:

:
HILBERT HUANG

:
,
,
,
Jean Paul Kapenda wa Kapenda
, 2012

 , Chantal Kahiomba, , Kapenda Tudiabau

Emmanuel

Jean Paul Kapenda wa Kapenda

,

, , .
,
,


.
.
,
oyo JTEKT,
, .

Jean Paul Kapenda wa Kapenda

, 2012


................................................................................................................................... 4
.......................................................................................................................................... 5
1: ...................................................................................................... 6
........................................................................................................................................... 6
1.1

.......................................................................................................... 6

1.2

................................................................................................................... 7

1.3

........................................................................................ 10

1.4

............................................................................. 11

1.5

.................................................... 11

1.6

..................... 14

1.7

.............................................................................................. 17

2 : HILBERT- HUANG ....................................................... 19

2.1 ................................................................................................................................... 19
2.2 Hilbert ....................................................................................................... 21
2.2 (Empirical Mode Decomposition, Emd) ................... 22
2.2.1 IMFs ...................................................................................... 23
2.2.2 Hilbert ....................................................................................... 25
2.2.3 IMFs ............................................................... 26
2.2.4 HHT .................................................................. 29
3: ,
......................................................................................................................... 33
3.1 [14].................................................................................. 33
3.1.1 ......................................................................................................................... 33
3.1.2 ........................................................................................................................... 37
3.2 [15] ....................................................................... 39
3.2.1 Fourier (FFT) ......................................................................... 39
3.2.2 (Wavelet Transform) ................................................. 39
4: ............................................................................................ 42
4.1 ................................................................................................................................... 42
4.2 .............................................................................................................. 42
4.3 ......................................................................................................... 45
............................................................................................. 65
.................................................................................................................................... 66
: ................................................................................................................................. 70
4


,
,
: , ,
. , ,
.
. , .
, ,
. , ()

, 40-50%[1] .

, ,
.
.
, ,
.
, ,
,
,
, HilbertHuang(Hilbert Huang Transform, HHT), Teager-Huang(Teager Huang
Transform, ), Fourier (Fast Fourier Transform, FFT),
(Wavelet Transform,WT) . ,

.
,
.
,

. , ilbert-Huang.

 1:

, ( )
. ,
.
, , ,

.
1.1

[2][3]

, . , ,

, .
.
(
),
.
: (
)
. (
) . ,
, ,
.
( ).
()
,
, . ,
,
.

()

()

1.1: () ,

()

 .
,

.

. ,
.
,
.
:

. .. , , ,
, , , .

,
. = 0,0008 0,0017,
=0,14 . .

, ..
, , ,
,
, ,
.
.. ,
.

.. , , .

1.2 [3][4][5]

, .
, (
) .
, , , ,
. ,
:

 ,
, .
,
.
, :


.

,
.

.
, , ( ).
, .
,
, ,

.

, .
,

.
, .

.
. .
(.. ) .

,
. ,
.
.


.
(thrust) .
: , , .

,
8

 .

.

.
.
.
.
( )
. ,
,
.

.
. .
,
.

. ,
: , , , ,
, ,
.
,
.
( ).
.
, .
,
, .
, , ,
, , ,
,
.
.
, .
, ,
, ,
,

(, 15, 25 40) .

.
9

 , .
.
, ,
.
, . ,

.
.
,
,
, .


.
,
.
.

.

.

1.3
,
, , .

.
.
"TC 4" (ISO).
ISO 15,104. : DIN 616
(Deutsches Institut fr Normung).
.

.
.

(1): (2): (3):

1.2:

10

 .
,
(.. E2 6302 = SKF Energy Efficient bearings).

(.. 6302 2Z, ).
, (, ,
) ( :0,1,2,3,4 ),
()
( <20 mm, 00: 10mm, 01: 12mm, 02: 15mm, 03:17mm). 20
480 mm
5. 6302, ,
3, 02( D=42mm, =13mm
d=15mm).

1.3: 6302

1.4 [4]
.
.
, ( )
, , .

.
.
, .
,
.
.
1.5 [5]

( ) ,
( ), ,
, .
11

 ,
,
. P
( )
,

.
(1.1)
,
.

1.

,
,
.

. C
( )
106 500
33-1/3 RPM. .
2.

,
.

.

( ,)
0,01% ,

. .

,
, ,
.
, .

.
12


.
90%
(

, n= (RPM)),

90%
.


.
, 50%
( )
, .
, :

(1.2)

P C, k=3
.
s %,

.
:
(1.3)

[6]

M e=10/9, s=%/100.
(1.3), 50 %(s=0.5),

, ,
.
1.4.
.

. ,
.

.

13


16

Lr=Ls/L10(*106 )

14

12
10

8
6

4
2

0
100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

(%)

1.4:

1.6 [2]
,
. ,
, ,
, .
:

.


,
, .
, ,
, ,
.

. :

14





.
.

.
.
, .

1.4:

,
.

, , ,
.

,
.

,
,

.

.
.



.

15

 ,

, .

,

.
,
.

,
.

,
.
:
1.
.
, ,
.


.
, (
)
.
2.

,
.
.
,
.
3.
, ,
.


. ,

. ,

16

 .
.

Fi.g 1.1:

1.7
( )
, .

.
.
,
. ,
() .
, .

. :

(1.4)

17

 :
= ,

, . , ,

[7]

= RPM ( )
n = () .
= (mm)

1.6

:
(1.5)
(USA), :
BPFI=0.6*n* , BPFO=0.4*n* BSF=0.4*fr (1.6)1

Philippe ARQUES, Diagnostic prdictif et dfaillances des machines, Thorie-Traitement-Analyse,

Reconnaissance-Prdiction, Edition Technip ; Paris 2009

18

 2 : HILBERT- HUANG
2.1 [8][9]
, Fourier,

. - . :
(Wavelets), Wagner-Ville (Flandrin 1999, Grochening
2001),
,
( Tong [1990], Diks [1997], and Kantz and Schreiber[1997].
(nonlinearity) (non-stationarity). ,
, (), -
.
,
.
, Hilbert-Huang
.
. Norden Huang NASA 1996(Huang et al. [1996, 1998, 1999,
and 2003]). (
, (end effects),
IMF) ,


.
Hilbert-Huang(Hilbert-Huang Transform,HHT),
: (Empirical Mode Decomposition,
EMD),
Hilbert(Hilbert spectral analysis, HAS). ,
Hilbert-Huang, .
, Intrinsic Mode Functions
(IMFs), .
Hilbert IMFs,
.
( ),
().
Hilbert,
, Hilbert (Marginal
Hilbert Spectrum).

19

 Hilbert-Huang
,
(, , ), ,
, , .
- , ,

, -
(intra-wave) ,
.
,
Duffing,

(2.1)

,
. , = 0,
, . , << 1,
.
, .
.
, ,
. ,
2.1,
, :
(2.2) [ Duffing]

. .. ,

l .

,
,
. Huang,
. ,

Fourier, ,
. ,
, ,
(harmonic distortion). ,
, ,
.
.

20


Hilbert, y(t),
x(t) LP (Titchmarsh 1918).
2.2 Hilbert [11][12]
Hilbert (Hilbert Transform, HT) David Hilbert
,
Fourier Laplace, , Hilbert

.
, ,
. Hilbert
, ,
.
Hilbert
. X(t)( LP),
Hilbert :
(2.3)

Cauchy.

, P

f(x)

x=t.
(2.3),
. ,
. ,
,
,
/2.
( 2.3), , Hilbert (t)

, (t)
Hilbert, X(t) Y(t)
:

(2.4)

, (t)

(2.5)
, .

21

, (t),
Hilbert (t), (t)
.
Frederick W. King
(Hilbert ransforms, volume 1&2, 2009), HTs,
, .
,
,
. , X(t)
, (t)
, ,
:

(2.6)
, Hilbert,
.
, HT
( Lebesgue) ,
. . ,
Hilbert
, ( ).
,
Hilbert,
DC
.
(
) .
Hilbert
Huang (Huang et al. 1996,1998,199).
2.2 (Empirical Mode Decomposition, Emd) [8][9][10]

, (IMFs),
.
, ,
, (a priori), (a posteriori).
. MFs


Hilbert .

22

, IMF :
) ,
.
) , ,
(
(t))
, (
(t)) ,
(2.7)
,
.
.
IMFs ,
.
, ,
. IMFs , ,
, .
2.2.1 IMFs
()
.
:

. Huang ,
.
, x(t),
(sifting), :
1. x(t).
2. ,
(
(t))
(t))
( cubic splines).
3.
4. :


IMF. ,
, ,
IMF. ,

:
k , :

IMF, IMF,

23

5. IMF
.
6. 1 5

, i=0,1,n.
IMF
, ,

. IMFs,
,
,

IMFs , .
sifting :
(2.8)
, IMF,
,
. , sifting
,
(over decomposition)
IMFs .
,
,
.
. N. Huang. ,
Cauchy,

, :
,

(2.9)

0.2 0.3.
,

,

IMF. (2.10),

,
.
(2.10)
SD ,
. ,
. :
, SD ,
24

 IMFs. SD,
IMF,
, . Huang
S, sifting S
,
. ,
siftings, S 4 8
.
Gabriel Rilling, Patrick Flandrin Paulo
Gonalves ,

,
, .
,
,
. :
,
(mode amplitude).
(evaluation function)
m(t)
. sifting (t)

(1)
, (t) , ,
. ,
[13]. , (t)
:
,

HHT.
2.2.2 Hilbert
IMFs EMD,
Hilbert IMF
(2.4)-(2.6). , , ,
:
(2.11)
: real
, n IMF

IMF. (2.11) IMF

. ,
Fourier, :
(2.12)

. (2.11) (2.12)
Hilbert-Huang, Fourier,
,
. -, IMF Hilbert
H(,t), .
Hilbert , Hilbert
(2.13)

25

 ( )
. , ,
-
, a priori basis . ,
( ), ,

(a priori basis). ,
WT FFT.

-
-

Fourier

: ,

Wavelet

: ,

:
:

2.1

2.2.3 IMFs

2.2:

26

HHT

: ,

 2.3: m1

2.4: h1

2.5: h1 m2

27

 2.6: h3 m4

2.7: h4 m5

2.8: IMF=h12

28

2.2.4 HHT
2.9
, x(t)=5*sin(2*pi*10*t)+5*sin(2*pi*35*t) =2048, t=2 sec
IMFs .

2.9: x(t)=5*sin(2*pi*10*t)+5*sin(2*pi*35*t) EMD

Hilbert IMF,
, o Hilbert
Hilbert Fourier
(IMF1)

250

(Hz)

200

1 50

1 00

50

1 .1

1 .2

1 .3

1 .4

1 .5

1 .6

1 .7

(sec)

2.10: 1 IMF

29

1 .8

1 .9

 (IMF2)

50

45

40

(Hz)

35

30

25

20

15

10

1 .1

1 .2

1 .3

1 .4

1 .5

1 .6

1 .7

1 .8

1 .9

1 .8

1 .9

1 .8

1 .9

(sec)

2.11: 2 IMF

40

(IMF3)

35

30

(Hz)

25

20

15

10

1 .1

1 .2

1 .3

1 .4

1 .5

1 .6

1 .7

(sec)

2.12: 3 IMF

(IMF4)

30

25

(Hz)

20

15

10

1 .1

1 .2

1 .3

1 .4

1 .5

1 .6

1 .7

(sec)

2.13: 4 IMF

30

Hilbert-Huang spectrum
500

450

-2

400

-4

350

-6

300

-8

250

-10

200

-12

150

-14

100

-16

50

-18

0.5

1.5

-20

2.14: Hilbert IMFs

Hilbert x=5*sin(2*pi*10*t)+5*sin(2*pi*35*t)
5
4.5
4
3.5

3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

10

20

30

40

50

2.15: Hilbert

2.15: Fourier

31

60

70

 2.16: sifting

2.17:

2.9, ,
IMFs, 4.

IMF
(HHT), :
(denoising)
(detrending), EMD
Hilbert
()
IMFs
, : The Hilbert-Huang Transform in
Engineering Norden Huang Nii O. Attoh-Okine (Taylor & Francis Group, 2005),
Hilbert-Huang transform and its applications, Norden Huang Samuel S P Shen
(world scientific publishing Co.Pte.Ltd, 2005)
32

 3: ,

3.1 [14]
,
,
. ,
.
.
/,
.
:
(Data Collectors):
.

.

.
.
.
:
24

CEPSTRUM
.
vibrocontrol 6000 Brel & Kjr Vibro
Compass 6000 .
3.1.1

,
.
3.1.1.1

:

.
1 Hz 12 KHz

.
, ,
.
.
.
33

3.1.1.2
ISO1000,
:
(displacement transducers),
m, mm
(velocity transducers), m/s, mm/s
(accelerometers), m/
.
,
, .

.
, .
, ,
.
.
: .
:
1. ,
,
.
2.
.
3.
4.
5. .
6.

.
, , ,
.
,
(eddy currents).

.
, ,
.
,
34

 .
.
.
.

, .
:
1. .
2.
3. DC .
:
1.
2.
.
3. ,
DC-200 Hz .
.

.
, .

.
,
,
. ,
,
.
. ,
.
:
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. , ,
.
5. .
:
1. 2000Hz(120.000RPM)
2.
Doppler.
, Laser, .
35

 Doppler .
.
.
: .
: .
.

. .

.
,
.

, ,
.
m.
,
, ,
.
.

.
. .

.
.
,
, .
.
.

, .
.
: 1. 100 mV/g 2.
Hz 60000 Hz 3.
4.

5. .

36

Fig. 3.1: ) 4507 , Bruel&Kjae

) Velocity Sensor LVS-101 M2

3.1.2 [14]
3.1.2.1


. ,


,
. ,
.

.
, ,
.
,
..
3.1.2.2
,
.

,
,
. ,
.
.

,
.

, ,
.

37



,
.
.
,
.
(),
.
,
() (9010).

Fig.3.2:

38

3.2 [15]
3.2.1 Fourier (FFT)
FFT (Fast Fourier Transform ), Cooley Tukey 19652.
Fourier (Discrete Fourier
Transform, DFT). DTF FFT,
.
FFT
.
3.
Fourier

.
Fourier .

. Fourier
Fourier .
Fourier
.

.

(Mallat, 1998).
Fourier ,
:
, .

.
FFT,
.
3.2.2 (Wavelet Transform)
, WT wavelet
transform
, , .

Fourier,
. WT
.
, ,

J.W. Cooley and J.W. Tuckey, An algorithm for the machine calculation of complex Fourier series,
Math. Comp., vol. 19, pp. 297-301, 1965.
3

. , , . , 2003

39

 , ,
, .
, ,
.
WT .
3.1.
.
.
(WT).
, WT .
.
( 3.1.)
( 3.1.). 1.2 WT,
.

, 1.2,
. ,
, . ,

3.2 ( ).
,
. ,
(CWT), ,
(DWT). WT
, .
,
.

Paul Addison4. ,
WT, .
.5

Addison P., The illustrated wavelet transform handbook, 2002

, . ., 2010
5

40

 3.1. ) ) )

1.2. , .

41

 4:

4.1

, .
,
.
.
4.2
Fig.4.1, 3D
Fig. 4.2

Fig. 4.1:

42

Fig. 4.2: 3D

(Fig.4.3),
, (Fig.4.4).
, .

Fig.4.3: &

Fig.4.4: ,

43

 AC , .
, 451 RPM.
1:2, 902 RPM, 15.03 Hz
.
, -
, Vibration Sensor VS-080 Schenck,
, jack 3.5-BNC, Vibroport,
.

Fig.4.5: )

) BNC-jack3.5

Fig.4.6: Koyo JTEKT

Fig. 4.6:

44

) velocity sonsor VS-080

4.3
, ,
, .
koyo JTEKT. (Fig.4.7),

,
(, ) .
.

Fig.4.7:

.
30 sec, 44100 Hz.
(
), ,
BNC-jack 3.5.
, (resolution) 16bit.
Analog-To-Digital Converter,
.
MATLAB,
HHT. (B
MATLAB).
45

4.4 [16][17][18]
, .
, ,
. 4.1,
161 Hz 12000 Hz.
FFT, 4.2. ,
(2.5), 4.3.
FFT, 161
.( 4.4)

4.1:
FFT
0.12

0.1

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02
X: 161.6
Y: 0.003885

2000

4000

6000

8000

4.2: FTT

46

10000

12000

 4.3:

0.8
0.7
0.6

0.5
0.4
0.3
X: 29.97
Y: 0.1769

0.2

X: 161.8
Y: 0.1516

0.1
0

50

100

150

200

250

4.4 : FFT

47

300

350

FFT,dB
0
X: 455.7
Y: -5.971

X: 2884
Y: -8.772

-50

dB

-100

-150

-200

-250

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

4.5 : FFT dB

X: 29.97
Y: -29.16

-50

X: 161.9
Y: -35.87

dB

-100

-150

-200

-250

-300

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

4.6:FFT

HHT, Hilbert, 4.7-4.8

Hilbert, 4.9-4.10. ,
,
.
.

48

Hilbert-Huang spectrum
6000

0
-2

5000

-4
-6

4000

-8
3000

-10
-12

2000
-14
-16

1000

-18
0
0

10

12

-20

4.7 : Hilbert .
Hilbert-Huang spectrum
6000

0
-2

5000

-4
-6

4000

-8
3000

-10
-12

2000
-14
-16

1000

-18
0
0

10

4.8 : Hilbert

49

12

-20

 Hilbert
0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

4.9 : Hilbert

Hilbert
4.5
4
3.5

3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

100

200

300

400

500

600

4.10 : Hilbert

50

700

 , .
,

HHT . .
HHT .
1.

0.1

[volt]

0.05

-0.05

-0.1

-0.15

10

15
[sec]

20

25

30

25

30

4.11 :

0.14

0.12

[volt]

0.1

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

10

15
[sec]

20

4.12 :

51

FFT
0
-50

X: 104.4
Y: -29.67
X: 38.67
X: 15.07
X: 5.533
Y: -130.7 Y: -129.5
Y: -147

-100

X: 66.47
Y: -124.8

dB

-150
-200
-250
-300
-350
-400

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

4.13 : FFT

4.14 : IMF1-5

52

160

180

 4.15 : IMF6-10

4.16 : IMF11-15

53

 4.16 : IMF16-2

4.17 : IMF20-24

54

 4.18 : Hilbert .

2. .1,

4.20 : , Inner race fault

55

 4.19 : FFT

4.21 : IMF1-5

56

 4.22 : IMF6-10

4.23 : IMF11-15

57

 4.24 : IMF16-20

4.25 : IMF21

58

 4.26 : Hilbert , Inner race fault

4.27 : Hilbert , Inner race fault

59

3. .2,

4.28 : , Out race fault

4.29 : FFT

60

 4.30 : IMF1-5

4.31 : IMF6-10

61

 4.32: IMF11-15

4.33 : IMF16-20

62

 4.34 : IMF21

4.35: Hilbert , Outer race fault

63

 4.36: Hilbert IFM 11 , Outer race fault

64

Hilbert
. 4.18
, .
4.26 4.35, .
FFT, .
4.27 4.36,
,
. ,
. (6302)
: BSF = 26 Hz, FTF = 5.56 Hz,
BPFI = 66.73 Hz BPFO = 38.5Hz.
66.73 Hz, , 66.73 Hz
BPFI
.
38.5 Hz
.

,
,
.

65


. MATLAB
AI = analoginput('winsound',0);
chan = addchannel(AI,1);

1 . AI
,
get(AI)

30 sec
44100 Hz. (trigger condition). H
,
trigger(AI).
AI
duration = 30;
SampleRate = 44100;
set(AI, 'SampleRate',SampleRate);
set(AI, 'SamplesPerTrigger',duration *SampleRate);
set(AI, 'TriggerType','Manual');
AI

AI
.
.

AI
start(AI);
AI
trigger(AI);
AI
data = getdata(AI);

start(A) buffer.
trigger(A), 30*44100
data. AI
AI .
( save data),
wait(AI,2)
delete(AI)
clear AI

AI.
, 32- bit(win32) Matlab.

66

 64-bit, . Mac ( 32-bit Matlab) ,

:
%AUDIORECORDER Audio recorder object.
%
AUDIORECORDER creates an 8000 Hz, 8-bit, 1 channel AUDIORECORDER
object.
%
A handle to the object is returned.
%
%
AUDIORECORDER(Fs, NBITS, NCHANS) creates an AUDIORECORDER object with
%
sample rate Fs in Hertz, number of bits NBITS, and number of channels
NCHANS.
%
Common sample rates are 8000, 11025, 22050, and 44100 Hz
%
(only 44100, 48000, and 96000 on a Macintosh). The number of bits
%
must be 8, 16, or 24 on Windows, 8 or 16 on UNIX. The number of
channels
%
must be 1 or 2 (mono or stereo).
%
%
AUDIORECORDER(Fs, NBITS, NCHANS, ID) creates an AUDIORECORDER object
using
%
audio device identifier ID for input. If ID equals -1 the default
input
%
device will be used. This option is only available on Windows.
AI=audiorecorder(44100,16,1);
recordblocking(AI,time);
% get(AI);
data=getaudiodata(AI);

. positiveFFT
FFT positiveFFT,
-file
Matlab. :

function [X,freq]=positiveFFT(x,Fs)
N=length(x); %get the number of points
k=0:N-1; %create a vector from 0 to N-1
T=N/Fs; %get the frequency interval
freq=k/T; %create the frequency range
X=fft(x)/N; % make up for the lack of 1/N in Matlab FFT
%only want the first half of the FFT, since it is redundant
cutOff = ceil(N/2);
%take only the first half of the spectrum
X= X(1:cutOff); freq = freq(1:cutOff);

67

. FFT
FFT
,
.

. , .
,
:

1. Hanning 2. Hamming 3. Blackman 4. Rectangular (basically no window)

5. Flat top

6. Kaiser Bessel

7. Barlett.

Hanning ,

windowHanning = window(@hann,deigmata);
windowedSignal = windowHanning.*shma;

deigmata
. shma
windowedSignal.
FFT
dB.
[fft,freq] = positiveFFT(windowedSignal,deigmatolhpsia);
fft = fft * sqrt(8/3);
plot(freq,abs(fft))

FFT fft.
deigmatolhpsia . fft
(coherence factor).
fft .
Hanning
Matlab. fft.
abs(fft) fft .
, FFT dB
dB = 20*log(abs(fft));
dBmax = max(dB);
dBn = dB - dBmax;
plot(freq,dBn)

68

 fft dB
. plot(freq,dBn)
FFT dB.

. / ilbert-Huang
HHT, EMD code :
http://perso.ens-lyon.fr/patrick.flandrin/emd.html
Time-Frequency Toolbox : http://tftb.nongnu.org, .

69

:
[1] Albrecht, P.F., R.M. McCoy and E.L. Owen, 1986. "Assessment of the reliability of motors
in utility application", IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversation, vol. EC-1, no.1, March
1986
[2] . (2009) :
, , http://www.metadosi-ischios.gr/
[3] : "
FFT", , 2012
[4] . . : " ", ithaki.meng.auth.gr
[5] . : . : , 7 ,
-- .
[6] JP BASSET: ROULEMENTS: METHODE DE CALCUL, 1987, Institut National des
Sciences Appliques de Lyon.
[7] Koyo JTEK Group: Training Manual
[8] Norden E Huang and Samuel S P Shen:Hilbert-Huang Transform And Its Applications,
Interdisciplinary Mathematical Sciences: Volume 5, World Scientific 2005
[9] Norden E. Huang and Nii O. Attoh-Okine: The Hilbert-Huang Transform in
Engineering, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 2005
[10] . E. Huang et al.: The empirical mode decomposition and the Hilbert spectrum for
non-linear and non stationary time series analysis", Proc. Royal Soc. London A, Vol. 454, pp.
903-995, 1998
[11] Frederick W. King: Hilbert ransforms volume 1&2, Encyclopedia of Mathematics and
its Applications 2009
[12] Michael Feldman:Hilbert Transform Applications in Mechanical Vibration, Wiley 2011
[13] G. Rilling, P. Flandrin and P. Gonalves: "On Empirical Mode Decomposition and its
algorithms", IEEE-EURASIP Workshop on Nonlinear Signal and Image Processing NSIP-03,
Grado (I), June 2003
[14] : ,
, 2010
[15] : "
", , 2011
[16] Hui Li,Yuping Zhang and Haiqi Zheng: Hilbert-Huang transform and marginal
spectrum for detection and diagnosis of localized defects in roller bearings, Journal of
Mechanical Science and Technology 2009
[17] Aida Kabla and Karim Mokrani:Marginal Spectrum for Bearing Fault Diagnosis in
MCSA,International Journal of Research and Reviews in Artificial intelligence, Dec. 2011
70