oí Poklulon, M|o|st·, o/ Foooot|oo, Not|ooo| Foooot|oo Po||o,, 1992
(lulomobod: 1992)
Governmenl oí Poklulon, Mlnlulry oí Eduoollon, Not|ooo| Foooot|oo Po||o,, 1998-
2010(lulomobod: 1998)
Governmenl oí Poklulon, Mlnlulry oí Eduoollon, Not|ooo| Foooot|oo Po||o,, 2009
(lulomobod: 2009)
Governmenl oí Poklulon, Mlnlulry oí Eduoollon, Not|ooo| Foooot|oo Coosos
(lulomobod: 2005)
Governmenl oí Poklulon, Federol Bureou oí Slollullou, Po||stoo Soo|o| ooo l|.|og
Mooso·omoot Stoooo·os(lulomobod: 2006-07)
Governmenl oí lhe Punjob, "The Punjob Prlvole Eduoollonol lnulllullonu (Promollon
ond Pequlollon) Ordlnonoe, 1984
Governmenl oí Slndh, "Slndh Prlvole Eduoollonol lnulllullonu (Pequlollon ond
Conlrol) Amendmenl Aol, 2003
Governmenl oí Slndh, "Slndh Prlvole Eduoollonol lnulllullonu (Pequlollon ond
Conlrol) Puleu, 2002
8|b||ography
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8IaI|sI|ca| Tab|es
/
CE
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8IaI|sI|ca| Tab|es
Tab|e A1: Number of Educationa| Institutions
Leve| Type 2000 2005 2007-08
° of Tota|
in 2007-08
Change
since
2000 (°)
lnler (Xl-Xll)
Pre-Prlmory
Prlmory* (l-V)
Mlddle (Vl-Vlll)
Hlqh (lX-X)
Hlqher Seoondory,
Deqree Level (Xlll-XlV)
Teohnlool, Vooollonol
Deenl Modorlu
Tolol
Prlvole
Publlo
Tolol
Prlvole
Publlo
Tolol
Prlvole
Publlo
Tolol
Prlvole
Publlo
Tolol
Prlvole
Publlo
Tolol
Prlvole
Publlo
Tolol
Prlvole
Publlo
Tolol
Prlvole
Publlo
Tolol
Prlvole
Publlo
Tolol
.
14,748
131,779
146,527
12,550
12,085
24,635
5,940
8,509
14,449
407
689
1,096
739
739
1,505
1,505
35,889
153,062
188,951
794
794
16,911
119,848
136,759
24,115
14,334
38,449
13,484
9,471
22,955
1,555
1,327
2,882
358
777
1,135
2,143
916
3,059
11,799
354
12,153
70,365
147,027
217,392
815
815
17,250
139,342
156,592
24,847
15,982
40,829
14,053
9,911
23,964
1,914
1,299
3,213
376
826
1,202
2,189
936
3,125
12,085
363
12,448
73,529
168,659
242,188
100°
11°
61°
59°
60°
31°
70°
97°
30°
.
16.97°
5.74°
6.87°
97.98°
32.25°
65.74°
136.58°
16.48°
65.85°
370.27°
88.53°
193.16°
-49.12°
62.65°
45.45°
107.64°
104.88°
10.19°
28.18°
56 |
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Tab|e A2: Number of Private Institutions by Gender
Leve| Sex 2000 2005 2007-08
° of Tota|
in 2007-08
Change
since
2000 (°)
Boyu
Glrlu
Mlxed
Tolol
Boyu
Glrlu
Mlxed
Tolol
Boyu
Glrlu
Mlxed
Tolol
Boyu
Glrlu
Mlxed
Tolol
Boyu
Glrlu
Mlxed
Tolol
Boyu
Glrlu
Mlxed
Tolol
Boyu
Glrlu
Mlxed
Tolol
Boyu
Glrlu
Mlxed
Tolol
Boyu
Glrlu
Mlxed
Tolol
.
242
464
14,042
14,748
215
89
12,246
12,550
357
185
5,398
5,940
72
65
270
407
29
48
62
139
405
438
662
1,505
1,320
1,289
32,680
35,289
12
40
742
794
641
737
15,533
16,911
723
615
22,777
24,115
1,094
983
11,407
13,484
251
388
916
1,555
37
147
174
358
446
930
767
2,143
4,022
1,878
5,899
11,799
7,226
5,718
58,215
71,159
12
40
763
815
650
758
15,842
17,250
744
637
23,466
24,847
1,136
1,048
11,869
14,053
268
417
1,229
1,914
40
153
183
376
2,850
3,053
53,352
59,255
1.47°
4.91°
93.62°
3.77°
4.39°
91.84°
2.99°
2.56°
94.44°
8.08°
7.46°
84.46°
14.00°
21.79°
64.21°
10.64°
40.69°
48.67°
4.81°
5.15°
90.04°
.
168.60°
63.36°
12.82°
16.965°
246.05°
615.73°
91.62°
97.98°
218.21°
466.49°
119.88°
136.58°
272.22°
541.54°
355.19°
370.27°
37.93°
218.75°
195.16°
170.50°
115.91°
136.85°
63.26°
67.91°
Pre-Prlmory
Prlmory (l-V)
Mlddle (Vl-Vlll)
Hlqh (lX-X)
Hlqher Seoondory,
Deenl Modorlu
Tolol
lnler (Xl-Xll)
CE
57 |
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S
A
P
S
P
u
h
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c
a
t
|
o
n
s
Table A3: Number of Private Educational Institutions by Location
Location 2000 2005 2007-08
° of Tota|
in 2007-08
Change
since
2000 (°)
lnler (Xl-Xll)
Pre-Prlmory
Prlmory* (l-V)
Mlddle (Vl-Vlll)
Hlqh (lX-X)
Hlqher Seoondory,
Deenl Modorlu
Tolol
Purol
Urbon
Tolol
Purol
Urbon
Tolol
Purol
Urbon
Tolol
Purol
Urbon
Tolol
Purol
Urbon
Tolol
Purol
Urbon
Tolol
Purol
Urbon
Tolol
Purol
Urbon
Tolol
Purol
Urbon
Tolol
.
7,153
7,595
14,748
5,139
7,411
12,550
1,448
4,492
5,940
108
299
407
23
116
139
181
1,324
1,505
14,052
21,237
35,289
316
478
794
8,747
8,164
16,911
11,669
12,446
24,115
4,285
9,199
13,484
499
1,056
1,555
83
275
358
542
1,601
2,143
6,428
5,371
11,799
32,569
38,590
71,159
323
492
815
8,920
8,330
17,250
12,024
12,823
24,847
4,470
9,583
14,053
548
1,366
1,914
86
290
376
26,371
32,884
59,255
.
24.70°
9.68°
16.97°
133.98°
73.03°
97.98°
208.70°
113.33°
136.58°
407.41°
356.86°
370.27°
273.91°
150.00°
170.50°
87.67°
54.84°
67.91°
58 |
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S
A
P
S
P
u
h
|
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c
a
t
|
o
n
s
CE
Tab|e A4: Number of Private Educationa| Institutions by Region
Region 2000 2005 2007-08
° of
Nationa| in
2007-08
Change
since
2000 (°)
lnler (Xl-Xll)
.
9,537
2,572
2,051
261
149
178
14,748
9,185
1,741
1,318
121
73
112
12,550
3,774
1,495
514
70
54
33
5,940
206
87
83
9
14
3
297
298
101
11
30
8
28
21
794
10,108
2,614
2,254
407
156
195
565
612
16,911
17,363
3,055
2,185
245
100
156
254
757
24,115
8,351
2,940
1,282
150
136
57
249
319
13,484
825
283
290
17
30
2
305
307
104
11
31
8
28
21
815
10,311
2,665
2,298
415
160
200
577
623
17,249
17,890
3,147
2,251
252
103
161
263
780
24,847
8,710
3,061
1,333
156
142
59
261
331
14,053
997
395
337
22
41
2
37.42°
37.67°
12.76°
1.35°
3.80°
0.98°
3.44°
2.58°
59.78°
15.45°
13.32°
2.41°
0.93°
1.16°
3.35°
3.61°
72.00°
12.67°
9.06°
1.01°
0.41°
0.65°
1.06°
3.14°
61.98°
21.78°
9.49°
1.11°
1.01°
0.42°
1.86°
2.36°
52.09°
20.64°
17.61°
1.15°
2.14°
0.10°
.
8.12°
3.62°
12.04°
59.00°
7.38°
12.36°
16.96°
94.77°
80.76°
70.79°
108.26°
41.10°
43.75°
97.98°
130.79°
104.75°
159.34°
122.86°
162.96°
78.79°
136.58°
383.98°
354.02°
306.02°
144.44°
192.86°
-33.33°
Pre-Prlmory
Prlmory (l-V)
Mlddle (Vl-Vlll)
Hlqh (lX-X)
Hlqher Seoondory,
Punjob
Slndh
KPK
Boloohlulon
lCT
FATA
FANA
Olheru
Nollonol
Punjob
Slndh
KPK
Boloohlulon
lCT
FATA
FANA
Olheru
Nollonol
Punjob
Slndh
KPK
Boloohlulon
lCT
FATA
FANA
Olheru
Nollonol
Punjob
Slndh
KPK
Boloohlulon
lCT
FATA
FANA
Olheru
Nollonol
Punjob
Slndh
KPK
Boloohlulon
lCT
FATA
CE
59 |
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S
A
P
S
P
u
h
|
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c
a
t
|
o
n
s
Continued (Tab|e A4)
Region 2000 2005 2007-08
° of
Nationa| in
2007-08
Change
since
2000 (°)
lnler (Xl-Xll) (oonllnued)
.
402
89
23
18
1
8
139
688
386
335
53
31
12
1,505
23,479
6,304
4,319
515
329
338
35,284
25
95
1,914
268
37
40
2
10
6
13
376
38,481
9,612
6,363
858
487
430
1,160
1,863
59,254
.
376.12°
201.12°
60.87°
122.22°
100.00°
25.00°
170.50°
63.90°
52.47°
47.33°
66.60°
48.02°
27.22°
67.93°
Hlqher Seoondory,
FANA
Olheru
Nollonol
Punjob
Slndh
KPK
Boloohlulon
lCT
FATA
FANA
Olheru
Nollonol
Punjob
Slndh
KPK
Boloohlulon
lCT
FATA
FANA
Olheru
Nollonol
Punjob
Slndh
KPK
Boloohlulon
lCT
FATA
FANA
Olheru
Nollonol
Punjob
Slndh
KPK
Boloohlulon
lCT
FATA
FANA
Olheru
Nollonol
Deenl Modorlu
Tolol
25
83
1,555
253
35
39
2
10
6
13
358
1,002
289
580
30
37
4
153
48
2,143
5,214
1,778
2,402
656
60
81
1,135
473
11,799
43,413
11,292
9,133
1,518
559
503
2,415
2,326
71,159
1.31°
4.96°
71.28°
9.84°
10.64°
0.53°
2.66°
0.00°
1.60°
3.46°
64.94°
16.22°
10.74°
1.45°
0.82°
0.73°
1.96°
3.14°
60 |
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S
A
P
S
P
u
h
|
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c
a
t
|
o
n
s
CE
Table A5: Number of Teachers in Private Schools
Sex 2000 2005 2007-08
° of Tota|
Teachers in
2007-08
Increase/
Decrease
since 2000
(°)
lnler (Xl-Xll)
Pre-Prlmory
Prlmory* (l-V)
Mlddle (Vl-Vlll)
Hlqh (lX-X)
Hlqher Seoondory,
Deenl Modorlu
Tolol
Mole
Femole
Tolol
Mole
Femole
Tolol
Mole
Femole
Tolol
Mole
Femole
Tolol
Mole
Femole
Tolol
Mole
Femole
Tolol
Mole
Femole
Tolol
Mole
Femole
Tolol
Mole
Femole
Tolol
.
17,020
58,904
75,924
28,752
77,629
106,381
27,150
67,459
94,609
4,313
6,596
10,909
1,020
1,462
2,482
3,009
1,588
4,597
-
81,264
213,638
294,902
455
2,950
3,405
18,846
67,605
86,451
48,583
145,661
194,244
54,420
139,852
194,272
11,553
15,839
27,392
2,072
3,040
5,112
4,923
2,317
7,240
42,060
13,397
55,457
182,912
390,661
573,573
461
3,009
3,470
19,338
68,857
88,195
49,888
149,371
199,259
55,021
144,072
199,093
18,303
22,691
40,994
2,112
3,096
5,208
5,042
2,371
7,413
41,689
12,297
53,986
191,854
405,764
597,618
.
13.62°
16.90°
16.16°
73.51°
92.42°
87.31°
102.66°
113.57°
110.44°
324.37°
244.01°
275.78°
107.06°
111.76°
109.83°
67.56°
49.31°
61.26°
136.09°
89.93°
102.65°
13°
87°
22°
78°
25°
75°
28°
72°
45°
55°
41°
59°
68°
32°
77°
23°
32°
68°
CE
61 |
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S
A
P
S
P
u
h
|
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c
a
t
|
o
n
s
Table A6: Enrolment in Educational Institutions: Public versus Private
Type 1999-2000 2005 2007-08
° of Tota|
2007-08
° change
(between
2000 and
2007-08
lnler (Xl-Xll)
Pre-Prlmory
Prlmory* (l-V)
Mlddle (Vl-Vlll)
Hlqh (lX-X)
Hlqher Seoondory,
Deenl Modorlu
Tolol
Prlvole
Publlo
Tolol
Prlvole
Publlo
Tolol
Prlvole
Publlo
Tolol
Prlvole
Publlo
Tolol
Prlvole
Publlo
Tolol
Prlvole
Publlo
Tolol
Prlvole
Publlo
Tolol
Prlvole
Publlo
Tolol
Prlvole
Publlo
Tolol
.
4,568,890
12,480,466
17,049,356
885,146
3,073,938
3,959,084
305,798
1,311,107
1,616,905
47,225
86,674
133,899
10,697
10,697
134,468
134,468
-
5,952,224
16,952,185
22,904,409
3,868,614
3,882,047
7,750,661
5,120,963
10,982,715
16,103,678
1,675,556
3,325,884
5,001,440
680,383
1,480,549
2,160,932
185,587
709,636
895,223
74,647
296,930
371,577
134,935
103,752
238,687
34,873
692
35,565
11,775,558
20,782,205
32,557,763
2,792,594
4,610,352
7,402,946
5,072,796
12,155,478
17,228,274
1,668,543
3,694,175
5,362,718
702,946
1,723,309
2,426,255
168,991
750,552
919,543
31,517
320,786
352,303
144,517
111,119
255,636
1,558,554
45,402
1,603,956
12,140,458
23,411,173
35,551,631
.
11.03°
-2.60°
1.05°
88.50°
20.18°
35.45°
129.87°
31.44°
50.06°
257.84°
765.95°
586.74°
194.63°
3193.47°
7.47°
90.11°
103.97°
38.10°
55.22°
37.72°
29.44°
31.11°
28.97°
18.38°
8.95°
56.53°
97.17°
34.15°
62 |
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S
A
P
S
P
u
h
|
|
c
a
t
|
o
n
s
CE
Table A7: Enrolment in Private Educational Institutions by Gender
Sex 2000 2005 2007-08
° of Tota|
in 2007-08
Change
since
2000 (°)
lnler (Xl-Xll)
Pre-Prlmory
Prlmory* (l-V)
Mlddle (Vl-Vlll)
Hlqh (lX-X)
Hlqher Seoondory,
Deenl Modorlu
Tolol
Boyu
Glrlu
Tolol
Boyu
Glrlu
Tolol
Boyu
Glrlu
Tolol
Boyu
Glrlu
Tolol
Boyu
Glrlu
Tolol
Boyu
Glrlu
Tolol
Boyu
Glrlu
Tolol
Boyu
Glrlu
Tolol
Boyu
Glrlu
Tolol
.
2,623,221
1,945,669
4,568,890
480,235
404,911
885,146
165,550
140,248
305,798
27,241
19,984
47,225
5,209
5,488
10,697
78,936
55,532
134,468
3,380,392
2,571,832
5,952,224
2,218,576
1,650,038
3,868,614
2,843,859
2,277,104
5,120,963
911,523
764,033
1,675,556
366,363
314,020
680,383
97,199
88,388
185,587
38,361
36,286
74,647
82,532
52,403
134,935
18,411
16,462
34,873
6,576,824
5,198,734
11,775,558
1,532,113
1,260,481
2,792,594
2,808,988
2,263,808
5,072,796
901,902
766,641
1,668,543
375,835
327,111
702,946
86,118
82,873
168,991
11,422
20,095
31,517
90,239
54,278
144,517
971,343
587,211
1,558,554
6,777,960
5,362,498
12,140,458
.
7.08°
16.35°
11.03°
87.80°
89.34°
88.50°
127.02°
133.24°
129.87°
216.13°
314.70°
257.84°
119.27°
266.16°
194.63°
14.32°
-2.26°
7.47°
100.51°
108.51°
103.97°
54.86°
45.14°
55.37°
44.63°
54.05°
45.95°
53.47°
46.53°
50.96°
49.04°
36.24°
63.76°
62.44°
37.56°
62.32°
37.68°
55.83°
44.17°
CE
63 |
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S
A
P
S
P
u
h
|
|
c
a
t
|
o
n
s
Table A8: Enrolment in Private Educational Institutions by Location
Location 2000 2005 2007-08
° of Tota|
in 2007-08
Change
since
2000 (°)
lnler (Xl-Xll)
Pre-Prlmory
Prlmory* (l-V)
Mlddle (Vl-Vlll)
Hlqh (lX-X)
Hlqher Seoondory,
Deenl Modorlu
Tolol
Purol
Urbon
Tolol
Purol
Urbon
Tolol
Purol
Urbon
Tolol
Purol
Urbon
Tolol
Purol
Urbon
Tolol
Purol
Urbon
Tolol
Purol
Urbon
Tolol
Purol
Urbon
Tolol
Purol
Urbon
Tolol
.
1,560,628
3,008,262
4,568,890
241,884
643,262
885,146
50,365
255,433
305,798
6,088
41,137
47,225
787
9,910
10,697
9,683
124,785
134,468
1,869,435
4,082,789
5,952,224
1,491,838
2,376,776
3,868,614
1,975,393
3,145,570
5,120,963
573,949
1,101,607
1,675,556
165,184
515,199
680,383
32,889
152,698
185,587
=PEF!
=PEF!
=PEF!
21,001
113,934
134,935
=PEF!
=PEF!
=PEF!
1,080,866
1,711,728
2,792,594
1,956,583
3,116,213
5,072,796
571,548
1,096,995
1,668,543
170,661
532,285
702,946
29,948
139,043
168,991
3,491
28,026
31,517
3,813,097
6,624,290
10,437,387
.
25.37°
3.59°
11.03°
136.29°
70.54°
88.50°
238.85°
108.39°
129.87°
391.92°
238.00°
257.84°
343.58°
182.81°
194.63°
103.97°
62.25°
75.35°
38.70°
61.30°
38.57°
61.43°
34.25°
65.75°
24.28°
75.72°
17.72°
82.28°
11.08°
88.92°
36.53°
63.47°
64 |
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S
A
P
S
P
u
h
|
|
c
a
t
|
o
n
s
CE
Tab|e A9: Enro|ment in Private Educationa| Institutions by Region
Region 2000 2005 2007-08
° of
Nationa| in
2007-08
Change
since
2000 (°)
lnler (Xl-Xll)
.
2,923,857
935,292
537,505
76,015
35,087
61,134
4,568,890
528,092
239,619
90,985
14,049
4,989
7,412
885,146
150,580
114,069
32,392
5,228
1,810
1,719
305,798
18,981
15,254
10,415
1,324
1,037
214
2,210,983
758,622
552,090
98,136
27,001
35,853
76,154
10,775
3,769,614
3,167,544
944,370
612,541
94,628
32,896
47,220
82,332
139,432
5,120,963
983,413
361,693
202,055
27,881
12,213
12,933
25,990
49,378
1,675,556
355,897
184,263
86,494
12,155
6,755
3,384
9,876
21,559
680,383
99,484
35,699
31,608
4,288
3,812
474
1,730,007
528,363
324,299
51,667
22,583
28,885
30,331
76,459
2,792,594
3,176,029
933,004
596,446
87,348
32,483
47,117
61,375
138,994
5,072,796
990,649
364,983
194,539
25,867
11,742
12,195
18,539
50,029
1,668,543
370,722
200,316
81,705
11,618
6,356
3,001
7,021
22,207
702,946
92,726
36,793
23,774
3,289
3,468
21
61.95°
18.92°
11.61°
1.85°
0.81°
1.03°
1.09°
2.74°
62.61°
18.39°
11.76°
1.72°
0.64°
0.93°
1.21°
2.74°
59.37°
21.87°
11.66°
1.55°
0.70°
0.73°
1.11°
3.00°
52.74°
28.50°
11.62°
1.65°
0.90°
0.43°
1.00°
3.16°
54.87°
21.77°
14.07°
1.95°
2.05°
0.01°
.
8.62°
-0.24°
10.97°
14.91°
-7.42°
-22.93°
11.03°
87.59°
52.32°
113.81°
84.12°
135.36°
64.53°
88.50°
146.20°
75.61°
152.24°
122.23°
251.16°
74.58°
129.87°
388.52°
141.20°
128.27°
148.41°
234.43°
-90.19°
Pre-Prlmory
Prlmory (l-V)
Mlddle (Vl-Vlll)
Hlqh (lX-X)
Hlqher Seoondory,
Punjob
Slndh
KPK
Boloohlulon
lCT
FATA
FANA
Olheru
Nollonol
Punjob
Slndh
KPK
Boloohlulon
lCT
FATA
FANA
Olheru
Nollonol
Punjob
Slndh
KPK
Boloohlulon
lCT
FATA
FANA
Olheru
Nollonol
Punjob
Slndh
KPK
Boloohlulon
lCT
FATA
FANA
Olheru
Nollonol
Punjob
Slndh
KPK
Boloohlulon
lCT
FATA
CE
65 |
-
S
A
P
S
P
u
h
|
|
c
a
t
|
o
n
s
Continued (Tab|e A9)
Region 2000 2005 2007-08
° of
Nationa| in
2007-08
Change
since
2000 (°)
lnler (Xl-Xll) (oonllnued)
.
47,225
4,459
4,775
1,136
177
150
10,697
49,086
43,834
24,064
10,668
5,390
1,426
134,468
3,675,055
1,352,843
696,497
107,461
48,463
71,905
5,952,224
1,737
7,183
168,991
18,570
3,485
3,147
196
5,350
145
624
31,517
6,378,703
2,066,944
1,223,910
179,985
81,982
91,219
119,148
295,496
10,437,387
.
257.84°
316.46°
-27.02°
177.02°
10.73°
3466.67°
194.63°
73.57°
52.79°
75.72°
67.49°
69.16°
26.86°
75.35°
Hlqher Seoondory,
FANA
Olheru
Nollonol
Punjob
Slndh
KPK
Boloohlulon
lCT
FATA
FANA
Olheru
Nollonol
Punjob
Slndh
KPK
Boloohlulon
lCT
FATA
FANA
Olheru
Nollonol
Punjob
Slndh
KPK
Boloohlulon
lCT
FATA
FANA
Olheru
Nollonol
Punjob
Slndh
KPK
Boloohlulon
lCT
FATA
FANA
Olheru
Nollonol
Deenl Modorlu
Tolol
2,625
7,595
185,585
38,662
11,043
14,429
1,120
6,292
256
1,006
1,839
74,647
57,323
30,605
34,149
1,665
2,288
265
5,865
2,775
134,935
15,296
5,682
8,543
1,029
184
53
3,391
695
34,873
6,928,602
2,331,977
1,541,909
240,902
91,441
100,438
207,239
234,048
11,676,556
1.03°
4.25°
58.92°
11.06°
9.99°
0.62°
16.97°
0.46°
1.98°
61.11°
19.80°
11.73°
1.72°
0.79°
0.87°
1.14°
2.83°
ISBN: 978-969-9393-05-1

Private Sector Education Report-I-SAPS

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