Chng VIII

iN MI

I.S phn cc ca cht in mi

1. Hin tng phn cc in mi
Theo vt l c in, in mi l mi trng cht
khng c cc in tch t do, di tc dng ca
in trng ngoi cc in tch bn trong n ch
c th dch chuyn nhng khong cch nh vo
c kch thc ca nguyn t. Do tnh dn in
ca in mi rt km c th coi l cht khng dn
in. Khi t khi in mi ng cht v ng
hng BC vo trong in trng ngoi th trn
cc mt gii hn ca thanh in mi s xut hin
cc in tch tri du nhau. Hin tng ny gi l
hin tng phn cc in mi.

Mt ng sc in trng i vo tch in m,
mt cn li tch in dng. Nu thanh in mi
khng ng cht v ng hng th ngay trong
lng thanh in mi cng xut hin in tch.
Hin tng ny gi l hin tng phn cc in
mi.

_
_
_

+
+
+

Hin tng phn cc in mi b ngoi ging

hin tng in hng trong vt dn kim loi,
song v bn cht, hai hin tng hon ton khc
nhau. Trong hin tng phn cc in mi, ta
khng th tch ring cc in tch ch cn mt
loi in tch; trn thanh in mi cc in tch
u s nh x , khng dch chuyn t do
c; v vy chng c gi l cc in tch lin
kt.
Cc in tch lin kt s gy ra in trng ph E'
in trng tng hp trong in mi l:
E E0 E '
E0 l in trng ngoi to nn s phn cc ca
khi in mi.

2.Gii thch hin tng phn cc in mi

Mi phn t ( hay nguyn t ) gm cc ht
nhn mang in tch dng v cc electron
mang in tch m chuyn ng rt nhanh
xung quanh ht nhn. Khi xt nhng
khong cch ln so vi kch thc phn t
ta c th coi tc dng ca cc electron trong
phn t tng ng vi tc dng ca in
tch tng cng q ca chng t ti mt
im no trong phn t. im ny gi l
trng tm ca cc in tch m.

Tng t nh vy i vi ht nhn ta cng c

trng tm ca cc in tch dng.
* Phn t khng phn cc l phn t c phn b
electron i xng xung quanh ht nhn. V th
khi cha t trong in trng ngoi trng tm
in tch m v dng trng nhau, phn t
khng phi l lng cc in, mmen in ca n
bng khng.
Khi t phn t khng phn cc vo trong in
trng ngoi,cc trng tm in m v dng
dch chuyn ngc chiu nhau, phn t tr thnh
mt lng cc in c momen in khc khng.

Ngi ta chng minh c:

pe 0 E

l hng s in, gi l phn cc ca

phn t
V khong cch gia trng tm in tch
dng v m ca mi phn t trong trng
hp ny ph thuc in trng tng hp
nn cc lng cc xut hin c gi l cc
lng cc n hi. S phn cc ny gi l
phn cc in t.

* Phn t phn cc l loi phn t c

phn b electron khng i xng xung
quanh ht nhn. V th ngay khi cha
t trong in trng ngoi, cc trng
tm in tch m v dng cng khng
trng nhau nn phn t l mt lng
cc in c mmen in khc khng.
in trng ngoi hu nh khng nh
hng n ln ca mmen in nn
cc lng cc ny gi l lng cc
cng.

Tc dng ch yu ca in trng ngoi i vi

cc phn t loi ny l l lm quay v nh
hng lng cc in theo chiu song song vi
in trng. S phn cc ny gi l phn cc
nh hng.
Tuy mmen in ca phn t khc khng nhng
do chuyn ng nhit nn chng sp xp hn lon
nn hin tng phn cc in mi khng xy
ra.Chnh s sp xp c nh hng ca cc lng
cc in ca mi phn t khi t n trong in
trng ngoi lm xut hin cc in tch tri du
trn b mt khi in mi (hnh v).

E0

+
+
+
+
+

Khi cha t trong in Khi t trong in

trng ngoai
trng ngoi

Nu khi in mi khng ng cht th

trong lng khi in mi cng xut hin cc
in tch.
* i vi in mi tinh th, mng cc ion
dng v cc ion m coi nh lng vo nhau.
Di tc dng ca in trng ngoi cc
mng tinh th dng v cc mng tinh th
m dch chuyn theo hai chiu ngc nhau
v to ra s phn cc ca cht in mi. S
phn cc ny gi l phn cc ion.

II. Vect phn cc

1. nh ngha:

Pe

p
i 1

ei

pei v n l vect momen in v s phn t trong

th tch v cng b V.
i vi in mi khng phn cc t trong in
trng u th mi phn t u c cng pei nn

n. pe
Pe
n0 . pe
V

n
n0
l mt phn t (l s phn t trong
V

mt n v th tch)
Gi E l vect CT tng hp trong khi in
mi, ta c :

Pe n0 pe n0 0 E 0 e E
Vi e n0 l h s phn cc trong mt n
v th tch ( cm in mi)
i vi in mi tinh th, Pe cng lin h vi E
bi cng thc trn.

3. Lin h gia vect phn cc in mi v mt

in tch lin kt.
a) Lin h gia vect phn cc in mi v mt
in tch mt
Ta tng tng tch ra trong in mi mt khi
tr xin c ng sinh song song vi vect CT
tng hp trong khi in mi, c hai cnh y
song song vi nhau, mi y c din tch S,
ng sinh c chiu di L.
-

Gi n l php tuyn ca y mang

in tch dng v l gc hp bi n
v E ,- v l mt in tch mt
trn mi y. Ta c th coi ton b khi
tr nh mt LC to ra bi cc in
tch lin kt S v S trn hai y
nm cch nhau mt on L. Momen
in ca n c ln l : . S.L

Theo nh ngha ca vect phn cc in mi ta c:

n

Pe Pe

p
i 1

ei

Trong : pei '.S.L v V = S.L. cos l th

i 1
tch ca hnh tr xin.
'.S .L
'
Pe

Do :
S .L. cos cos
Suy ra :

' Pe cos Pen

Pe cos Pen l hnh chiu ca vect phn cc in

mi trn php tuyn n

b) Lin h gia vect phn cc in mi v mt

in tch khi:

lk div Pe
III.Vect in cm
Nu k n in tch lin kt nh l ngun sinh ra
trng nh cc in tch t do th:

lk
divE

0 0

div 0 E divPe div ( 0 E Pe )

D 0 E Pe c gi l vect in cm
Vy:

divD

Nhn hai v phng trnh trn vi dV ri ly tch

phn theo th tch V bt k ta c:

divDdV dV Dd S Q
V

y l L Gauss trong in mi
Nu cht in mi ng cht v ng hng th

D 0 E e 0 E 0 (1 e )E 0 E
1 e
gi l hng s in mi

IV. iu kin bin: Ta v mt mt tr

chiu cao v cng b gn mt
phn cch gia hai hai cht in
mi 1 v 2. p dng nh l Gauss

Dd S 0 D

2n

dS2

D2

D1

S D1n S 0

D2 n D1n 2 E2 n 1E1n

d S1

* Thnh phn php tuyn ca vect cm ng in bin

thin lin tc khi i qua mt phn cch ca hai lp in
mi.
* Thnh phn php tuyn ca vect cng in trng
bin thin khng lin tc khi i qua mt phn cch ca
hai lp in mi.

Ta v mt ng cong kn ABCDA gn mt
phn cch gia hai cht in mi 1 v 2. Ta c:

Ed s 0 E2t s E1t s 0

E1

ABCDA

D2t D1t
E2t E1t

2 1

E2

* Thnh phn tip tuyn ca vect cm ng in

bin thin khng lin tc khi i qua mt phn
cch ca hai lp in mi.
* Thnh phn tip tuyn ca vect cng in
trng bin thin lin tc khi i qua mt phn
cch ca hai lp in mi.

Cu 1: Cho t in nh hnh v
1. NLT trong na trn v na di ca t in
phng:
-q
+q
A. W1 = W2
S/2
B. 1W1 = 2W2
S/2
C. 2 W1 = 1W2
D. (2 1)W1 = (1 1) W2
2. CT trong na trn v na di ca t in
phng
A. E1 = E2
B. 1 E1 = 2 E2
C. 1 E2 = 2 E1
D. (1 1)E2 = (2 1) E2

3. cm ng in trong na trn v
na di ca t in phng
A. D1 = D2
B. 1D1 = 2D2
C. 1 D2 = 2 D1
D. (2 1 )D1 = (1 1)E1

 Gii
a)

1
1
2
2
W1 o1 E1 o1 E1t ;
2
2
1
1
2
2
W2 o 2 E2 o 2 E2t
2
2
W1 1
E1t E2t
1W1 2W2
W2 2

b)

E1 E1t ; E2 E2t
E1t E2t E1 E2

c)

D1t

D2t

D1

D2

2 D1 1D2

Cu 2: Cho t in nh hnh v
1. Hiu in th gia b mt na tri v b mt
na phi ca t in phng
A. U1 = U2
B. 1 U1 = 2 U2
C. 1 U2 = 2 U1 D. Tt c u sai
2. Nng lng in trng na tri v na phi
ca t in phng:
+q
-q
A. W1 = W2
S
S
B. 1W1 = 2W2
d/2
d/2
C. 2 W1 = 1W2
D. (2 1)W1 = (1 1) W2

3. CT na tri v na phi ca t
in phng
A. E1 = E2
B. 1 E1 = 2 E2
C. 1 E2 = 2 E1
D. (1 1)E2 = (2 1) E2

 Gii
a)

d
d
U1 E1n ;U 2 E2 n
2
2
U1 E1n 2 D1n 2

U 2 E2 n 1 D2 n 1
1U1 2U 2

b)

1
1
2
2
W1 o1 E1n ;W2 o 2 E2 n
2
2
2
2
W1 1 E1n 2 D1n

2
2
W2 2 E2 n 1 D2 n
D1n D1n 1W1 2W2

 c)

D1n D1n 1E1n 2 E2 n

E1 E1n ; E2 E2 n
1E1 2 E2

 Cho hai mt phng kim loi song song tch

in u, cch nhau mt on D, ln lt c
mt in mt l A v B . Hng s in
mi ca mt lp in mi c b dy d gia
chng l . Xc nh hiu in th gia hai
mt.

 Ta c:

U E0 ( D d ) E.d

A B
E0
2 0
E0 A B
E

2 0
A B
A B
U
(D d )
d
2 0
2 0
A B
d

(D d )
2 0

 C hai mt phng song song v hn mang in

tri du, mt in mt l + v . Ngi ta
lp y gia hai mt phng mt lp thu tinh dy
3mm ( = 7). Hiu in th gia hai mt phng
trn l 1000V. Xc nh mt lin kt trn
mt cht in mi.

lk P.n P 0 E
U
5
2
0 ( 1) 1, 77.10 C / m
d

 Khong khng gian gia hai bn t in

phng c lp y bng hai lp in mi
c b dy v hng s in mi ln lt l d1
, d2 v 1 , 2 . T in c tch in n
hiu in th U. Tm cng in trng
E1 , E2 trong cc lp in mi v in
trng E0 trong khe h gia cc bn t v
cc lp in mi.

E1

E0

; E2

E0

d1 d 2
U E1d1 E2 d 2 E0
1 2
U 1 2
E0
d1 2 d 21
U2
U 1
E1
; E2
d1 2 d 21
d1 2 d 21