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,





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2000-2006

( 1.1., 1.1.3, )

2003

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:
. , Ph. D.
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26500 ,
. : 2610-991483,
: 2610-997629
E-mail: porpodas@upatras.gr

(2003):
2000-2006

( 1.1., 1.1.3, )
:


:
.


, ,
1:
1.1.
1.2. -
1.2.1.
1.2.2.
1.2.3. ,
1.3.

2:



2.1.
2.2.
2.3.

2.4.
3:

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3.1.

3.1.1.
3.1.2.
3.2.
3.2.1.
3.2.2. ,
3.2.3.
3.2.3.(1). ()
3.2.3.(2).
3.3.

3.3.1.
3.3.1.(1).
3.3.1.(2).

3.3.2.

3.3.2.(1).

3.3.2.(2).

3.3.2.(3).

3.3.2.(4).

3.4.

3.4.1.
3.4.2.
3.4.2.(1).
3.4.2.(2).
3.4.3.

3.5.

3.5.1.
3.5.2.
3.5.3.
3.6.
4:
4.1.
4.2. (Eric Woehrling)

4.3.
4.4.
4.5.
4.6.
4.7.

(Gunilla Lfgren Nisser)



(Pauline Cogan)
(Rachel Davies)

5: H
5.1.
5.2.

5.3.
5.4.
6: H

6.1.
6.2. -

6.3.
,
6.4.

6.5.

6.6.
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6.6.1.
6.6.2. 100
6.7.

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6.7.1. 20
6.7.2. 20
6.7.3. 100 (
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6.8.

6.9.
6.10.
6.10.1.
6.10.2.
6.11.
6.11.1.
6.11.2.
6.11.3.
6.11.4.
6.12.
6.12.1
6.12.2.
6.13.

6.14.


6.14.1.

6.15.

6.14.2.


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Association) (EDA)

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Dyslexia

12 Goldington Avenue
GB-Bedford MK40 3BY
: +44 1234 261897
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Baltimore, MD 21286-2044, U.S.A.
Tel: +1 410 296 0232, Fax: +1 410 321 5069
E-mail: info@interdys.org
Web site http://www.interdys.org

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, ()
.
.

6.6.1.
6.6.1.


(
)
.
7+6.

,
. :
) :

1, 2, 3, , 11, 12, 13.

. , ,


. , , 7 8, 9,
10, 11, 12, 13.

,
,

, (.. 7+6
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12).

138

) :
(3+3, 4+4, 7+7 ...). ,
6+6
7+7 1
(6+6=12 12+1=13 7+7=14 14-1=13).
) 10:
,
( 10) .
: 7+3=10,
10+3=13.

,
,

.. 10:
1: 10.
,
, :
10 10 .
10
.


10,

(
10 10
). , ,
10 ,
.. 6+4=10. ,
,
()
.
2 : .
.
36 . 1

139

9
. 4 .
4
.

10.
,
.
10.

.
:
:


.

.
.

8+7 =

15

4+ 9 =

13




,
. :
)
.
(, 1994).
() (
1) .

140

(..
12- 4=; 11, 10, 9, 8. : 8).


, ,

, (.. 13-4
13, 12, 11, 10).
) ( ):

.
.

(.. : 14 9 = ; : 10, 11, 12, 13, 14.
: 5).
Woods ( ,
1994, . 106)
,
.


, ,


. ,

2 3. (
) ( )
(1) (2) (3).
6.6.2.
100

, (
)
,

,

141


. ,

,
(, 1998).
, ,
.
1:
:
:
.

.
100
(1010) { 6.6.2 (1)}.

( ).
,
.

142

/////
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

10

3 X 4 = 12

4 3 = 12
. 6.6.2 (1):

2:
:
:
.


.
(10) .
(
6.6.2 (2).
,
.
( )
,

143



.
1

3 X 9 = 27

9 3 = 27
. 6.6.2 (2):

6.7.


,




.
,
,


.
,
,

, (,
2000, . 226).
, (
)

10

144


.

,
(, 1994 , 2000).

20 100.

, ,
, ,
(Kamii C. & DeClark,
1994).
6.7.1. 20

,
( )
.
:
, ,
, :
- 0,
(. 6+0=6).
- (..
3+5=5+3). , ()


.
:
20 1, 2 3
(.. 2, 4, 6 20, 18, 16).
2 (..
4+2, 5+2, , 18+2).
(..
2+2, 3+3, 4+4, 10+10).
10
(.. 10+3, 10+4, 10+9).

145

9
( )
9 ,

(.. 9+4= 13, 9+6=15).
1.
, : 9+8, 8+7, 7+6, 6+5, 5+4,
4+3 (.. 9+8 = 8+8=16
1 = 17, 8+7=7+7=14 1=15).
.
: 8+6, 8+5, 8+4, 8+3, 7+5, 7+4, 7+3, 6+4, 6+3, 5+3.

2.7.1 (1)
.
6.7.1 (1).

1
1 2 20 1,2,3,...20


2,4,6,20

2
2
3+2, 4+2, , 9+2,
18+2
3

2+2, 3+3, 4+4,,
10+10
4
10 10+3, 10+4,, 10+9
5
9
9+3, 9+4, , 9+7
6
4+3, 5+4, 6+5, 7+6,
1
8+7, 9+8
7

8+6, 8+5, 8+4, 8+3,
7+5, 7+4, 7+3, 6+4,
6+3, 5+3.

.
1 :
.

146

:

9 .
( 8 , 7, 5
...) .
2 : .
:
100;
,
, 10 1
10. .
9 7
5 ... ( )
.
.
100 .
3:
(, 2000, . 41, 42).

( ) 2.7.1
(1)
. ,
,
8 20.

. -
( )
(
). ,
.
.

147

1
1
9
2
4

2
4
3
5
5

6
4
8
9

8
5
4
2

2
6
3
1

3
7
1
7
3

3
6
1
5

2
9
1
4

. 6.7.1 (2). (, 2000, . 42)

6.7.2. 20
,

.
,
.


, ,
, , :
0,
(. 6-0=6).

0 (.. 4-4=0, 9-9=0 ...)

.

148
. 6.7.2.

1
20
1 2

2
2
11-2, 10-2, 9-2, , 22
3
3
12-3, 11-3, 10-3, ..,33
4
20-10, 18-9, 16-8, 14
7, 12-6, 10-5, 8-4
5
10
12-2, 13-3, , 19-9
6
10
11-10, 12-10, 1910
7
9 11-9, 12-9, 13-9, 14( 9, 15-9, 16-9, 17-9


)
8
4.5.1

.. 4-3,
5-3, 7-4 ...
9
14-3=; 4-3=1 11,
18-5=; 8-5=3 13

( ...

149

6.7.3.
100
( )
Campbel, 1987 Fischer, 1989 (
, 1994, . 116 , 1998,
. 115)
.


.




. ,
,


(, 1998).
,
100, ,
, , :
1,
(. 61=6).
0,
0 (. 60=0).

(.. 35=53). , ()


.

6.7.3.(1)

150

. 6.7.3.(1).

2
(



4.6.1 .. 23 =
3+3=6)
2

(
)
3
10
4
5
5
3
6
4
7
6
8

22, 23, 24, ,


29

33, 44, 55, ,


1010
210, 310, , 910
5X6, 5X7, 58, 5X9
34, 35, , 39
45, 46, , 49
67, 68, 69
78, 79, 89

Campbell Graham (1985) (


, 1994)
36,
0, 1, 10
(.. 59 95).

.

,
6.7.3.(2).

151

. 6.7.3.(2).

(
)
2

5
3
2
3
4


5

22, 33, 55, 77,


88, 99
25, 35, 45, 56,
57, 58, 59
23, 24, 27, 37,
39
26, 34 28, 44
29, 36 46,
38 49, 66
47, 48, 67, 68,
69, 78, 79, 89

6.8.


,
:
)
( ) ( )
.
234
6.8 (1).

152

. 6.8 (1): 234


.

)
(, 2000),
, , ...
{ 6.8 (2) }.

. 6.8. (2): 1249


(, 2000, . 244)

153

)
.
.
1:
235, 1234 43.
, .
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.
.
1: 23.
.
;
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2
21
1

3
10 +
3
13

2: 237 .
.
.
, , ;
. (

).

154

2
21
1

3
10+
3
13 1

7
7
10 +
7

12

17

3: 12 25 .
. 25
; ;
; ,
;
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) (
),
(, ,
...),
.

6.9.



.


.

, ,
. Orton (, 2000).
: )
, )
, )
)
.

155


.


,

.
(
, ..
3+2=5),
(.. , , ..)
..
.


,

, ,


(, 1996, . 231).

.
, . (, 2000)

(),
,
().


.


. ,
,

(, 1994).
.

. ,

156



.
,
.

(, 2000).
122 35 = ? 120
30=3600, 2 30=60, 120 5=600 2 5=10,
3600+60+600+10=4270.


.


(, 2000).

6.10.
6.10.1.
'



.



.




.
.

, ,

157



(, 2000).
.

, ,
,

,
.


(, 1996). ,
,
.
.

.

, .
(
),
.


.
.


.


(Mercer, 1997).

.
,
.


.

158

, ,

.
,


( )
.

.
,


( )
.


(, 2000).


, ,
.
,

(Nesher, Hershkovitz & Novotna,
2003).
,
( 2000).
:
, .. 3+2
3
2 3.
, .. 8-3
8 8, 7, 6,
6 4+2 4 4, 5,
5.

(, 2000)

159

,
(, 1994). , ,
8+6
6 8+2 = 10, 4
14.
10
0 10.

.
, (3+3,
2+2 ...) .
(8+6)
6+6 = 12 2 14.
:
. ..
7+6
6+6 = 13, , 1
14.
, .. 7+6
6+6 = 12, 2
14.


. ,
Geary (, 2000 . 194)
:
,
(.. 6+3 = 63)
,

,
, .. 5+3 = 15 (
15 5.3)


.

160

6.10.2.


.
.
,
:
1. ,
,
.

,
, ...

.
,
10.
0 9.


(
)
2.

.
.. 526+212 500+200, 20+10,
6+2 526212 500-200, 20-10, 6-2
.

(, 1994).
10 '

.

.

.

161


.



.
( )
10 1
.
,

(, 1996),
.

;.
(2000)
Roberts, Engelhardt, Brown Burton. Roberts
( , . 195) :
,
( 18%)
,
( 18%)
,
( 36%)
,
( 28%).
Engelhardt (
, . 197) :
, .. 6.7=48
, .. 123.42 = 186
, .. 57 + 93 = 1410
, .. 43 19 = 36
, .. 13 1 = 14
, .. 54 + 39 = 83
, .. 5.1 = 1
0, .. 3.0 = 3

:

162

1.
.

. ,

(+ = +),

- = -.
2.
:
, ..
0 ,
0 .
, ..

.

, ..

... (, 2000)
,

.
,

,
..

,
(

),
. (Fuchs & Fuchs, 2002).
-
- (, 2000 Pickering, 2001).

163

6.11.



.

(..
..) , .


.

,
, ,
...

(, 2000).
:
1. .



,
.
,
, -
.

(Reuhkala, 2001).



.
10.

.
2.
.

164

,

.

.
( )
. ,
, (+)
,
: ,
, , , ...
.

:
,


, ...


,
, .
, ...

,

.
6.11.1.
(

)
, .. 126 + 25 = 1411
( 6+5 11).


.

165


.


,
.

,
.




.


9
.
(, ...)
.

.


.. .
9
. 10

.

, ...
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( )
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: 36 25.
;

(
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166

.

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(
9).
:

3
2
5

6
5
11



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.


.
, ,
,

167


.

.
(2000).



.
.
( )
: (
), (
).

(
) [
(.. 7 + 7 =
14) ]. (
)



.

(
), 1
(, 1994).
,
, .
:
) ( )
1
)
1
, )
( ),

(,

168

1994).
.
6.11.2.

.
.

:
) ,


(..
8 . 3 . ; 3 .
8 . ;)
)
(, 2000) (
), (
)
(
).
)
.

, , ,
, .
.
(, 2000)
(, 1994)
(.. ) 10
(10 ).
.

10 .



(, 1994).

169


,
, .. , 10
1 .
.

(..
)
.


(

).


.
( )


.
( )
.
(, 2000),

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.


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,
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/ (bugs) (, 1994).



,

170

.

.

:
1.
,
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: ) , )
, )
.
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.

.

( )
( )
.

.
2. 0.

0,
0 10
0
.

. (2000 . 294)

: . 300 25,

... 0
0
0.
0 30
. 0
1 30 29.

171

3. .

0, 0 10
.
,


.
6.11.3.
.

, ,
,
,
(
)
.



.


(, 2000)

.

:
(.. 36 4 = 124)

(. 36 4 =1254 : 4 6 = 24, 3
+ 2 = 5 3 4 = 12)

(, 2000).

.
( )

172

, (
)
.

.


.

(
).
.


.



. ,

.


.
.

,
(, 2000),


.

( ), ..:

173

26
15
30
100
60
200

20

(20 10) = 200

10

(106)=60

(20 5) = 100

390

(5 6)=
30



,
.

(.. 26 =
20 + 6),

.
,
, ..:
16
4
24
40

16
4

16
4

16
4

40 24

64

64
6.11.4.


.

174


:

, , , ,
,


.



, ,
.
- -
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.

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, --


)
( ,


, ,
).
,
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.


(.. 45
9 .
; 45 : 9 /
5 ).

175





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.



(
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6.12.
6.12.1.
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.





,
.

.
:
) ,
- -.

, , (. 5 .
2 . ;
, , (. 5 .
2 . ;

176

)

(
)
( )
. : 4
. 3 . ;,
7
. 4 . ;
)
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: 9 . 4 .
;, 9
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;, 4 . 5 .
;.
,



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; 9 . 4
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: 24
12 ,
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177

1

(, 2000)
)
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,

)
, ..
4 ,

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4
.


.



(, 1996), ..
10 . 4 .
; 10 . 4 .
;
,


.


. (2000) Mayer



.

.

178



.

, ,

,

.

(, 2000)
.


,


(, 2000, Owen & Fucks, 2002).

6.12.2.





.




(Dapueto & Parenti,
1999).


,
.

.

179


:

,

, ,
(Wilson &
Swanson, 2001).

.



.



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) ,
.


.
,
,


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, .. ,
, ..

180

.

.
,
, ,
. ,
, , (, 2000):
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,

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(..
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181

:

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182


.

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(, , ) .



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. .


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(, 2000),
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183


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.
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. .

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( ..

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,
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184


,
.

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.

(,
2000).

( ,

...) (
) .

(
) ,
(
) .


() ( ...)


.

.
, ,,
, ( )

,
(.. 4 . 2
. ;),
(.. 4 .
. 6 .
;)
(.. .
2 . 6 .
;).

185


.
( , 2000)


.

: 4 .
5 ;.
(, 1994)

1
5


5 4 , ,
5 4
.


.


.
6.13.






( ).
:

186

.

, ,
-



. -

-

.



.

.
. ,
,

.
,

(Nesher, Hershkovitz
& Novotna, 2003). , , ,

,
, ( )
.


.

.

.

,
(, 2000).

187

, ,


.
,
.
.

.

.

.

.
,

,
...



.

.



.

, ..



...

188

6.14.




( & , 1996). ,

, ,
.
Van
Hiele ( , 2000, . 269- 270)
.

( ).

( ).
( )

.
,

.
,
,
,
,

. ,
:

.
, ...

.



(, , ).

189

6.14.1.

,

(, , ,
)
.


.

, .

.
,
, .
( )
.

(
).


(
).


.

,
(
).


.

190

(
).


(, 2000, . 276):

6.14.1.

191

6.14.2.
,
,


(, , , )

.


,

{ 6.15 (3)}. ,
,
,
,
...

, ,
...

.


.

6.14.2 (1).

192

6.14.2. (1).
(, 1990)



.


.

6.14.2 (2).

193

6.14.2 (2). .
(, 1990)


.
1 : , , : *

2 : : * /2.

.
3 : : ( + )*
/2.

,
6.14.2 (3).

194

6.14.2 (3).
(, 1990).

6.15.




. ,

.

,
, ,
..
, .
,
.
,
, .


.



,
.

195

1,58 1,23= ,
.. 1,58
1,23 . ; (, 2000).

,
,
,

(, 2000) { 6.15 (2)}.

,
, ( 6.15 (1),

6.15 (3).



10
100 1000
. 6.15 (1):

196

. 6.15 (2).
(, 2000, . 179-182)

197

6.15 (3).
(, 1992).

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