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Building A Woodturning Lathe
Building A Woodturning Lathe
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The woodturning lathe described here and pictured above is the 4th homemade lathe that I will
have built. The frame should be constructed of hardwood (maple is excellent but expensive). In the
southeastern states of the US, southern yellow pine is an excellent substitute. Pressure treated
lumber is usually southern yellow pine, but is not recommended unless it is carefully chosen to be
clear and knot free, quarter-sawn and with no heartwood. The primary reason for choosing
something else is that when purchased it is usually saturated with water, so if you decide to use it, it
should be stored in a warm dry place long enough to dry out. It is the cheapest solution, and the
drying time can be substantially reduced if you use one inch boards. Birch plywood is an expensive
alternative but has the advantage of being very stable and already dry, and certainly much easier to
use than solid timber of the required size with respect to the mortise and tenon joints.
The pedestals P1, P2 & P3 in the construction diagram above are all the same physical size. The
construction details differ only with the height of the upright and with the brace of P3. The braces,
as drawn, are made with two 2X6's (or four 1X6's) notched on the faces as shown in detail "A" to
accept the tenon of the feet. The upright for P3 is shorter than the others and has a triangular
mortise (detail "C") formed just under the ways to the brace "d". The upright pieces can then be
glued together. The edges should be planed to true and square with the sides, notched for the ways
at the top ("a" in the diagram showing the construction of the frame). The feet are made of two
2X6's (or four 1X6's). The foot for P3 has a triangular mortise for the brace as shown in detail "B".
The triangular mortises of P3 in the upright and its foot are intended to take a brace which will be
at an angle of 45 degrees to the upright and to its foot. All of the feet can be glued up and a tenon
formed on one end to fit the mortise of the legs. Glue each upright and its foot together making sure
the upright and foot are square. Note that the brace of P3 must be inserted during the glue up
process (it cannot be left till later). After glue up, bore two 3/8D holes in each joint and drive in a
dowel with glue. The brace for the headstock pair P1 & P2 is a 4X4 mounted at a 45 degree angle
and below the bottom of the ways just as for P3. It is important that this brace and the one for P3
be aligned even if it becomes necessary to make this brace over long so that the excess can be cut off
later. The braces will support a 2X4 running from P1 & P2 to P3 to provide longitudinal support
and which will also double as a support for a hinged motor mount. Another longitudinal member
(also a 2X4) should be mounted on top of the feet immediately behind the uprights. When the glue
has dried, the ways can be cut to length and fitted into the notches at "a". They should be a snug fit.
They should be lag bolted into place without glue. The second of the two longitudinal members
mentioned above should now be lag-bolted in place (also without glue). The longitudinal member
which will be the motor mount should be deferred until later.
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Once the frame has been assembled, it is time to mount the headstock spindle:
For the headstock spindle I chose a one-foot length of 3/4D cold rolled steel. It was taken to a local
machine shop and threaded for 1.5 inches along one end to 3/4X16 National Fine. This was chosen
because a search of the mail order catalogs gave (still does) the following information:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The best way to test and adjust for runout is to mount the pillow blocks using hanger bolts.
Hanger bolts are threaded on one end like lag bolts and threaded on the other end like machine
bolts. When buying the 3/4D cold rolled steel shafting for the headstock spindle, it would be best to
buy an additional 3 foot length of it. When mounted in the pillow blocks in place of the spindle, it
will project out over the ways by about 2 feet. This fact multiplies alignment errors by about 3
making it easier to find a runout error. A dial indicator set against the side of this extended
spindle and run along the ways on a clip that keeps the instrument along the inside of the ways will
give a measure of horizontal runout. Vertical runout is measured with the dial indicator set
against the underside of the extended spindle and run along the ways.
Once the headstock spindle is aligned with the ways, it is time to make the tail stock and tool rest:
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Having done this, set the tool rest aside in order to mark the position of and then bore the holes for
the tailstock ram. This is done by running the tailstock up to meet the extended headstock spindle,
marking around it with a pencil and boring a slightly oversized hole ( big enough to give plenty of
clearance but too small to let a 3/4X10 NC nut through). Run the extended headstock spindle
through this hole and mark and bore a hole in the other face of the tailstock. Now make two pads 3
inches square and 1 inch thick. Bore a 3/4D hole through each pad at its center. This 3/4D hole
should have just enough clearance on the 3/4X10 threaded of the tailstock ram to support the ram
without binding. On one of the pads mortise in a 3/4X10 NC nut. The mortise must be deep enough
that the nut comes flush with the face of the pad. This pad does double duty. It is a keeper for the
nut because the nut is captured between the pad and tailstock vertical face nearest the headstock.
Both pads should have holes drilled in all four corners that are slightly oversize for the bolts that
will be used to mount the pad. This allows for horizontal and vertical movement of the pad for
further alignment.
For the tailstock ram I chose a one-foot length of 3/4x10 National Coarse threaded rod. It was taken
to a local machine shop to be turned down for a 1-inch length of 1/2D which was then threaded to
1/2x24. This allows the working end to accept a standard Jacobs-type drill chuck. A ball bearing
live center is available from AMT which will thread onto this 1/2x24 stub. Three 3/4x10 nuts are
also required as shown above.
Tailstock alignment is done as follows. It assumes that you have a drill chuck that will thread onto
the 1/2X24 stub on the tailstock ram. Crank the ram all the way in and center a very short drill to
the center of the headstock spindle by moving the near pad. When good centering is arrived at,
firmly bolt the pad in place. Now pull the tailstock back and crank the ram out as far as it will go.
Mount a very long drill in the chuck and center it to the center of the headstock spindle by moving
the pad at the crank. It too is then firmly bolted in place. The lathe is now ready to go.
George added the following notes to his original article, to go with the two photographs:
There are a few differences between what was written and what was built. The brace
at the tailstock end in the photo on page 1 is a 2X2, because I ran out of the right kind
of materials. Also shown in the photo is a something not mentioned in the directions.
That is a piece of 2X10 running from the foot of one pedestal to the foot of the other
on which there are 2 cement blocks. These are not absolutely necessary but provide a
little more stability. This machine is easy to disassemble into its component parts and