Calculul Alfa Critic

Example: Calculation of alpha-cr
CALCULATION SHEET
Document Ref:
SX006a-EN-EU
Title
Eurocode Ref
EN 1993-1-1
Made by
Matthias Oppe
Date
June 2005
Checked by
Christian Mller
Date
June 2005
Sheet
of

This worked example on the calculation of alpha-cr demonstrates for a
simple structure how the checks are performed. It shows whether second
order effects have to be taken into account or may be neglected for the
structural analysis.
IPE 400
HEB
200
IPE 400
Created on Thursday, February 24, 2011

This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Use of this document is subject to the terms and conditions of the Access Steel Licence Agreement
HEB
200
HEB
200
3,50
IPE 400
HEB
200
3,50
HEB
200
IPE 400
HEB
200
6,00
6,00
3,00
3,00
Layout a) Rigid column bases

Layout b) Pinned column bases
Basic data
Check whether second order effects have to be taken into account or not.
Span length :
6,00 m
Bay width :
3,00 m
Slab depth :
12 cm
Partitions :
1,50 kN/m2
Imposed load :
5,00 kN/m2 (office building)
Concrete density :
24 kN/m3
Steel grade :
S235
Weight of the slab : 0,12 24 kN/m3 = 2,88 kN/m2
[m]
CALCULATION SHEET
Document Ref:
SX006a-EN-EU
Title
Eurocode Ref
EN 1993-1-1
Made by
Matthias Oppe
Date
June 2005
Checked by
Christian Mller
Date
June 2005
Beams IPE 400 Steel grade S235

h = 400 mm
Width
b = 180 mm
Web thickness
tw = 8,6 mm
Flange thickness
tf = 13,5 mm
Fillet
r = 21 mm
Mass
66,3 kg/m
Section area
A = 84,46 cm2
of
Euronorm
tf
Depth
Sheet
19-57
tw
y
y
h
z
b
Second moment of area /yy Iy = 23130 cm4

Euronorm
Depth
h = 200 mm
Width
b = 200 mm
Web thickness
tw = 9,0 mm
Flange thickness
tf = 15,0 mm
Fillet
r = 18 mm
Mass
61,3 kg/m
Section area
A = 78,08 cm2
53-62
Second moment of area /yy Iy = 5696 cm4

Self weight of the beam :
(66,3 9,81) 10-3 = 0,650 kN/m
Permanent load :
G = 0,650 + (2,88 + 1,5) 3,00
3,50
= 13,79 kN/m
Variable load (Imposed load) :
Q = 5,0 3,0 = 15,0 kN/m
w1 = 2,03 kN/m
w2 = 0,76 kN/m
3,50

Columns HE 200 B Steel grade S235
6,00
6,00
CALCULATION SHEET
Document Ref:
SX006a-EN-EU
Title
Eurocode Ref
EN 1993-1-1
Made by
Matthias Oppe
Date
June 2005
Checked by
Christian Mller
Date
June 2005
Sheet
of
EN 1990
6.4.3.2
(6.10)
ULS Combination (simple):
G G + Q Q = 1,35 13,79 + 1,50 15,0 = 38,9 kN/m

w1 = 1,35 2,03 = 2,75 kN/m
w2 = 1,35 0,76 = 1,01 kN/m
EN 1993-1-1
Yield strength
Steel grade S235
Table 3.1
2
The maximum thickness is 15,0 mm < 40 mm, so : fy = 235 N/mm

Note :
The National Annex may impose either the values of fy from the
Table 3.1 or the values from the product standard.
EN 1993-1-1
5.3.2

Global initial imperfections:
= 0 m h
Where: 0
is the basic value: 0 = 1/200

is the reduction factor for height h applicable to columns:
h =
2
h 1, 0
3
but
is the height of the structure in meters
is the reduction factor for the number of columns in a row:
m = 0,5 1 +
m
is the number of columns in a row including only those

columns which carry a vertical load NEd not less than 50% of
the average value of the column in the vertical plane
considered
CALCULATION SHEET
Document Ref:
SX006a-EN-EU
Title
Eurocode Ref
EN 1993-1-1
Made by
Matthias Oppe
Date
June 2005
Checked by
Christian Mller
Date
June 2005
Sheet
of
Average compression force for the column:

-
1
N average = 38,9 12 2 = 311, 2 kN
3
-98,6
N Ed > 0 , 5 N average = 155 , 6 kN
-267,4
-198,8
-100,7
-525,9
-208,9
[kN]
from computer calculation
due to the internal force distribution (cp. computer calculation) three

columns should be considered (m = 3)

m = 0,5 (1 +
1
1
) = 0,5 (1 + ) = 0,816
m
3
h = 7,00 m
h =
=
2
7
= 0 , 756
1
1
0 , 756 0,816 =
200
324
Equivalent horizontal loads

H 1,d = H 2,d = g l =
1
38,9 12 = 1, 44 kN
324
Effects of deformed geometry of the structure

Calculation of cr
First order analysis may be used for the structure, if the increase of the
relevant internal forces or moments or any other change of structural
behaviour caused by deformations can be neglected. This condition may be
assumed to be fulfilled, if the following criterion is satisfied:
cr =
Fcr
10 (for elastic analysis)
FEd
cr =
Fcr
15 (for plastic analysis)
FEd
EN 1993-1-1
5.2.1 (3)
CALCULATION SHEET
where:
cr
Fcr
mode
FEd
Document Ref:
SX006a-EN-EU
Title
Eurocode Ref
EN 1993-1-1
Made by
Matthias Oppe
Date
June 2005
Checked by
Christian Mller
Date
June 2005
Sheet
of
is the factor by which the design loading would have to be

increased to cause elastic instability in a global mode
is the elastic critical buckling load for global instability
based on initial elastic stiffnesses
is the design loading on the structure
Alternative calculation of cr

Beam-and-column type plane frames in buildings may be checked for sway

mode failure with first order analysis if the criterion cr 10 (resp. cr 15) is
satisfied for each storey. In these structures cr may be calculated using the
following approximate formula, provided that the axial compression in the
beams or rafters is not significant:
H
cr = Ed
V Ed
where: H Ed
H,Ed
is the design value of the horizontal reaction at the bottom

of the storey to the horizontal loads and fictitious horizontal
loads
V Ed
is the total design vertical load on the structure on the

of the storey
H,Ed
is the horizontal displacement at the top of the storey,

to the bottom of the storey, when the frame is loaded
horizontal loads (e.g. wind) and fictitious horizontal
which are applied at each floor level
bottom
relative
with
loads
is the storey height
H,Ed
VEd
h
HEd
EN 1993-1-1
5.2.1 (4)B
CALCULATION SHEET
Document Ref:
SX006a-EN-EU
Title
Eurocode Ref
EN 1993-1-1
Made by
Matthias Oppe
Date
June 2005
Checked by
Christian Mller
Date
June 2005
Sheet
of
EN 1993-1-1
5.2.1 (3)
a) Rigid column bases

Calculation of cr
The computer calculation for the relevant load case leads to

38,9
Fcr
= 27, 06 > 10
FEd
1,44
3,50
cr =
38,9
3,50
1,44
second order effects may be

neglected
6,00
6,00

Deformed structure
1
1 = 0,69 mm
h = 3,50m
2 = 0,31 mm
cr,1 =
1, 44
3500
= 28, 41 > 10
466,8 0, 69 0,31
cr ,2 =
1, 44 2 3500
= 34,83 > 10
466,8 2 0,31
second order effects may be neglected
VEd = 466,8 kN
HEd = 1,44 kN
CALCULATION SHEET
Document Ref:
SX006a-EN-EU
Title
Eurocode Ref
EN 1993-1-1
Made by
Matthias Oppe
Date
June 2005
Checked by
Christian Mller
Date
June 2005
Sheet
of
EN 1993-1-1
5.2.1 (3)
b) pinned column bases

Calculation of cr
The computer calculation for the relevant load case leads to
Fcr
= 6, 79 < 10
FEd
38,9
1,44
3,50
cr =
38,9
1,44
3,50
second order effects have to be

taken into account
6,00
6,00

EN 1993-1-1
5.2.1 (4)B
Deformed structure
1
1 = 1,79 mm
h = 3,50 m
2 = 1,34 mm
VEd = 466,8 kN
HEd = 1,44 kN
cr,1 =
1, 44
3500
= 23,99 > 10
466,8 1, 79 1,34
cr,2 =
1, 44 2 3500
= 8, 06 < 10
466,8 2 1,34
second order effects have to be taken into account
CALCULATION SHEET
Document Ref:
SX006a-EN-EU
Title
Eurocode Ref
EN 1993-1-1
Made by
Matthias Oppe
Date
June 2005
Checked by
Christian Mller
Date
June 2005
Sheet
of
For multi-storey frames second order sway effects may be calculated by

increasing the horizontal loads HEd (e.g. wind) and equivalent loads VEd
due to imperfections according to first order theory by the factor:
1
1
provided that:
cr
- cr > 3,0

- all storeys have a similar distribution of
vertical loads
horizontal loads
frame stiffness with respect to the applied storey shear

forces
here:
cr
1
1
1
6, 79
= 1,172
EN 1993-1-1
5.2.2 (6)B

SX006a-EN-EU.doc
Quality Record
RESOURCE TITLE
Reference(s)
ORIGINAL DOCUMENT
Name
Company
Date
Created by
Matthias Oppe
RWTH
15/06/05
Technical content checked by
Christian Mller
RWTH
15/06/05
1. UK
G W Owens
SCI
7/7/05
2. France
A Bureau
CTICM
17/8/05
3. Sweden
A Olsson
SBI
8/8/05
4. Germany
C Muller
RWTH
10/8/05
5. Spain
J Chica
Labein
12/8/05
G W Owens
SCI
21/05/06
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Coordinator
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Example: Calculation of alpha-cr

Example: Calculation of alpha-cr

Example: Calculation of alpha-cr

Created on Thursday, February 24, 2011

Layout a) Rigid column bases

5,00 kN/m2 (office building)

Weight of the slab : 0,12 24 kN/m3 = 2,88 kN/m2

Example: Calculation of alpha-cr

Example: Calculation of alpha-cr

Beams IPE 400 Steel grade S235

Second moment of area /yy Iy = 23130 cm4

Second moment of area /yy Iy = 5696 cm4

Created on Thursday, February 24, 2011

Columns HE 200 B Steel grade S235

Example: Calculation of alpha-cr

Example: Calculation of alpha-cr

ULS Combination (simple):

G G + Q Q = 1,35 13,79 + 1,50 15,0 = 38,9 kN/m

Steel grade S235

The maximum thickness is 15,0 mm < 40 mm, so : fy = 235 N/mm

Created on Thursday, February 24, 2011

Global initial imperfections:

is the basic value: 0 = 1/200

is the height of the structure in meters

is the reduction factor for the number of columns in a row:

is the number of columns in a row including only those

Example: Calculation of alpha-cr

Example: Calculation of alpha-cr

Average compression force for the column:

N Ed > 0 , 5 N average = 155 , 6 kN

from computer calculation

due to the internal force distribution (cp. computer calculation) three

Created on Thursday, February 24, 2011

Equivalent horizontal loads

Effects of deformed geometry of the structure

Example: Calculation of alpha-cr

Example: Calculation of alpha-cr

is the factor by which the design loading would have to be

Created on Thursday, February 24, 2011

Beam-and-column type plane frames in buildings may be checked for sway

is the design value of the horizontal reaction at the bottom

is the total design vertical load on the structure on the

is the horizontal displacement at the top of the storey,

is the storey height

Example: Calculation of alpha-cr

Example: Calculation of alpha-cr

a) Rigid column bases

The computer calculation for the relevant load case leads to

second order effects may be

Created on Thursday, February 24, 2011

second order effects may be neglected

Example: Calculation of alpha-cr

Example: Calculation of alpha-cr

b) pinned column bases

The computer calculation for the relevant load case leads to

second order effects have to be

Created on Thursday, February 24, 2011

second order effects have to be taken into account

Example: Calculation of alpha-cr

Example: Calculation of alpha-cr

For multi-storey frames second order sway effects may be calculated by

Created on Thursday, February 24, 2011

- all storeys have a similar distribution of

frame stiffness with respect to the applied storey shear