z=

X -
SE x

For problems for means:

(large n)

df = n - 1

For problems for means:

(small n)

z=

p - p
SE p

For problems for proportions:

For calculating required sample size: Let E be the allowable error for the 95% confidence interval when
estimating p or . The required sample size to estimate p or , respectively, is ...
3.84 2
n=
2
E

s
s2

variable
sample mean
population mean
sample standard deviation
sample variance


2
^
p
q
n

SE

population standard deviation

population variance
sample proportion
population proportion
1-p
sample size
significance level
standard error ( of a sampling distribution)